Texas Examinations
of Educator Standards™
(TExES™) Program
Preparation
Manual
Science 4–8 (116)
Copyright © 2015 by Texas Education Agency (TEA). All rights reserved. The Texas Education Agency logo
and TEA are registered trademarks of Texas Education Agency. Texas Examinations of Educator Standards,
TExES and the TExES logo are trademarks of Texas Education Agency.
Table of Contents
About The Test ...........................................................................................
3
The Domains ..............................................................................................
4
The Standards ............................................................................................
5
Domains and Competencies..........................................................................
6
Domain I — Scientific Inquiry and Processes .........................................
6
Domain II — Physical Science ..............................................................
8
Domain III — Life Science ................................................................... 11
Domain IV — Earth and Space Science ................................................. 13
Domain V — Science Learning, Instruction and Assessment .................... 15
Approaches to Answering Multiple-Choice Questions ........................................ 17
How to Approach Unfamiliar Question Formats ...................................... 17
Question Formats............................................................................... 18
Single Questions ................................................................................ 18
Clustered Questions ........................................................................... 20
Multiple-Choice Practice Questions ................................................................ 23
Periodic Table of the Elements ............................................................. 24
Answer Key and Rationales .......................................................................... 36
Study Plan Sheet ........................................................................................ 49
Preparation Resources ................................................................................. 50
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
2
About The Test
Test Name
Science 4–8
Test Code
116
Time
5 hours
Number of Questions
100 multiple-choice questions
Format
Computer-administered test (CAT)
The TExES Science 4–8 (116) test is designed to assess whether a test taker has
the requisite knowledge and skills that an entry-level educator in this field in Texas
public schools must possess. The 100 multiple-choice questions are based on the
Science 4–8 test framework and cover grades 4–8. The test may contain questions
that do not count toward the score.
The number of scored questions will not vary; however, the number of questions
that are not scored may vary in the actual test. Your final scaled score will be based
only on scored questions.
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
3
The Domains
Domain
Domain Title
Approx.
Percentage
of Test
I.
Scientific Inquiry and Processes
22%
Science I–III, VI–VII, XI
II.
Physical Science
22%
Science VIII
III.
Life Science
22%
Science IX
IV.
Earth and Space Science
22%
Science X
V.
Science Learning, Instruction
and Assessment
13%
Science: III–V
Standards Assessed
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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The Standards
Science 4–8 Standard I
The science teacher manages classroom, field and laboratory activities to ensure
the safety of all students and the ethical care and treatment of organisms and
specimens.
Science 4–8 Standard II
The science teacher understands the correct use of tools, materials, equipment and
technologies.
Science 4–8 Standard III
The science teacher understands the process of scientific inquiry and its role in
science instruction.
Science 4–8 Standard IV
The science teacher has theoretical and practical knowledge about teaching science
and about how students learn science.
Science 4–8 Standard V
The science teacher knows the varied and appropriate assessments and assessment
practices to monitor science learning.
Science 4–8 Standard VI
The science teacher understands the history and nature of science.
Science 4–8 Standard VII
The science teacher understands how science affects the daily lives of students and
how science interacts with and influences personal and societal decisions.
Science 4–8 Standard VIII
The science teacher knows and understands the science content appropriate to
teach the statewide curriculum (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills [TEKS]) in
physical science.
Science 4–8 Standard IX
The science teacher knows and understands the science content appropriate to
teach the statewide curriculum (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills [TEKS]) in life
science.
Science 4–8 Standard X
The science teacher knows and understands the science content appropriate to
teach the statewide curriculum (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills [TEKS]) in
Earth and space science.
Science 4–8 Standard XI
The science teacher knows unifying concepts and processes that are common to all
sciences.
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Domains and Competencies
The content covered by this test is organized into broad areas of content called
domains. Each domain covers one or more of the educator standards for this field.
Within each domain, the content is further defined by a set of competencies. Each
competency is composed of two major parts:

The competency statement, which broadly defines what an entry-level
educator in this field in Texas public schools should know and be able to do.

The descriptive statements, which describe in greater detail the knowledge
and skills eligible for testing.
Domain I — Scientific Inquiry and Processes
Competency 001: The teacher understands how to manage learning activities to
ensure the safety of all students.
The beginning teacher:
A. Understands safety regulations and guidelines for science facilities and
science instruction.
B. Knows procedures for and sources of information regarding the appropriate
handling, use, conservation, disposal, recycling, care and maintenance of
chemicals, materials, specimens and equipment.
C. Knows procedures for the safe handling and ethical care and treatment of
organisms and specimens.
Competency 002: The teacher understands the correct use of tools, materials,
equipment and technologies.
The beginning teacher:
A. Selects and safely uses appropriate tools, technologies, materials and
equipment needed for instructional activities.
B. Understands concepts of precision, accuracy and error with regard to reading
and recording numerical data from a scientific instrument.
C. Understands how to gather, organize, display and communicate data in a
variety of ways (e.g., construct charts, tables, graphs, maps, satellite
images, diagrams, written reports, oral presentations).
D. Understands the international system of measurement (i.e., metric system)
and performs unit conversions within measurement systems.
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Competency 003: The teacher understands the process of scientific inquiry and the
history and nature of science.
The beginning teacher:
A. Understands the characteristics of various types of scientific investigations
(e.g., descriptive studies, controlled experiments, comparative data
analysis).
B. Understands how to design, conduct and communicate the results of a
variety of scientific investigations.
C. Understands the historical development of science and the contributions that
diverse cultures and individuals of both genders have made to scientific
knowledge.
D. Understands the roles that logical reasoning, verifiable empirical evidence,
prediction and peer review play in the process of generating and evaluating
scientific knowledge.
E. Understands principles of scientific ethics.
F. Develops, analyzes and evaluates different explanations for a given scientific
result.
G. Demonstrates an understanding of potential sources of error in inquiry-based
investigation and the use of multiple trials to increase reliability.
H. Demonstrates an understanding of how to communicate and defend the
results of an inquiry-based investigation.
Competency 004: The teacher understands how science impacts the daily lives of
students and interacts with and influences personal and societal decisions.
The beginning teacher:
A. Understands that decisions about the use of science are based on factors
such as ethical standards, economics and personal and societal needs.
B. Applies scientific principles and the theory of probability to analyze the
advantages of, disadvantages of or alternatives to a given decision or course
of action.
C. Applies scientific principles and processes to analyze factors that influence
personal choices concerning fitness and health, including physiological and
psychological effects and risks associated with the use of substances and
substance abuse.
D. Understands concepts, characteristics and issues related to changes in
populations and human population growth.
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E. Understands the types and uses of natural resources (renewable, nonrenewable) and the effects of human consumption on the renewal and
depletion of resources.
F. Understands the role science can play in helping resolve personal, societal
and global challenges (e.g., recycling, evaluating product claims, alternative
energy sources).
