bond
C–H
C–C
C=C
C≡C
C–N
C=N
C≡N
C–O
C=O
C≡O
C–F
C–Cl
C–Br
C–I
C–Si
C–P
C–S
C=S
r bond (pm)
bond
Si–H
Si–Si
Si–O
Si–F
Si–Cl
Si–Br
r bond (pm)
109
154
134
120.
147
129
116
143
120.
113
135
177
194
214
185
184
182
160.
148
233
163
160.
202
215
bond
N–H
N–N
N=N
N≡N
N–O
N=O
N–F
N–Cl
N–Br
bond
P–H
P–P
P–F
P–Cl
P–Br
Average Bond Lengths
r bond (pm)
bond
r bond (pm)
101
145
125
110.
140.
121
141
175
184
O–H
O–O
O=O
O–F
O–Cl
O–Br
O–S
O=S
O–P
O=P
96
148
121
133
142
158
157
149
163
151
r bond (pm)
bond
S–H
S–S
S=S
S–F
S–Cl
S–Br
r bond (pm)
144
221
151
201
237
134
205
149
164
207
232
bond
H–H
H–F
H–Cl
H–Br
H–I
F–F
Cl–Cl
Br–Br
I–I
r bond (pm)
74
92
127
141
161
142
199
228
267
bond
C–H
C–C
C=C
C≡C
C–N
C=N
C≡N
C–O
C=O
C≡O
C–F
C–Cl
C–Br
C–I
C–Si
C–P
C–S
C=S
ΔH bond (kJ/mol)
bond
Si–H
Si–Si
Si–O
Si–F
Si–Cl
Si–Br
ΔH bond (kJ/mol)
413
347
614
839
305
613
891
358
743
1072
485
339
276
238
318
264
259
573
393
340.
452
565
381
310.
bond
N–H
N–N
N=N
N≡N
N–O
N=O
N–F
N–Cl
N–Br
bond
P–H
P–P
P–F
P–Cl
P–Br
Average Bond Enthalpies
ΔH bond (kJ/mol)
bond
ΔH bond (kJ/mol)
391
163
418
941
201
607
272
200.
243
O–H
O–O
O=O
O–F
O–Cl
O–Br
O–S
O=S
O–P
O=P
467
146
495
185
203
156
364
522
335
544
ΔH bond (kJ/mol)
bond
S–H
S–S
S=S
S–F
S–Cl
S–Br
ΔH bond (kJ/mol)
322
201
490.
326
264
347
266
425
327
253
218
bond
H–H
H–F
H–Cl
H–Br
H–I
F–F
Cl–Cl
Br–Br
I–I
ΔH bond (kJ/mol)
432
565
427
363
295
154
239
193
149
Properties of Water
ρ (g/cm3)
0.99984
0.99997
0.99970
0.99910
0.99821
0.99705
0.99565
0.99404
0.99222
0.99013
0.98803
0.98562
0.98320
0.98049
0.97778
0.97480
0.97182
0.96859
0.96535
0.96188
0.95840
P vap (kPa)
C p (J/g·K)
properties of ice
0°C
ρ (g/cm3)
0.9167
ΔH fus (J/g)
C p (J/g·K)
properties of steam
100°C
ρ (g/cm3)
5.974 × 10−4
ΔH vap (kJ/g)
C p (J/g·K)
properties of water
0°C
5°C
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
35°C
40°C
45°C
50°C
55°C
60°C
65°C
70°C
75°C
80°C
85°C
90°C
95°C
100°C
Kw
−15
1.15 × 10
1.87 × 10−15
2.96 × 10−15
4.57 × 10−15
6.87 × 10−15
1.01 × 10−14
1.46 × 10−14
2.06 × 10−14
2.87 × 10−14
3.94 × 10−14
5.31 × 10−14
7.05 × 10−14
9.25 × 10−14
1.20 × 10−13
1.53 × 10−13
1.94 × 10−13
2.44 × 10−13
3.02 × 10−13
3.73 × 10−13
4.52 × 10−13
5.43 × 10−13
0.61129
0.87260
1.2281
1.7056
2.3388
3.1690
4.2455
5.6267
7.3814
9.5898
12.344
15.752
19.932
25.022
31.176
38.563
47.373
57.815
70.117
84.529
101.325
333.6
2.2567
4.2176
4.2049
4.1921
4.1870
4.1818
4.1801
4.1784
4.1785
4.1786
4.1796
4.1806
4.1825
4.1843
4.1869
4.1895
4.1929
4.1963
4.2007
4.2050
4.2105
4.2159
2.108
2.0784
substance (TSS)
Ag
Al
As
Au
B
Ba
Be
Ca
Cd
