Biodiversity Resource Inventory
Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
An Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Mountain Ecosystem in Nepal
INTERNATIONAL UNION
FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
Nepal Country Office
Kupondole, Lalitpur
P.O.Box 3923, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel: +977 1 5528781
Fax: +977 1 5536786
Email: [email protected]
www.iucn.org/nepal
supported by:
Biodiversity Resource Inventory
Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Research Team:
Bhuvan Keshar Sharma (Team leader/Ecosystem and Biodiversity)
Kiran Timalsina (Natural Resources Management)
Roshani Rai & Surya Kumar Maharjan (Forestry)
Anish Joshi & Biplob Rakhal (GIS /Database)
Technical Advisor Team of IUCN Nepal:
Anu Adhikari
Rajendra Khanal
Racchya Shah
Sony Baral
Dr. Yam Malla
The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN.
Published by: IUCN Nepal, Kupondole, Lalitpur, Nepal
Edited by: Amit Poudyal & Anu Adhikari, IUCN Nepal
Designed by: Naresh Subba (Limbu) & Amit Poudyal, IUCN Nepal
Language editing: Dr. Bishnu Hari Baral
Copyright: © July, 2013 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior
written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.
Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission
of the copyright holder.
Available from:
IUCN Nepal
Kupondole, Lalitpur
P.O. Box 3923, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel: (977-1) 5528781
Fax: (977-1) 5536786
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.iucn.org/nepal
This Report has been published under ‘Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Mountain Ecosyestem’ Project, jointly
implemented by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) with financial support from Germany’s Federal
Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU).
supported by:
Biodiversity Resource Inventory
Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
An Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Mountain Ecosystem in Nepal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report provides the findings of biodiversity resource inventory of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC of
Kaski district of Western Nepal. IUCN Nepal is grateful to Green Governance Nepal (GGN) for
conducting the study and support to prepare the report in this form. Bhuvan Keshar Sharma,
ecosystem and biodiversity specialist and also a Team Leader for this study deserves special
appreciation.
We would also like to appreciate the contribution of other team members. Kiran Timalsina (Natural
Resources Management), Roshani Rai and Surya Kumar Maharjan (Forestry), Anish Joshi
and Biplob Rakhal (GIS and Database) are also sincerely acknowledged. Special thanks goes
to field enumerators, local resource persons and the technical experts: Asha Paudel, Pratima
Bhandari, Anita Dandakhiya, Shiva Acchami, Him Lal Subedi and Kim Raj Paudel, without
them this endeavour would not have been successful.
The residents of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski are highly appreciated for their supports to carry
out the field study. We are also indebted to those government and non-government organizations
and individuals, who spent their precious time during consultations, discussions, meetings and
field observations.
Last but not least we would like to express our gratitude to all individuals who helped us in one way
or another.
July, 2013
I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) Project is being piloted in Nepal, Peru and Uganda
with funding from German Government, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) through its International Climate Initiative and is jointly
implemented by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the United Nations
Environmental Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
In Nepal, the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC) is the implementing agency at
the national level in partnership with UNDP, IUCN and UNEP while the Ministry of Science,
Technology and Environment (MoSTE) plays an overall coordinating role. The pilot site for this
project is the Panchase area, belonging to Kaski, Parbat and Syangja districts.
The area is rich in biodiversity and is a paradise for orchids. In current decades, the area, not
different from other parts of the country, is being affected by climate change. It is prerequisite to
know the status for implementation of EbA activities and to assess the impacts of climate change
on biodiversity of the area. Hence, this study is conducted to know the baseline of biodiversity in
different ecosystems, particularly forest, agriculture land and wetland in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
of Kaski district.
Inventory guidelines developed by MoFSC and participatory NTFP inventory guidelines developed
by ANSAB were extensively followed in this study. Counting and measuring of flora and fauna in
the VDC was done by laying composite plots on the ground. In addition, Focus Group Discussions
(FGD), Key Informant Interviews (KII), household surveys, and transect walks were also done
to collect the required data.
The study found that the area is dominated by broad-leaved species with rich epiphytes, ferns
and mosses. Among broad-leaved species, chilaune (Schima wallichii ), katus (Castanopsis
indica) and rakchan (Daphniphyllum himalense ) are the most dominant species. Among different
forest types, chilaune-katus forest supports high biodiversity and utis (Alnus nepalensis) forest
supports low diversity. However, the regeneration status is opposite to biodiversity in such types
of forests. The VDC consist of 263 floral species and 32 faunal species. Among ecosystem
types, forest hosts highest floral and faunal biodiversity. In addition, forest consists of five endemic,
two protected and one invasive species. The study has also found the existence of one of
CITES Appendix II species, Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook. in the VDC. Likewise, diversity of
areal species is high in the forest and vice versa in agriculture. The study also confirmed the
existence of big mammals, such as brown bear, leopard and deer on the basis of their dropping
scattered throughout the VDC.
Despite of being rich in biodiversity the VDC also has several management issues in conserving
it. Open grazing, ongoing road construction, forest fire, poaching, and illegal logging are some
of the issues that are seriously threatening the biodiversity of the area. Some cases of humanwildlife conflict such as crop raiding by monkeys and wild hares were also found during the
study. Similarly, some cases of leopard attack were also recorded. The study concludes that the
change in social dimension mainly out-migration has positive impacts on biodiversity. This study
has recommended for involvement of local communities in biodiversity conservation through,
eco-tourism, cultural tourism, promotion of forest-based enterprises and promotion of organic
agriculture.
III
ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS
ANSAB
BA
BMU
CB
CBD
CBNRM
CBO
CBS
CC
CF
CFUG
CITES
DACAW
DBH
DDC
DEM
DHM
D-tape
EbA
ES
FGD
FUG
GGN
GIS
GPS
I/NGOs
IAS
IUCN
IVI
KII
LPG
LRMP
MAPs
MDO
MEA
MoFSC
MoSTE
NTFPs
NWP
PA
PCBUS
PDDP
PES
RC
Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources
Basal Area
Ministry for the Environment, Nature conservation and Nuclear Safety
Community Based
Convention on Biological Diversity
Community Based Natural Resource Management
Community Based Organization
Central Bureau of Statistics
Climate Change
Community Forest
Community Forest Users' Group
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Decentralized Action for Children and Women
Diameter at Breast Height
District Development Committee
Digital Elevation Model
Department of Hydrology and Metereology
Diameter tape
Ecosystem based Adaptation
Ecosystem Services
Focus Group Discussion
Forest Users' Group
Green Governance Nepal
Geographic Information System
Global Positioning System
International/Non-Governemental Organizations
Invasive Alien Species
International Union for Conservation of Nature
Importance Value Index
Key Informant Interview
Liquid Petrolium Gas
Land Resource Mapping Project
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Machhapuchhre Development Organisation
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation
Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
Non Timber Forest Products
National Wetland Policy
Protected Area
Panchase Chhetra Bikash Upabhokta Samiti
Participatory District Development Programme
Payment for Ecosystem Services
Relative Coverage
V
RD
Rdo
RF
RP
RS
RUPP
SNPP
UNDP
UNEP
VDC
WL
Relative Density
Relative Dominance
Rakchan Frequency
Resource Person
Remote Sensing
Rural Urban Partnership Program
Shree Nepal Panchadham Panchase
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Environmental Programme
Village Development Committee
Wildlife
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... III
ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... V
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
1.2.
Rationale of the Study
1.3.
Objective of the Study
1.4.
Management of the Study
1.5. Limitations of the Study
1.6.
Organisation of the Report
1.7.
Target Users
1.8. Glossary of Key Terms
.................................................................................... 1
.................................................................................... 1
.................................................................................... 1
.................................................................................... 2
.................................................................................... 2
.................................................................................... 2
.................................................................................... 3
.................................................................................... 3
.................................................................................... 3
2.
STUDY AREA : AN OVERVIEW
.................................................................................... 4
2.1.
Study Area - Panchase
.................................................................................... 4
2.2.
Study Site - Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .................................................................................... 4
2.3. Socio-economy
.................................................................................... 5
2.4.
Geology and Topography
.................................................................................... 6
2.5. Altitude
.................................................................................... 6
2.6. Slope and Aspect
.................................................................................... 7
2.7.
Climate
.................................................................................... 7
2.8. Soil Type and Soil Fertility
.................................................................................. 10
3.
APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
.................................................................................. 12
3.1.
Study Design and Methodology
.................................................................................. 12
3.2. Sampling Design for Participatory Forest Resource Inventory ......................................... 13
3.2.1. Size and shape of sample plots ............................................................................... 13
3.3.
Field Arrangement
.................................................................................. 14
3.3.1. Arrangement of field equipment and data collection formats .................................. 14
3.3.2. Formation of multidisplinary team ........................................................................... 14
3.3.3. Orientation to the field technicians .......................................................................... 14
3.3.4. Field demonstration to the field technicians ............................................................ 14
3.4. Field Inventory
.................................................................................. 14
3.4.1. Field measurement
.................................................................................. 14
3.4.2. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) .............................................................................. 14
3.4.3. Key Informant Interview (KII) .................................................................................. 15
3.4.4. Field observation and transect walk ........................................................................ 15
3.4.5. Secondary data collection
..................................................................................15
3.5.
Geographical Information System (GIS) Mapping ............................................................. 15
3.5.1. Datasets used
.................................................................................. 15
3.5.2. Mapping of Ecosystem types .................................................................................. 16
3.5.3. Mapping of biodiversity
.................................................................................. 17
3.5.4. Mapping of services and institutes .......................................................................... 17
3.5.5. Development of GIS database ................................................................................ 17
3.6.
Data Entry and Processing
.................................................................................. 19
3.6.1. Quantitative analysis
.................................................................................. 19
3.6.2. Qualitative analysis
.................................................................................. 20
4.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
.................................................................................. 21
4.1.
Ecosystem Types
.................................................................................. 21
4.1.1. Forest Ecosystem
.................................................................................. 22
4.1.2. Agriculture Ecosystem
.................................................................................. 25
4.1.3. Water bodies (wetland) Ecosystem ......................................................................... 25
4.1.4. Pasture/grazing land
.................................................................................. 26
4.2. Biodiversity
.................................................................................. 27
4.2.1. Flora
.................................................................................. 27
4.2.2. Fauna
.................................................................................. 29
4.3.
Hotspots - Flora and Fauna
.................................................................................. 31
5.
OBSERVED ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ............................................................... 33
5.1. Ecological Issues
.................................................................................. 33
5.1.1. Open grazing
.................................................................................. 33
5.1.2. On-going road construction .................................................................................. 33
5.1.3. Flooding/siltation
.................................................................................. 33
5.1.4. Forest fire
.................................................................................. 33
5.1.5. Agricultural land abandonment ................................................................................ 34
5.1.6. Illegal logging
.................................................................................. 34
5.1.7. Illegal poaching
.................................................................................. 34
5.1.8. Human wildlife conflict
.................................................................................. 34
5.1.9. Spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) ................................................................... 34
5.2. Social issues
.................................................................................. 34
5.2.1. Migration
.................................................................................. 34
5.2.2. Overseas remittance
.................................................................................. 35
5.2.3. Untouched forests
.................................................................................. 35
5.3. Potential Options
.................................................................................. 35
5.3.1. Community involvement in biodiversity conservation ............................................. 35
5.3.2. Ecotourism promotion
.................................................................................. 35
5.3.3. Promotion of private sector investment in forest-based enterprises ...................... 36
5.3.4. Cultural tourism promotion
.................................................................................. 36
5.3.5. Promotion of organic vegetable farming .................................................................. 36
5.3.6. PES potential
.................................................................................. 36
5.3.7. Vulture conservation
.................................................................................. 36
5.3.8. NTFPs Promotion
.................................................................................. 37
5.4. Bio-indicators of Climate Change .................................................................................. 37
5.5. Ecosystemwise Management Options ............................................................................... 38
6.
CONCLUSIONS
.................................................................................. 39
7.
REFERENCES
.................................................................................. 40
ANNEXURES
Annex 1:
Annex 2:
Annex 3:
Annex 4:
Annex 5:
Annex 6:
Annex 7:
Annex 8:
Annex 9:
Annex 10:
Annex 11:
Annex 12:
Annex 13:
Annex 14:
Annex 15:
Annex 16:
Annex 17:
Annex 18:
Annex 19:
Annex 20:
Annex 21:
Annex 22:
Annex 23:
Annex 24:
Annex 24:
.................................................................................. 41
Glossary of Key Terms
.................................................................................. 41
Tally Sheet Used for Forest Resource Inventory .................................................... 46
Checklist Used for Agriculture Resource Information Collection ............................ 47
Checklist Used for Faunal Resource Information Collection .................................. 48
Checklist Used for Anthropogenic Pressure and Natural Hazard Related
Information Collection
.................................................................................. 49
List of Sample Point Covered as Universe for Forest Resource Inventory ............ 50
List of Participants of FGDs and Key Informants .................................................... 52
Wardwise Major Ecosystems (Area in ha) .............................................................. 55
IVI of Canopy Layer Species .................................................................................. 56
Vegetation Type by Ward
.................................................................................. 57
Seedling and Sapling Density by Vegetation Type.................................................. 58
Species Wise Density of Poles and Trees ............................................................... 60
Species Wise Growing Stock of Poles and Trees ................................................... 62
Cultivation Type by Ward
.................................................................................. 64
Tree Species Found in Forest Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .................... 65
Non-tree Species Found in Forest Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ............. 67
Flora found in agriculture ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ............................ 72
Flora Found in Wetland Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .............................. 75
Wild Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ......................................................... 76
Domesticated Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .......................................... 77
Wetland Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ................................................... 78
Endemic Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ............................................... 79
Protected Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .............................................. 80
NTFP Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .................................................... 81
Grassland in Bhadaure Tamagi by ward ................................................................. 87
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
34:
35:
36:
Map showing the location of study area ............................................................... 5
Settlement in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ................................................................... 5
Geological map of Bhadaure Tamagi ....................................................................6
Altitude map of Bhadaure Tamagi ......................................................................... 6
Slope map of Bhadaure Tamagi ........................................................................... 7
Aspect map of Bhadaure Tamagi ..........................................................................7
Annual average precipitation (1985-2010) ........................................................... 7
Seasonal precipitation trend (1985-2010) ............................................................8
Seasonal precipitation patterns (1985-2010) ........................................................8
Average annual temperature (Minimum) ..............................................................9
Mean winter rainfall (Source Bioclim, 2010) ......................................................... 9
Average annual maximum and minimum temperatures (1981-2011) ................10
Soil map of Bhadaure Tamagi ............................................................................. 10
Study framework ................................................................................................. 12
Layout of sample points for resource inventory ..................................................13
Diagrammatic representation of concentric circular plots...................................13
Participants of focus group discussion ............................................................... 15
Key informants during key informant interview ................................................... 15
Ortho-rectified RapidEye Image of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ............................... 21
Ecosystem map of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC (Rapid Eye Image analysis) ........... 22
Epiphytic fern ......................................................................................................22
Major vegetation type ..........................................................................................22
Major cultivation types in Bhadaure Tamagi ....................................................... 26
Level Terraces seen in Bhadaure Tamagi ..........................................................26
Water bodies of Bhaudare Tamagi VDC ............................................................. 27
Water bodies in Study VDC a) Harpan Khola b) Ponds used by buffalo ............ 27
Grassland/grazing patches seen in Bhadaure Tamagi ....................................... 26
Chhatre (Tree fern, Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.) .....................................28
Scats of Wild Animal ........................................................................................... 31
Vultures seen flying over the sky of Bhadaure Tamagi (left); Tiktike (right) ....... 31
Bird hotspots in Bhaduare Tamagi ......................................................................32
Wildlife hotspots in Bhaduare Tamagi ................................................................. 32
Plant hotspots in Bhadaure Tamagi ....................................................................32
Landslide triggered by on-going road construction ............................................33
Vulture roosting in a Lapsi tree ........................................................................... 36
Jalkumbi invasion in a pond in Chainpur, Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ..................... 37
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1:
Table 2:
Table 3:
Table 4:
Table 5:
Table 6:
Table 7:
Table 8:
Table 9:
Table 10:
Table 11:
Table 12:
Table 13:
Table 14:
Table 15:
Table 16:
Table 17:
Table 18:
Table 19:
Population distribution in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ................................................. 5
Methods used for information collection .............................................................. 12
Datasets used for the study ................................................................................. 16
List of GIS Datasets Developed .......................................................................... 18
GIS Standards Adopted ....................................................................................... 18
Major ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi ................................................................ 21
Major Vegetation Types ....................................................................................... 23
Vegetation types by altitude ................................................................................. 23
Species Composition by Vegetation Type ........................................................... 23
Seedling and Sapling Density by vegetation type ............................................... 24
Density of Poles and Trees ................................................................................ 25
Growing Stock of Poles and Trees ...................................................................... 24
Major Cultivation Types ....................................................................................... 26
Species Richness of Ecosystems by Taxa ......................................................... 28
Number of Floral Species found in Bhadure Tamagi by Life Form ..................... 29
Types of Vegetable found in the Study VDC ....................................................... 29
Ecological Status of Floral Species ..................................................................... 29
Fauna in the Forest and Agriculture Ecosystem ................................................. 31
Status of faunal species ....................................................................................... 31
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
The Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) Project for mountain ecosystems in Nepal, Peru and
Uganda aims to strengthen the capacities of these three countries, which are particularly
vulnerable to climate change impacts in Ecosystem-based Adaptation approaches. The project
targets to strengthen ecosystem resilience of these countries and reduce vulnerability of local
communities with particular emphasis on mountain ecosystems.
The project is funded by the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and
Nuclear Safety (BMU), Germany through its International Climate Initiative, and is jointly
implemented by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), the United Nations
Environmental Programme (UNEP), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
In Nepal, the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC) is the implementing agency at
the national level in partnership with UNDP, IUCN and UNEP, while the Ministry of Science,
Technology and Environment (MoSTE) plays an overall coordinating role. The pilot site for this
project is the Panchase area belonging to Kaski, Parbat and Syangja districts. The area is
vulnerable to climate change, with negative impacts on water resources, agriculture and
biodiversity. The project is designed on the premise that social and human adaptation is best
achieved by ensuring the continued provision of ecosystem services and enhancing human
capacity to address current challenges and future uncertainties, especially in contexts such as
the mountains of Nepal where communities are still significantly dependent on ecosystem services
for their primary livelihoods. The project has four major components: (i) the development of
methodology and tools for mountain ecosystems; (ii) the application of the above tools and
methodology at the national level; (iii) the implementation of EbA pilots at the ecosystem level;
and (iv) the formulation of national policies and building an economic case for EbA at the national
level.
Half of the area of Panchase was declared as a protected forest from MoFSC. It has been the
focus of national, regional and local development considering its high natural resource significance
as well as its potential for eco-tourism. It is considered to be a hotspot biodiversity. The area
contains various types of ecosystems - wetland, forest, agriculture and grassland, and 107
types of orchids. Furthermore, Bhaudare Tamagi, the largest VDC of the Panchase area,
represents all four types of ecosystems in this area. In this context, this assessment tried to
assess the detailed biodiversity resources of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC.