Competency 005: The teacher knows and understands the unifying concepts and
processes that are common to all sciences.
The beginning teacher:
A. Understands how the following concepts and processes provide a unifying
explanatory framework across the science disciplines: systems, order and
organization; evidence, models and explanation; change, constancy and
measurements; evolution and equilibrium; and form and function.
B. Demonstrates an understanding of how patterns in observations and data
can be used to make explanations and predictions.
C. Analyzes interactions and interrelationships between systems and
subsystems.
D. Applies unifying concepts to explore similarities in a variety of natural
phenomena.
E. Understands how properties and patterns of systems can be described in
terms of space, time, energy and matter.
F. Understands how change and constancy occur in systems.
G. Understands the complementary nature of form and function in a given
system.
H. Understands how models are used to represent the natural world and how to
evaluate the strengths and limitations of a variety of scientific models (e.g.,
physical, conceptual, mathematical).
Domain II — Physical Science
Competency 006: The teacher understands forces and motion and their
relationships.
The beginning teacher:
A. Demonstrates an understanding of properties of universal forces (e.g.,
gravitational, electrical, magnetic).
B. Understands how to measure, graph and describe changes in motion using
concepts of displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration.
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C. Understands the vector nature of force.
D. Identifies the forces acting on an object and applies Newton’s laws to
describe the motion of an object.
E. Analyzes the relationship between force and motion in a variety of situations
(e.g., simple machines, blood flow, geologic processes).
Competency 007: The teacher understands physical properties of and changes in
matter.
The beginning teacher:
A. Describes the physical properties of substances (e.g., density, boiling point,
melting point, solubility, thermal and electrical conductivity, luster,
malleability).
B. Describes the physical properties and molecular structure of solids, liquids
and gases.
C. Describes the relationship between the molecular structure of materials (e.g.,
metals, crystals, polymers) and their physical properties.
D. Relates the physical properties of an element to its placement in the periodic
table, including metals, non-metals and metalloids.
E. Distinguishes between physical and chemical changes in matter.
F. Applies knowledge of physical properties of and changes in matter to
processes and situations that occur in life and earth/space science.
Competency 008: The teacher understands chemical properties of and changes in
matter.
The beginning teacher:
A. Describes the structure and components of the atom.
B. Distinguishes among elements, compounds, mixtures and solutions and
describes their properties.
C. Relates the chemical properties of an element to its placement in the periodic
table.
D. Describes chemical bonds and chemical formulas.
E. Analyzes chemical reactions and their associated chemical equations.
F. Explains the importance of a variety of chemical reactions that occur in daily
life (e.g., rusting, burning of fossil fuels, photosynthesis, cell respiration,
chemical batteries, digestion of food).
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G. Understands applications of chemical properties of matter in physical, life and
earth/space science and technology (e.g., materials science, biochemistry,
transportation, medicine, telecommunications).
Competency 009: The teacher understands energy and interactions between matter
and energy.
The beginning teacher:
A. Describes concepts of work, power and potential and kinetic energy.
B. Understands the concept of heat energy and the difference between heat and
temperature.
C. Understands the principles of electricity and magnetism and their applications
(e.g., electric circuits, motors, audio speakers, nerve impulses, lightning).
D. Applies knowledge of properties of light (e.g., reflection, refraction,
dispersion) to describe the function of optical systems and phenomena (e.g.,
camera, microscope, rainbow, eye).
E. Demonstrates an understanding of the properties, production and
transmission of sound.
F. Applies knowledge of properties and characteristics of waves (e.g.,
wavelength, frequency, interference) to describe a variety of waves (e.g.,
water, electromagnetic, sound).
Competency 010: The teacher understands energy transformations and the
conservation of matter and energy.
The beginning teacher:
A. Describes the processes that generate energy in the sun and other stars.
B. Applies the law of conservation of matter to analyze a variety of situations
(e.g., the water cycle, food chains, decomposition, balancing chemical
equations).
C. Describes sources of electrical energy and processes of energy
transformation for human uses (e.g., fossil fuels, solar panels, hydroelectric
plants).
D. Understands exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions and their
applications (e.g., hot and cold packs, energy content of food).
E. Applies knowledge of the transfer of energy in a variety of situations (e.g.,
the production of heat, light, sound and magnetic effects by electrical
energy; the process of photosynthesis; weather processes; food webs;
food/energy pyramids).
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F. Applies the law of conservation of energy to analyze a variety of physical
phenomena (e.g., specific heat, nuclear reactions, efficiency of simple
machines, collisions).
G. Understands applications of energy transformations and the conservation of
matter and energy in life and earth/space science.
Domain III — Life Science
Competency 011: The teacher understands the structure and function of living
things.
The beginning teacher:
A. Describes characteristics of organisms from the major taxonomic groups,
including domains and kingdoms and uses these characteristics to construct
a dichotomous key.
B. Analyzes how structure complements function in cells.
C. Analyzes how structure complements function in tissues, organs, organ
systems and organisms including both plants and animals.
D. Identifies human body systems and describes their functions (e.g., digestive,
circulatory).
E. Describes how organisms, including producers, consumers and decomposers
obtain and use energy and matter.
F. Applies chemical principles to describe the structure and function of the basic
chemical components (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids) of
living things and distinguishes between organic and inorganic compounds.
Competency 012: The teacher understands reproduction and the mechanisms of
heredity.
The beginning teacher:
A. Compares and contrasts sexual and asexual reproduction.
B. Understands the organization of hereditary material (e.g., DNA, genes,
chromosomes).
C. Describes how an inherited trait can be determined by one or many genes
and how more than one trait can be influenced by a single gene.
D. Distinguishes between dominant and recessive traits and predicts the
probable outcomes of genetic combinations.
E. Evaluates the influence of environmental and genetic factors on the traits of
an organism.
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F. Describes current applications of genetic research (e.g., related to cloning,
reproduction, health, industry, agriculture).
Competency 013: The teacher understands adaptations of organisms and the
theory of evolution.
The beginning teacher:
A. Describes similarities and differences among various types of organisms and
methods of classifying organisms (e.g., presence of a nucleus determines if a
cell is prokaryotic and eukaryotic).
B. Describes traits in a population or species that enhance its survival and
reproductive success.
C. Describes how populations and species change through time.
D. Applies knowledge of the mechanisms and processes of biological evolution
(e.g., variation, mutation, environmental factors, natural selection).
E. Describes evidence that supports the theory of evolution of life on Earth.
Competency 014: The teacher understands regulatory mechanisms and behavior.
The beginning teacher:
A. Describes how organisms respond to internal and external stimuli.
B. Applies knowledge of structures and physiological processes that maintain
stable internal conditions.
C. Demonstrates an understanding of feedback mechanisms that allow
organisms to maintain stable internal conditions.
D. Understands how evolutionary history affects behavior.
Competency 015: The teacher understands the relationships between organisms
and the environment.