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hg
In
Ir
K
Li
Mg
Mn
Mo
Na
Nb
Ni
Os
P
Pb
Pd
Pt
3
ρ (g/cm )
10.48
2.70
5.75
19.30
2.34
3.62
1.85
1.54
8.69
8.86
7.15
1.93
8.96
7.87
5.91
5.32
13.5336
7.31
22.52
0.862
0.534
1.74
7.34
10.18
0.971
8.57
8.90
22.59
2.16
11.30
12.00
21.43
Properties of Other Substances (condensed phase)
C p (J/g·K)
substance (TSS)
0.235
0.904
0.328
0.129
1.027
0.205
1.820
0.646
0.231
0.421
0.450
0.242
0.384
0.449
0.374
0.321
0.140
0.233
0.131
0.757
3.573
1.024
0.479
0.251
1.227
0.265
0.445
0.130
0.685
0.127
0.244
0.133
Rb
Re
Rh
Ru
S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sn
Sr
Ta
Te
Ti
U
V
W
Zn
Zr
ρ (g/cm3)
1.53
20.81
12.42
12.16
2.07
6.68
2.99
4.81
2.33
7.27
2.64
16.47
6.24
4.51
19.08
6.07
19.31
7.14
6.52
C p (J/g·K)
0.364
0.137
0.243
0.238
0.705
0.207
0.567
0.322
0.712
0.227
0.306
0.140
0.201
0.522
0.116
0.489
0.132
0.388
0.278
substance (TSS)
air
N2
O2
Ar
CO2
Ne
He
CH4
Kr
H2
Xe
B2H6
CF4
CHF3
CH2F2
CH3Br
CH3Cl
CH3F
CO
C2H2
C2H4
C2H6
C3H4
C3H6
C3H8
Cl2
F2
H2S
NO
NO2
N2O
O3
SO2
3
ρ (kg/m )
1.185
1.145
1.308
1.632
1.805
0.8242
0.1637
0.6585
3.429
0.08228
5.486
1.131
3.588
2.876
2.126
3.872
2.070
1.391
1.145
1.070
1.169
1.234
1.628
1.710
1.818
2.919
1.553
1.402
1.227
1.896
1.805
1.946
2.650
Properties of Other Substances (gas phase)
C p (J/g·K)
k H (mol/L·atm)
% (v/v) of dry air
1.007
1.039
0.919
0.521
0.843
1.031
5.196
2.225
0.248
14.286
0.158
2.049
0.694
0.728
0.825
0.447
0.808
1.102
1.039
1.690
1.529
1.746
1.515
1.528
1.669
0.478
0.824
1.003
0.996
0.809
0.877
0.817
0.623
6.1 × 10−4
1.3 × 10−3
1.4 × 10−3
3.6 × 10−2
4.5 × 10−4
3.8 × 10−4
1.4 × 10−3
2.5 × 10−3
7.8 × 10−4
4.3 × 10−3
1.9 × 10−4
1.3 × 10−2
8.7 × 10−2
1.5 × 10−1
9.4 × 10−2
7.2 × 10−2
9.9 × 10−4
3.9 × 10−2
4.8 × 10−3
1.9 × 10−3
9.4 × 10−2
4.8 × 10−3
1.5 × 10−3
9.5 × 10−2
8.7 × 10−2
1.9 × 10−3
1.2 × 10−2
2.5 × 10−2
9.4 × 10−3
1.4 × 100
78.0840
20.9476
0.9340
0.0314
0.001818
0.000524
0.000173
0.000114
0.000053
0.0000087
Acid Dissociation Constants
name
2,3-dihydroxypropanoic acid
2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid
2-acetoxybenzoic acid
2-chlorobenzoic acid
2-hydroxyethanoic acid
2-hydroxypropanoic acid
2-oxopropanoic acid
2-propenoic acid
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid
3-chlorobenzoic acid
4-chlorobenzoic acid
acetic acid
acetic acid
acetylsalicylic acid
acrylic acid
adipic acid
ammonia
aniline
arsenic acid
arsenous acid
ascorbic acid
barbituric acid
benzoic acid
boric acid
bromoacetic acid
butanedioic acid
butanoic acid
butyric acid
caproic acid
carbonic acid
chloroacetic acid