1.2. Rationale of the Study
Ecosystem-based Adaptation is a new concept. In order to understand the function of ecosystems,
their composition needs to be assessed. As each flora and fauna has a specific and important
role in maintaining ecosystems, this study was conducted to gain an overall impression of
biodiversity composition. It also assessed different ecosystems with particularly focus on
biodiversity, landscape management and climate change adaptation as well as the functions of
the various ecosystems within the VDC. The major aim of this study was to assess the overall
ecosystem status of the VDC so that it will help visualize VDC conditions as well as identify site
specific management options. The inventory is expected to produce baseline status of the existing
biodiversity scenario of the VDC and to know the status of various ecosystems. Moreover, it will
support for further monitoring of the sites and to know the changes in the status of the ecosystem.
It was, therefore, necessary to establish base-line values for different indicators mentioned in
monitoring and evaluation matrix of the programme. This study also provides insights into
interrelation between the programme's target groups and different ecosystems.
1
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
1.3. Objective of the Study
The overall objective of the study were to undertake a comprehensive biodiversity resource
inventory of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC of the Panchase Area with clear mapping of all important
ecosystems, including forest, agriculture, wetland and water body. Specific objectives were to:
a. carry out a detailed taxonomic inventory of biodiversity (both flora and fauna) resources
and identify their conservation status (in terms of rarity, endemism, invasive nature and
so forth);
b. analyse the vulnerability of identified endemic and threatened biodiversity with respect
to climate change and human induced threats;
c. provide site specific management options to help in the mitigation of threats/pressure
associated with identified threatened species;
d. identify bio-indicators for further long-term monitoring and assessment of a local- level
impact of climate change; and
e. prepare geo-morphological GIS maps showing the study area's land-use pattern,
vegetation, climatic condition and species habitat.
1.4. Management of the Study
The study was successfully accomplished in close coordination and collaboration with Green
Governance Nepal (GGN), the implementing agency for the study, and IUCN, the funding agency.
Rajendra Khanal of IUCN was responsible for overall coordination of the study. Similarly, Anu
Adhikari and Sony Baral of IUCN were assigned as the main focal persons and were responsible
for coordination and communication with relevant stakeholders, monitoring of the study and
providing required backstopping support to the study team. The focal persons and other team
members of IUCN provided invaluable inputs in finalising methodology and implementing the
study. They also provided inputs on the report.
From GGN's side, a multi-disciplinary team of 12 professionals was involved to accomplish the
study (for details of the study team, see Project Team section). To make a common understanding
among the study team members and the field researchers about the study and to familiarise the
field researchers and locally hired resource persons with the process of information collection
and checklists, a three-day orientation was organised in Pokhara prior to field work. This ensured
efficient data collection in the field.
1.5. Limitations of the Study
The timing of the study was observed as a major constraint of the study. The non-flowering
season made identification of plant species difficult, especially orchid species. The winter season,
a time for the hibernation of the majority of cold blooded fauna, could be one of the reasons for
absent or limited sighting of aquatic and terrestrial fauna in the field.
Ecological sampling was limited only to the forest, and no ecological sampling was carried out
for agriculture and wetlands due to seasonal differences. Furthermore, the sampling was intended
for plant species which could not cover animal species. Data and statistics on agriculture, water
bodies and fauna were based mainly on field observation, transect walk, focus group discussion,
key-informant interview and secondary sources. The study does not cover the diversity of
microbes in the area. As December is the off season to grow agricultural crops, interactions on
agriculture growing patterns and their main outcomes could not be indicated in the study time.
2
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
1.6. Organisation of the Report
Chapter 1 covers the background, rationale, objectives, limitations and target users of the study.
Chapter 2 gives an overview of the study area in terms of physiography, socio-economic situation,
geology and environmental situation of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC and of the whole district.
Chapter 3 provides details on approaches and methodology, including study design, methodology,
sampling design for participatory forest resource inventory, field arrangement and field inventory.
Chapter 4 contains results obtained from the field data and secondary information of the study
area whereas discussion provides the scenario of the study findings. Chapter 5 includes
ecological, social, bioindicators and ecosystemwise management option. Chapter 6 concludes
the study and recommends some management options for implementation.
1.7. Target Users
The primary target users of this report are IUCN, EbA Project team and partner organisations
working directly or indirectly in the Panchase area. The report is also targeted for researchers,
academicians, local communities, the government and non-governmental organisations in Kaski,
Syangja and Parbat districts, and development partners working closely with the Ministry of
Forests and Soil Conservation, the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, the Ministry
of Agriculture Development and their respective departments.
1.8. Glossary of Key Terms
Major technical terms used in this report are described in Annex 1.
3
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
2. STUDY AREA : AN OVERVIEW
2.1. Study Area - Panchase
The Panchase area is situated at the junction of three districts - Kaski, Parbat and Syangja. It is
situated in the mid-hills of Nepal, west of Pokhara, at longitudes between 830 45' and 830 57' E
and at latitudes between 280 12' and 280 18' N. This region is densely populated by subsistence
farmers, and livestock rearing is an integral part of their livelihood. Altitude ranges from 815 m at
Harpan River to 2517 m at the peak of Panchase hill whereas the forest ranges from 1450 m to
the peak and receives more than 5000 mm precipitation per year.
The Panchase hill is the origin of many rivers and tributaries supplying water to the lowland
villages and a primary source for Phewa Lake. The lower limit of Panchase is enriched by
flooded rivers and agricultural lands. Varieties of terrain types and climatic variations ranging
from upper tropical to moist temperate has allowed Panchase to give rise to a great diversity of
ecosystems and species. Hill sal forest, pine forest, schima-castanopsis forest, and oak forest
are the major types of forests in the Panchase area. At present, 68.69 percent of the forest is
protected forest and the rest is community forest (Aryal and Dhungel, 2009).
Panchase is a rich area in biodiversity (Koirala 1998), possessing a total of 310 plants, out of
which about 100 species are NTFPs and 113 orchids. The Panchase area holds immense
potential for establishing micro-enterprises based on several NTFPs like lokta (Daphne bholuwa),
mollah (Viburnum mullaha), allo (Girardinea diversifolia), nigalo (Arundinaria species) that are
found in a good number. Lokta can be used for making Nepali paper, allo for weaving cloth,
nigalo for making bamboo products, and mollah for extracting good valued juice with a sweetishsour taste.
Common fodder trees in the Panchase area are pakhuri (Ficus glaberrima), dudhilo (Ficus
nerifolia), nebaro (Ficus roxburghii), kabhro (Ficus lacoor), khanyu (Ficus semicordata), gogan
(Sasaurrea napaulensis), badahar (Artocarpus lakoocha), bedulo (Streblus asper) and others.
Tejpat (Cinnamomum tamala), sugandhkokila (Cinnamomum glaucescens), amriso (Thysolaena
maxima), chiraito (Swertia chirayita), timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), lapsi (Choerospondias
axillaris), kurilo (Asparagus racemosus) etc. are common NTFPs of the area. Besides these,
chiraito (Swertia chirayita), satuwa (Paris polyphylla) and kurilo (Asparagus racemosus) are
important medicinal plants with high market value.
The ethnic composition of the area constitutes Brahmin, Chhetri, Gurung, Bishwokarma, Nepali,
Pariyar, Magar and Thakali, where Gurung communities inhabit at higher elevations and Brahmins
and Chhetris at lower elevations. Of these, Gurungs and Magars are indigenous to the area,
and Bishwokarma, Nepali and Pariyar are disadvantaged groups. Approximately 40,000 people
live in and around the Panchase area sustaining their livelihood by utilizing resources and
products (fodder, firewood, timber, edible, medicinal plants, etc.) of the same area (Bhattarai et
al. 2012).
2.2. Study Site - Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
Of the 17 VDCs in the Panchase Protected Area, Bhadaure Tamagi is the one of the largest
VDCs. It extends to an area of 2504.26 ha and is inhabited primarly by Gurungs. Similar to other
areas and Panchase in general, Gurungs and other ethnic groups have inhabited upper elevation
areas while Brahmins and Chhetris lower elevation areas. The VDC stretches at latitudes between
28o12'35" and 28o16'34" and at longitudes between 83o48'14" and 83o52'52" (Figure 1). The
VDC has a consistent bioclimate (upper tropical to moist temperate) as Panchase has (UNDP/
MDO, 2006) and annual precipitation is 3355 mm. The major part of the Panchase forest lies in
4
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Bhadaure Tamagi. 76 percent of the VDC is
covered by forest. The altitude of the VDC varies
from 815 m to 2484 m. The lower and middle
parts of the VDC are dominated by chilaunekatus forest while the upper part is dominated
by rakchan forest. The major part of the forest is
north, east or north-east facing and thus there
are plenty of possibilities for NTFPs and MAPs.
Chhatre (tree fern, Cyathea spinulosa), which
falls under the CITES Appendix II, is abundant
above Kutbidada to Sidhane and around
Harpankot of Bhadaure Tamagi in the gulley.
However, local inhabitants use tender parts to
make pickles so the population of tree ferns is in
decline.
Figure 1: Map showing the location
of study area
2.3. Socio-economy
Approximately 40,000 people live in the
Panchase area (there are 17 VDCs in this). They
depend on forests for their livelihood (fodder,
forage, fuelwood, timber, edible and medicinal
plants). Out of this population, 3,286 (1,487 are
males and 1,799 are females) individuals live in
Bahdaure Tamagi VDC. There are 878
households in the VDC, with an average of four
members per household (Figure 2 and Table 1).
Information on literacy, income source,
occupation, caste and ethnic composition of
Bhadaure Tamagi VDC was collected during the
field work. However, the overall information on
all these demographic situations is not very
different than that of the overall rate of the district.
According to the census of 2011, the literacy rate
of Kaski district is 82.4 percent. Similarly, 52
percent of the population is involved in
agriculture, and 11 and 9 percent of the
population actively participate in industrial and
business sectors respectively. The lower area
of the VDC is densely populated by subsistence
farmers, and livestock rearing is an integral part
of their livelihood (Bhattarai et al., 2012). As
livestock comprises a major part of agroecological system of the Panchase area, fodder
collection is the second most important biomass
outtake, especially in dry and lean periods when
on-farm fodder is particularly sparse. The
preferred fodder species are Schima wallichii,
Castanopsis indica , C. tribuloides , Eurya
acuminata, Prunus sp., Quercus lamellosa and
Q. semicarpifolia. However, their productivity is
constrained by outcompeting for nutrients by
Eupatorium (Bhattarai et al., 2012).
Figure 2: Settlement in Bhadaure
Tamagi VDC
Table 1: Population distribution in Bhadaure
Tamagi VDC
Ward
Household
Male
Female
Total
1
201
325
463
788
2
53
85
93
178
3
45
83
89
172
4
127
206
272
478
5
294
547
610
1,157
6
27
40
47
87
7
43
72
87
159
8
28
38
47
85
9
60
91
91
182
Total
878
1,487
1,799
3,286
Source: Preliminary results of Census 2011, CBS
5
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
2.4. Geology and Topography
The Himalayas, of which Bhadaure Tamagi VDC is a part, is the youngest mountain range in the
world, and consists of highly metamorphosed complex rock like gneisses, phyllites, mica schist,
etc (Carson, 1992). A geological map of the study area is presented in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Geological map of Bhadaure Tamagi
However, the underlying rock is not of prime importance to the vegetation (Arneberg, 1995).
Altitude, rainfall, and aspect are the most important factors determining the main vegetation
types (Stainton and Polunin, 1984). The topography is extremely rugged with massive mountain
ridges and gentle to steep slopes. The study site is found to be highly susceptible to erosions
(LAC, 2000). Terracing is mandatory to control erosion when used for arable agriculture.
2.5. Altitude
Bhadaure Tamagi is one of the largest VDCs in the Panchase area. It extends to an area of
2504.26 ha. The altitude of the VDC ranges from 815 m at the Harpan khola flood plains to
2484 m at the peak of Panchase hill (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Altitude map of Bhadaure Tamagi
6
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
2.6. Slope and Aspect
The topography is extremely rugged with massive mountain ridges and gentle to steep slopes.
Generally the slope ranges from 21o to 52o. The major part of the VDC is north, east or northeast facing and thus there are plenty of possibilities for NTFPs and MAPs. Slope is classified
into six major classes depending on the degree of slope. Less than 210 is categorized as gentle
slope while more than 520 as extreme slope (Figure 5 and Figure 6).
Figure 5: Slope map of Bhadaure Tamagi
Figure 6: Aspect map of Bhadaure Tamagi
2.7. Climate
This part of Kaski district is located in sub-tropical climatic zone and receives an average annual
rainfall of 338 mm (over the period of 25 years from 1985 to 2010) with the highest rainfall
occurring in the monsoon of 1988 (with the total rainfall of 4936.6 mm). The average annual
number of days of rainfall occurrence is 128 days (from years 1985 to 2010) with a maximum of
164 days recorded in the year 1985 (Figure 7).
Figure 7: Annual average precipitation (1985-2010) (from DHM station 0813 Bhadaure)
7
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
The seasonal1 precipitation trend over the past
25 years (1985-2010) shows an average rainfall
of 473 mm in the pre-monsoon season, 3336
mm in the monsoon season, 171mm in the
post- monsoon season and 82 mm in the winter
season (Figure 8). The seasonal precipitation
patterns (total rainfall) of the last 25 years is
shown in Figure 9.The highest and lowest mean
monsoonal rainfall in Bhadaure region is 902
mm and 308mm (Figure 10). Similarly, the
mean maximum winter rainfall is 17mm and
minimum 9 mm in the VDC area (Figure 11).
Figure 8: Seasonal precipitation trend
(1985-2010)
As per downscaled global projected climate
data of Bioclim, the extremeness of
temperature scenario in both maximum and minimum in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC had been
more significant in the subtropical region that covers the inner valley and plains of Harpan Khola
and Khahare Khola existed in the eastern part of the region. Ward 5 will absorb maximum
temperature (31oC) followed by wards 3, 4 and 6. At the same time minimum temperature will
decline below 00C throughout the region; however, its extremeness will be observed around the
cool temperate region in south western flank surrounding Panchase peak in ward 9. Other
regions of ward 5, 7, 8 and 9 will exhibit warm temperate climate condition.
Figure 9: Seasonal precipitation patterns (1985-2010)
1
Pre-monsoon months are March-May; Monsoon months are June-September; Post-Monsoon months are OctoberNovember and Winter months are December-February
8
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Figure 10 : Average annual temperature (Minimum)
Figure 11: Mean winter rainfall (Source Bioclim, 2010)
The spatial distribution of precipitation data shows two different scenarios, namely during monsoon
and winter seasons. It is observed from the above figures that the entire part of Bhadaure
Tamagi VDC receives a good amount of rainfall annually. The gridded data shows that during
monsoon the rainfall distribution pattern will be more than 902 mm along the ridges from central
north to south direction whereas the other part will receive not less than 308 mm rainfall. The
most benefited wards of monsoon rainfall in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC are wards 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 and
9. Interestingly, other than these wards, especially wards 4 and 5, the eastern parts of wards 3
and 6 and the western parts of 7 and 9 receive a good amount of rainfall (16mm) in the winter
season.
The average annual maximum and minimum temperatures (from 1981-2011, DHM station no.
0814, Lumle; Figure 12) vary from 20.230 C to 120 C. The hottest months were recorded in the
year 2009, with a maximum of 220C and the coldest of 110C was recorded in the winter months
of 2011 (Figure 12).
9
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Figure 12: Average annual maximum and minimum temperatures (1981-2011, Station 0814)
2.8. Soil Type and Soil Fertility
Located in the middle mountain physiographic region of the country, Bhadaure Tamagi VDC in
the Panchase Protected Forest Area consists of almost all the land forms and land types typical
of the physiographic region, except a few. Harpan khola, the major river flowing through the
area along with khahare kholas (seasonal streams), have made a strip of alluvial plains. Soil in
these alluvial plains varies with the proximity to the rivers. Areas adjacent to the rivers have
fragmental sandy Psaments with some Ustorthents as well. These soils may not be suitable for
cultivation because of their relatively coarse texture and excessive drainage. Moreover, they
are very prone to flood hazard during monsoon. These areas are better left for grass lands and
some riverine trees. Those areas which are occasionally flooded have Ustifluvents and
Fluvaquents with gravelly sandyloam/loam soils over sands and gravels. These areas with
occasional flood hazards are generally suitable for selective winter crops with good water
management practices. Areas away from the flood events and adjacent to foothills generally
have well to moderately well drained coarse loamy Ustochrepts and at places Eepiaquic
Haplustepts. These areas are suitable for paddy in the monsoon season, and with irrigation
facility, a wide range of winter crops can be grown.
Figure 13: Soil map of Bhadaure Tamagi
10
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
In the moderately steep mountainous terrain, cultivation occurs generally on the slopping as
well as level terraces. The slopping terraces generally have moderately deep skeletal loamy
and sandy Dystrochrepts and Ustochrepts. These areas are best suited to maize- based cropping
systems. The level terraces generally have well to moderately well drained Epiaquic and
Anthraquic coarse loamy Ustochrepts and Haplustepts and are better suited to paddy in the
rainy season and diverse winter crops with good water managemewnt practices. The forested
moderately steep mountainous terrain has well- drained coarse loamy Haplumbrepts and
Hapludepts. The steep to very steep mountainous terrain which are mostly under forest have
sandy and skeletal loamy Lithic and Paralithic Dystrochrepts and Ustorthents. These areas are
not suited to agriculture and maintainence of good vegetational cover is necessary as they are
vulnerable to degradation.
11
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
3. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
3.1. Study Design and Methodology
A series of meetings and discussions were held with IUCN Programme Team to discuss study
methods, determine the sample size, and finalise the checklist for information collections. MoFSC
inventory guidelines and ANSAB participatory NTFP inventory guidelines were thoroughly
reviewed to come up with a biodiversity resource inventory method. Based on those meetings
and discussions with IUCN Programme Team and review of relevant literature, the following
study methods (Table 2) were agreed and used for information collection required for the study.
Based on the information obtained from participatory resource inventory and transect walk,
resource status and threats were assessed. Resource inventory provided information on cover,
density, abundance, growing stock and regeneration status of important species.
Table 2: Methods used for information collection
Ecosystem
Forest
*
*
*
*
*
*
Field observation
Transect walk
Participatory resource inventory
Consultation with stakeholder
Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and
Key Informant Interview (KII)
Agriculture/wetland or water body/grassland
*
*
*
*
*
Field observation
Transect walk
Consultation with stakeholder
Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and
Key Informant Interview (KII)
Figure 14: Study framework
12
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Transect walk provided information on threats based on anthropogenic disturbances and
ecosystem health. Consultation with stakeholders, FGD and KII provided the overall information
of the VDC. They were particularly used to compile information on the perception of the local
people. A tally sheet (Annex 2) was developed for a participatory resource inventory. Checklists
as shown in Annex 3, 4 and 5 were developed for consultation with stakeholders, FGD and KII.
A detailed methodological framework of the study area is presented in Figure 14.
3.2. Sampling Design for Participatory Forest Resource
Inventory
The Land Resource Mapping Project (1984)
maps were taken as basis for determining
sampling intensity and laying out sample
points for participatory forest resource
inventory. LRMP (1984) has categorized the
forests of Bhadaure Tamagi into two types,
namely deciduous mixed broad-leaved forest
and hill sal Forest. These two forest types
were taken as two different strata and the
sample points were systematically laid out at
every 250 m x 250 m throughout the forest.
