Soci111 – Human Societies
Module 13 – Industrial Revolution
François Nielsen
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill
October 23, 2014
Outline
Main Themes
Long Term Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Phase I of IR (1750–1850)
Phase II (1850–1900)
Phase III (1900 to World War II)
Phase IV (World War II to Present)
Industrial Societies Today
Main Themes
I
long term causes of the Industrial Revolution (IR), i.e.
why did IR took place when and where it did?
I
four phases of the IR from 1750 to today
I
how development of distillation technology in France
illustrates several features of the IR
I
how to measure level of industrialization and identify
industrial societies today
Industrial Revolution
Long Term Causes of Industrial Revolution
I
Industrial Revolution (IR) began about 1750 in England
I
principal cause of IR is store of technological
information accumulated in latter part of agrarian era,
particularly in two areas
1. advances in navigation & shipbuilding
2. printing press & metal mobile type (lead, tin, antimony)
by Johann Gutenberg, Germany 1445 (clay mobile type
invented by Bi Sheng, China 1041–1048 AD)
I
technological advances lead to IR through long chain of
causes & consequences e.g.
I discovery of New World → more gold & silver → inflation
→ rise of entrepreneurs. . .
I spread of knowledge → success of Protestant
Reformation. . .
Industrial Revolution
Long Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Model of IR
Industrial Revolution
Long Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Advance in Shipbuilding
Industrial Revolution
Long Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Printing Press
I
early depiction of
printing press
I
origin of uppercase &
lowercase?
I
skeletons reflect
fatalism &
preoccupation with
death typical of Middle
Ages
I
e.g. Name of the Rose
by Umberto Ecco
(movie with Sean
Connery)
Industrial Revolution
Long Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Precious Metals & Inflation
Industrial Revolution
Long Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Protestant Ethic
I
German sociologist Max Weber suggests in Protestant
Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism that the ethic of
ascetic (Calvinist) Protestantism directly facilitated the
IR
I
Weber’s thesis controversial because
I
I
regions first industrialized after England (Belgium,
northern & eastern France, western Germany) are
largely Catholic
causality may be the other way around, i.e. technical
progress that led to IR also favored spread of rationalism
& success of the Protestant Reformation
Industrial Revolution
Long Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Review Questions
I
Q – Why was the discovery of the New World important
in preparing the way for the IR?
I
Q – What was the single most important cause of the IR?
I
Q – The IR began about what date?
I
Q – What did Max Weber say about the relationship
between the Protestant Reformation and the IR?
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Putting Out or Cottage Industry System
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Emergence of Factories
The IR begins in textile industry:
I
innovation in spinning (e.g. Spinning Jenny) →
innovation in weaving (e.g. flying shuttle), and
vice-versa (positive feedback)
I
→ machines become heavier
I
→ extra power needed
I
→ use of watermill, then steam engine
I
→ need to concentrate production near power source +
machines too expensive to be owned by workers
I
→ emergence of factory system (eventually replaces
putting out system)
I
→ profound social transformations. . . (next slide)
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Immediate Consequences of IR
Emergence and growth of the factory system entailed:
I
→ urban influx
I
→ crowding
I
→ social problems on unprecedented scale
I
→ industrial pollution
I
→ young children put to work in factories . . .
It is probable that in the early stages of IR living conditions
deteriorated for large parts of population (although this is
controversial among historians).
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Work by Children in NC Textile Mill
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – English Industrial Town
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – History of Distillation in French Book on Industrial
Technology
I
The next series of slides
comes from the book
Marvels of Industry by
Louis Figuier published
1873–1876 (4 volumes)
I
The title illustrates the
positivist attitude toward
industrial progress
I
The history of distillation
technology illustrates
several typical features of
Phase I of IR
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Middle Ages Still
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Early Wine Still (Check Condenser
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Chaptal Standard Still
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Logic of Industrial Progress
I
In 1780 industrialist Chaptal adopted a standard model
of still for the distillation of wine.
I
After 1780 distillation technology evolved in search of
two major goals.
1. A one-pass process yielding any degree of purity (proof).
2. A continuous (rather than batch) process.
I
Other minor goals were also achieved.
1. Elimination of “fire-taste” (by the use of overheated
steam instead of naked fire).
2. Greater fuel economy.
3. Improved safety (reduced risk of explosion).
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Woolf Laboratory Device
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Edouard Adams Device, Industry
Follows Science
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Isaac Bérard, Prototypical IR Hero
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Isaac Bérard’s Device
I
Bérard’s
device is as
effective,
cheaper and
safer than
Adam’s
device
I
can be just
added as
upgrade to
standard
Chaptal still
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Detail of Bérard Cylinder
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Derosne & Cail Device of 1825
I
in later technological
developments Berard’s
cylinder goes from
horizontal to vertical
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Details of Distillation Column
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Désiré Savalle Device
I
a later model of
distillation column,
evolving into. . .
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Modern Fractionating Column
I
The fractionating column
is the basic machine of
the oil refining industry.
Industrial Revolution
Phase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation
Evolution of distillation illustrates several features of early
IR
I
growing impact of science on industrial technology (e.g.