The beginning teacher:
A. Understands the levels of organization within an ecosystem (organism,
population, community) and identifies the abiotic and biotic components of
an ecosystem.
B. Analyzes the interrelationships (food chains, food webs) among producers,
consumers and decomposers in an ecosystem.
C. Identifies factors that influence the size and growth of populations in an
ecosystem.
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D. Analyzes adaptive characteristics that result in a population’s or species’
unique niche in an ecosystem.
E. Describes and analyzes energy flow through various types of ecosystems.
F. Knows how populations and species modify and affect ecosystems (e.g.,
succession), and how biodiversity affects the sustainability of ecosystems.
Domain IV — Earth and Space Science
Competency 016: The teacher understands the structure and function of Earth
systems.
The beginning teacher:
A. Understands the layers and surface features (landforms) of Earth and uses
topographic maps and satellite imaging to analyze constructive and
destructive processes that produce geologic change.
B. Understands the form and function of surface and subsurface water (e.g.,
watershed, aquifer).
C. Applies knowledge of the composition and structure of the atmosphere and
its properties, including characteristics that allow life to exist.
D. Demonstrates an understanding of the interactions that occur among the
biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
E. Applies knowledge of how human activity and natural processes, both
gradual and catastrophic, can alter earth and ocean systems.
F. Identifies the sources of energy (e.g., solar, geothermal, wind, hydroelectric,
biofuels) in earth systems and describes mechanisms of energy transfer
(e.g., conduction, convection, radiation).
Competency 017: The teacher understands cycles in Earth systems.
The beginning teacher:
A. Understands the rock cycle and how rocks, minerals, fossil fuels and soils are
formed.
B. Understands the water cycle and its relationship to weather processes; how
the sun and the ocean interact in the water cycle.
C. Understands the nutrient (e.g., carbon, nitrogen) cycle and its relationship to
earth systems.
D. Applies knowledge of how human and natural processes affect earth systems.
E. Understands the dynamic interactions that occur among the various cycles in
the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
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Competency 018: The teacher understands the role of energy in weather and
climate.
The beginning teacher:
A. Understands the elements of weather (e.g., humidity, wind speed, pressure,
temperature) and how they are measured.
B. Compares and contrasts weather and climate.
C. Analyzes weather charts and data to make weather predictions based on
local and global patterns.
D. Applies knowledge of how transfers of energy among earth systems affect
weather and climate.
E. Analyzes how Earth’s position, orientation and surface features affect
weather and climate.
Competency 019: The teacher understands the characteristics of the solar system
and the universe.
The beginning teacher:
A. Understands the properties and characteristics of celestial objects.
B. Applies knowledge of the earth-moon-sun system and the interactions among
them (e.g., seasons, lunar phases, eclipses).
C. Identifies properties of the components of the solar system, including
systems that allow life to exist.
D. Recognizes characteristics of stars, nebulae and galaxies and their
distribution in the universe.
E. Demonstrates an understanding of scientific theories of the origin of the
universe.
Competency 020: The teacher understands the history of the Earth system.
The beginning teacher:
A. Understands the scope of the geologic time scale and its relationship to
geologic processes.
B. Demonstrates an understanding of theories about the earth’s origin and
geologic history.
C. Demonstrates an understanding of how tectonic forces have shaped
landforms over time.
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D. Understands the formation of fossils and the importance of the fossil record
in explaining the earth’s history.
Domain V — Science Learning, Instruction and Assessment
Competency 021: The teacher has theoretical and practical knowledge about
teaching science and about how students learn science.
The beginning teacher:
A. Understands how the developmental characteristics, prior knowledge and
experience and attitudes of students influence science learning.
B. Selects and adapts science curricula, content, instructional materials and
activities to meet the interests, knowledge, understanding, abilities,
experiences and needs of all students, including English-language learners.
C. Understands how to use situations from students’ daily lives to develop
instructional materials that investigate how science can be used to make
informed decisions.
D. Understands common misconceptions in science and effective ways to
address these misconceptions.
E. Understands the rationale for the use of active learning and inquiry processes
for students.
F. Understands questioning strategies designed to elicit higher-level thinking
and how to use them to move students from concrete to more abstract
understanding.
G. Understands the importance of planning activities that are inclusive and
accommodate the needs of all students.
H. Understands how to sequence learning activities in a way that allows
students to build upon their prior knowledge and challenges them to expand
their understanding of science.
Competency 022: The teacher understands the process of scientific inquiry and its
role in science instruction.
The beginning teacher:
A. Plans and implements instruction that provides opportunities for all students
to engage in nonexperimental and experimental inquiry investigations.
B. Focuses inquiry-based instruction on questions and issues relevant to
students and uses strategies to assist students with generating, refining and
focusing scientific questions and hypotheses.
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C. Instructs students in the safe and proper use of a variety of gradeappropriate tools, equipment, resources, technology and techniques to
access, gather, store, retrieve, organize and analyze data.
D. Knows how to guide and manage students in making systematic observations
and measurements.
E. Knows how to promote the use of critical-thinking skills, logical reasoning
and scientific problem solving to reach conclusions based on evidence.
F. Knows how to teach students to develop, analyze and evaluate different
explanations for a given scientific result.
G. Knows how to teach students to demonstrate an understanding of potential
sources of error in inquiry-based investigation.
H. Knows how to teach students to demonstrate an understanding of how to
communicate and defend the results of an inquiry-based investigation.
Competency 023: The teacher knows the varied and appropriate assessments and
assessment practices to monitor science learning in laboratory, field and classroom
settings.
The beginning teacher:
A. Understands the relationships among science curriculum, assessment and
instruction and bases instruction on information gathered through
assessment of students’ strengths and needs.
B. Understands the importance of monitoring and assessing students’
understanding of science concepts and skills on an ongoing basis.
C. Understands the importance of carefully selecting or designing formative and
summative assessments for the specific decisions they are intended to
inform.
D. Selects or designs and administers a variety of appropriate assessment
methods (e.g., performance assessment, self-assessment, formal/informal,
formative/summative) to monitor student understanding and progress.
E. Uses formal and informal assessments of student performance and products
(e.g., projects, lab journals, rubrics, portfolios, student profiles, checklists) to
evaluate student participation in and understanding of the inquiry process.
F. Understands the importance of sharing evaluation criteria and assessment
results with students.
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Approaches to Answering Multiple-Choice Questions
The purpose of this section is to describe multiple-choice question formats that
you will typically see on the Science 4–8 test and to suggest possible ways to
approach thinking about and answering them. These approaches are intended to
supplement and complement familiar test-taking strategies with which you may
already be comfortable and that work for you. Fundamentally, the most important
component in assuring your success on the test is knowing the content described in
the test framework. This content has been carefully selected to align with the
knowledge required to begin a career as a Science 4–8 teacher.
The multiple-choice questions on this test are designed to assess your knowledge
of the content described in the test framework. In most cases, you are expected to
demonstrate more than just your ability to recall factual information. You may be
asked to think critically about the information, to analyze it, consider it carefully,
and compare it with other knowledge you have or make a judgment about it.