chloroacetic acid
chromic acid
formula
HC3H5O4
HC9H7O4
HC2H3O3
HC3H5O3
HC3H3O3
HC3H3O2
HCH3CO2
HC2H3O2
HC9H7O4
HC3H3O2
H2C6H8O4
NH3
C6H5NH2
H3AsO4
H3AsO3
H2C6H6O6
HC4H3N2O3
HC7H5O2
H3BO3
HC2H2BrO2
H2C4H4O4
HC4H7O2
HC4H7O2
HC6H11O2
H2CO3
HC2H2ClO2
HC2H2O2Cl
H2CrO4
K a1
−4
3.0 × 10
2.1 × 10−2
3.3 × 10−4
1.3 × 10−3
1.5 × 10−4
1.4 × 10−4
4.1 × 10−3
5.6 × 10−5
3.9 × 10−5
1.4 × 10−4
1.0 × 10−4
1.7 × 10−5
1.7 × 10−5
3.3 × 10−4
5.6 × 10−5
3.9 × 10−5
5.6 × 10−10
1.3 × 10−5
5.5 × 10−3
5.1 × 10−10
9.1 × 10−5
9.8 × 10−5
6.3 × 10−5
5.4 × 10−10
1.3 × 10−3
6.2 × 10−5
1.5 × 10−5
1.5 × 10−5
1.4 × 10−5
4.5 × 10−7
1.3 × 10−3
1.3 × 10−3
1.8 × 10−1
K a2
K a3
3.9 × 10−6
1.7 × 10−7
2.0 × 10−12
2.3 × 10−6
4.7 × 10−11
3.2 × 10−7
5.1 × 10−12
Acid Dissociation Constants
name
cinnamic acid
citric acid
cyanoacetic acid
dichloroacetic acid
ethanedioic acid
ethanoic acid
ethanol
fluoroacetic acid
formic acid
fumaric acid
gallic acid
glutaric acid
glyceric acid
glycolic acid
hexanedioic acid
hexanoic acid
hydrazine
hydrazoic acid
hydroazoic acid
hydrocyanic acid
hydrofluoric acid
hydrogen peroxide
hydrogen selenide
hydrogen sulfide
hydroxyacetic acid
hydroxybutanedioic acid
hydroxylamine
iodoacetic acid
isophthalic acid
lactic acid
m-toluic acid
maleic acid
malic acid
formula
HC8H7O2
H3C6H5O7
HC3H2NO2
HC2HCl2O2
H2C2O4
HC2H3O2
HC2H5O
HC2H2FO2
HCHO2
H2C5H6O4
HC3H5O4
HC2H3O3
H2C6H8O4
HC6H11O2
N2H4
HN3
HN3
HCN
HF
H2O2
H2Se
H2S
HC2H3O3
H2C4H4O5
HONH2
HC2H2IO2
HC3H5O3
H2C4H4O5
K a1
−5
3.6 × 10
7.4 × 10−4
3.4 × 10−3
4.5 × 10−2
5.6 × 10−2
1.7 × 10−5
3.2 × 10−16
2.6 × 10−3
1.8 × 10−4
9.5 × 10−4
3.9 × 10−5
4.8 × 10−5
3.0 × 10−4
1.5 × 10−4
3.9 × 10−5
1.4 × 10−5
7.9 × 10−9
2.5 × 10−5
2.5 × 10−5
6.2 × 10−10
6.3 × 10−4
2.4 × 10−12
1.3 × 10−4
8.9 × 10−8
1.5 × 10−4
4.0 × 10−4
1.1 × 10−6
6.6 × 10−4
2.0 × 10−4
1.4 × 10−4
5.6 × 10−5
1.2 × 10−2
4.0 × 10−4
K a2
K a3
1.7 × 10−5
4.0 × 10−7
1.5 × 10−4
4.2 × 10−5
3.8 × 10−6
3.9 × 10−6
1.0 × 10−11
1.0 × 10−19
7.8 × 10−6
2.5 × 10−5
5.9 × 10−7
7.8 × 10−6
Acid Dissociation Constants
name
malonic acid
mandelic acid
methanoic acid
methanol
nitroacetic acid
o-toluic acid
oxalic acid
oxaloacetic acid
oxobutanedioic acid
p-toluic acid
pentandedioic acid
pentanoic acid
phenol
phenylamine
phloroglucinic acid
phosphoric acid
phosphorous acid
phthalic acid
propanedioic acid
propanoic acid
propionic acid
pyruvic acid
succinic acid
tartaric acid
terephthalic acid
thioacetic acid
trichloroacetic acid
trifluoroacetic acid
uric acid
valeric acid
formula
H2C3H2O4
HC8H7O3
HCHO2
HCH3O
HC2H2NO4
H2C2O4
H2C4H2O5
H2C4H2O5
H2C5H6O4
HC5H9O2
HC6H5O