Points located along the alternative columns
from left were considered for the inventory.
Furthermore, for convenience during the field
measurement, points located in the area with
more than 300 slope were discarded. This
left the study team with 73 points: 69 points
in deciduous mixed broad-leaved forest and
4 in hill sal forest (Figure 15).
Figure 15: Layout of sample points for resource
inventory
3.2.1. Size and shape of sample plots
The XY coordinates of laid out sample plots
were transferred to GPS for navigation and
field measurement (Annex 6). Once the points
were located, concentric circular plots were
laid out at each sample point for the field
measurement. Figure 16 shows that
concentric circular plots of 500 m2, 300 m2,
25 m2 and 10 m2 were used for measurement
of trees, poles, saplings and seedlings
respectively. Number of individuals of each
species was recorded in all plots. The
diameter at breast height (DBH, 1.37m) and
height for trees and poles were also recorded.
The tally sheet used for recording and the list
of the sample points used in the study area
are presented in Annex 2 and Annex 6
respectively. Along with these parameters,
other geographical, edaphic and climatic
disturbance characteristics were also
recorded for each plot.
Figure 16: Diagrammatic representation of
concentric circular plots used for forest resource
13
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
3.3. Field Arrangement
3.3.1. Arrangement of field equipment and data collection formats
Field inventory equipment, including GPS, diameter-tape, linear tape and height measuring
instruments, was assembled. Field equipment was prepared, checked and calibrated beforehand.
A set of checklist format was also prepared and handed over to the field team.
3.3.2. Formation of multidisplinary team
A forest measurement team was formed consisting of botanist, forest technician, technician
from district forest office, project technical staff and local resource person. The data collection
process was entirely participatory. Local forest users' groups members were involved in the
measurement and preparing the participatory resource map, which helped in sampling design
and planning inventory.
3.3.3. Orientation to the field technicians
Three-day orientation training was organised for information compilation and forest resource
inventory based on the checklist and format developed before going to the field. All the field
technicians attended the training and became familiar with the process of information collection,
and were subsequently deployed to their respective fields. The main objective of the orientation
was to ensure that they would able to handle the equipment and perform the inventory task
consistently.
3.3.4. Field demonstration to the field technicians
In the fourth day, the entire field technicians were taken into a forest to demonstrate the inventory
methods. Firstly, participants were trained in using different equipment required for inventory
works. Then the participants were trained on measuring the slope of the terrain and correcting
the slope. Secondly, they were trained on laying inventory plots of different sizes for herbs,
shrubs and trees on the ground. Thirdly, they were trained on how to count and measure different
species in each plot. Finally, they were trained on recording data in respective formats.
3.4. Field Inventory
3.4.1. Field measurement
Observations were made and measurements of species found in each plot were done. Once
the centre of sampling plot was located using GPS, plots of four different sizes (Figure 16) were
established for observation and measurement. All the regeneration of the prioritized species
was also counted and recorded. Likewise, crown diameter was measured from the observation.
3.4.2. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
The study team also conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) with the project beneficiaries
to compile information of existing forest management practices, farming system and socioeconomic conditions of the VDC. The FGDs were also used as opportunities to reflect on the
14
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
current status, trends and issues related to
biodiversity conservation, landscape management,
climate change adaptation, and ecosystem
management in the study area. Altogether five FGDs,
covering all wards of the VDC, were conducted
during the study. Figure 17 shows the ongoing
discussion of FGD in the study area (for the
checklists used for FGDs, see Annex 3, 4 and 5).
Information collected from FGD and other field
measurements were validated by published and
unpublished literature, forest operational plans and
management activities going in the field.
Figure 17: Participants of focus group
discussion
3.4.3. Key Informant Interview (KII)
Altogether 15 key informants were interviewed for
compiling detailed information on specific subjects
such as MAPs in the area; forest management
practices; cropping system; land use history. The
list of key informants is included in Annex 7 and
Figure 18.
3.4.4. Field observation and transect walk
Figure 18: Key informants during key
informant interview
Field observation and transect walk were used to compile information on forest, agriculture,
pasture and wetland biodiversity. This provided a clear overview of the VDC. Transect walks
were also used as opportunities to compile information on wild animals and other ecosystems in
the VDC.
3.4.5. Secondary data collection
Available DFO's records and constitutions and operational plans of CFUGs were used for
compiling information on total number and area of CF handed over and benefitted population.
CFUGs' records were helpful in undertaking resource inventory, determing species composition
and density of forests.
3.5. Geographic Information System (GIS) Mapping
Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing based imagery analysis along with
ground observation data were used for biodiversity inventory design as well as for mapping
environmental/bio-climatic variables, ecosystems and their components. GIS databases were
developed for various bio-physical parameters and components of ecosystems. The following
sub-section briefly presents the approaches and methodology used for mapping and developing
database for various components under this study.
3.5.1. Datasets used
Various available datasets were used for developing/generating new datasets for biodiversity
inventory and mapping of ecological components. These datasets and sources are listed in
Table 3.
15
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Table 3: Datasets used for the study
S.No.
Datasets
Sources/Year
1
Topographic datasets
1:25,000 scale National Topographic Database, Survey
Department, 2001
2
Land Utilization and Land System Maps
1:50,000 scale LRMP Land Utilization Map and Land
System Maps, Kenting Earth Science, 1986
3
Climate datasets raster (Mean annual
temperature, mean precipitation
BioClim, downloaded from http://www.worldclim.org/bioclim
4
RapidEye (RE) 5m Satellite Imageries
FRA Nepal Project, 2012
5
Other datasets
Genesis Consultancy (P) Ltd., 2005-2010
3.5.2. Mapping of Ecosystem types
Ecosystem types viz. forest ecosystem, agriculture ecosystem and water body (wetland
ecosystem) were mapped using high resolution RapidEye (RE) satellite image of the year
2010/11. RapidEye image was classified using segmentation and object classification method
using eCognition software tool for mapping ecosystem types.
A further classification of forest ecosystem was done based on vegetation types into chilaunekatus forest, hill sal forest, rakchan forest and utis forest. The forest types were classified and
mapped using RE satellite imageries and inventory data, taking terrain slope and aspect as
other parameters.
Agriculture ecosystem was sub-classed based on topography and cropping pattern of the region
following LRMPs classification scheme. The cultivation classes identified and mapped in the
VDC region are flood plain cultivation (lower river terraces), river terrace cultivation (upper river
terraces) in the valley floor/river flood plain area; level terrace cultivation, and sloping terrace
cultivation in the hilly areas (Box 1).
BOX 1: CULTIVATION TYPES
Flood plain cultivation (Lower river terraces):
The flood plain cultivation is the lower river terraces in the valley floor. These river terraces are the
flood plains generally with one crop of rice.
River terrace cultivation (Upper river terraces):
The river terrace cultivation is the upper river terraces with occasional flooding. Rice or seasonal
vegetables are grown in the upper river terraces cultivation area in general.
Level terrace cultivation:
The level terrace cultivation in the hilly region (hill slope cultivation) comprises terraces of up to 4o
either backward sloping towards the hillside or forward sloping. Single monsoonal upland rice is grown
with rain-fed water or hill irrigation system. Terraces where rice is grown are known as khet (low land?).
Rice is followed mainly by wheat or fallow in the dry season.
Sloping terrace cultivation:
Terraces in the hilly region with convex, concave or straight sloping surfaces are sloping terraces.
Sloping terraces are found on upper slopes and spurs throughout the hilly region. These sloping terraces
are known as bari or pakho (upland?) under Nepalese land classification terminology. Dominant cropping
pattern in this type of cultivation land is maize during monsoon followed by millet, potato/mustard or
wheat. In narrower sloping terraces maize or millet is often followed by fallow.
16
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Agriculture sub-classes were classified and mapped using RE satellite images, terrain slope
parameters and ground observation of the cultivation pattern.
Grass land and grazing patches were mapped using high resolution Google Earth image. Only
small privately owned or abandoned land with grass cover was found in the VDC.
Water bodies (wetland ecosystem) consisting of rivers, streams and ponds were mapped using
satellite images and ground observation.
3.5.3. Mapping of biodiversity
Floral and faunal bio-diversity and their hotspots were mapped using RE images and ground
observation data. The richness of forest species was mapped based on the occurrences of
species types in the inventory plot using GIS- based geostatistical analysis of the richness
parameter to create a species richness map.
The hotspots of the selected flora and fauna species (bird and wildlife) were mapped based on
ground observation, participatory mapping and location of the hotspots using GPS.
3.5.4. Mapping of services and institutes
Services (including ecosystem services) and institutes were mapped based on ground location
using GPS and participatory mapping approaches. These services are categorized and mapped
under the following classes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Agriculture
Commercial
Cultural
Educational
Infrastructure
Institutional
Public
Religious
Social/public
Tourism
3.5.5. Development of GIS database
GIS database and datasets were developed for the ecosystem and its (aforementioned)
components based on the RE satellite images and field measurement/observation and
participatory mapping approaches. An attribute database was developed based on field
measurement/observation and participatory mapping and other secondary sources. GIS datasets
developed under the study and technical standards adopted are presented in Tables 4 and 5.
The catalogue of attribute data and metadata is summarized in Table 4. The standards of GIS
data used for the analysis is given in Table 5.
17
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Table 4: List of GIS Datasets Developed
S.No.
Datasets/Layers
Remarks
A
Administrative
1
Panchase region boundary
Based on national topographic data
2
17 VDC boundaries in Panchase
Based on national topographic data
3
Wards boundaries in 17 VDCs
Based on national topographic data
B
Bio-physical and environment
4
Altitude/Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DEM generated from 20m contours
5
Slope & Aspect
Derived from DEM
6
Average Annual Temperature
Analyzed from DHM data and Bioclim
7
Average Precipitation
Analyzed from DHM data and Bioclim
8
Geology
Based on regional geological map, DMG
9
Soil Type
Based on LRMP Land Utilization Map
C
Topographic and hydrography
10
Terrain contours and spot levels
Based on national topographic data
11
Road infrastructure
Based on data from DoR
12
River and Streams
Based on national topographic data
13
Watershed and Sub-watershed
boundaries
Based on watershed deleniaiton using SWAT model
14
Water bodies (Ponds)
Based on national topographic data and mapped from field
observation
D
Ecosystem and Components
15
Biodiversity inventory plots
Based on field observation and GPS location
16
Ecosystem Types
Based on RE images and field data
17
Vegetation Types
Based on RE images and field inventory data
18
Vegetation Species Richness
Based on RE images and field inventory data
17
Cultivation Types
Based on RE image and field observation
20
Wildlife Hotspots
Based on field observation and GPS location and
participatory mapping
21
Bird Hotspots
Based on field observation and GPS location and
participatory mapping
E
Rapid Eye 5m satellite imagery
Ortho rectified satellite imagery
Table 5: GIS Standards Adopted
S.No.
18
Parameters
Details
1
Coordinate Reference System (CRS)
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 44 N
2
Spheroid
World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84)
3
Data formats
Vector: ESRI Shape File; Raster: GeoTIFF
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
3.6. Data Entry and Processing
Resource inventory data were entered in MS Excel by developing standard data entry format to
develop a database and for further analysis. Similarly, information compiled from FGDs, KII,
and observations and transect walks and secondary sources were entered in a custom developed
data entry software for easy data management and analysis. Data were analysed both qualitatively
and quantitatively.
3.6.1. Quantitative analysis
The quantitative data on seedlings, saplings, poles and trees obtained from forest resource
inventory were analysed to calculate quantitative vegetation parameters like density, frequency,
basal area with their relative values and Importance Value Index (IVI) for classification of forest
ecosystem into major vegetation types. They were further analysed to calculate growing stock
of pole and tree using the following formulas:
Density and relative density
Density expresses the numerical strength of the presence of a species in a community. It is the
number of individuals per unit area and is expressed as number per hectare.
Relative density is the density of a species with respect to the total density of all species.
[Source : Zobel et al. 1987]
Frequency and relative frequency
Frequency is the number of sampling units in which particular species occur, thus expressing
the dispersion of various species in a community. It refers to the degree of dispersion in terms of
the percentage of occurrence.
Relative frequency is the frequency of a species in relation to other species.
[Adapted from Raunkiaer 1934]
Basal Area and Relative Basal Area
Basal area is the space covered per unit area by plant stems estimated by measuring diameter
at breast height (DBH). It is one of the chief characteristics to determine dominance. Relative
basal area is the proportion of basal area of species to the sum of the basal area of all species.
19
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
[Adapted from Zobel et al. 1987]
Importance Value Index (IVI)
Importance Value Index (IVI) was introduced by Curtis and McIntosh (1951) as an index of
vegetation importance of any species to express ecological success with a single value within a
stand. It is the function of Relative Density (RD), Relative Frequency (RF) and Relative Basal
Area (RBA) or Relative Coverage (RC) for shrubs of each species. This index provides a
quantitative basis for the classification of a community. The IVI value of any species in a community
ranges between 0-300.
IVI = Relative Frequency (RF) + Relative Density (RD) + Relative Dominance (RDo)
Growing stock
Growing stock expresses the volumetric strength of the presence of a species in a community.
It is the volume of individual species per unit area and is expressed as volume per hectare.
Where,
3.6.2. Qualitative analysis
Qualitative data like local people's perception about existing forest management practices, farming
systems, socio-economic conditions, current status, trends and issues related to biodiversity
conservation, landscape management, climate change adaptation and ecosystem management
in the study VDCs were compiled separately and analysed to come up with ecological and
social issues related to biodiversity conservation and their potential management options and
bio-indicators of climate change in the study VDCs. The species listed from participatory forest
resource inventory, FGDs, KII, field observations, transect walks and secondary sources were
classified by taxonomy, life form, origin, endemism, invasiveness, conservation status and their
uses.
20
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. Ecosystem Types
High resolution RapidEye satellite imageries of the year 2010/11 (Figure 19) and field data were
used to produce an ecosystem map of the study area. The entire VDC was classified into three
ecosystems: agriculture/cultivation; forest and water body; and associated sandbars/riverbed
(Figure 20). Forest was found to be the dominant ecosystem in the study area that covers more
than three quarters of the study area followed by agriculture which is 23 percent (Table 6).
Khahare Khola and Harpan Khola are two major river systems in the VDC that constitutes a
major part of water body ecosystem in the VDC. Sand, gravel and boulder deposit along these
two rivers constitutes sandbars/riverbed. The statistics on ecosystem types by ward is presented
in Annex 8.
Figure 19: Ortho-rectified RapidEye Image of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
Table 6: Major ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi
Land Use class
Area (ha)
Percentage
Cultivation
572.49
22.86
Forest
1906.45
76.13
Sandbars/Riverbed
Water body
Total
23.96
0.96
1.36
0.05
2504.26
100
21
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Figure 20: Ecosystem map of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC (based on recent Rapid Eye Image analysis)
4.1.1. Forest Ecosystem
LRMP (1984) has categorized the area mainly as deciduous mixed broad-leaved forest with a
small portion of hill sal forest near the Thulakhet area. The dominance of broad- leaved species
in the area can be attributed to its high rainfall. Due to high rainfall, the forests are rich in
epiphytes, ferns and mosses. About 76 percent of the VDC is covered by forest and most of the
tropical zone is dominated by chilaune-katus forest while temperate zone is dominated by rakchan
forest (Figure 22).
Based on the Immportance Value Index (IVI) of canopy (pole and tree) species as shown in
Annex 9, the forest area was further classified into four vegetation types, namely rakchan forest,
chilaune-katus forest, hill sal forest, and utis forest (Figure 22). Hill sal and utis were classified
as separate vegetation types based on their localised dominance.
Chilaune-katus forest (56 percent) and rakchan forest (38 per cent) are major vegetation types
in the VDC, whereas hill sal forest and utis forest are negligibly present in north-eastern and
north-western corners of the VDC respectively (Figure 22, Table 7). The statistics on vegetation
types by ward is presented in Annex 10.
Figure 21: Epiphytic fern
22
Figure 22: Major vegetation type
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Table 7: Major Vegetation Types
Vegetation Type
Area (ha)
Percentage
1075.07
56.39
Hill Sal Forest
29.50
1.55
Rakchan Forest
734.32
38.52
Utis Forest
67.56
3.54
1906.45
100.00
Chilaune- Katus Forest
Total
Vegetation type by altitude
The altitude of Bhadaure Tamagi ranges from 815 m to 2484 m. This was classified into four
categories as shown in Table 8: Below 1000 m, 1000-1500 m, 1500-2000 m and more than
2000 m for analysis of change in vegetation type by altitude. The analysis shows that chilaunekatus and hill sal forests are predominant in the low altitude area while rakchan forests are
predominant in the high altitude area.
Table 8: Vegetation types by altitude
Vegetation type (ha)
Altitude class
(m)
ChilauneKatus Forest
Hill Sal
Forest
Below 1000
85.31
21.88
1000 - 1500
709.43
7.62
1500 - 2000
280.32
Above 2000
Total
Rakchan
Forest
Utis
Forest
107.19
11.89
12.82
741.77
508.05
54.73
843.10
67.55
1906.45
214.38
1075.06
29.50
Total
734.32
214.39
Species composition by vegetation type
The study found out that in terms of species composition the chilaune-katus forest was the
richest (38 tree species), whereas the hill sal forest was found to be the poorest (6 tree species).
Schima wallichii and Castanopsis indica were found in all the vegetation types available in
Bhadaure Tamagi VDC (Table 9).
Table 9: Species Composition by Vegetation Type
S.No.
Vegetation
Type
Species Composition
Total no
of species
1
Chilaune-Katus Akhitare, Amala, Angeri, Baakle, Baanjh, Bedulo, Bhakimlo, Bilauni, Castanopsis
Forest
indica, Dabdabe, Damaura, Dhupi, Dudhilo, Gurans, Jamun, Kafal, Kaulo, Khirro,
Kyamun, Lapsi, Mallato, Mallo, Mauwa, Musure katus, Paate, Paiyu, Pakhuri,
Raatpaate, Rakchan, Rudilo, Schima wallichii, Siris, Tanki, Tejpat, Tiju, Tilko, Tooni,
Utis
38
2
Hill Sal Forest
Castanopsis indica, Kafal, Mauwa, Sal, Schima wallichii, Tiju
6
3
Rakchan
Forest
Angeri, Bilauni, Castanopsis indica, Dabdabe, Darekanda, Dudhilo, Ghudakhari,
Gurans, Kafal, Kalikatha, Kaulo, Lek chaanp, Mallato, Mallo, Mauwa, Paate, Paiyu,
Phalat, Raatpaate, Rakchan, Schima wallichii, Symplocus, TiteKatha
23
4
Utis Forest
Angeri, Castanopsis indica, Dudhilo, Mallo, Paate, Rakchan, Schima wallichii, Utis
8
23
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Regeneration status
The understory in terms of the regeneration status in the forest types of Bhadaure Tamagi was
also analysed during the study. The understory in all the forest types was dominated by major
tree species. The result showed that the understory in the utis forest was devoid of its own
regeneration which justifies the fact that it is a pioneer species that regenerates in reclaimed
lands only. It can be implied from this analysis that utis forest can be replaced by other species
in the long run. It was also found out that the understorey of all the forests comprised mixed
species except for the understory of hill sal forest, which was composed of mere 4 species: sal,
katus, mauwa and tiju.
