Speaking to Persuade
Chapter 15
The Art of Public Speaking by Stephen Lucas
Introduction to Speech
McHenry County College – Ron Compton
Photo by Ron Compton
Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
Importance – Definition
Ethics –
Speaker
Psychology – Audience
Kinds –
Fact, Value, Policy
Speaking to Persuade
1. Importance – Definition . . .
“Researchers Try to Promote Students’
Ability to Argue”
“A little-developed skill gets fresh recognition
as essential for school, life”1
National Assessment of Educational Progress in Writing
1Education
Week, Debra Viadero,
Sept. 14, 2009
Speaking to Persuade
1. Importance – Definition . . .
Persuasive Writing – Apply to Speaking
Insufficient
13%
Skillful
26%
Uneven
27%
Sufficient
34%
Education Week, Debra Viadero,
Sept. 14, 2009
Speaking to Persuade
1. Importance – Definition . . .
“Persuasion is the process of
creating,
reinforcing, or
changing
peoples’ beliefs or actions.”1
1The
Art of Public Speaking,
Stephen Lucas, 2012, p. 300
Speaking to Persuade
1. Importance – Definition . . .
School Buses Should Have Seat Belts
Create . . .
Reinforce . . .
Change . . .
Belief – Something Should be Done
Action – Do Something Specific
Speaking to Persuade
1. Importance – Definition . . .
Increase Penalty for Texting while Driving
Create . . .
Reinforce . . .
Change . . .
Belief – Something Should be Done
Action – Do Something Specific
Speaking to Persuade
2. Ethics – Speaker . . .
“Ethics and Public Speaking,” Chapter 2
•
•
•
•
•
Goals – Constructive
Preparation – Accurate, Thorough, Current
Your Work – Vs. Plagiarism
Honest – Transparent
Respect – Dignity of People
Convincing & Ethically Sound, Trustworthy
Sound Goals & Methods
Speaking to Persuade
2. Ethics – Speaker . . .
Unethical Shortcuts to Achieve Success
•
•
•
•
•
•
Misuse Examples, Statistics, Testimony
Quote Out of Context
Present Opinions as Fact
Portray Few Details as Whole Story
Prejudice, Stereotypes, Abusive Language
Use of Emotion without Truth
Overall: Do Your Best
Speaking to Persuade
3. Psychology – Audience . . .
Challenge of Persuasive Speaking
•
•
•
•
Listeners Judge Speaker:
Credibility, Content, Delivery
Natural Inertia & Resistance:
Important Values & Actions at Stake
Mental Dialogue: Questions, Objections
Speaker: Anticipate Dialogue – Prepare
Success: Any Positive Move Toward Position
Speaking to Persuade
3. Psychology – Audience . . .
Target Audience
•
Who Is Most Likely to Respond
•
Your “Market Research” on Audience
–
–
–
Observation
Interview
Questionnaire/Survey
Speaking to Persuade
3. Psychology – Audience . . .
Survey for Your Persuasive Speech
•
10 Questions – Three Kinds:
–
–
–
Fixed Alternative – Answer from Options
Scale – Level of Knowledge, Feeling
Open-Ended – Obtains Most Information
Speaking to Persuade
3. Psychology – Audience . . .
Activity: Class Survey Example
•
Select a Topic & Specific Purpose
–
–
Project of a MCC Organization, etc.
Personal Topic
•
Construct a Class Survey
Use the Three Kinds of Questions
Examples: Chapter 6, pages 111-112
•
Present Your Questions to the Class
Speaking to Persuade
4. Kinds: Fact, Value, Policy . . .
Persuasive Speeches Answer Questions
Fact
What is True or False?
Value
What is Right? (By Standards)
Policy
What to Believe to Do? (Agree)
What to Do?
(Take Action)
Speaking to Persuade
4. Kinds: Fact (An Example) . . .
Mysterious Event
Siberia, Russia - 1908
20th Century History
What Happened –
Meteor, Comet?
Speaking to Persuade
4. Kinds: Fact (An Example) . . .
Mysterious Event in Roswell, NM, 1947
Roswell Daily Record, July 8, 1947
What Happened –
UFO, Military Surveillance Balloon?
Speaking to Persuade
4. Kinds: Fact (An Example) . . .
Speaking to Persuade
4. Kinds: Value (An Example) . . .
Conflict in Syria, 2013
What Is Right?
Speaking to Persuade
4. Kinds: Fact, Value, Policy . . .
Your Persuasive Speech Assignment
Policy (Action)
Passive Agreement or Immediate Action
• Include: Need, Plan, Practicality
• Ways to Organize
 Problem - Solution
 Problem – Cause - Solution
 Comparative Advantages
Speaking to Persuade
4. Kinds: Fact, Value, Policy . . .
Your Persuasive Speech Assignment . . .
•
Ways to Organize
 Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
1. Attention
2. Need
3. Satisfaction
4. Visualization
5. Action
Speaking to Persuade
Review of Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
Importance – Definition
Ethics –
Speaker
Psychology – Audience
Kinds –
Fact, Value, Policy
Speaking to Persuade
1. Importance – Definition . . .
Speech Class
– Photo by Ron Compton