Leave no questions unanswered. Questions for which you mark no answer are
counted as incorrect. Your score will be determined by the number of questions you
answer correctly.
The Science 4–8 test is designed to include a total of 100 multiple-choice questions,
out of which 80 are scored. The number of scored questions will not vary; however,
the number of questions that are not scored may vary in the actual test. Your final
scaled score will be based only on scored questions. The questions that are not
scored are being pilot tested to collect information about how these questions will
perform under actual testing conditions. These pilot questions are not identified on
the test.
Periodic Table of the Elements. A Periodic Table of the Elements is included in
the test for use on some questions. A copy of this periodic table is provided on
page 24.
How to Approach Unfamiliar Question Formats
Some questions include introductory information such as a table, graph or reading
passage (often called a stimulus) that provides the information the question asks
for. New formats for presenting information are developed from time to time. Tests
may include audio and video stimulus materials such as a movie clip or some kind
of animation, instead of a map or reading passage. Other tests may allow you to
zoom in on the details in a graphic or picture.
Tests may also include interactive types of questions. These questions take
advantage of technology to assess knowledge and skills that go beyond what can
be assessed using standard single-selection multiple-choice questions. If you see a
format you are not familiar with, read the directions carefully. The directions
always give clear instructions on how you are expected to respond.
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For most questions, you will respond by clicking an oval to choose a single answer
choice from a list of options. Other questions may ask you to respond by:

Selecting all that apply. In some questions, you will be asked to choose all
the options that answer the question correctly.

Typing in an entry box. When the answer is a number, you might be asked
to enter a numeric answer or, if the test has an on-screen calculator, you
might need to transfer the calculated result from the calculator into the entry
box. Some questions may have more than one place to enter a response.

Clicking check boxes. You may be asked to click check boxes instead of an
oval when more than one choice within a set of answers can be selected.

Clicking parts of a graphic. In some questions, you will choose your
answer by clicking on location(s) on a graphic such as a map or chart, as
opposed to choosing from a list.

Clicking on sentences. In questions with reading passages, you may be
asked to choose your answer by clicking on a sentence or sentences within
the reading passage.

Dragging and dropping answer choices into “targets” on the screen.
You may be asked to choose an answer from a list and drag it into the
appropriate location in a table, paragraph of text or graphic.

Selecting options from a drop-down menu. This type of question will ask
you to select the appropriate answer or answers by selecting options from a
drop-down menu (e.g., to complete a sentence).
Remember that with every question, you will get clear instructions on how
to respond.
Question Formats
You may see the following types of multiple-choice questions on the test:
— Single Questions
— Clustered Questions
On the following pages, you will find descriptions of these commonly used question
formats, along with suggested approaches for responding to each type.
Single Questions
The single-question format presents a direct question or an incomplete statement.
It can also include a reading passage, graphic, table or a combination of these. Four
or more answer options appear below the question.
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The following question is an example of the single-question format; it tests
knowledge of Science 4–8 Competency 011: The teacher understands the structure
and function of living things.
Example
Use the diagram below to answer the question that follows.
1.
On a class field trip, students encounter some brightly colored shelf-like
structures attached to the trunk of a dead tree. Which of the following is the
best description of how this organism obtains matter and energy from its
environment?
A. It obtains energy from the dead wood and absorbs carbon dioxide and water
vapor from the air
B. It obtains energy from the sunlight, absorbs carbon from the dead wood and
obtains water vapor from the air
C. It obtains energy from sunlight and obtains carbon and water from the dead
wood
D. It obtains energy, carbon and water from the dead wood
Suggested Approach
Read the question carefully and critically. Think about what it is asking and the
situation it is describing. Eliminate any obviously wrong answers, select the correct
answer choice and mark your answer.
As you read this question, it should be clear from the diagram that the shelf-like
structures are fungi. Think about the characteristics that distinguish fungi from
other organisms. One important difference is how fungi obtain energy and
nutrients. Unlike plants, fungi lack chlorophyll and do not photosynthesize,
obtaining all their energy and nutrients from the absorption of organic matter.
Now look at the response options. The correct response is option D. All other
options refer to some part of the photosynthetic cycle and therefore do not pertain
to fungi.
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Clustered Questions
Clustered questions are made up of a stimulus and two or more questions relating
to the stimulus. The stimulus material can be a reading passage, a graphic, a table,
a description of an experiment or any other information necessary to answer the
questions that follow.
You can use several different approaches to respond to clustered questions. Some
commonly used strategies are listed below.
Strategy 1
Skim the stimulus material to understand its purpose, its
arrangement and/or its content. Then read the questions and refer
again to the stimulus material to obtain the specific information you
need to answer the questions.
Strategy 2
Read the questions before considering the stimulus material. The
theory behind this strategy is that the content of the questions will
help you identify the purpose of the stimulus material and locate the
information you need to answer the questions.
Strategy 3
Use a combination of both strategies. Apply the “read the stimulus
first” strategy with shorter, more familiar stimuli and the “read the
questions first” strategy with longer, more complex or less familiar
stimuli. You can experiment with the sample questions in this manual
and then use the strategy with which you are most comfortable when
you take the actual test.
Whether you read the stimulus before or after you read the questions, you should
read it carefully and critically. You may want to note its important points to help
you answer the questions.
As you consider questions set in educational contexts, try to enter into the
identified teacher’s frame of mind and use that teacher’s point of view to answer
the questions that accompany the stimulus. Be sure to consider the questions only
in terms of the information provided in the stimulus — not in terms of your own
experiences or individuals you may have known.
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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Example
First read the stimulus (a diagram of a stratigraphic section of rock).
Read the passage below; then answer the two questions that follow.
Now you are prepared to address the first of the two questions associated
with this stimulus. The first question tests measures Science 4–8 Competency 020:
The teacher understands the history of the Earth system.
1.
The igneous intrusion in the illustration has been dated to be 13 million years
old, and the volcanic ash layer has been dated to be 24 million years old. Which
of the following statements about the ages of fossil X and fossil Y is most
accurate?
A. Fossil X is younger than fossil Y, and both fossils are older than 24 million
years old
B. Fossil X and fossil Y are both between 13 million and 24 million years old
C. Fossil X is older than fossil Y, and both fossils are younger than 13 million
years old
D. Fossil X is younger than 13 million years old, and fossil Y is older than
13 million years old
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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Suggested Approach
First examine the figure in the stimulus, noting the positions of the rock layers and
the fossils labeled X and Y. You should be able to create a combined stratigraphy
for the entire section by matching up the pattern of layers on either side of the
igneous intrusion. Locate the fossils labeled X and Y and consider their relationship
in the combined stratigraphy. It is clear that the two fossils are found in the same
stratigraphic layer located above the 24-million-year-old volcanic ash. Since they
are above the volcanic ash layer, they must be younger than 24 million years old.