Hill sal forest and utis forest which were least in area in Bhadaure Tamagi were found to have
the highest density of seedlings and saplings per ha respectively (Table 10). The details of
distribution according to species are given in Annex 11 . The lower seedling and sapling density
in chilaune-katus forest and rakchan forest can be attributed to their higher canopy closure.
Table 10: Seedling and Sapling Density by vegetation type
Seedling
Sapling
Forest Type
Highest
Lowest
Highest
Lowest
Chilaune-Katus
Tiju
4219
Castanopsis indica
3031
Castanopsis indica
538
Schima wallichii
500
Khirro
31
Paiyu
31
Damaura
13
Kyamun
13
Hill SalForest
Sal
35000
Castanopsis indica
4000
Tiju
1000
Castanopsis indica
2000
Sal
1200
Mauwa
400
Rakchan Forest
Bilauni
1750
Rakchan
1167
Rakchan
1011
Bilauni
522
Symplocus
28
Kafal
28
Mallato
11
Lek chaanp
11
Utis Forest
Paate
Mallo
24
3000
4400
400
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Density of poles and trees
The analysis in terms of canopy layer showed that all the forest types were dominated by poles
rather than trees as illustrated in Table 11, and details are given in Annex 12 according to
species. The dominant tree species of these forest types comprised the largest portion in terms
of the structure of respective forests. The disaggregated analysis in terms of forest types showed
that chilaune-katus forest with 700 poles/ha is the richest in terms of pole density while utis
forest with 120 trees/ha is the richest in terms of tree density.
Table 11: Density of Poles and Trees
Forest Type
Pole
Tree
Total
Chilaune-Katus
426
68
494
Hill Sal
700
60
760
Rakchan
345
56
401
Utis
433
120
553
Total
1904
304
2208
Growing stock of poles and trees
The analysis in terms of the growing stock of the canopy layer of the forest types was performed
in terms of trees and poles. It was found that the dominant tree species constituted the largest
portion of the growing stock. As the canopy layer constituted of more poles than trees, a similar
result was found in terms of growing stock. The disaggregated analysis for growing stock showed
that hill sal forest with 152.76 cu.m. of stock per ha is the richest, whereas rakchan forest with
93.28 cu.m. of stock per ha is the poorest in terms of growing stock (Table 12). The details of the
growing stock according to species are presented in Annex 13.
Table 12: Growing Stock of Poles and Trees
Total Growing Stock (cu.m./ha)
Forest Type
Pole
Tree
Total
Chilaune-Katus
57.37
59.64
117.01
Hill Sal
96.69
53.24
149.93
Rakchan
51.35
41.93
93.28
Utis
55.4
97.36
152.76
Total
260.81
252.17
512.98
4.1.2. Agriculture Ecosystem
Based on the topography and cropping pattern, agriculture land was classified and mapped into
four cultivation types, namely flood plain cultivation (lower river terrace), river terrace cultivation
(upper river terrace), sloping terrace cultivation and level terrace cultivation (see Box 1 for
definition). Flood plain cultivation and river terrrace cultivation were found along the Khahare
Khola and Harpan Khola in ward no. 5 (Figure 23) Level terrace cultivation in the VDC is depicted
in Figure 24.
25
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Figure 23: Major cultivation types in
Bhadaure Tamagi
Figure 24: Level Terraces seen in Bhadaure
Tamagi
Much of the agricultural land in Bhadaure Tamagi is under sloping terrace cultivation which is
typical of the mid-hills of Nepal. On the otherhand, 1.15 percent of the area is suitable for flood
plain cultivation, whereas about 4 percent of the area is suitable for river terrace cultivation and
level terrace is used in 16.60 per cent of the area of agricultural land. Major cultivation types for
each ward of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC are presented in Annex 14 and summary of the cultivated
area is given in Table 13.
Table 13: Major Cultivation Types
Agriculture class
Area (ha)
Percentage
Level Terrace Cultivation
95.04
16.60
Sloping Terrace Cultivation
448.99
78.43
River Terrace Cultivation
21.86
3.82
Flood Plain Cultivation
Total
6.61
1.15
572.49
100.00
4.1.3. Water bodies (wetland) Ecosystem
Figure 25: Water bodies of Bhaudare Tamagi VDC
26
Harpan Khola and Khahare Khola
are two major river systems in the
VDC. These two streams are inlets
to Fewa Lake. Five metres on each
side of rivers and streams will be
managed as a green belt for
prevention of stream and river
bank degradation. Thus, the
proposed total green belt area of
94.78 ha was indicated in dark blue
colour (Figure 25). The location of
major 7 ponds (3 natural ponds
and 4 fish ponds) and 3 water
springs (2 potable) are also
indicated in the map. The critical
watersheds of natural ponds are
indicated in light blue color which
equals to an area of 28.55 ha.
Water bodies such as small ponds
and reservoirs are shrinking day
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
by day and water table is decreasing annually (Figure 26). Rain water harvesting is done in
small ponds.
Figure 26: Water bodies in Study VDC a) Harpan Khola, b) Ponds used by buffalo for drinking water
4.1.4. Pasture/grazing land
There is no pasture/grazing land in the VDC. However, there is a practice of keeping goth/
kharka in private land. In general, cattle in goth/kharka are left for free grazing in forests and
small patches of grassland (Figure 27). This is common in higher altitude areas of the VDC,
whereas most of the forests are under government management. In Bhadaure Tamagi, there
were altogether 23 grassland patches in ward nos. 1, 3, 6, 7, 8 and 9 covering an area of 15.24
ha. Ward nos. 2, 4 and 5 do not have grassland patches (Figure 27). The details of grassland
patches are presented in Annex 25.
Figure 27: Grassland/grazing patches seen in Bhadaure Tamagi
27
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
4.2. Biodiversity
4.2.1. Flora
The study has assessed the floral diversity present in the major ecosystems of Bhadaure Tamagi
VDC, viz. forest, agriculture, wetland and rangeland. Forest ecosystem with species richness of
178 was found to be the richest while wetland ecosystem with species richness of only three
was found to be the poorest ecosystem from the floral diversity point of view (Table 14). A
complete list of species is presented in Annex 15, 16, 17 and 18.
Table 14: Species Richness of Ecosystems by Taxa
S.No.
Forest
Agriculture
1
Dicotyledons
Taxa
109
61
47
20
2
Monocotyledons
3
Gymnosperms
1
4
Pteridophytes
11
Water body
Total
170
2
69
1
1
12
5
Lichens
2
2
6
Fungi
5
5
7
Algae
8
Unidentified
3
1
Total
178
1
3
82
3
263
Out of total 263 floral species in all ecosystems, the majority of them were dicots (170) of which
more than half occurred in forests (109). The second largest component in the floral species
diversity was of the monocots (69) of which 47 species were found in forests. Of the 47 species
of monocots found in the forest, 30 species are orchids. Gymnosperms and algae were the
least occurring species, one each in the forest and water body respectively. Bryophytes were
not recorded in the VDC during this study. The total number of tree species found in the study
area is 47 (Annex 15) and the number of small plants, climbers, orchids, NTFPs, herbs and
shrubs found in the VDC is shown in Table 15.
Table 15: Number of Floral Species found in Bhadure Tamagi by Life Form
S.No.
Life form
Agriculture
Water body
Total
1
Climber
8
2
Fern
11
3
Fungus
5
4
Herb
48
5
Lichen
2
2
6
Orchid
30
30
7
Shrub
27
7
34
8
Tree
47
23
70
178
82
Total
28
Forest
8
1
12
5
51
3
3
102
263
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
In total, there were 56 agricultural crop species in BhadaureTamagi. Of which, 12, the maximum,
are vegetable species followed by 11 species of spices, 9 species of fruit and 7 species each of
cereal and flowers (Table 16). The details of these species are presented in Annex 16.
Table 16: Types of Vegetable found
in the Study VDC
S.No.
Crop Type
Number of
species
1
Beverage
2
2
Cash crop
1
3
Cereal
7
4
Flower
7
5
Fruit
9
6
Legume
2
7
Oil
1
8
Spices
11
9
Tuber
3
10
Vegetable
12
11
Weed
1
Total
56
Ecological status of floral species
The study analysed has the ecological status of the floral species found in the major ecosystems
of Bhadaure Tamagi. Out of 263 floral species found in the VDC, 237 species are native while 6
species are introduced (introduced in the area from other parts of Nepal) and 15 species are
alien (introduced in the area from other countries). The status of five species was unknown.
Three species falling in each three ecosystems were found to be invasive (for details, see the
note of Table 17). Similarly, three species were found to be protected. Among which, chhatre
(tree fern, Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.: Figure 28) protected under CITES Appendix II,
was found both in forest and agriculture ecosystems.
Table 17: Ecological Status of Floral Species
S.No.
1
Agriculture
Water
body
Total
Alien
5
9
1
15
Invasive
1
1
1
2
Introduced
3
Native
4
Figure 28: Chhatre (Tree fern,
Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.)
Forest
Ecological status
6
3
6
168
67
Endemic to Nepal
5 (1)*
2 (1)
7 (1)
Protected
2 (1)*
2 (1)
4 (1)
Unidentified
5
Total
178
2
237
5
82
3
263
* one species is common both in forest and agricultural
ecosystem
29
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Invasive Species
Eupatorium adenophorum (forest ecosystem); Ageratum houstonianum Mill. (agriculture ecosystem)
and Pistia stratiotes L. (water body ecosystem)
Species Endemic to Nepal
Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott (forest ecosystem); Cissampelos pareira L. (Forest ecosystem);
Berberis aristata DC. (Forest ecosystem); Asparagus racemosus Willd. (forest and agriculture
ecosystem); Reinwardtia indica Dumort. (Forest ecosystem) and Ficus neriifolia Sm. (agriculture
ecosystem)
Protected Species
Shorea robusta Gaertn. (protected by the Forest Act 1993, found in forest ecosystem); Cyathea
spinulosa Wall. ex Hook. (listed in CITES Appendix II, found both in forest and agriculture ecosystems)
and Bombax ceiba L. (protected by the Forest Act 1993, found in agriculture ecosystem)
Introduced Species
Akabare khorsani (Capsicum annum var. Frutesins); Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze); Maganpure
dhaan (Oryza sativa L.); Manakamana makai (Zea mays L.); Kalki phool (Callistemon citrinus (Curtis)
Skeels); and Ankhi timur (all found in Agriculture ecosystem)
4.2.2. Fauna
The study has assessed the faunal species diversity present in the major ecosystems, viz.
forest, agriculture and water bodies in Bhadaure Tamagi. Forest ecosystem was found to have
species richness of 20 while agriculture ecosystem species richness of 9 and waterbody species
richness of 3 (Table 18). A complete list of species is presented in Annex 19, 20 and 21. The
winter season, time for the hibernation of the majority of cold blooded fauna, could be one the
reasons for limited sighting of fauna in the field, especially the aquatic fauna. Thus, this study
could not cover the faunal diversity of waterbodies in detail and is recommended to undertake a
faunal study in summer/rainy seasons.
Table 18: Fauna in the Forest and
Agriculture Ecosystem
S.No.
Taxa
Agriculture
Water
body
Total
1
Mammals
6
5
11
2
Aves
14
4
18
3
Reptiles
4
Amphibians
1
1
5
Fish
1
1
6
Invertebrates
1
1
3
32
Total
30
Forest
20
9
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Ecological status of faunal species
The study analysed the ecological status of the faunal species found in the major ecosystems
(Annex 19, 20 and 21) of Bhadaure Tamagi. A total of 32 species of wildlife, including an introduced
species (broiler chicken), were found in the VDC (Table 19). There were no alien, invasive,
endemic or protected faunal species in the VDC. The scats of fauna found in the study VDC are
shown in Figure 29 which indicate the status of faunal diversity.
Table 19: Status of faunal species
S.No.
Taxa
Forest
Agriculture
Water
body
1
Total
1
Introduced
1
2
Native
20
8
3
31
Total
20
9
3
32
Note: No Alien, invasive, endemic and protected species
found
Figure 29: Scats of Wild Animal
4.3. Hotspots - Flora and Fauna
This study has identified Bhadaure Tamagi as one of the potential habitats for bird species
including a species of vulture (Gyps himalayensis) shown in (Figure 30). Point locations of the
suitable habitats were indicated in the map based on ground observations (Figure 31). Bhadaure
Tamagi is also home to brown bear, leopard and deer. Droppings of these species were found
scattered throughout the VDC by the study team (point locations of droppings indicated in the
map in Figure 32).
Figure 30: Vultures seen flying over the sky of Bhadaure Tamagi (left); Tiktike (right)
31
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Figure 31: Bird hotspots in Bhaduare
Tamagi
Figure 32: Wildlife hotspots in Bhaduare
Tamagi
Bhadaure Tamagi is undoubtedly a paradise for orchids. Bhadaure Tamagi is home to 28 species
of orchids. A threatened species of fern (Tree fern - Cyathea spinulosa) was also found in the
VDC (point locations of species occurrence indicated in the map in Figure 33). Predominant
presence of lokta, a high value fibre species, was found in ward no. 7 of the VDC (Figure 33).
Figure 33: Plant hotspots in Bhadaure Tamagi
32
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
5. OBSERVED ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
5.1. Ecological Issues
Field observations conducted during the study have revealed several ecological issues that can
be deterrent to valuable floral and faunal species occurring in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC. The
major ecological issues of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC observed during the study are as follows:
5.1.1. Open grazing
Open grazing was observed during field observations. Cattle were left freely to graze in the
forest. This can manoeuvre a major threat to the conservation of vital plant species, including
high value NTFPs and regeneration as these cattle feed on them.
5.1.2. On-going road construction
Road construction is taken as a major infrastructural development indicator and Bhadaure Tamagi
VDC like every other VDC in the region is in the process of road construction. On-going road
construction can be crucial in destabilizing the geology of the study area resulting in landslides
and soil erosion and damaging lives and assets (Figure 34).
Figure 34: Landslide triggered by on-going road construction
5.1.3. Flooding/siltation
Khahare Khola and Harpan Khola, the two major river systems occurring in the VDC and inlets
to Fewa Lake, pose a serious threat of flooding in the rainy season. As a result, fertile soils are
continually eroded downstream. Such soil erosion and continual sediment spill to these rivers
have resulted in siltation , posing threats such as topsoil runoff, destruction of habitats for aquatic
flora and fauna in these rivers and the existence of Fewa Lake.
5.1.4. Forest fire
Forests in the study area are also prone to forest fires that are either deliberate or accidental.
Such incidents can cause extensive damage to plants and wildlife. They can result in human
fatalities if spread to human settlements.
33
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
5.1.5. Agricultural land abandonment
Agricultural lands are being abandoned in the study area mainly due to migration of adults to
Pokhara and other major cities in Nepal and abroad. Due to migration and overseas employment
of adults from the VDC, only the elderly and children are left. This has brought about domino
effect on the agricultural system, once fertile farmlands are being abandoned for trees to grow
and forests to come up in the long run. This poses a serious threat to agricultural production and
food security.
5.1.6. Illegal logging
Illegal logging is another major threat to forest tree species in the study area. Some sections of
the forest were observed to have large tree stumps with a pathway besides it used for skidding
the logs out of the forest.
5.1.7. Illegal poaching
Forests of Bhadaure Tamagi are home to a number of faunas but they have not remained
untouched by illegal poaching. Wildlife such as deer, certain fowls, etc are illegally hunted either
for individual use or commercial purposes. This can be a principal threat to endangering the
population of such species resulting in the loss of such species in the long run.
5.1.8. Human wildlife conflict
Wildlife, which is specific in nature, is posing a major threat to the agricultural production of the
VDC. Local people reported on wild hares 'chauda' from nearby forests infesting wheat, monkeys
infesting maize, and wild rats infesting cereal crops.
5.1.9. Spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS)
The spread of invasive alien species in the forest, agricultural lands and water bodies is seen as
a major threat to the floral species diversity of the VDC. It was observed that banmara (Eupatorium
adenophorum) had invaded the forest. The invasive species found in the agricultural land were
nilo gandhe (Ageratum houstonianum Mill) and banmara (Eupatorium adenophorum). The
waterbodies of the study area were invaded by jalkumbhi (Pistia stratiotes L.).
5.2. Social issues
5.2.1. Migration
The adults of the VDC were observed to have migrated to Pokhara and other major cities of
Nepal as well as abroad. Migration occurred mainly in search of education, employment
opportunities and higher standards of living. This has left only the elderly and children in the
VDC who are unable to perform strenuous tasks in agricultural fields, hence resulting into
abandonment of fertile farmlands.
34
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
5.2.2. Overseas remittance
Overseas remittance is the major contributor to the economy of Bhadaure Tamagi. One person
from each family is in the Gulf countries for employment, with the entire family dependent on
him/her for financial security.
5.2.3. Untouched forests
People have ceased going to the forest these days as their household demands of fuelwood,
fodder and small timber are being met from the trees growing on farmlands. Forests growing on
abandoned farmlands are also a major contributor for meeting these needs. Also, there is lesser
demand for such fuelwood as people have started using LPG for cooking.
5.3. Potential Options
5.3.1. Community involvement in biodiversity conservation
As Bhadaure Tamagi is rich in biodiversity, community involvement can be a major activity both
in its conservation and management.
5.3.2. Ecotourism promotion
There is a promising aspect for ecotourism in the VDC by establishing an orchid arboretum. A
demo plot of orchids (28 species) already exists in wards 1 and 2 (see Box 2). An eco-trail can
also be constructed as the study area is home to vegetation ranging from sub-tropical to subalpine.
Box 2: Orchid Demo Plot
Box 3: Gurung Cultural Museum
Panchase Protected Forest Area with 113 species
of orchids including two endemic species is known
as Paradise of Orchids. In order to demonstrate
this rich diversity of the Panchase Protected
Forest Area, an in-situ orchid demo plot was
established by Naulochharchhare CFUG of
Bhadaure Tamagi 1 and 2 in technical and
financial support of Panchase Protected Forest
Programme. The plot extending to an area of 6.78
ha hosts 28 species of orchids at present. If
institutionalized, it has potential to be developed
as an orchid arboretum.
With an aim to preserve the cultural heritage of
Gurung communities of Panchase Protected
Area, Machhapuchhre Development Organization in the support of UNDP/GEF Small Grants
Programme established a Gurung Museum on
5th June 2006 in Bhadaure Tamagi, Ward no.
2. Since then the museum has been one of the
attractions for the tourists having interest in a
cultural tourism.
35
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
5.3.3. Promotion of private sector investment in forest-based enterprises
There is potential of a nigalo- based community orchid enterprise in the VDC so that the
community can benefit from the revenue generated.
5.3.4. Cultural tourism promotion
Cultural tourism holds a major potential in the VDC, which already has a Gurung Cultural Museum.
But there is a need for institutionalisation of the museum (see Box 3).
5.3.5. Promotion of organic vegetable farming
As Pokhara city has close proximity to the VDC, there is an immense potential of organic vegetable
farming in this area, so that the community can generate income from it.