C6H5NH2
H3PO4
H3PO3
H2C3H2O4
HC3H5O2
HC3H5O2
HC3H3O3
H2C4H4O4
H2C4H4O6
HC2H3OS
HC2Cl3O2
HC2F3O2
HC5H3N4O3
HC5H9O2
K a1
−3
1.4 × 10
4.3 × 10−4
1.8 × 10−4
3.2 × 10−16
3.3 × 10−2
1.2 × 10−4
5.6 × 10−2
2.8 × 10−3
2.8 × 10−3
4.3 × 10−5
4.8 × 10−5
1.5 × 10−5
1.0 × 10−10
1.3 × 10−5
2.1 × 10−2
6.9 × 10−3
5.0 × 10−2
1.1 × 10−3
1.4 × 10−3
1.3 × 10−5
1.3 × 10−5
4.1 × 10−3
6.2 × 10−5
9.3 × 10−4
2.9 × 10−4
4.7 × 10−4
2.2 × 10−1
3.0 × 10−1
1.3 × 10−4
1.5 × 10−5
K a2
2.0 × 10
−6
K a3
1.5 × 10−4
4.3 × 10−5
4.3 × 10−5
3.8 × 10−6
6.2 × 10−8
2.0 × 10−7
3.7 × 10−6
2.0 × 10−6
2.3 × 10−6
4.3 × 10−5
4.6 × 10−5
4.8 × 10−13
Acid Dissociation Constants
name
bromic acid
bromous acid
chloric acid
chlorous acid
cyanic acid
germanic acid
hydriodic acid
hydrobromic acid
hydrochloric acid
hydroiodic acid
hypobromous acid
hypochlorous acid
hypoiodous acid
iodic acid
iodous acid
methanesulfonic acid
nitric acid
nitrous acid
p-toluenesulfonic acid
perchloric acid
selenic acid
selenous acid
sulfuric acid
sulfurous acid
thiocyanic acid
triflic acid
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
formula
HBrO3
HBrO2
HClO3
HClO2
HCNO
H2GeO3
HI
HBr
HCl
HI
HBrO
HClO
HIO
HIO3
HIO2
HCH3SO3
HNO3
HNO2
HCH3C6H4SO3
HClO4
H2SeO4
H2SeO3
H2SO4
H2SO3
HSCN
HCF3SO3
HCF3SO3
K a1
−1
2.0 × 10
3.7 × 10−4
1.0 × 10+1
1.1 × 10−2
3.5 × 10−4
9.8 × 10−10
2.0 × 10+9
5.0 × 10+8
1.3 × 10+6
2.0 × 10+9
2.8 × 10−9
4.0 × 10−8
3.2 × 10−11
1.7 × 10−1
3.2 × 10−5
4.0 × 100
2.4 × 10+1
5.6 × 10−4
6.3 × 10+2
4.0 × 10+1
1.0 × 10+2
2.4 × 10−3
1.0 × 10+3
1.4 × 10−2
6.3 × 10+1
7.9 × 10+14
7.9 × 10+14
K a2
5.0 × 10−13
2.0 × 10−2
4.8 × 10−9
1.0 × 10−2
6.3 × 10−8
K a3
Acid Dissociation Constants
name
aluminum(III) ion
barium ion
beryllium ion
calcium ion
chromium(III) ion
cobalt(II) ion
iron(II) ion
iron(III) ion
lithium ion
magnesium ion
nickel(II) ion
potassium ion
sodium ion
strontium ion
zinc(II) ion
formula
3+
Al
Ba2+
Be2+
Ca2+
Cr3+
Co2+
Fe2+
Fe3+
Li+
Mg2+
Ni2+
K+
Na+
Sr2+
Zn2+
K a1
−5
1.2 × 10
4.0 × 10−14
3.0 × 10−7
2.5 × 10−13
1.6 × 10−4
1.3 × 10−9
3.2 × 10−10
6.2 × 10−3
1.6 × 10−14
4.0 × 10−12
2.5 × 10−11
7.9 × 10−16
1.6 × 10−15
6.3 × 10−14
2.5 × 10−10
K a2
K a3
name
2,3-dimethylpyridine
2,4-dimethylpyridine
2,5-dimethylpyridine
2,6-dimethylpyridine
2-chloropyridine
3,4-dimethylpyridine
3,5-dimethylpyridine
3-chloropyridine
4-chloropyridine
ammonia
aniline
codeine
decylamine
diethylamine
diisopropylamine
dimethylamine
ethanolamine
ethylamine
heptylamine
hexylamine
hydrazine
hydroxylamine
imidazole
isopropylamine
methylamine
morphine
morpholine
n-butylamine
nonylamine
octylamine