Since the igneous intrusion cut through the layer in which the fossils were located
13 million years ago, both fossils must be at least that old. Options A, C and D all
state that one fossil is older than the other. Therefore, the correct response is
option B.
Now you are ready to answer the second question. This question also measures
Science 4–8 Competency 020: The teacher understands the history of the Earth
system.
2.
The discontinuity represented by the line labeled W in the illustration is most
likely to be
A.
B.
C.
D.
a thrust fault.
an igneous intrusion.
a transverse fault.
an erosion surface.
Suggested Approach
The second question requires you to recognize the characteristics of an
unconformity in a stratigraphic section. Note that the unconformity in the diagram
cuts across several stratigraphic layers and the igneous intrusion and that these are
missing above the unconformity. Options A, B and C all refer to faults or intrusions.
Faults result in the displacement of layers relative to other layers, while intrusions
are characterized by the insertion of igneous rock through or between layers. In
this case, the relationship of the layers to one another and to the sandstone above
the unconformity indicates that the unconformity is an erosion surface and that
option D is the correct response.
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
This section presents some sample test questions for you to review as part of your
preparation for the test. To demonstrate how each competency may be assessed,
each sample question is accompanied by the competency that it measures. While
studying, you may wish to read the competency before and after you consider each
sample question. Please note that the competency statements do not appear on the
actual test.
For each sample test question, there is at least one correct answer and a rationale
for each answer option. Please note that the sample questions are not necessarily
presented in competency order.
The sample questions are included to illustrate the formats and types of questions
you will see on the test; however, your performance on the sample questions
should not be viewed as a predictor of your performance on the actual test.
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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COMPETENCY 001
1.
Of the following substances, which is safest to use in a fourth-grade lab
activity?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lemon juice
Dilute hydrochloric acid
Laundry chlorine bleach
Ammonia-based window cleaner
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 002
2.
Of the following, which represents the largest distance?
A.
B.
C.
D.
One
One
One
One
nanometer
micrometer
light-year
astronomical unit
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 002
3.
Of the following, which is most appropriate to use to measure atmospheric
pressure?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Geiger counter
Barometer
Graduated cylinder
Ohmmeter
Answer and Rationale
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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COMPETENCY 003
4.
Which THREE of the following are typically done before conducting an
experiment in a middle school classroom?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Making observations
Developing a hypothesis
Designing an experiment
Drawing conclusions
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 004
5.
Carbon dioxide is produced and emitted into the atmosphere during the
operation of which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Combustion engine
Solar panel
Wind turbine
Nuclear reactor
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 004
6.
Ozone in the stratosphere is mostly closely associated with which of the
following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Water pollution
The production of acid rain
Respiratory health issues
Protection from ultraviolet radiation
Answer and Rationale
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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COMPETENCY 005
7.
The concept of force is involved in the explanation of which TWO of the
following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Plate tectonics
The color of leaves
Gas pressure
The mass of an atom
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 006
8.
The tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion is known as
A.
B.
C.
D.
gravitational force.
inertia.
linear momentum.
velocity.
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 007
9.
Which of the following phase transitions involves the release of heat?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Evaporation of liquid water
Sublimation of ice
Melting of ice
Condensation of water vapor
Answer and Rationale
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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COMPETENCY 007
10. Which of the following is the number of neutrons in an atom of chlorine-37
(mass number 37)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
17
18
19
20
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 008
11. Which of the following is best classified as a Brønsted-Lowry base?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ca(OH)2
H2SO4
NaCl
CCl4
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 008
12. In which of the following compounds is the bonding covalent?
A.
B.
C.
D.
KCl
MgBr2
CH4
Na2O
Answer and Rationale
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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COMPETENCY 009
13. Pitch is a characteristic of sound that is related to which of the following
properties of a sound wave?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Speed
Frequency
Intensity
Amplitude
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 010
14. Which of the following energy transformations occurs in an alkaline battery
while a flashlight is operating?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mechanical energy to chemical energy
Electrical energy to mechanical energy
Chemical energy to electrical energy
Chemical energy to mechanical energy
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 011
15. Which of the following groups of organisms have gills at some point in their life
after birth?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Reptiles
Amphibians
Birds
Earthworms
Answer and Rationale
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COMPETENCY 011
16. In animals, which of the following cell organelles is most directly associated
with the production of chemical energy?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 012
17. An organism that is homozygous for the dominant allele (SS) of the gene for
skin color has green skin color. An individual of the same species that is
homozygous for the recessive allele (ss) of the gene for skin color has gray skin
color. When a homozygous individual with green skin mates with a
heterozygous individual (Ss), which of the following is expected?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
A
A
A
100% probability that the offspring will have green skin
75% probability that the offspring will have green skin
50% probability that the offspring will have green skin
100% probability that the offspring will have gray skin
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 013
18. Which of the following is an example of homologous structures?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
A
A
A
human hand and a human foot
wing flap of a sugar glider and a wing flap of a flying squirrel
bat wing and a human arm
butterfly wing and a bird wing
Answer and Rationale
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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COMPETENCY 014
19. Marine birds use salt glands to remove excess salt from the seawater they
drink. The maintenance of a balance between water and salt in marine birds is
an example of
A.
B.
C.
D.
metabolism.
homeostasis.
translation.
conservation of energy.
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 015
20. Certain birds that forage for insects on the ground around grazing animals
exhibit much greater success in capturing prey than when they forage alone.
The observation described is an illustration of which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Parasitism
Mutualism
Competition
Commensalism
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 015
21. Which of the following is a primary producer in a food chain?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Grass
Cow
Sparrow
Fox
Answer and Rationale
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COMPETENCY 016
22. Which of the following were formed primarily by glacial activity?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mountain ranges
Barrier islands
Fjords
Atolls
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 016
23. Of the following gases, which is found in highest abundance in the lowest layer
of Earth’s atmosphere, the troposphere?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hydrogen
Helium
Carbon dioxide
Water vapor
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 017
24. Which of the following is an igneous rock?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Slate
Granite
Shale
Limestone
Answer and Rationale
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COMPETENCY 018
25. At a fixed atmospheric pressure, the temperature at which water vapor in the
air condenses at the same rate that liquid water evaporates is called the
A.
B.
C.
D.
dew point.
triple point.
relative humidity.
heat index.
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 019
26. Which of the following is true about objects in our solar system?
A. The Sun is one of the largest known stars in the universe.
B. Neptune is farther from the Sun than any of the other planets.
C. Although Jupiter has the largest diameter of the planets, it has a smaller
mass than Earth, since it is composed largely of hydrogen and helium.
D. Since Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, all of its surface is always at
an extremely high temperature.
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 019
27. Of the following, which best describes a white dwarf?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A large asteroid that is almost the size of a planet
A small comet as it approaches the Sun
A late stage in the life cycle of a low-mass star
The precursor to a black hole
Answer and Rationale
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COMPETENCY 020
28. Which of the following is true about radiometric dating?
A. Since the half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years, radiocarbon dating methods
are limited to about 60,000 years.