5.3.6. PES potential
There is potential for enhancing the linkages between inhabitants of Bhadaure Tamagi and
downstream communities under PES mechanism for their mutual benefit as Harpan Khola and
Khahare Khola streams are inlets of Fewa Lake.
5.3.7. Vulture conservation
Four vultures were sighted roosting in a lapsi tree during the field work by the field team (Figure
35). This shows the potential of Bhadaure Tamagi for the development as a vulture conservation
site.
Figure 35: Vulture roosting in a Lapsi tree
36
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
5.3.8. NTFPs Promotion
NTFPs cultivation and marketing can be a good source of income generation in the study area
because several indigenous species of non-wood species such as kurilo, lokta, broom grass
and other NTFPs (Annex 23) are found in the area. Broom grass is not only economically
beneficial but also ecologically important as it prevents potential soil erosion. Similarly, many
fruit trees can be grown on the ridges and bunds of the cultivated field. Therefore, in-situ cultivation
of fruit trees, NTFPs and indigenous species are very effective mechanism for livelihood
improvement.
5.4.
Bio-indicators of Climate Change
The following things were observed as bioindicators of climate change in Bhadaure
Tamagi VDC of the Panchase area:
•
The invasion of banmara and hade
unyu in the forest has made it difficult to
enter the forest and it has adversely affected
natural regeneration. Similarly, the invasion
of nilogandhe in agriculture land has caused
a decline in agricultural production.
•
The invasion jalkumbhi in one of the
ponds of Chainpur has led to drying up of
the pond (Figure 36).
Figure 36: Jalkumbi invasion in a pond in
Chainpur, Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
•
Delay in monsoon has forced to delay paddy planting time. Paddy planting time has
been delayed by 15 days, i.e. from mid-Jestha to early Asadh. In addition, the cultivation of
other crops has been delayed by a month, ie from Chaitra-Baishakh to Baishakh-Jestha.
•
Local people have reported the rise in temperature in the area. Mosquitoes, once absent
in the area, can now be seen in a large number in summer. This has made it impossible to
sleep without a mosquito net. As it used to be very cold in the month of Magh in the past in
the area, a saying was quite popular among the local people a'9fvf8f df3nfO{, alnofaf7f
af3nfO{
(English translation: Old and weak ones for winter, young and strong ones for tiger).
However, the local people reported that this saying has lost its significance at present with
the rise in winter temperature.
37
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
5.5. Ecosystemwise Management Options
Forest
Agriculture
Wetland
•
Vulture study - Vultures were sighted in the VDC and a detailed study is needed
to come up with a habitat management and conservation plan.
•
Human Wildlife Conflict study - Crop raiding by monkey,wild hare and wild rat
reported. Thus a study is needed to assess the intensity of conflict.
•
Wildfire - Bhadaure Tamagi is susceptible to wildfire; maintaining a buffer area
from settlement mainly in southern aspects and preparation of community
wildfire management plan, firefighting equipment support and capacity
development would undoubtely help local communities to fight wildfire.
•
Orchid - An orchid demo plot already exists in the VDC and its upgrading to an
arboretum will not only promote in-situ species conservation but also promote
ecotourism in the VDC.
•
Densely accumulated leaf litter on the forests can be used for organic manure
production. This will not only provide additional economic incentive to local
communities but also reduce wildfire risk by reducing the fuel for wildfire.
•
Low cost bioengineering techniques could be adopted to prevent landslide and
soil erosion triggered by on-going road construction. Besides, local communities
should be made aware of the proper planning for road construction.
•
Ecosystem based Adaptation project should be able to find a balance between
ecological and commercial management of the forests so that livelihood of forest
dependent poor communities are not economically challenged.
•
Bhadaure Tamagi with quick access to Pokhara Sub-metropolis is a pontential
site for promotion of organic farming, olericulture, pomoculture and productive
livestock farming.
•
Agroforestry/farm forestry could be promoted to preserve agro biodiversity.
•
Systems like stall feeding and rotational grazing system could be adoted to meet
the fodder demand of productive livestock farming. Besides, multi-layer farming
and introduction of improved varieties of fodder and grass species could also be
promoted in the VDC.
•
Organic manure production from agriculture residue could supplement the
fertilizer need of the VDC.
•
Management of five meters on each side of rivers and streams as greenbelt
would prevent on-going stream and river bank degradation.
•
Conservation of existing ponds would increase ground water recharge
subsequently reduce surface runoff and associated soil degradation in the VDC.
•
There is a potential for enhancing linkages between inhabitants of Bhadaure
Tamagi & downstream communities under PES mechanism for their mutual
benefit as Harpan Khola and Khahare Khola streams are inlets of Fewa Lake.
•
Bhadaure Tamagi, with drying up water sources is facing drinking water scarcity,
thus local communities should be made aware about proper management of
water.
•
All three major ecosystems in Bhadaure Tamagi: forest, agriculture and water
bodies have been invaded by invasive species. Thus, ecological restoration of
ecosystem is must for continuous supply of ecosystem services.
•
Coming up with the plans for alternative use of invasive species biomass would
be an effective intervention to control their invasion.
•
Bhadaure Tamagi does have potential for promotion of ecotourism through
upgradinto of Gurung cultural museum and orchid demo plot.
Cross cutting
Invasive species
Museum
38
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
6. CONCLUSIONS
Bhadaure Tamagi, the largest VDC in the Pahchase area, consists of three major ecosystems,
namely forest, agriculture and wetland. The VDC is rich in forest resources and forest covers
more than 75 percent of land. This is followed by agriculture. Thanks to high rainfall and warm
temperature, the VDC is dominated by broad-leaved species with various species of epiphytes,
ferns and mosses. Among the broad-leaved species found in the area, chilaune, katus and
rakchan are the most dominant species. Chilaune-katus forest, hill sal forest, rakchan forest
and utis forest are four major vegetation types under the forest ecosystem found in the VDC.
The chilaune-katus forest supports higher biodiversity compared to other forest types. Despite
wide altitudinal gradient, the utis forest is found to have less biodiversity as utis is a pioneer
species and the forest is generally found in eroded soil. The study concludes that the regeneration
status is poor in the dense canopy covered forest areas of chilaune-katus and rakchan forests
and are dominated by pole-sized plants.
Similarly, flood plain cultivation, river terrace cultivation, level terrace cultivation and sloping
terrace cultivation are four major cultivation types under the agriculture ecosystem found in
Bhadaure Tamagi VDC. Likewise, Khahare Khola and Harpan Khola are two major river systems
in the VDC that constitute a major part of water body ecosystem in the VDC.
The study concludes that Bhadaure Tamagi VDC is indeed rich in floral and faunal biodiversity.
It is home to 263 species of flora and 32 species of fauna. The forest ecosystem of Bhadaure
Tamagi VDC is not only the largest ecosystem but also has the richest biodiversity and is home
to 178 species of flora, including 30 species of orchids and 20 species of fauna. The study also
concludes that out of 178 species of flora found in forest ecosystem, 107 species have nontimber values making Bhadaure Tamagi an NTFP rich VDC. The forest ecosystem consists of
five endemic, two protected and one invasive species. Likewise, the agriculture ecosystem
consists of seven introduced, two endemic, two protected and one invasive species. The study
concludes that diversity of fauna in the forest is higher compared to agriculture. Furthermore,
diversity of arial species is high in the forest and vice versa in agriculture. The study has also
confirmed the existence of a CITES Appendix II species, i.e. Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.,
in the VDC. Besides, the study has confirmed the existence of big mammals, such as brown
bear, leopard and deer as indicated by their droppings in the VDC.
Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, despite being a biodiversity rich VDC, is found to have many management
issues. Open grazing, on-going road construction, flooding/siltation, forest fire, agriculture land
abandonment, illegal logging, poaching, human wildlife conflict and spread of invasive and alien
species are some of the identified ecological issues that are posing serious threat to the rich
biodiversity of the VDC. Unlike these ecological issues, change in social dimensions, mainly
out-migration, is having a positive impact on biodiversity of the VDC. Decrease in population
resulting from out-migration has considerably lowered pressure on the forest.
Despite all these management issues, Bhadure Tamagi has an immense potential of involvement
of local communities in biodiversity conservation, ecotourism promotion, forest resorce-based
enterprise promotion, cultural trourism promotion, organic vegetable famring, PES, vulture
conservation and NTFP promotion. Proper planning back up by some further studies will
undoubtedly be helpful in materializing all these potentials.
39
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
7. REFERENCES
ANSAB. 2010. Participatory inventory of non-timber forest products. Asia Network for Sustainable
Agriculture and Bioresources, Kathmandu.
Arneberg, E. 1995. Community and species diversity of vascular plants in disturbed QuercusRhododendron forest, Ghorepani. MSc thesis submitted to Agricultural University of Norway.
Aryal, A., and S.K. Dhungel. 2009. Species diversity and distribution of bats in the Panchase
region of Nepal. Tiger Paper 36(2): 14-18.
Bhattarai, K.R., I.E. Maren, and R.P. Chaudhary. 2012. Medicinal plant knowledge of the Panchase
region in the middle hills of the Nepalese Himalayas. Banko Janakari 21(2): 31-39.
Bhattarai, N.K., V. Tandon and D.K. Ved. 2002. Highlights and outcomes of the conservation
assessment and management planning (CAMP) workshop, Pokhara. In: Proceedings on
sharing local and national experience in conservation of MAPs in South Asia. IDRC South
Asia Regional Office, New Delhi. 46-53.
Carson, B. 1992. Erosion and sedimentation processes in the Nepal Himalayas. ICIMOD
occasional paper I, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD),
Kathmandu.
CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity). 2002. Decision VI/23: Alien species that threaten
ecosystems, habitats or species (Endnote I). Secretariat of the Convention on Biological
Diversity, Montreal.
Curtis and McIntosh. 1951. An upland forest continuum in the Prairie-Forest Border Region of
Wisconsin Ecology, Vol. 32, No. 3, (July 1951); p. 476-496
ISRC. 2013. Distric and VDC profle of Nepal, 2013, Soceo economic development data base of
Nepal, Kathamandu.
Koirala, R. 1998. Botanical diversity within the project area of Machhapuchhre Development
Organisation, Bhadaure Tamagi, Kaski.
LAC. 2000. Annual report/ Annual work programme 1999/2000. Lumle Agricultural Centre, Lumle,
Pokhara.
NWP. 2003. National wetland policy. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu.
Stainton and Polunin. 1984. Flowers of the Himalayas.
Thapa, G.B. 1996. Land use, land management and environment in a subsistence mountain
economy in Nepal. Agriculture, Ecology and Environment 57: 57-71.
UNDP/MDO. 2006. Panchase Biodiversity Management Project. UNDP/GEF/SGP and
Machhapuchre Development Organisation, Pokhara.
Zobel, D.B., U.K. Yadav, P.K. Jha,, and M.J. Behan.1987. A practical manual for ecology. Rani
Printing Press, Kathmandu.
40
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
ANNEXURES
Annex 1: Glossary of Key Terms
Adaptation
An adaptation in biology is a trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism
that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection. An adaptation refers to both the
current state of being adapted and to the dynamic evolutionary process that leads to the
adaptation. Adaptations contribute to the fitness and survival of individuals.
Biodiversity
Commonly defined as "life in all its forms," biodiversity represents the variety of genes, species,
and ecosystems present on earth, as well as the natural processes that sustain them. This is a
weighty concept to comprehend, let alone inventory and document. At one end of the spectrum,
biodiversity inventories include exhaustive "all-taxa" surveys that seek to identify the full
complement of living organisms within an area of interest (also known as the "bio-blitz" approach).
Canopy Closure
The degree to which the canopy (forest layers above one's head) blocks sunlight or obscures
the sky.
Canopy
A layer of foliage in a forest stand. This most often refers to the uppermost layer of foliage, but
it can be used to describe lower layers in a multi-storeyed stand. Leaves, branches and vegetation
that are above ground and/or water that provide shade and cover for fish and wildlife.
Crown Cover
The degree to which the crowns of trees are nearing general contact with one another.
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a complex set of relationships among the living resources, habitats, and residents
of an area. It includes plants, trees, animals, fish, birds, micro-organisms, water, soil and people.
Ecosystems vary greatly in size and the elements that make them up, but each is a functioning
unit of nature, everything that lives in an ecosystem is dependent on the other species and
elements that are also part that ecological community. If one part of the ecosystem is damaged
or disappears, it has an impact on everything else. Since ecosystem can be as small as a single
tree or as large as entire forest.
Ecosystem-based Adaptation
EbA is defined as the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptation
strategy to help people to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. EbA uses the range of
opportunities for the sustainable management, conservation, and restoration of ecosystems to
provide services that enable people to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
41
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
It includes a range of local and landscape scale strategies for managing ecosystems to increase
resilience and maintain essential ecosystem services and reduce the vulnerability of people,
their livelihoods and nature in the face of climate change. It also identifies and implements a
range of strategies for the management, conservation and restoration of ecosystems to ensure
that they continue to provide the services that enable people to adapt to the impacts of climate
change. It involves collective action among governments, communities, conservation and
development organizations, and other stakeholders to plan and empower local action that will
increase environmental and community resilience to the changing climate. Ecosystem based
adaptation and community based adaptation are therefore mutually supportive.
Ecosystem services
The simplest and most widespread definition of ecosystem services is, "the benefits people
obtain from ecosystems", as defined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). Examples
of ecosystem services include products (e.g., food, fuel and water), regulation of floods and soil
erosion and disease outbreaks, and non-material benefits such as the recreational and spiritual
benefits of natural areas. Since what is an ecosystem in a particular locality is defined according
to the interests of the people concerned, ecosystem services can also be defined as the benefits
that people obtain from an area defined as an ecosystem. MEA grouped ecosystem services
into four broad categories:
Provisioning services
Products obtained from ecosystems, including food, fibre, fuel, genetic resources,
ornamental resources, freshwater, biochemical, natural medicines and pharmaceuticals.
Regulating Services
Benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes including air quality
regulation, climate regulation, water regulation, erosion regulation, water purification,
waste treatment, disease regulation, pest regulation, pollination and natural hazard
regulation.
Cultural Services
Non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment,
cognitive development, reflection, recreation and aesthetic experiences, including cultural
diversity, spiritual and religious values, knowledge systems, educational values,
inspiration, aesthetic values, social relations, sense of place, cultural heritage values,
recreation and ecotourism.
Supporting services
Services necessary for sustaining the production of all other ecosystem services.
Examples: primary production for plant growth and nutrient cycling for soil formation
and water quality regulation.
Endangered Species
Any species or subspecies in immediate danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a significant
portion of its range.
Environmental Degradation
The reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives and
needs. Degradation of the environment can alter the frequency and intensity of natural hazards
and increase the vulnerability of communities. The types of human-induced degradation are
42
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
varied and include land misuse, soil erosion and loss, desertification, wild fires, loss of biodiversity,
deforestation, mangrove destruction, land, water and air pollution, climate change, sea level
rise and ozone depletion.
Erosion
The wearing away of land or soil by the action of wind, water, or ice.
Forage
Vegetation such as leaves, stems, buds, and some types of bark, that can be eaten for food and
energy.
Forest
A biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants.
Forest Fragmentation
The subdivision of large natural landscapes into smaller, more isolated fragments. Fragmentation
affects the viability of wildlife populations and ecosystems.
Forest Inventory
Forest inventory is the systematic collection of data and information for assessment or analysis.
An estimate of the value and possible uses of timber is an important part of the broader information
required to sustain ecosystems
Forest Management
Proper care and control of wooded land to maintain health, vigor, product flow, and other values
such as soil condition, water quality, wildlife preservation and beauty, and to accomplish specific
objectives.
Forest Management Plan
Written guidelines for current and future management practices needed to meet an owner's
objectives.
Forest Types
Groups of tree species commonly growing in the same stand because their environmental
requirements are similar.
Grassland
Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae) and other
herbaceous (non-woody) plants (forbs).
Habitat
An area in which a specific plant or animal can naturally live, grow, and reproduce.
Habitat Diversity
A variety of food or cover for wildlife that is often critical to the survival of a species.
43
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Introduced Species
A species occurring in an area outside its historically known natural range as a result of accidental
dispersal by humans (also referred to as "exotic species" or "alien species").
Invasive Species
An introduced species that invades natural habitats.
Inventory
Quantitative method used to estimate the actual volume, composition, and market value of
standing timber.
Land Use Planning
The process undertaken by public authorities to identify, evaluate and decide on different options
for the use of land, including consideration of long term economic, social and environmental
objectives and the implications for different communities and interest groups, and the subsequent
formulation and promulgation of plans that describe the permitted or acceptable uses. Landuse planning is an important contributor to sustainable development. It involves studies and
mapping; analysis of economic, environmental and hazard data; formulation of alternative landuse decisions; and design of long-range plans for different geographical and administrative
scales. Land-use planning can help to mitigate disasters and reduce risks by discouraging
settlements and construction of key installations in hazard-prone areas, including consideration
of service routes for transport, power, water, sewage and other critical facilities.
Land Use
The total of arrangements, activities, and inputs undertaken in a certain land cover type (a set of
human actions). The social and economic purposes for which land is managed (e.g., grazing,
timber extraction, and conservation).
Landslide
A mass of material that has slipped downhill by gravity, often assisted by water when the material
is saturated; rapid movement of a mass of soil, rock, or debris down a slope.
Pole Timber
Trees 4 to 10 inches DBH.
Regeneration
The process by which a forest is reseeded and renewed. Advanced regeneration refers to
regeneration that is established before the existing forest stand is removed.
Resilience
Is the capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by
resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and
structure. This is determined by the degree to which the social system is capable of organizing
itself to increase its capacity for learning from past disasters for better future protection and to
improve risk reduction measures. The ability of a system, community or society exposed to
hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely
and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic
structures and functions. Amount of change a system can undergo without changing state.
44
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Response
The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster
in order to save lives reduces health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence
needs of the people affected.
Risk
The combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences. Is the result of
interaction of physically defined hazards with the properties of the exposed systems - i.e., their
sensitivity or (social) vulnerability. Risk can also be considered as the combination of an event,
its likelihood, and its consequences - i.e., risk equals the probability of climate hazard multiplied
by a given system's vulnerability. The relative degree of probability that a hazardous event will
occur. An active fault zone, for example, would be an area of high risk.
Seedling
A tree, usually less than 2 inches diameter at breast height.
Species
A group of related organisms having common characteristics.
Stand Density
The quantity of trees per unit area, usually evaluated in terms of basal area, crown cover and
stocking.
Stocking
The number and density of trees in a forest stand. Stands are often classified as under stocked,
well-stocked or overstocked.
Stratification
Division of a forest, or any ecosystem, into separate layers of vegetation that provide distinct
niches for wildlife. See canopy, understory, and herbaceous vegetation.
Threatened Species
A species or subspecies whose population is so small or is declining so rapidly that it may
become endangered in all or a significant portion of its range.
Wetland
are natural or artificially created areas, such as swamps, marsh, riverine floodplain, lake, water
storage area and agricultural land containing water from underground water sources or
atmospheric precipitation that may be permanent, temporary, static or flowing, and fresh or
saline (National Wetland Policy, 2003).