Woolf device)
I
central role of self-taught amateur-inventor businessman
(later will shift to trained professionals e.g. engineers &
scientists)
I
mystique surrounding lone, idealist, hard-working
industrialist
I
impact of industrialization on legal system (development
of patent laws, e.g. Adams vs. Bérard)
I
adaptation of technology from one type of industry to
another (e.g. fractionating column → oil refining)
Industrial Revolution
Phase II (1850–1900)
Industrialization spreads to other industries and other
societies
I
principal industries
I
I
I
railroads
rubber (Charles Goodyear discovers vulcanization; What
is vulcanization?)
synthetic (artificial) dyes (derived from aniline)
(especially Germany)
Organizational changes take place
I
modern bureaucratic firms (corporations) replace
traditional family-owned firms
I
trained professionals (engineers, scientists) replace
self-taught amateurs
Industrial Revolution
Phase III (1900 to World War II)
Principal industries are related to new energy sources
I
electricity (Thomas Edison)
I
internal combustion engine → automobile industry (first
in Germany and France, later in the United States)
Industrial Revolution
Phase IV (World War II to Present)
Technological progress in many industries accelerated by
war effort
I
aviation industry, in
I
I
technology (jet engine, radar)
personnel (demobilized pilots)
I
plastics
I
nuclear
I
aluminum
I
electronics
I
computers
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Societies Today
I
today’s technological progress is continuation of the IR
I
two common measures of industrialization must be
interpreted with caution
1. Gross Domestic Product per Capita (GDPPC) or Gross
National Income per Capita (GNIPC)
I
beware high GNI of oil producing countries
2. Energy Consumption per Capita (in KWH, Kg of coal, or
Kg of oil equivalent)
I
I
beware effects of climate on energy consumption
Who are the industrial societies today?
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Societies Today - Gross National Income Per Capita
Table:
Gross National Income Per Capita 2003 (Current US $; World = $5,559)
Country
GNIPC
Country
GNIPC
Country
Luxembourg
Norway
Switzerland
United States
Japan
Denmark
Iceland
Sweden
United Kingdom
Isle of Man
Ireland
Finland
Austria
Netherlands
Belgium
Germany
Hong Kong, China
France
Canada
Australia
46,150
43,140
41,900
37,780
33,860
33,620
30,430
28,950
28,220
27,770
27,430
26,970
26,920
26,650
25,870
25,700
25,590
25,220
24,560
22,090
Singapore
Italy
United Arab Emirates
Kuwait
Spain
Israel
New Zealand
Cyprus
Greece
Bahrain
Korea Rep.
Slovenia
Portugal
Malta
Antigua and Barbuda
Saudi Arabia
Oman
Trinidad and Tobago
Seychelles
Czech Republic
21,890
21,630
21,170
19,870
17,450
16,330
15,650
13,420
13,340
12,630
12,060
12,000
11,870
10,650
9,220
8,880
8,130
7,770
7,450
7,160
St. Kitts and Nevis
Hungary
Palau
Mexico
Estonia
Poland
Croatia
Lebanon
Slovak Republic
Libya
Lithuania
Latvia
Chile
Costa Rica
Mauritius
St. Lucia
Malaysia
Panama
Uruguay
Grenada
GNIPC
6,980
6,430
6,420
6,370
5,480
5,440
5,370
5,240
4,970
4,620
4,590
4,450
4,320
4,120
4,080
4,040
3,940
3,900
3,750
3,730
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Societies Today - Energy Consumption Per Capita (Kg Oil Equivalent)
Table:
Country
Qatar
Iceland
Bahrain
United Arab Emirates
Kuwait
Luxembourg
Netherlands Antilles
Trinidad and Tobago
Canada
United States
Brunei
Finland
Sweden
Belgium
Australia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Norway
Netherlands
Oman
Energy Consumption Per Capita 2003 (Kg Oil Equiv.; World = 1734)
ECPC
20,726
11,694
10,253
9,707
9,566
9,472
9,210
8,553
8,240
7,843
7,495
7,204
5,754
5,701
5,668
5,607
5,359
5,100
4,982
4,975
Country
ECPC
Country
ECPC
France
Russian Federation
New Zealand
Czech Republic
Korea, Rep
Germany
Austria
Japan
United Kingdom
Denmark
Ireland
Switzerland
Turkmenistan
Estonia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Kazakhstan
Cyprus
Spain
Libya
4,519
4,424
4,333
4,324
4,291
4,205
4,086
4,053
3,893
3,853
3,777
3,689
3,662
3,631
3,518
3,443
3,342
3,279
3,240
3,191
Italy
Israel
Ukraine
Greece
Belarus
Hungary
South Africa
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Portugal
Poland
Hong Kong, China
Malaysia
Malta
Venezuela
Iran
Uzbekistan
Serbia & Montenegro
Croatia
Latvia
3,140
3,086
2,772
2,709
2,613
2,600
2,587
2,585
2,494
2,469
2,452
2,428
2,318
2,236
2,112
2,055
2,023
1,991
1,976
1,881
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Societies Today - Industrial Societies on World Map: North vs. South
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Societies Today - Industrial Societies on World Map (1995)
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Societies Today - Share of World Product
Industrial Revolution
Review Questions
I
Q – “In the early stages of the IR, living conditions
improved greatly for the vast majority of the
population.” (TRUE/FALSE?)
I
Q – In the United States, when did machine-based
industry replace agriculture as the most important
activity? (1730; 1780; 1800; 1870; 1930)