B. Radiometric dating is a relative dating method that infers the age of a fossil
by noting the relative position of the rock layer in which it is found.
C. Radiometric dating is based on measuring current solar output and
comparing it to the amount of carbon in plant fossils that was produced by
photosynthesis in the past.
D. Radiometric dating is dangerous, since the researcher is exposed to high
doses of radiation.
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 021
29. Of the following, which would be most helpful in expanding the students’
knowledge after a short introductory lesson about forces?
A. A video showing how various batting styles affect the distance a baseball
travels
B. A teacher demonstration in which forces are applied to several objects
C. A homework assignment in which students write examples of forces in
everyday life
D. A lab activity in which students slide objects made from various materials
down an inclined plane
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 021
30. Which of the following student statements is an example of a student
misconception about science?
A.
B.
C.
D.
When a net force is continuously applied to an object it accelerates.
Objects must have a large amount of air in them in order to float.
Not all animals have a heart as part of their circulatory system.
Many chemical compounds are highly insoluble in water.
Answer and Rationale
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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COMPETENCY 022
31. Of the following, which best illustrates a student inquiry-based activity?
A. Students conduct an acid-base titration with vinegar and baking soda after
developing a hypothesis about neutralization.
B. Students write the equations to some compounds based on the location on
the periodic table of the elements in the compound.
C. Students write down observations as the teacher conducts a demonstration
of a combustion reaction.
D. Students use the Internet to research the causes of the outbreak of a
disease that has recently been reported in the news.
Answer and Rationale
COMPETENCY 023
32. Giving a written multiple-choice final examination at the end of the school year
is an example of
A.
B.
C.
D.
a performance assessment.
a formative assessment.
a summative assessment.
an informal assessment.
Answer and Rationale
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Answer Key and Rationales
Question
Number
Competency
Number
Correct
Answer
1
001
A
Rationales
Option A is correct because lemon juice is relatively safe to use in a fourthgrade lab activity. Options B, C and D are incorrect because dilute
hydrochloric acid, laundry chlorine bleach and ammonia-based window cleaner
each cause skin irritation.
Back to Question
2
002
C
Option C is correct because a light-year is equal to the distance that light
travels in one year, 9,460,000,000,000,000 meters. Options A and B are
incorrect because one nanometer is equal to one billionth of a meter and one
micrometer is equal to one millionth of a meter. Option D is incorrect because
an astronomical unit is approximately equal to 149,600,000,000 meters, which is
close to the average distance from Earth to the Sun. The AU is hence much
shorter than a light-year.
Back to Question
3
002
B
Option B is correct because a barometer is used to measure atmospheric
pressure. Option A is incorrect because a Geiger counter is used to detect
radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. Option C is
incorrect because a graduated cylinder is used to measure the volume of liquids.
Option D is incorrect because an ohmmeter is used to measure resistance in an
electrical circuit.
Back to Question
TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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Question
Number
Competency
Number
Correct
Answer
4
003
A, B, C
Rationales
Options A, B and C are correct because before conducting an experiment, a
hypothesis should be developed based on observations, and then an experiment
should be designed to test the hypothesis. Option D is incorrect because
conclusions are drawn after the experimental data is analyzed.
Back to Question
5
004
A
Option A is correct because the combustion reaction in a combustion engine
produces carbon dioxide that is typically exhausted to the atmosphere. Options
B, C and D are incorrect because solar panels, wind turbines, and nuclear
reactors do not produce carbon dioxide as they operate.
Back to Question
6
004
D
Option D is correct because ozone in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere)
absorbs a certain amount of the ultraviolet radiation coming from the Sun and
other sources in outer space. Options A and B are incorrect because ozone in
the stratosphere does not contribute to water pollution or acid rain. Option C is
incorrect because it is only ozone in the atmosphere near Earth’s surface that
can aggravate respiratory health.
Back to Question
TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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Question
Number
Competency
Number
Correct
Answer
7
005
A, C
Rationales
Options A and C are correct because both plate tectonics and gas pressure
involve forces. Plate tectonic forces are evident as plates in Earth’s crust move.
The pressure of a gas is the force per unit area exerted as a result of the collision
of gaseous atoms or molecules with a surface. Option B is incorrect because
the perceived color of a leaf is the result of several phenomena that are not
related to force. Option D is incorrect because the mass of an atom is based on
the material contained in the atom and not the force of gravity on that material
(weight).
Back to Question
8
006
B
Option B is correct because the inertia of a body is the tendency of a body to
resist a change in its motion. Option A is incorrect because the gravitational
force is the force that two objects exert on each other. Option C is incorrect
because linear momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object.
Option D is incorrect because velocity is the speed and direction of an object’s
motion.
Back to Question
9
007
D
Option D is correct because during condensation individual gaseous water
molecules lose energy as they come together to form liquid water. Hence energy
is released during the process. Options A, B and C are incorrect because
evaporation, sublimation and melting are phase transitions that each absorb
energy. Liquid water is converted to gas during evaporation, solid ice is
converted to gas during sublimation, and solid ice is converted to liquid during
melting.
Back to Question
TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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Question
Number
Competency
Number
Correct
Answer
10
007
D
Rationales
Option D is correct because there are 20 neutrons in an atom of chlorine-37
(mass number equal to 37). The mass number is equal to the number of protons
plus the number of neutrons in an atom. The number of protons in an atom of
chlorine is equal to the atomic number, which is 17, and can be found on the
periodic table. Hence the number of neutrons in an atom of this isotope of
chlorine must be 20 since 17 plus 20 equals 37. Options A, B and C are
incorrect because they do not represent the correct number of neutrons in an
atom of chlorine-37.
Back to Question
11
008
A
Option A is correct because Ca(OH)2 acts as a Brønsted-Lowry base, since the
OH from Ca(OH)2 accepts H+ ions and forms H2O when Ca(OH)2 reacts with an
acid like HCl. The neutralization reaction is: Ca(OH)2 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + 2 H2O.
Option B is incorrect because H2SO4 is an acid. Options C and D are
incorrect because NaCl and CCl4 are not Brønsted acids or Brønsted bases.
Back to Question
12
008
C
Option C is correct because in CH4 molecules the CH bonds are covalent.
Option A is incorrect because the compound KCl has ionic bonding between
metallic K+ ions and nonmetallic Cl− ions. Option B is incorrect because the
compound MgCl2 has ionic bonding between metallic Mg2+ ions and nonmetallic
Cl− ions. Option D is incorrect because the compound Na2O has ionic bonding
between metallic Na+ ions and nonmetallic O2− ions.
Back to Question
TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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Question
Number
Competency
Number
Correct
Answer
13
009
B
Rationales
Option B is correct because pitch is a characteristic of sound that is related to
the frequency of the sound wave. Options A, C and D are incorrect because
pitch is not related to speed, intensity or amplitude of the sound wave.