Wildlife
A broad term that includes non-domesticated vertebrates, especially mammals, birds, and fish.
45
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 2: Tally Sheet Used for Forest Resource Inventory
(A) Preliminary Information of Forest
Name of forest:
Name of block:
Forest type:
Forest condition
Information collection date:
Info collected by:
(B) Plots description
Slope:
Aspect:
Erosion:
Canopy density (%)
Tree
Pole
Regeneration
(C) Regeneration, Pole and Tree
Regeneration
S.No.
Species/
Local Name
No
Species/
Local Name
No
Tree
(DBH > 30 cm)
(Plot Size 500 m2)
Pole
(DBH 10 - 30 cm)
(Plot Size 300 m2)
Sapling
Height > 1 m and
DBH < 10 cm
(Plot Size 25 m2)
Seedling
Height < 1 m
(Plot Size 10 m2)
Species/
Local Name
DBH Height
(cm)
(m)
Quality
Species/
Local Name
DBH
(cm)
Height
(m)
(D) Small plant, Climber and Orchid (Plot Size 10 m2)
S.No.
Species
Local Name
No
Remarks
(E) Other Important Information from Ecosystem and Biodiversity point of view:
1.
2.
(F) Existing and Possible Threat from Ecosystem and Biodiversity point of view:
1.
2.
(G) Forest management activities
Note:
• Radius required for circular plots in metres
S.No.
•
•
•
•
Development stage
Area of plot (m2)
Radius (m)
1
Tree
500
12.62
2
Pole
300
9.77
3
Sapling
25
2.82
4
Seedling/Small plants/Climber/Orchid
10
1.78
Inspection Visit
Visit of special area
Take pictures of each species and code them
If possible, try also to include fruits, flowers and leafs while taking the snap
46
Quality
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 3: Checklist Used for Agriculture Resource Information
Collection
Methods:
o Field observation
o Transect walk: Transects will be laid out focusing major ecosystems and hotspots
o Focus group discussion
o Participatory mapping
List of cultivated vascular and non-vascular plant species
Vascular Plant
S.No.
Local name /
Vernacular
name
Subsistence crops (S)/
Cash crops
(C)/Ornamental plants
(O) / Shading(S)
Native (N) /
Exotic (E)
Found in
Private land (P)
/ Govt (G) / CF
(C)
Description /
Characteristic
(tree, shrubs, forbs,
grass) (mushroom,
lichens, climbers, algae,
mosses, fungi, orchids,
NTFPs) (elevation)
(annual, biannual,
perennial)
Comments /
use value
(
Note:
• List ornamental plants growing in private gardens as well as orchards
• Note nonnative species planted as part of hedges or shelterbelts
• List algae, mosses and fungi found in wetland areas
• Note the local people’s perception about change in agriculture practices in the VDC
47
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 4: Checklist Used for Faunal Resource Information
Collection
Methods:
o Field observation
o Transect walk: Transects will be laid out focusing major ecosystems and hotspots
o Focus group discussion
o Participatory mapping
List of wild, domesticated and aquatic fauna
Fauna
S.No.
Local name /
Vernacular
name
Wild (W) /
omesticated (D) /
Wetland (WL)
Description / Characteristic
(mammal, bird, reptiles,
amphibians, fish, invertebrates)
Comments
Note:
• List all wild, domesticated and aquatic fauna (anima, bird and insect)
• Indicate major habitats and also note their status
• Faeces, footprint, sound, etc. will be taken as reference for the recording of fauna in the
forest, pasture and wetland
• Note the local people’s perception about change in faunal population in the VDC
48
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 5: Checklist Used for Anthropogenic Pressure and
Natural Hazard Related Information Collection
Methods:
• Field observation
• Transect walk
• Focus group discussion
• Participatory mapping
Anthropogenic pressure
• Over grazing
• Landslide
• Fire
• Illegal felling
• Hunting/poaching
• Abandoned land
Natural hazards
• Landslide
• Flood
• Invasive plant
• Soil/land degradation
• Drought
Note:
• Note coverage of each pressure, frequency of occurrence and area
• Participatory mapping of anthropogenic pressure and natural hazard
• Note the local people’s perception about change in anthropogenic pressure and natural
hazard incidences in the VDC
49
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 6: List of Sample Point Covered as Universe for Forest
Resource Inventory
S.No.
Plot No
Easting
Northing
1
101
775859
3129989
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
2
105
776859
3129989
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
3
133
775859
3129739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
4
135
776359
3129739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
5
171
777359
3129489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
6
173
777859
3129489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
7
235
777359
3128989
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
8
241
778859
3128989
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
9
252
781609
3128989
Hill Sal forest
10
267
777359
3128739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
11
275
779359
3128739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
12
311
780359
3128489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
13
315
781359
3128489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
14
316
781609
3128489
Hill Sal forest
15
331
777359
3128239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
16
339
779359
3128239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
17
348
781609
3128239
Hill Sal forest
18
367
778359
3127989
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
19
373
779859
3127989
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
20
380
781609
3127989
Hill Sal forest
21
393
776859
3127739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
22
403
779359
3127739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
23
405
779859
3127739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
24
423
776359
3127489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
25
427
777359
3127489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
26
431
778359
3127489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
27
435
779359
3127489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
28
437
779859
3127489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
29
453
775859
3127239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
30
455
776359
3127239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
31
459
777359
3127239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
32
467
779359
3127239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
33
471
780359
3127239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
34
473
780859
3127239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
35
485
775859
3126989
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
38
517
775859
3126739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
39
519
776359
3126739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
40
551
776359
3126489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
50
Forest type
Remarks
Not considered for analysis
Not considered for analysis
Not considered for analysis
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
S.No.
Plot No
Easting
Northing
Forest type
41
555
777359
3126489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
42
579
775359
3126239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
43
591
778359
3126239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
44
593
778859
3126239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
45
611
775359
3125989
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
46
623
778359
3125989
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
47
641
774859
3125739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
48
645
775859
3125739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
49
647
776359
3125739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
50
653
777859
3125739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
51
655
778359
3125739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
52
677
775859
3125489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
53
681
776859
3125489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
54
711
776359
3125239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
55
721
778859
3125239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
56
743
776359
3124989
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
57
751
778359
3124989
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
58
753
778859
3124989
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
59
775
776359
3124739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
60
777
776859
3124739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
61
781
777859
3124739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
62
783
778359
3124739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
63
785
778859
3124739
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
64
807
776359
3124489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
65
809
776859
3124489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
66
811
777359
3124489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
67
815
778359
3124489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
68
817
778859
3124489
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
69
839
776359
3124239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
70
841
776859
3124239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
71
843
777359
3124239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
72
847
778359
3124239
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
73
871
776359
3123989
Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest
Remarks
51
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 7: List of Participants of FGDs and Key Informants
S.No.
Name
Organization
Designation
1
Dar Kumari Gurung
Ama Samuha
Chairperson
2
Angsha Bahadur Gurung
CFUG
Secretary
3
Khem Bahadur Gurung
CFUG
Treasurer
4
Ganesh Bahadur Gurung
CFUG
Chairperson
5
Kal Kumari Bhujel
CFUG
Users
6
Bhima Gurung
CFUG
Users
7
Aaiti Nepali
CFUG
Users
8
Prem Kumari Gurung
CFUG
Users
9
Chandra Kumari Gurung
CFUG
Users
10
Gau Prasad Gurung
CFUG
Users
11
Sun Bahadur Gurung
CFUG
Users
12
Anjana Gurung
CFUG
Users
13
Durga Nepali
CFUG
Users
14
Ful Maya Nepali
CFUG
Users
15
Sujan Nepali
CFUG
Users
16
Ram Kumari Nepali
CFUG
Users
17
Hema Nepali
CFUG
Users
18
Suraj Nepali
CFUG
Users
19
Maikhu Nepali
CFUG
Users
20
Lal Prasad Gurung
21
Til Bahadur Gurung
22
Dhan Bahadur Gurung
Indian Army Pensioner
23
Dil Bahadur Gurung
British Welfare
24
Min Bahadur Gurung
School
Principal
25
Gau Bahadur Gurung
School
School Caretaker
26
Hari Kumari Gurung
School
Teacher
27
Jamuna Gurung
School
Teacher
28
Dal Bahadur Gurung
Retired Indian Army
29
Lal Bahadur BK
Retired Indian Army
30
Hasta Kumari BK
Local Resedence
31
Khimraj Paudel
Panchase Protected Forest
Facilitator
32
Taranath Bhandari
Farmers' Group-Thulakhet
Chairperson
33
Tikaram Adhikari
Religious Group
Member
34
Arjun Bhandari
Paribartanshil Yuwa Club
Vice-chairperson
35
Bharat Bhandari
Paribartanshil Yuwa Club
Member
36
Tanka Prasad Parajuli
Local Resedence
37
Krishna Prasad Dahal
Local Resedence
38
Liladevi Gurung
52
Indian Army Pensioner
School
Panchase Paribartanshil Ama Samuha
Teacher
Chairperson
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
SN
Name
Organization
Panchase Paribartanshil Ama Samuha
Designation
39
Damayanti Bhandari
Member
40
Laxmi Bhandari
Panchase Paribartanshil Ama Samuha
Member
41
Taradevi Parajuli
Panchase Paribartanshil Ama Samuha
Member
42
Satyadevi Bhandari
Panchase Paribartanshil Ama Samuha
Member
43
Gopal Prasad Bhandari
Siddhabarah Tapoban Committee
Secretary
44
Dhurba Bhandari
Siddhabarah Higher Secondary School
Teacher
Coordinator
45
Prem Bahadur Gurung
Wada Nagarik Manch
46
Min Bahadur Gurung
Panthare CF
Secretary
47
Santa Bahadur Gurung
Srijana Yuwa Club
Chairperson
48
Deukaji Gurung
Bahadure Higher Secondary School
Chairperson
49
Shreeprasad Gurung
Panthare CF & Naulo Charchare CF
Chairperson
50
Som Bahadur Gurung
Panthare CF
Member
51
Taradevi Gurung
Panthare CF
Treasurer
Treasurer
52
Juke Gurung
Gurung Museum
53
Chij Kumari Gurung
Krishi Munal
Treasurer
54
Tikumaya Gurung
Panthare CF
Member
55
Jas Kumari Gurung
Srijana Bachat Samuha
Treasurer
56
Gam Bahadur Gurung
Panthare CF
FUG member
57
Ram Kumari Gurung
Panthare CF
FUG member
58
Sangeeta Gurung
Srijana Krishi Samuha
Member
59
Lachhina Gurung
Naulo Charchare CF
Joint-Secretary
60
Laxmi Paudel
Namuna Ama Samuha
61
Tikmaya Gurung
Local Resedence
62
Yanu Maya Gurung
Local Resedence
63
Dhan Bahadur Gurung
64
Suk Bahadur BK
Macchapucchre Development Organization
Vice-Chairperson
65
Gam Bahadur Gurung
Hario Ban Program
Secretary
66
Thakur Suwa Gurung
Hario Ban Program
Treasurer
Member
Chairperson
Local Resedence
67
Rana Prasad Gurung
Hario Ban Program
68
Santa Bahadur Gurung
Hario Ban Program
Member
69
Deurupa BK
Hario Ban Program
Member
70
Man Kumari BK
Hario Ban Program
Member
71
Devi BK
Hario Ban Program
Member
72
Purna Kumari Gurung
Hario Ban Program
Member
73
Maita BK
Hario Ban Program
Member
Member
74
Shanti Gurung
Hario Ban Program
75
Iman Gurung
Hario Ban Program
Member
76
Heerlal Gurung
Hario Ban Program
Member
77
Kamala BK
Hario Ban Program
Member
78
Buddhi BK
Hario Ban Program
Member
79
Dr Rajan Pokharel
Regional Forest Directoriate
Regional Director
80
Rajendra Neupane
Regional Forest Directoriate
Montoring Officer (Under-Secretary)
Manager Under-Secretary)
81
Kedar Poudel
Panchase Protected Forest
82
Jeev Nath Poudel
District Foret office, Syangja
District Forest officer
83
Diwakar Pathak
District Foret office, Kaski
District Forest officer
84
Haris Chandra Singh
District Foret office, Parbat
District Forest officer
85
Khagenda Raj Baral
District Foret office, Kaski
Assist. Forest officer
86
Uddhaw Bahadur Ghimire
District Soil Conservation Office Kaski
District Soil Conservation Officer
87
Puspa Raj
District Soil Conservation Office Parbat
District Soil Conservation Officer
88
Kamal Prasad Gautam
District Soil Conservation Office Syangja
District Soil Conservation Officer
53
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
SN
Name
89
Dr. Ridish Pokharel
Institute of Forestry, Pokhara
Organization
Professor
Designation
90
Dr. Krishna Raj Tiwari
Institute of Forestry, Pokhara
Associate Professor
91
Rajan Subedi
Institute of Forestry, Pokhara
Asst. Lecturar
92
Bishnu Devkota
Institute of Forestry, Pokhara
Asst. Lecturar
93
Dil Bhattrai
Machapuchre Development Organization
Chairperson
94
Gopal Gurung
Machapuchre Development Organization
95
Bimal Kunwar
Machapuchre Development Organization
54
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 8: Wardwise Major Ecosystems (Area in ha)
Sandbars/
Riverbed
Water body
Total
Wards
Agriculture
Forest
1
56.98
89.63
2
37.78
48.22
3
102.14
420.07
4
44.80
62.57
5
104.52
122.16
17.29
6
54.15
119.72
2.53
176.40
7
42.74
356.64
0.18
399.56
8
27.29
77.94
0.92
106.15
9
102.09
609.50
2.10
713.69
Total
572.49
1906.45
23.96
0.33
146.94
86.00
0.95
0.32
523.49
107.38
0.71
1.36
244.67
2504.26
55
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 9: IVI of Canopy Layer Species
Species
56
IVI
Species
IVI
Rakchan
106.92
Dudhilo
0.69
Schima wallichii
69.63
Mallo
0.61
Castanopsis indica
28.42
Lapsi
0.41
Mauwa
19.74
Musure katus
0.37
Angeri
11.18
Tilko
0.33
Mallato
10.79
Dhupi
0.32
Paate
7.22
Paiyu
0.32
Utis
7.03
Bilauni
0.32
Gurans
5.40
Darekanda
0.31
Dabdabe
5.00
Tejpat
0.31
Kafal
4.98
Bhakimlo
0.31
Phalat
3.11
Akhitare
0.00
Tiju
2.90
Amala
0.00
Sal
2.62
Bedulo
0.00
Siris
2.11
Ghudakhari
0.00
Raatpaate
1.95
Kalikatha
0.00
Baakle
1.51
Khirro
0.00
Kaulo
1.14
Kyamun
0.00
Baanjh
0.96
Lek chaanp
0.00
Jamun
0.82
Pakhuri
0.00
Symplocus
0.82
Rudilo
0.00
Tooni
0.72
Tanki
0.00
Damaura
0.70
TiteKatha
0.00
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 10: Vegetation Type by Ward
Vegetation type (ha)
Ward
Chilaune- Katus
Forest
Utis
Forest
Total
1
64.95
24.68
89.63
2
5.34
42.88
48.22
3
404.59
4
62.57
5
92.66
6
115.05
4.66
119.72
7
167.09
189.55
356.64
8
60.08
17.86
77.94
9
102.72
506.78
609.50
Total
1075.07
Pahadi Sal
Forest
Rakchan
Forest
15.48
420.07
62.57
29.50
29.50
122.16
734.32
67.56
1906.45
57
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 11: Seedling and Sapling Density by Vegetation Type
Density of Seedlings and Saplings (#/ha)
Species
Akhitare
Chilaune-Katus Forest
Seedling
Sapling
31
25
Amala
Hill Sal Forest
Seedling
Sapling
Rakchan Forest
Seedling
Sapling
83
111
1750
522
Utis Forest
Seedling Sapling
13
Angeri
125
200
Baakle
594
338
400
Baanjh
Bedulo
63
Bhakimlo
Bilauni
Castanopsis indica
875
313
3031
538
4000
2000
Dabdabe
83
417
Damaura
800
478
13
Darekanda
Dhupi
Dudhilo
63
56
Ghudakhari
11
Gurans
469
13
Jamun
250
13
31
113
Kafal
800
83
28
Kalikatha
1028
Kaulo
125
Khirro
31
Kyamun
33
222
167
13
Lapsi
Lek chaanp
Mallato
11
94
Mallo
50
11
150
22
Mauwa
219
150
Musure katus
188
25
Paate
219
388
Paiyu
31
13
Pakhuri
94
Phalat
400
400
417
222
3000
4400
83
Raatpaate
Rakchan
Rudilo
58
94
250
13
1167
1011
1200
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Density of Seedlings and Saplings (#/ha)
Species
Chilaune-Katus Forest
Seedling
Sapling
Sal
Schima wallichii
688
Hill Sal Forest
Seedling
Sapling
35000
1200
Rakchan Forest
Seedling
500
Sapling
Utis Forest
Seedling Sapling
22
800
Siris
28
Symplocus
Tanki
25
Tejpat
219
63
Tiju
4219
300
1000
Tilko
TiteKatha
22
Tooni
Utis
Total
11750
3513
40000
3600
5389
2700
3000
8800
59
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 12: Species Wise Density of Poles and Trees
Density of Seedlings and Saplings (#/ha)
Species
Chilaune-Katus Forest
Seedling
Sapling
Angeri
16
1
Baakle
6
Hill Sal Forest
Seedling
Sapling
Rakchan Forest
Seedling
Sapling
8
3
Utis Forest
Seedling Sapling
Akhitare
Amala
Baanjh
1
Bedulo
Bhakimlo
1
Bilauni
1
Castanopsis indica
97
Dabdabe
4
Damaura
2
11
33
1
19
Darekanda
1
Dhupi
1
Dudhilo
2
1
Gurans
16
6
Jamun
3
Kafal
10
Ghudakhari
1
133
1
1
Kalikatha
Kaulo
8
Khirro
Kyamun
Lapsi
1
Lek chaanp
Mallato
Mallo
Mauwa
Musure katus
Paate
18
6
1
22
1
1
10
2
1
13
23
Paiyu
33
1
Pakhuri
Phalat
Raatpaate
Rakchan
60
2
1
1
2
31
1
265
48
33
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Density of Seedlings and Saplings (#/ha)
Species
Chilaune-Katus Forest
Seedling
Sapling
Hill Sal Forest
Seedling
Sapling
433
20
100
40
Rakchan Forest
Seedling
Sapling
10
1
Utis Forest
Seedling Sapling
Rudilo
Sal
Schima wallichii
Siris
149
35
3
1
Symplocus
233
20
133
100
433
120
5
Tanki
Tejpat
1
Tiju
6
Tilko
1
1
TiteKatha
Tooni
3
Utis
8
1
426
68
Total
700
60
345
56
61
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 13: Species Wise Growing Stock of Poles and Trees
Density of Seedlings and Saplings (#/ha)
Species
Chilaune-Katus Forest
Seedling
Sapling
Angeri
1.00
0.20
Baakle
0.57
Hill Sal Forest
Seedling
Sapling
Rakchan Forest
Seedling
Sapling
1.01
1.82
Utis Forest
Seedling Sapling
Akhitare
Amala
Baanjh
0.38
Bedulo
Bhakimlo
0.02
Bilauni
0.06
Castanopsis indica
9.85
Dabdabe
0.14
Damaura
0.42
7.53
13.34
0.37
1.64
Darekanda
0.05
Dhupi
0.04
Dudhilo
0.09
0.01
Gurans
1.21
0.54
Jamun
0.53
Kafal
0.74
Ghudakhari
0.35
13.08
0.11
0.09
Kalikatha
Kaulo
1.29
Khirro
Kyamun
Lapsi
0.25
Lek chaanp
Mallato
2.75
Mallo
0.03
Mauwa
3.60
Musure katus
0.24
Paate
0.99
4.14
0.04
0.02
12.06
1.51
1.91
Paiyu
0.57
0.10
Pakhuri
Phalat
1.85
Raatpaate
0.15
0.71
0.12
Rakchan
2.40
0.23
43.73
Rudilo
Sal
62
52.70
21.50
35.06
2.65
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Density of Seedlings and Saplings (#/ha)
Species
Schima wallichii
Siris
Chilaune-Katus Forest
Hill Sal Forest
Rakchan Forest
Seedling
Sapling
Seedling
Sapling
Seedling
Sapling
25.28
30.74
17.57
31.73
1.36
1.57
1.05
0.60
Symplocus
Utis Forest
Seedling Sapling
22.79
0.30
Tanki
Tejpat
0.04
Tiju
0.62
Tilko
0.07
1.01
TiteKatha
Tooni
0.20
Utis
3.78
1.69
57.37
59.64
Total
96.69
53.24
51.35
41.93
29.40
68.27
55.40
97.36
63
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 14: Cultivation Type by Ward
Cultivation type (Area in ha)
Ward
64
Level Terrace
Cultivation
Sloping Terrace
Cultivation
River Terrace
Cultivation
Flood Plain
Cultivation
1
7.83
49.14
56.98
2
2.74
35.04
37.78
3
12.78
87.32
4
8.16
36.65
5
0.86
78.26
18.79
6
22.72
30.40
1.02
7
3.87
38.87
42.74
8
8.54
18.75
27.29
9
27.53
74.56
102.09
Total
95.04
448.99
2.04
Total
102.14
44.80
21.86
6.61
104.52
54.15
6.61
572.49
Lapsi
Kyamun
24
23
Kalikatha
19
Khirro
Kafal
18
22
Jamun
17
Katus
Gurans
16
Kaulo
Ghudakhari
15
21
Dudhilo
14
20
Darekanda
Dhupi
13
Damaura
11
12
Dabdabe
Bhakimlo
7
10
Bedulo
6
Bilauni
Baanjh
Chilaune
Baakle
4
5
9
Angeri
3
8
Amala
2
Nepali Name
Akhitare
1
S.No.
