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The English Colonies
Section 5
HSS 8.1
MAIN IDEAS
1. British efforts to raise taxes on colonists
sparked protest.
2. The Boston Massacre caused colonial
resentment toward Great Britain.
3. Colonists protested the British tax on tea
with the Boston Tea Party.
Students understand the
major events preceding the
founding of the nation and
relate their significance to the
development of American
constitutional democracy.
4. Great Britain responded to colonial
actions by passing the Intolerable Acts.
Key Terms and People
Boston leader who believed Parliament could not tax the colonists
without their permission
Stamp Act of 1765 required colonists to pay for an official stamp when buying paper
items
Boston Massacre shootings by British soldiers killed five colonists
Tea Act an act allowing a British company to sell cheap tea directly to the colonists
Boston Tea Party colonists dressed as American Indians dumped 340 tea chests from
British ships into Boston Harbor
Intolerable Acts laws passed to punish colonists for the Boston Tea Party
Samuel Adams
Section Summary
GREAT BRITAIN RAISES TAXES
Parliament raised the colonists’ taxes for money to
pay for the French and Indian War and a British
army kept in North America to protect the colonists
against American Indian attacks. Parliament also
tried harder to arrest smugglers avoiding taxes.
Many colonists believed Britain had no right to
tax them without their permission. Samuel Adams
and James Otis spread the slogan “No Taxation
without Representation.” Colonists chose to boycott, refusing to buy British goods. They hoped
Parliament would end the new taxes. The Stamp
Act of 1765 meant a tax had to be paid on legal
documents, licenses, and other items.
Name one reason that Parliament
raised taxes.
What is taxation without
representation?
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Section 5, continued
The Townshend Acts charged taxes on imported
glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea. Boston’s Sons of
Liberty attacked the customs houses to protest the
taking of a ship on suspicion of smuggling. British
soldiers came in 1768 to restore order.
BOSTON MASSACRE
On March 5, 1770, a few troops fired on Bostonians
throwing snowballs at them. That led to the Boston
Massacre. The soldiers and their officer were
charged with murder. A jury found the officer and
six soldiers acted in self-defense and were not guilty.
Two soldiers were convicted of accidental killing.
This calmed Boston for a while.
Underline the sentence that tells
what the Townshend Acts did.
Why do you think the jury found
some of the troops not guilty?
THE BOSTON TEA PARTY
Parliament ended almost all the Townshend Acts
but left the tax on tea. Colonists united against the
Tea Act. In November 1773 the Boston Tea Party
showed the colonists’ spirit of rebellion.
THE INTOLERABLE ACTS
The Boston Tea Party made the new British Prime
Minister very angry. Parliament punished Boston
by passing the Intolerable Acts. The laws closed
Boston Harbor until the colonists paid for the lost
tea. They also had other effects unacceptable to the
colonists and angered the colonists even more.
Why did the Boston Tea Party
anger the British Prime Minister?
CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Critical Thinking: Imagining Imagine you write for Boston’s Committee
of Correspondence and pen a brief description of the Boston Massacre.
HSS Analysis Skills CS 1, HR 2, HR 5
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Answer Key
Chapter 1 Early Exploration and Settlement
CHAPTER SUMMARY
1. Asia and Africa. Europeans discovered the Americas when they tried to find new trade routes.
2. Spain grew rich because it received great quantities of gold, silver, and food from its American
colonies.
3. Answers will vary. Students should infer that because American Indians would not want to
convert to Catholicism, there would be conflict with colonists.
SECTION 1 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Answers will vary. Students may infer that traveling to a new land was dangerous, scary, and sad,
or they may express feelings of hope and excitement.
SECTION 2 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Accept poems that demonstrate an understanding of Columbus’s voyage.
SECTION 3 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Sample correct answers:
Cause
Effect
Hernán Cortés imprisons Moctezuma II, king
of the Aztec Empire
The Aztec revolt
Spanish bring new diseases to Mexico
Many Aztec are weakened or die
Spanish fleets transport tons of gold, silver,
and food from their American colonies to
Spain
Spain becomes rich
American Indians die from new diseases
Spanish begin bringing enslaved Africans to
their American colonies
SECTION 4 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
• Huguenots traveled to Americas for religious freedom in the late 1500s.
• Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette reached the Mississippi River in the late 1600s.
• René-Robert de La Salle followed the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the territory for France.
• The Dutch claimed the land between the Delaware and Hudson Rivers.
• Swedish settlers started New Sweden along the Delaware River.
• Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherland, conquered New Sweden in 1655.
• Sir Walter Raleigh founded a charter colony in present-day Virginia, but the colonists mysteriously disappeared.
Chapter 2 The English Colonies
CHAPTER SUMMARY
1. Answers will vary but may include the fact that middle colonies prospered sooner than New
England colonies or southern colonies.
2. New England colonies relied on trade. Farming was important in the southern colonies. Both
trading and farming were important to the middle colonies.
3. New England colonies: Religion linked to government. Middle colonies: Practiced religious
tolerance; Southern colonies: Protestants and Catholics divided by problems, but government
passed Toleration Act that made limiting religious rights a crime.
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Answer Key
SECTION 1 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
1617 Pocahontas dies.
1617–1637 Fighting takes place between the colonists and the Powhatan.
1619 First Africans come to Virginia.
1640s Protestants begin moving to Maryland.
1649 Maryland passes the Toleration Act that makes limiting religious rights a crime.
1676 Wealthy frontier farmer Nathaniel Bacon leads Bacon’s Rebellion. They burn Jamestown.
SECTION 2 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Accept answers that show an understanding of the Pilgrims’ contributions.
SECTION 3 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Answers will vary. Students should provide positive traits of the colony they choose, and may
include negative traits of the colonies they do not choose.
SECTION 4 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Journal entries may discuss spiritual equality, political equality, and liberty.
SECTION 5 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Students’ descriptions should include the following:
The date, March 5, 1770
Troops fired on and killed Bostonians throwing snowballs at them
Soldiers and their officer found not guilty of murder
Two soldiers guilty of accidental killing
Boston becomes calm
Chapter 3 The American Revolution
CHAPTER SUMMARY
1. Battle of Saratoga
2. Battle of Yorktown
3. Answers will vary. Students should show they understand the fighting capabilities of the
Patriots and the contributions the Patriots received from other countries.
SECTION 1 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Sample answers: right to vote, right to free speech, right to a trial by jury of peers, right to bear
arms, religious freedom, right to assemble
SECTION 2 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Accept speeches that are persuasive and argue to give women and slaves rights in the Declaration
of Independence.
SECTION 3 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Answers will vary. Students’ dialogues should mention the difficult cold and snowy conditions at
Valley Forge.
SECTION 4 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
The class may discuss how America might still be under British control and that Americans would
have fewer rights.
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