Back to Question
14
010
C
Option C is correct because chemical reactions in the alkaline battery produce
electrical energy that is used by the flashlight. Options A, B and D are
incorrect because they do not represent correct energy transformations that
occur in an alkaline battery.
Back to Question
15
011
B
Option B is correct because the larval forms of amphibians all live in water and
have gills. Options A, C and D are incorrect because reptiles, birds and
earthworms do not have gills.
Back to Question
16
011
D
Option D is correct because mitochondria in cells generate most of the cell’s
supply of ATP, which is used as a source of chemical energy. Option A is
incorrect because the plasma membrane (or cell membrane) which separates
the interior and exterior of cell has a variety of functions, but none of those
include the production of chemical energy. Option B is incorrect because a
cell’s nucleus stores genetic material and is primarily a control center. Option C
is incorrect because the Golgi apparatus is involved in the processing of some
newly synthesized proteins.
Back to Question
TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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Question
Number
Competency
Number
Correct
Answer
17
012
A
Rationales
Option A is correct because in complete dominance, a cross between a
homozygous individual (SS) and a heterozygous individual (Ss) is predicted to
produce offspring with green skin (100%). The possible genotypes of offspring
produced by the cross are SS and Ss, both of which have the phenotype of green
skin. Options B and C are incorrect because 100% of the offspring are
predicted to have green skin. Option D is incorrect because in order for any of
the offspring to have gray skin, each parent must have at least one recessive
allele.
Back to Question
18
013
C
Option C is correct because in evolutionary biology a bat wing is homologous to
a human arm. Homologous structures are adapted to different purposes as a
result of descent with modification from a common ancestor. Option A is
incorrect because a human hand is not homologous to a human foot. Options B
and D are incorrect because in evolutionary biology they arose from convergent
evolution from different ancestors and are examples of analogous structures.
Back to Question
19
014
B
Option B is correct because homeostasis is a process that maintains the
stability of internal conditions such as the maintenance of a balance between salt
and water in a marine bird. Option A is incorrect because metabolism is a set
of life-sustaining chemical reactions within the cells of organisms. Option C is
incorrect because translation is the process of producing proteins based on an
mRNA template. Option D is incorrect because there is a net expenditure of
energy in the maintenance of a balance between salt and water in a marine bird.
Back to Question
TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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Question
Number
Competency
Number
Correct
Answer
20
015
D
Rationales
Option D is correct because in commensalism an organism of one species
benefits from an organism of another species without affecting the other.
Option A is incorrect because in parasitism an organism of one species benefits
to the detriment of an organism of another species. The birds benefit, but not at
the expense of the grazing animals. Option B is incorrect because in mutualism
interacting organisms of two different species benefit. In this example, there is
no indication that the grazing animals benefit from the birds. Option C is
incorrect because competition involves organisms competing for the same
resource. The birds and the grazing animals eat different food.
Back to Question
21
015
A
Option A is correct because grass is a primary producer. Primary producers are
the organisms in an ecosystem that produce biomass from inorganic compounds.
Options B and C are incorrect because cows and sparrows are primary
consumers. Option D is incorrect because a fox is a secondary consumer.
Back to Question
TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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Question
Number
Competency
Number
Correct
Answer
22
016
C
Rationales
Option C is correct because fjords (narrow inlets of the sea between steep
slopes) were created by glacial erosion. Option A is incorrect because mountain
ranges were not formed by glacial activity but by several different plate tectonic
processes, depending on the particular mountain range (e.g., collision of
continental plates or volcanism). Option B is incorrect because barrier islands
are found along coastlines and are formed by a variety of processes that do not
typically include glacial activity (e.g., wave action). Option D is incorrect
because an atoll is formed when a coral reef grows around a volcanic island,
which then disappears.
Back to Question
23
016
D
Option D is correct because water vapor constitutes approximately
0.3–4.0% of the gases in the troposphere. The amount of water vapor varies, but
is more than the amount of hydrogen, helium, and carbon dioxide. Options A
and B are incorrect because there are only trace amounts of hydrogen and
helium in the troposphere. Option C is incorrect because carbon dioxide
constitutes approximately 0.04% of the gases in the troposphere.
Back to Question
24
017
B
Option B is correct because granite is an igneous rock. Option A is incorrect
because slate is a metamorphic rock. Options C and D are incorrect because
shale and limestone are sedimentary rocks.
Back to Question
TExES Science 4–8 (116)
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Question
Number
Competency
Number
Correct
Answer
25
018
A
Rationales
Option A is correct because at the dew point, the air is saturated with water
vapor (relative humidity is 100%) and the rate of condensation equals the rate of
evaporation. Below the dew point, there will be noticeable condensation
appearing, often called dew. Option B is incorrect because the triple point of
water is the temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and gaseous water
are in equilibrium. Option C is incorrect because relative humidity is a ratio
between the water vapor pressure of the atmosphere and the saturation water
vapor pressure at a particular temperature and pressure. Option D is incorrect
because the heat index combines air temperature and relative humidity in a way
that provides a human-perceived “temperature,” typically used in high
temperature weather reports when the temperature is high.
Back to Question
26
019
B
Option B is correct because Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun,
approximately 4.5 billion kilometers. Option A is incorrect because the Sun is
an average-size star. Option C is incorrect because Jupiter has a mass that is
about 318 times as great as Earth’s mass. Option D is incorrect because
although temperatures on many parts of Mercury can be very high, the poles are
very cold all the time, and temperatures in other areas vary widely from
nighttime to daytime, since Mercury has no atmosphere and rotates on its axis
very slowly.
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
44
Question
Number
Competency
Number
Correct
Answer
27
019
C
Rationales
Option C is correct because white dwarf is a late stage in the life cycle of a lowmass star. Options A and B are incorrect because a white dwarf is a type of
star, not an asteroid or comet. Option D is incorrect because a black hole is
usually the last stage in the life cycle of a star with a very large mass, much
greater than that of the Sun.
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28
020
A
Option A is correct because after about ten half-lives (about 60,000 years) the
amount of carbon-14 in the sample being analyzed would be less than 0.1% of
the amount in the original sample 60,000 years ago. During each half-life, half of
the remaining carbon-14 radioactively decays. So after 10 half-lives, the amount
of carbon-14 in the sample is equal to (1/2)10 times the original amount of
carbon-14. Option B is incorrect because radiometric dating is an absolute
dating method. Option C is incorrect because radiometric dating is based on
decay rates of radioactive isotopes of certain elements that were in the original
sample. Option D is incorrect because the samples being tested have very
small amounts of radioactive decay products being emitted and are within safe
ranges for human exposure under appropriate testing conditions.