Lapsi
Kyamuna
Khirro
Kaulo
Dhale/Dhalne Katus
Kali kath
Khaphal
Jamun
Gurans
Ghodakhari
Dudhilo
Jhule Salla
Dhare Kanda
Dabdabe
Chilaune
Baanjh
Setikath
Ankha taruwa
Vernacular Name
Nepalese hog plum
Tallow tree
Nepal or Indian Chestnut
Box myrtle, Bay-berry
Black plum, Indian black berry
Rhododendron, Rose tree, Rosy bay
West Himalayan spurce
Lannea's name -Wodier wood
Chinese sumac
Lyonia
Emblic myrobalan
English Name
Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L. Brutt.& A.W. Hill.
Cleistocalyx operculata (Roxb.) Merr. & Perry
Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth.ex Hook.f.
Persea odoratissima (Nees) Kosterm.
Castanopsis indica (Roxb.) Miq.
Myrsine semiserrata Wall.
Myrica esculenta
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don
Viburnum erubescens Wall. Ex DC.
Ficus neriifolia Sm.
Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss
Xylosma controversum Clos.
Artemisia absinthum L.
Garuga pinnata Roxb.
Schima wallichii
Maesa chisia Buch.Ham. Ex D.Don
Rhus javanica L.
Streblus asper Lour
Quercus lanata Sm
Myrsine capitellata Wall
Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Am.) Bentvelzen
Latin Name
Annex 15: Tree Species Found in Forest Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
Family
Anacardiceae
Myrtaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Lauraceae
Fagaceae
Myrsinaceae
Myricaceae
Myrtaceae
Ericaceae
Sambucaceae
Moraceae
Pinaceae
Flaccourtiaceae
Compositae
Burseraceae
Magnoliaceae
Myrsinaceae
Anacardiceae
Moraceae
Lauraceae
Myrsinaceae
Ericaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Meliaceae
Taxonomy
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Gymnosperm
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
65
66
Titekatha
Tooni
Utis
47
Tilko
44
46
Tiju
43
45
Tarico
Tejpat
41
42
Utis
Tuna/Tuni
Tite chap
Tikul
Teju
Tejpat
Tarika
Alder
Moulmain cedar/ Cedrela tree
Cinnamomum leaf/ Indian cassia
Screw pine
Alnus nepalensis D.Don
Toona ciliata M. Roem.
Michelia cathcartii Hook.f. & T.
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth.
Picrasma javanica Bl.
Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham) Ness & Eberm.
Pandanus odoratissima Roxb.
Bauhinia purpurea L.
Pink bauhinia
Tanki
Albizia julibrissin Durazz.
Shorea robusta Gaertn.
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
Daphniphyllum himalense (Benth.) Muell.-Arg.
Litsea monocephala (Roxb.) Pers.
Quercus lineata Blume
Ficus glaberrima Blume
Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don
Eurya acuminata DC.
Castonopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC.
Engelhardia spicata Lsch. ex Bl.
Viburnum mullaha Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don.
Macaranga indica Wight
Magnolia campbelli Hook.f. & Thoms.
Latin Name
40
Tanki
Sal tree
Coral jasmine/Night jasmine
English Name
Symplocos ramosissima Wall ex. G. Don
Pahade Siris
Rudilo
Ratmati
Phalat
Pakhuri
Paiyu
Pate/Jhyanno/Pate jhyanno/Pathe
Musure katus
Mauva
Mallo
Maledo
A kh t
Champ
Vernacular Name
39
Sal
Siris
38
33
37
Phalat
32
Rudilo
Pakhuri
31
36
Paiyu
30
Raatpaate
Paate
29
Rakchan
Musure katus
28
35
Mauwa
27
34
Mallato
Mallo
26
Akhitchaanp
Lek
Nepali Name
1
25
S.No.
Betulaceae
Meliaceae
Magnoliaceae
Rubiaceae
Simarubaceae
Lauraceae
Pandanaceae
Leguminosae
Symplocaceae
Leguminosae
Dipterocarpaceae
Oleaceae
Daphniphyllaceae
Lauraceae
Fagaceae
Moraceae
Betulaceae
Theaceae
Fagaceae
Juglandaceae
Sambucaceae
Euphorbiaceae
M li
Magnoliaceae
Family
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Monocot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Di t
Dicot
Taxonomy
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Chhatre unyu/Rukh unyu
Chiraito
Bish
Charinagre
Chhatre
Chiraito
Chittre banso
Chutro
Junge lahara
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Batule pate/ Gudurganu
Dhobini
Dhobini
Damaru
Dhatelo
23
24
Mussaenda sp.
Prinsepia utilis Royle
Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner
Curcuma sp.
Haledo
Clematis sp.
Berberis aristata DC.
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten
Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.
Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A. H. Gentry
Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Seringe
Leucosceptrum canum Sm
Cissampelos pareira L.
Dichroa febrifuga Lour.
Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Bambusa vulgare Schrad.
Eupatorium adenophorum
Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott
Desmodium multiflorum DC.
Viburnum continifolium D. Don
Potentilla fulgens
Equisetum diffusum D.Don
Melastoma melabathricum L
22
25
Latin Name
Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis
Crotoneaster sp.
Dogwood
Barberry/ Nepal barberry
Tree fern
Cats claw
Aconite
False pareira
Air potato/ Potato yam
Feathery bamboo
Pink bauhinia
Horse tail
Indian rhododendron
Himalayan nettle
English Name
21
Damaru
Chutro
Chittre banso
Chari nangre lahara
Bhusure
Batulpate
Bhusune
13
Basuli
Ban tarul
12
Basule
11
Bansi bans
Banso
Bantarul
9
Banmara
8
10
Banmara
Banko
7
Banko
Bakhre ghaans
6
Bakhre ghans
Bajradanti
Bakalpate
Ankhe jhar
4
Ankhe jhar
3
Angeri/chulesi
Allo sisnu
Vernacular Name
5
Allo
Angeri/chulesi
1
Nepali Name
2
S.No.
Herb
Shrub
Shrub
Herb
Shrub
Climber
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Fern
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Herb
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Shrub
Herb
Fern
Shrub
Herb
Life form
Family
Rubiaceae
Rosaceae
Moraceae
Zingiberaceae
Rosaceae
Ranunculaceae
Berberidaceae
Gramineae
Gentianaceae
Plagiogyriaceae
Bignoniaceae
Ranunculaceae
Labiatae
Menispermaceae
Hydrangeaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Gramineae
Asteraceae
Araceae
Leguminosae
Sambucaceae
Rosaceae
Equisetaceae
Melastomaceae
Urticaceae
Annex 16: Non-tree Species Found in Forest Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Monocot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Monocot
Dicot
Pteridophyte
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Monocot
Monocot
Dicot
Monocot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Pteridophyte
Dicot
Dicot
Taxonomy
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
67
68
Golkakri
Hade
Hade unyu
35
36
37
Jhyau 2
Kalo angeri
Kamaru
Kamle
Kancherno
Kantakari
Kathe chyau 1
Kathe chyau 2
Kathe chyau 3
Kathe chyau 4
Kathe chyau 5
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Jhyau 1
41
43
Jhulo
40
42
Jhilke sottar
39
38
Githo
Kamle
Rato chulsi/Thulo chulsi
Jhulo
Hade unyu
Gol kankri
Indian salmon
Artillary plant
Fern
Fern
Ivy gourd/ Kavai fruit
Solanum surattense Burm.f.
Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.
Pilea symmeria Wedd.
Drynaria mollis
Osbeckia nepalensis Buch.Ham. Ex D.Don
Anaphalis margaritacea
Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) DC.
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Underw.
Pilea sp.
Coccinia grandis (L.) Viogt.
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.
Randia tetrasperma (Roxb.) Benth. & Hook.
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.
34
Water pennywort
Ghorikath
33
Ghodtapre
Ghodtapre
32
Pansy
Ageratum conyzoides L.
Viola sp.
Ghatte phul
Goat weed
Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.
Lobelia pyramidalis Wall.
Ghatte phul
Gandhe
Calope
Latin Name
Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) DC.
31
Gandhe
29
Gahate jhar
Lobelia
English Name
Gentiana sp.
Gahate
28
Eklebir
Gaaitihaare
Vernacular Name
30
Dubiya
Eklebir
26
Nepali Name
27
S.No.
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Herb
Herb
Herb
Fern
Herb
Lichen
Lichen
Solanaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Urticaceae
Polypodiaceae
Melastomaceae
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Pteridophyte
Dicot
Lichen
Lichen
Pteridophyte
Dicot
Asteraceae
Dicot
Pteridophyte
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Taxonomy
Fern
Asteraceae
Gieicheniaceae
Urticaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Menispermaceae
Rubiaceae
Umbelliferae
Violaceae
Gentianaceae
Asteraceae
Leguminosae
Lobeliaceae
Asteraceae
Family
Herb
Shrub
Fern
Shrub
Herb
Climber
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Life form
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.
Phulteso
Phurke
78
79
Patero/Patare
77
Chari Amilo
74
Paite
Nigalo
Pani amala
Nash jhar
72
73
76
Nagbeli 2
71
75
Nagarmothe
Nagbeli 1
69
70
Phulteso
Pani amala
Nigalo
Nagarmothe
Lycopodium/ Club moss
Himalayan Bamboo
Sword fern
Indian Sorrel
Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng f.
Buddleja asiatica Lour.
Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Presl.
Phyllanthus parviflora
Oxalis sp.
Drepanostachyum intermedium (Munro) Keng.f.
Hemiphragma heterophyllum Wall.
Lycopodium japonicum
Lycopodium phlegmaria
Cyperus rotundus L.
Cyperus compressus L.
Mothe jhar
68
Mothe jhar
Epipremnum sp.
Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming
Malva sp.
Majitho
Daphne papyracea Wall. Ex Steud.
Galium hirtiflorum Req. ex DC.
Money plant
65
Lute jhar
67
Majitho
64
Nepali paper plant
Love thorn
Asparagus racemosus Willd.
Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D. Don
66
Lokta
Lute jhar
63
Liso
kuro ghans
Wild asparagus
Helixanthera parasitica Lour.
Kuro
59
Kukur daino
Liso
Kurilo
58
Strobilanthus sp.
62
Kukurdaino
57
Kibbu
Lingularia fischeri
Kibbu
56
Arundina sp.
Ligustrum indicum (Lour.) Merr.
Latin Name
Leucas lanata Benth.
Khari banso
55
English Name
61
Keri
54
Vernacular Name
60
Kattra kanda
Nepali Name
53
S.No.
Cyperaceae
Herb
Shrub
Shrub
Gramineae
Loganiacea
Davalliaceae
Herb
Euphorbiaceae
Shrub
Herb
Fern
Scrophulariaceae
Gramineae
Herb
Oxalidaceae
Lycopodiaceae
Fern
Herb
Lycopodiaceae
Fern
Cyperaceae
Araceae
Herb
Malvaceae
Climber
Rubiaceae
Herb
Herb
Thymeliaceae
Rubiaceae
Shrub
Herb
Loranthaceae
Asteraceae
Shrub
Labiatae
Herb
Gramineae
Herb
Herb
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Climber
Herb
Acanthaceae
Shrub
Oleaceae
Gramineae
Shrub
Herb
Vitaceae
Family
Climber
Life form
Monocot
Dicot
Pteridophyte
Dicot
Dicot
Monocot
Dicot
Pteridophyte
Pteridophyte
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Dicot
Monocot
Dicot
Dicot
Taxonomy
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
69
70
Sano silaam
Siru
Sisno
Sungava 1
Sungava 10
Sungava 11
Sungava 12
Sungava 13
Sungava 14
Sungava 15
Sungava 16
Sungava 17
Sungava 18
Sungava 19
Sungava 2
Sungava 20
Sungava 21
Sungava 22
Sungava 23
Sungava 24
87
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
Sani phal
86
88
Dhursulo
Pyauli
83
Ainselu
Sukul Jhar
82
84
Pipalpate
81
85
Phusre kanda
Nepali Name
80
S.No.
Vernacular Name
Golden evergreen raspberry
Currant
Ivy Climber
English Name
Pholidota articulata
Otochilus lancilabius
Otochilus albus
Oberonia falcata
Malaxis purpurea
Bulbophyllum striatum
Malaxis latifolia
Malaxis acuminata
Liparis nervosa
Goodyera repens
Gastrochilus bigibbus
Eria spicata
Eria bipuncata
Eria apertifolia
Dendrobium heterocarpum
Dendrobium eriflorum
Bulbophyllum careyanum
Urtica dioica L.
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauvois
Elsholtzia fructicosa
Rubus ellipticus Sm.
Ribes sp.
Reinwardtia indica Dumort.
Polygonum sp.
Hedera nepalensis K.Koch
Latin Name
Linaceae
Herb
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Urticaceae
Herb
Orchid
Gramineae
Labiatae
Rosaceae
Herb
Shrub
Climber
Shrub
Grossulariaceae
Polygonaceae
Herb
Shrub
Araliaceae
Family
Climber
Herb
Life form
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Dicot
Monocot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Taxonomy
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Sungava 3
Sungava 4
Sungava 5
Sungava 6
Sungava 7
Sungava 8
Sungava 9
Sungave 30
Teete lahara
Teetepati
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
Unyu 2
130
Unyu 3
Unyu 1
129
131
Tite
Ultekanda
127
Thulo paite
126
128
Thulo paate 1
Thulo paate 2
124
125
Ultekanda
Tite
Pate
Sotane
Teetepati
Fern
Vegetable smart weed
Indian worm
Butterfly orchid
Artemisia indica Willd.
Eulophia spectabilis
Cymbidium iridioides
Cymbidium erythraeum
Cymbidium elegans
Coelogyne prolifera
Coelogyne nitida
Coelogyne fuscescens
Coelogyne cristata
Peristylus affinis
Asplenium dalhousiae
Dicranopteris linearis
Aspidium sp.
Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston
Swertia nervosa (G.Don) C.B. Clarke
Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) Sm.
Desmodium sp.
Eurya acuminata DC .
Aconogonum molle (D. Don) Hara
Sungava 29
111
Sunipia bicolor
Latin Name
Thotne
Sungava 28
110
Spiranthes spiralis
Rhynchostylis retusa
Pholidota pallida
Pholidota articulata
123
Sungava 27
109
English Name
Theropogon sp.
Sungava 26
108
Vernacular Name
122
Sungava 25
107
Nepali Name
Sungava 24
106
S.No.
Life form
Family
Fern
Fern
Fern
Shrub
Aspleniaceae
Gleicheniaceae
Dryopteridaceae
Leguminosae
Gentianaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Shrub
Herb
Leguminosae
Shrub
Theaceae
Polygonaceae
Herb
Shrub
Cyperaceae
Asteraceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Herb
Shrub
Climber
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Orchid
Taxonomy
Pteridophyte
Pteridophyte
Pteridophyte
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Monocot
Dicot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Monocot
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
71
72
Aalu
Aduwa
Akabarekhorsani
Alainchi
Amba
Ankhitimur
Bakulla
Ban dhaniya
Banda
Baramasephool
Besar
Bhanta
Bhuikatahar
Chamsur
Chiya
Coffee
Dhaniya
Gajar
Golbheda
Ground apple
Guyeli
Iskus
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Nepali Name
1
S.No.
Chayote/ Christophine
Oleaster
Ground apple
Tomato
Carrot
Coriander
Coffee
Tea
Garden cress
Pineapple
Brinjal
Turmeric
Paper flower
Cabbage
Wild coriander
Faba beans/ Broad beans/Horse bean
Pepper
Guava
Cardamom
Chilly
Ginger
Potato
English Name
Sechiumedule (Jacq.) Sw.
Elaeagnusinfundibularis Momiyama
Smallanthus sp.
Lycopersicumesculentum Mill.
Daucascarota L. var. sativa DC.
Coriandrumsativum L.
Coffeaarabica L.
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze
Lepidiumsativum L.
Ananascomosus (L.) Merr.
Solanummelongena L.
Curcuma longa
Baugainvilleaglabra
Brassica oleracea L. var. capitataL.
Eryrigium Foetidum
Viciafaba L.
Zanthoxylumpiperitum
Psidiumguajava L.
Amomumaromaticum Roxb.
Capsicum annum L.
Zingiberofficinale Roc.
Solanumtuberosum L.