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
45
Question
Number
Competency
Number
Correct
Answer
29
021
D
Rationales
Option D is correct because the activity will give the students the first hand
opportunity to observe the effect of gravitational and frictional forces on the
motion of objects. Option A is incorrect because the students cannot really
analyze all the components that are actually determining the distance the balls
travel by watching the video. Option B is incorrect because the students can
only infer what the forces might have been in the demonstration they watch and
they cannot directly analyze the effect of forces on objects of varying mass and
made of varying material. Option C is incorrect because while observing and
noting examples of forces in their daily life will be helpful, it will not provide as
much opportunity to explore the effect of forces as the lab activity.
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
46
Question
Number
Competency
Number
Correct
Answer
30
021
B
Rationales
Option B is correct because the student statement that objects must have a
large amount of air in them to float is a misconception. The upward buoyant force
experienced by a submerged object is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced
by the object. The density of the object will predict whether an object will float.
Although objects with large amounts of air in them are often seen floating, that
observation does not contradict the fact that objects with no air in them with a
density less than the density of the liquid will float. Option A is incorrect
because the student statement that an object will accelerate when a net force is
applied to it is not a misconception and is correct based on Newton’s second law
of motion. Option C is incorrect because the student statement that not all
animals have a heart as part of their circulatory systems is true and is not a
misconception. For example, jellyfish and starfish do not have a heart. Option D
is incorrect because the student statement that many chemical compounds are
highly insoluble in water is true and is not a misconception. For example, silver
chloride and paraffin are highly insoluble in water.
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31
022
A
Option A is correct because a student inquiry-based activity involves the
students generating and testing hypotheses. Option B is incorrect because
although an assignment to write equations based on periodic trends is a good
activity to reinforce and apply concepts learned in class, it is not an example of a
student inquiry-based activity. Option C is incorrect because although writing
down observations is a preliminary step in the inquiry process, by itself it is not a
student inquiry-based activity. Option D is incorrect because although looking
up information about something on the Internet can be helpful, it is not an
example of a student inquiry-based activity.
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
47
Question
Number
Competency
Number
Correct
Answer
32
023
C
Rationales
Option C is correct because a summative assessment occurs after completion
of learning and assesses what has been learned and how well it has been
learned. Option A is incorrect because a performance assessment involves
assessing a student’s performance of a task, such as a lab activity, to assess how
well the student understands concepts he or she has learned. Option B is
incorrect because a formative assessment is used to monitor student progress
and to inform both student and teacher of areas that need additional work.
Option D is incorrect because a written multiple-choice final exam is a formal
assessment.
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TExES Science 4–8 (116)
48
Study Plan Sheet
STUDY PLAN
Content
covered
on test
How well do
I know the
content?
TExES Science 4–8 (116)
What
material do
I have for
studying
this
content?
What
material do
I need for
studying
this
content?
Where can
I find the
materials
I need?
Dates
planned for
study of
content
Date
Completed
49
Preparation Resources
The resources listed below may help you prepare for the TExES test in this field.
These preparation resources have been identified by content experts in the field to
provide up-to-date information that relates to the field in general. You may wish to
use current issues or editions to obtain information on specific topics for study
and review.
JOURNALS
Science and Children, National Science Teachers Association.
Science Scope, National Science Teachers Association.
Texas Science Teacher, Science Teachers Association of Texas.
The Science Teacher, National Science Teachers Association.
OTHER RESOURCES
Arons, A. B. (1997). Teaching Introductory Physics. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., et al. (2007). Biology, Eighth Edition. San Francisco,
Calif.: Benjamin Cummings.
Center for Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Education: National Research
Council. (2000). Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards: A
Guide for Teaching and Learning. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Chang, R. (2013). Chemistry, Eleventh Edition. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.
Chiappetta, E. L., Koballa, T. R., and Collette, A. T. (2009). Science Instruction in
the Middle and Secondary Schools, Seventh Edition. Boston, Mass.: Allyn and
Bacon.
Crotts, D. (1995). Critical Thinking Skills: Science. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Frank
Schaffer Publications, Inc.
Cunningham, W. P., and Cunningham, M. A. (2009). Environmental Science: A
Global Concern, Eleventh Edition. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.
Halliday, D., Resnick, R., and Walker, J. (2010). Fundamentals of Physics, Ninth
Edition. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
Hamblin, W. K., and Christiansen, E. H. (2003). Earth’s Dynamic Systems, Tenth
Edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Hewitt, P., Suchocki, J., and Hewitt, L. A. (2007). Conceptual Physical Science,
Fourth Edition. Boston, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Joyce, B. R., and Weil, M. (2009). Models of Teaching, Eighth Edition. Upper Saddle
River, N.J.: Pearson.
Levin, H. L. (2010). The Earth Through Time, Ninth Edition. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
National Research Council. (1996). National Science Education Standards.
Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Ostlund, K. L. (1992). Science Process Skills: Assessing Hands-On Student
Performance. Boston, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
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Project 2061 (American Association for the Advancement of Science). (1993).
Benchmarks for Science Literacy. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
Rakow, S. J. (Ed.). (2000). NSTA Pathways to the Science Standards: Guidelines
for Moving the Vision into Practice, Middle School Edition, Second Edition.
Arlington, Va.: National Science Teachers Association.
Ramig, J., Bailer, J., and Ramsey, J. (1995). Teaching Science Process Skills. Grand
Rapids, Mich.: Frank Schaffer Publications.
Rezba, R., et al. (2008). Learning and Assessing Science Process Skills, Fifth
Edition. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Santa, C. M., and Alverman, D. E. (Eds.). (1991). Science Learning: Processes and
Applications. Newark, Del.: International Reading Association, Inc.
Serway, R. A., Vuille, C., and Faughn, J. S. (2009). College Physics, Eighth Edition.
Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Starr, C., Taggart, R., and Evers, C. (2009). Biology: The Unity and Diversity of
Life, Twelfth Edition. Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F. K., and Tasa, D. (2007). Earth: An Introduction to
Physical Geology, Ninth Edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Texas Education Agency. (2010). Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS).
Austin, Texas.
Texas Education Agency. (2010). Texas Safety Standards: Kindergarten through
Grade 12, Fourth Edition. Austin, Texas.
Thompson, G., and Turk, J. (2009). Earth Science and the Environment, Fourth
Edition. Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Whitten, K. W., Davis, R. E., Peck, L., and Stanley, G. G. (2013). General
Chemistry, Tenth Edition. Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Wright, R. T. (2008). Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future, Ninth
Edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Zumdahl, S. S., and Zumdahl, S. A. (2013). Chemistry, Ninth Edition. Pacific Grove,
Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
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ONLINE RESOURCES
American Association for the Advancement of Science — www.aaas.org
American Association of Physics Teachers — www.aapt.org
American Astronomical Society — www.aas.org
American Chemical Society — www.acs.org
American Institute of Biological Sciences — www.aibs.org
American Physical Society — www.aps.org
National Association of Biology Teachers — www.nabt.org
National Association of Geoscience Teachers — www.nagt.org
National Science Teachers Association — www.nsta.org
The Geological Society of America — www.geosociety.org
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