Latin Name
Theaceae
Rubiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Solanaceae
Asteraceae
Elaeagnaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Tree
Herb
Solanaceae
Herb
Shrub
Zingiberaceae
Herb
Brassicaceae
Nyctagenaceae
Shrub
Herb
Brassicaceae
Herb
Bromeliaceae
Apiaceae
Herb
Herb
Legume
Leguminosae
Herb
Vegetable
Flower
Fruit
Vegetable
Vegetable
Spices
Beverage
Beverage
Spices
Fruit
Vegetable
Spices
Flower
Vegetable
Spices
Spices
Fruit
Spices
Spices
Spices
Vegetable
Crop type
Tree
Myrtaceae
Tree
Solanaceae
Herb
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Herb
herb
Solanaceae
Family
Herb
Life form
Annex 17: Flora found in agriculture ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Kagati
Kalkiphool
Kauli
Kera
Kerau
Khorsani
Khorsaniphool
Kodo
Kurilo
Lalupate
Lasun
Maganpuredhaan
Manakamanamakai
Mewa
Mula
Nilogandhe
Pindalu
Pyaaj
Raayo
Ramtoriya
Ratomakai
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Sakharkhanda
Juwaredhaan
24
46
Japanihaluwabed
Nepali Name
23
S.No.
Sweet potato
Red Maize
Okra/Lady's finger
Broad Leaf Mustard
Onion
Colocasia
Gandhe
Radish
Papaya
Maize
Paddy plant/ Rice
Garlic
Poinsettia
Wild asparagus
Finger Millet/ Bird's foot millet
Blood flower
Chilly
Pea
Banana
Cauliflower
Bottle brush
Lime
Rice
Persimmon
English Name
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam
Zea mays L.
Abelmoschusesculentus (L.) Moench.
Brassica juncea (L.) Czem.
Allium cepa L.
Colocasiaantiquorum
Ageratum houstonianum Mill.
Raphanussativus L.
Carica papaya L.
Zea mays L.
Oryza sativa L.
Allium sativum L.
Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild. Ex Kletzsch
Asparagus racemosus Willd.
Eleusinecoracana (L.) Gaerth.
Asclepiascurassavica L.
Capsicum annuum L.
Pisumsativum L.
Musa paradisiaea L.
Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.
Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels
Citrus aurantifolia (Christ.) Swingle
Oryza sativa
Diospyrossp.
Latin Name
Malvaceae
Gramineae
Herb
Herb
Convolvulaceae
Brassicaceae
Herb
Herb
Amaryllidaceae
Brassicaceae
Herb
Herb
Caricaceae
Herb
Araceae
Gramineae
Herb
Herb
Gramineae
Herb
Asteraceae
Amaryllidaceae
Herb
Herb
Euphorbiaceae
Shrub
Gramineae
Herb
Liliaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Herb
Shrub
Solanaceae
Herb
Brassicaceae
Herb
Leguminosae
Myrtaceae
Tree
Herb
Rutaceae
Tree
Musaceae
Gramineae
Herb
Herb
Ebenaceae
Family
Herb
Life form
Tuber
Cereal
Vegetable
Vegetable
Spices
Tuber
Weed
Vegetable
Fruit
Cereal
Cereal
Spices
Flower
Vegetable
Cereal
Flower
Spices
Legume
Fruit
Vegetable
Flower
Fruit
Cereal
Fruit
Crop type
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
73
74
Sayapatriphool
Setomakai
Bhuiainselu
Sugandhawal
Suntala
Tarul
Tori
Tyamatar
Ukhu
Uwa/Karoo
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Nepali Name
47
S.No.
Barley
Sugarcane
Tree tomato
Mustard
Yam
Orange
Indian valerian
Strawberry
White maize
Marigold
English Name
Hordeumvulgare L.
Saccharumofficinarum L.
Cyphomandrabetacea (Cav.) Sendt
Brassica rapa L.
Dioscoreasagittata Royle
Citrus aurantium L.
Valerianajatamansii Jones
Fragananubicola Lindl. Ex Lacaita
Zea mays L.
Tagetuserecta L.
Latin Name
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Life form
Gramineae
Gramineae
Solanaceae
Brassicaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Cereal
Cash crop
Vegetable
Oil
Tuber
Fruit
Flower
Valerianaceae
Rutaceae
Fruit
Cereal
Flower
Crop type
Rosaceae
Gramineae
Asteraceae
Family
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Jalkumbhi
Leu 1
Leu 2
2
3
Nepali Name
1
S.No.
Kumbhika
Vernacular Name
Hornwort
Algae
Water lettuce
English Name
Ceratophyllum sp.
Spirogyra sp.
Pistia stratiotes L.
Latin Name
Herb
Herb
Herb
Life form
Annex 18: Flora Found in Wetland Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
Ceratophyllaceae
Zygnemataceae
Araceae
Family
Monocot
Green algae
Monocot
Taxonomy
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
75
76
Baaj
Bhalu
Bhangera
Chibe
Chil
Chituwa
Dhukur
Giddha
Kaag
Kalij
Koili
Lampuchhre
Musa
Rato Bandar
Ratuwa
Roopi
Syal
Tiktike
Titra
Ullu
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Nepali Name
1
S.No.
Puera
Vernacular Name
Spotted Owlet
Black Francolin
Wagtail
Golden Jackal
Common Hoopoe
Barking Deer
Rhesus Monkey
House Rat
Yellow-billed Blue Magpie
Eurasian Cuckoo
Kalij Pheasant
House Crow
Himalayan Griffon
Spotted Dove
Common Leopard
Eagle
Black Drongo
House Sparrow
Himalayan Black Bear
Eurasian Sparrowhawk
English Name
Annex 19: Wild Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
Athene brama
Francolinus francolinus
Motacilla sp.
Canis aureus
Upupa epops
Muntiacus muntjak
Macaca mulatta
Mus musculus
Urocissa flavirostris
Cuculus canorus
Lophura leucomelanos
Corvus splendens
Gyps himalayensis
Streptopelia chinensis
Panthera pardus
Spizaetus nipalensis
Dicrurus macrocercus
Passer domesticus
Ursus thibetanus
Accipiter nisus
Latin Name
Strigidae
Phasianidae
Motacillidae
Canidae
Upupidae
Cervidae
Cercopithecidae
Muridae
Corvidae
Cuculidae
Phasianidae
Corvidae
Accipitridae
Columbidae
Felidae
Accipitridae
Corvidae
Passeridae
Ursidae
Accipitridae
Family
Aves
Aves
Aves
Mammal
Aves
Mammal
Mammal
Mammal
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Mammal
Aves
Aves
Aves
Mammal
Aves
Taxonomy
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Bakhra
Bhaisi
Biralo
Broiler kukhura
Gai
Hans
Kukur
Local kukhura
Parewa
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Nepali Name
1
S.No.
Vernacular Name
Pigeon
Chicken
Dog
Duck
Cow
Chicken
Cat
Buffalo
Goat
English Name
Columba livia
Gallus gallus
Canis sp.
Anas sp.
Bos sp.
Felis sp.
Bubalus sp.
Capra sp.
Latin Name
Annex 20: Domesticated Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
Mammal
Mammal
Bovidae
Felidae
Mammal
Aves
Canidae
Phasianidae
Aves
Aves
Anatidae
Columbidae
Mammal
Bovidae
Aves
Mammal
Taxonomy
Bovidae
Family
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
77
78
Bhyaguta
Ghangata
Machha
2
3
Nepali Name
1
S.No.
Vernacular Name
Fish
Crab
Frog
English Name
Annex 21: Wetland Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
Latin Name
Family
Fish
Invertebrate
Amphibian
Taxonomy
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Banko
Batulpate
Chutro
Dudhilo
Kurilo
Pyauli
2
3
4
5
6
Nepali Name
1
S.No.
Dudhilo
Chutro
Batule pate/ Gudurganu
Banko
Vernacular Name
Wild asparagus
Barberry/ Nepal barberry
False pareira
English Name
Reinwardtia indica Dumort.
Asparagus racemosus Willd.
Ficus neriifolia Sm.
Berberis aristata DC.
Cissampelos pareira L.
Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott
Latin Name
Annex 22: Endemic Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
Forest
Forest/Agriculture
Forest/Agriculture
Forest
Forest
Forest
Ecosystem
Herb
Herb
Tree
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Life form
Linaceae
Liliaceae
Moraceae
Berberidaceae
Menispermaceae
Araceae
Family
Dicot
Monocot
Dicot
Dicot
Dicot
Monocot
Taxonomy
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
79
80
Nepali
Name
Chhatre
Sal
S.No.
1
2
Chhatre unyu/Rukh unyu
Vernacular Name
Sal tree
Tree fern
English
Name
Shorea robusta Gaertn.
Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.
Latin Name
Life
form
Forest
Tree
Forest/Agriculture Fern
Ecosystem
Annex 23: Protected Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
Dipterocarpaceae
Plagiogyriaceae
Family
Conservation
details
Dicot
Forest Act 1993
Pteridophyte CITES Appendix II
Taxonomy
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Allo
Amala
Amba
Badahar
Bajradanti
Bakhre ghaans
Banko
Banmara
Banso
Bantarul
Bar
Batulpate
Bedulo
Bish
Calycarpa
Chhatre
Chiraito
Chittre banso
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Nepali Name
1
S.No.
Chittre banso
Chiraito
Chhatre unyu/Rukh
unyu
Batule pate/
Gudurganu
Bar
Ban tarul
Bansi bans
Banmara
Banko
Bakhre ghans
Badahar
Belauti
Allo sisnu
Vernacular Name
Tree fern
Aconite
False pareira
Banyan Tree
Air potato/ Potato
yam
Feathery bamboo
Pink bauhinia
Monkey's jack
Guava
Emblic myrobalan
Himalayan nettle
English Name
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming)
Karsten
Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.
Calycarpa sp
Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Seringe
Streblus asper Lour
Cissampelos pareira L.
Ficus benghalensis L.
Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Bambusa vulgare Schrad.
Eupatorium adenophorum
Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott
Desmodium multiflorum DC.
Potentilla fulgens
Artocarpus lakoocha
Psidium guajava L.
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis
Latin Name
Annex 24: NTFP Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC
Forest
Above ground
parts
Entire plant
Food/Ornamental value
Tender part,
Inflorescence/Entire plant
Forest/Agriculture
Forest
Leaf
Agriculture
Fodder
Medicine
Fodder
Poison
Entire plant
Forest
Fodder
Medicine
Leaf
Root
Forest
Religious value
Food
Fire wood/Construction
material
Medicine
Food
Fodder
Medicine
Food/Fodder
Food
Food/Medicine
Fibre/Food
Purpose(s)
Forest/Agriculture
Entire plant
Tuber
Agriculture
Forest
Stem
Forest
Tuber
Forest
Leaf
Leaf
Forest
Forest
Entire plant
Forest
Fruit
Agriculture
Fruit/Leaf
Fruit
Forest
Agriculture
Stem
Part(s) used
Forest
Ecosystem
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
81
82
Gurans
Guyeli
Jamun
Jhilke sottar
Jhulo
Kafal
Kagati
Kalki phool
Kancherno
Kantakari
Katus
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Dhale/Dhalne Katus
Kalki phul
Kagati
Khaphal
Jhulo
Jamun
Goili
Gurans
Ghodtapre
Nepal or Indian
Chestnut
Indian salmon
Bottle brush
Lime
Box myrtle, Bayberry
Fern
Black plum, Indian
black berry
Oleaster
Rhododendron,
Rose tree, Rosy bay
Water pennywort
Ghodtapre
26
Eklebir
Lobelia
Eklebir
25
Castanopsis indica (Roxb.) Miq.
Solanum surattense Burm.f.
Forest
Forest
Fruit
Fruit
Entire plant
Flower
Fruit
Agriculture
Agriculture
Fruit
Entire plant
Forest
Forest
Above ground
parts
Forest
Fruit
Leaf
Agriculture
Forest
Flower
Entire plant
Entire plant
Leaf
Above ground
parts
Forest
Forest
Forest/Agriculture
Forest/Agriculture
Forest
Leaf
Leaf
Forest
Forest
Fruit/Entire plant
Leaf
Part(s) used
Forest
Agriculture
Ecosystem
Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Forest
Arn.
Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels
Citrus aurantifolia (Christ.) Swingle
Myrica esculenta
Anaphalis margaritacea
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
Elaeagnus infundibularis Momiyama
Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.
Lobelia pyramidalis Wall.
Ficus neriifolia Sm.
Dudhilo
24
Dudhilo
Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don)
DC.
Gaaitihaare
Dubiya
23
Berberis aristata DC.
Crotoneaster sp.
Barberry/ Nepal
barberry
Brassaiopsis hainla (Buch.-Ham. ex
D. Don) Seem.
Latin Name
22
Chutro
English Name
Clematis sp.
Chutro
20
Chuletro
Vernacular Name
21
Chuletro
Nepali Name
19
S.No.
Food
Medicine/Leech repellent
Medicine
Ornamental value
Food
Food
Fire catcher
Forage
Food
Fodder
Food/Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Fodder
Fodder
Fodder
Medicine
Food/Medicine
Fodder
Purpose(s)
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Nagbeli 1
Nagbeli 2
Nigalo
53
54
55
Nigalo
Nagarmothe
Lycopodium/ Club
moss
Nagarmothe
Mothe jhar
Drepanostachyum intermedium
(Munro) Keng.f.
Lycopodium japonicum
Lycopodium phlegmaria
Cyperus rotundus L.
Cyperus compressus L.
Epipremnum sp.
Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming
52
Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.)
B.L. Brutt.& A.W. Hill.
Mothe jhar
Nepali paper plant
Nepalese hog plum
Fraxinus floribunda Wall.
51
Majitho
Lapsi
Ash
Money plant
Lapsi
46
Lakure
Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers.
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.
50
Lakuri
45
Kutmero
Love thorn
Majitho
Kutmero
44
kuro ghans
Asparagus racemosus Willd.
49
Kuro
43
Wild asparagus
Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D. Don
Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth.ex
Hook.f.
Daphne papyracea Wall. Ex Steud.
Kurilo
42
Kukur daino
Tallow tree
Lokta
Kukurdaino
41
Khirro
Arundina sp.
Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham ex
Sm.
Latin Name
48
Khirro
40
Nepal fodder fig
English Name
Leucas lanata Benth.
Khari banso
39
Khanyu
Vernacular Name
47
Khanyu
Nepali Name
38
S.No.
Leaf
Agriculture
Stem/Tender
shoot
Inflorescence
Forest
Forest
Entire plant
Tuber
Tuber
Forest
Forest
Forest
Entire plant
Forest
Bark
Forest
Above ground
parts
Above ground
parts
Forest
Forest
Fruit
Forest/Agriculture
Leaf
Above ground
parts
Forest
Agriculture
Root/Tender
shoot
Fruit/Root
Forest/Agriculture
Forest
Leaf/Timber
Above ground
parts
Forest
Forest/Agriculture
Leaf
Part(s) used
Agriculture
Ecosystem
Basket making/Food
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Ornamental value
Dye, Medicine
Fibre
Medicine
Food
Fodder
Fodder
Fodder
Medicine/Food
Medicine
Fodder/Handicraft(Madal/Theki
making)
Fodder
Fodder
Purpose(s)
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
83
84
Paite
Paiyu
Pakhuri
Pani amala
Phulteso
Pipal
57
58
59
60
61
62
Sani phal
Simal
Sisno
Sungava 1
Sungava 10
Sungava 11
Sungava 12
Sungava 13
Sungava 14
Sungava 15
Sungava 16
Sungava 17
Sungava 18
Sungava 19
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
63
Nimaro
Nepali Name
56
S.No.
Simal
Pipal
Phulteso
Pani amala
Pakhuri
Paiyu
Nibharo
Vernacular Name
Silk cotton tree
Pipal tree/ Bodh
tree
Sword fern
English Name
Malaxis latifolia
Malaxis acuminata
Liparis nervosa
Goodyera repens
Gastrochilus bigibbus
Eria spicata
Eria bipuncata
Eria apertifolia
Dendrobium heterocarpum
Dendrobium eriflorum
Bulbophyllum careyanum
Urtica dioica L.
Bombax ceiba L.
Rubus ellipticus Sm.
Ficus religiosa L.
Buddleja asiatica Lour.
Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Presl.
Ficus glaberrima Blume
Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham.ex
D.Don
Phyllanthus parviflora
Ficus roxburghii Wall. ex Miq.
Latin Name
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Agriculture
Forest
Forest
Agriculture
Forest
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Tender shoots
Flower/Fruit
Fruit
Fruit
Entire plant
Leaf
Tuber
Leaf
Forest/Agriculture
Forest
Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
Part(s) used
Forest/Agriculture
Forest
Agriculture
Ecosystem
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Food
Food/Fibre
Food
Food
Religious value
Fodder
Food
Fodder
Fodder
Fodder
Fodder
Purpose(s)
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Sungava 21
Sungava 22
Sungava 23
Sungava 24
Sungava 25
Sungava 26
Sungava 27
Sungava 28
Sungava 29
Sungava 3
Sungava 4
Sungava 5
Sungava 6
Sungava 7
Sungava 8
Sungava 9
Sungave 30
Suntala
Tanki
Tarico
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
Teetepati
Sungava 20
79
100
Sungava 2
Nepali Name
78
S.No.
Teetepati
Tarika
Tanki
Suntala
Vernacular Name
Indian worm
Screw pine
Pink bauhinia
Orange
Butterfly orchid
English Name
Artemisia indica Willd.
Pandanus odoratissima Roxb.
Bauhinia purpurea L.
Citrus aurantium L.
Eulophia spectabilis
Cymbidium iridioides
Cymbidium erythraeum
Cymbidium elegans
Coelogyne prolifera
Coelogyne nitida
Coelogyne fuscescens
Coelogyne cristata
Peristylus affinis
Sunipia bicolor
Spiranthes spiralis
Rhynchostylis retusa
Pholidota pallida
Pholidota articulata
Otochilus lancilabius
Otochilus albus
Oberonia falcata
Malaxis purpurea
Bulbophyllum striatum
Latin Name
Forest
Forest
Leaf
Cone/Leaf
Leaf
Fruit
Agriculture
Forest/Agriculture
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Entire plant
Part(s) used
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Ecosystem
Medicine
Food/Insecticide
Fodder
Food
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Ornamental value
Purpose(s)
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
85
86
Tejpat
Thulo paate 2
Thulo paite
Tite
Unyu 1
Utis
102
103
104
105
106
Nepali Name
101
S.No.
Utis
Tite
Tejpat
Vernacular Name
Alder
Fern
Cinnamomum leaf/
Indian cassia
English Name
Alnus nepalensis D.Don
Aspidium sp.
Swertia nervosa (G.Don) C.B. Clarke
Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) Sm.
Desmodium sp.
Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham)
Ness & Eberm.
Latin Name
Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
Entire plant
Tender part
Bark
Forest
Forest
Forest/Agriculture
Forest
Forest
Part(s) used
Forest
Ecosystem
Tanning
Food
Medicine
Fodder
Fodder
Condiment
Purpose(s)
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
Annex 24: Grassland in Bhadaure Tamagi by ward
Grassland patches
Ward Number
Number
Area (ha)
1
2
0.74
2
0
0
3
4
2.46
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
1
1.12
7
9
4.82
8
3
2.80
9
4
3.29
Total
23
15.24
87
Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski
88