pentylamine
piperidine
propylamine
formula
Base Dissociation Constants
Kb
name
−8
NH3
C6H5NH2
C18H21NH2
(C10H21)NH2
(C2H5)2NH
(C3H7)2NH
(CH3)2NH
HOC2H4NH2
(C2H5)NH2
(C7H15)NH2
(C6H13)NH2
H2NNH2
HONH2
(CH3)NH2
C17H19NO3
(C4H9)NH2
(C9H19)NH2
(C8H17)NH2
(C5H11)NH2
C5H10NH
(C3H7)NH2
3.8 × 10
9.9 × 10−8
2.5 × 10−8
4.5 × 10−8
3.1 × 10−14
2.9 × 10−8
1.4 × 10−8
6.5 × 10−12
6.8 × 10−11
1.8 × 10−5
7.5 × 10−10
1.6 × 10−6
4.4 × 10−4
7.0 × 10−4
1.1 × 10−3
5.4 × 10−4
3.2 × 10−5
4.5 × 10−4
4.7 × 10−4
3.7 × 10−4
1.3 × 10−6
8.8 × 10−9
9.9 × 10−8
4.3 × 10−4
4.6 × 10−4
1.6 × 10−6
3.2 × 10−6
4.0 × 10−4
4.4 × 10−4
4.5 × 10−4
4.3 × 10−4
1.3 × 10−3
3.5 × 10−4
pyrazole
pyridazine
pyridine
pyrimidine
pyrrolidine
sec-butylamine
strychnine
tert-butylamine
triethylamine
trimethylamine
barium hydroxide
calcium hydroxide
lithium hydroxide
magnesium hydroxide
nickel(II) hydroxide
potassium hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
strontium hydroxide
formula
C5H5N
C4H8NH
C21H22N2O2
(C2H5)3N
(CH3)3N
Ba(OH)2
Ca(OH)2
LiOH
Mg(OH)2
Ni(OH)2
KOH
NaOH
Sr(OH)2
Kb
3.1 × 10−12
1.8 × 10−12
1.7 × 10−9
1.7 × 10−13
2.1 × 10−3
3.7 × 10−4
1.8 × 10−6
4.8 × 10−4
5.7 × 10−4
6.4 × 10−5
2.5 × 10−1
4.0 × 10−2
6.4 × 10−1
2.5 × 10−3
4.0 × 10−4
1.3 × 10+1
6.4 × 100
1.6 × 10−1
name
aluminum hydroxide
aluminum phosphate
barium carbonate
barium chromate
barium fluoride
barium hydroxide
barium sulfate
barium sulfite
beryllium hydroxide
cadmium carbonate
cadmium hydroxide
cadmium phosphate
cadmium sulfide
calcium carbonate
calcium fluoride
calcium hydroxide
calcium phosphate
calcium sulfate
calcium sulfite
chromium(II) hydroxide
chromium(III) hydroxide
cobalt(II) carbonate
cobalt(II) hydroxide
cobalt(II) phosphate
cobalt(II) sulfide
cobalt(III) hydroxide
copper(I) bromide
copper(I) chloride
copper(I) cyanide
copper(I) iodide
copper(II) carbonate
copper(II) hydroxide
copper(II) phosphate
formula
Al(OH)3
AlPO4
BaCO3
BaCrO4
BaF2
Ba(OH)2
BaSO4
BaSO3
Be(OH)2
CdCO3
Cd(OH)2
Cd3(PO4)2
CdS
CaCO3
CaF2
Ca(OH)2
Ca3(PO4)2
CaSO4
CaSO3
Cr(OH)2
Cr(OH)3
CoCO3
Co(OH)2
Co3(PO4)2
CoS
Co(OH)3
CuBr
CuCl
CuCN
CuI
CuCO3
Cu(OH)2
Cu3(PO4)2
Solubility-Product Constants
K sp
name
−33
1.9 × 10
9.8 × 10−21
2.6 × 10−9
1.2 × 10−10
1.8 × 10−7
2.6 × 10−4
1.1 × 10−10
5.0 × 10−10
6.9 × 10−22
1.0 × 10−12
7.2 × 10−15
2.5 × 10−33
7.2 × 10−28
3.4 × 10−9
3.5 × 10−11
5.0 × 10−6
2.1 × 10−33
4.9 × 10−5
3.1 × 10−7
2.0 × 10−16
6.3 × 10−31
1.4 × 10−13
5.9 × 10−15
2.1 × 10−35
4.0 × 10−21
1.6 × 10−44
6.3 × 10−9
1.7 × 10−7
3.5 × 10−20
1.3 × 10−12
1.4 × 10−10
2.2 × 10−20
1.4 × 10−37
copper(II) sulfide
iron(II) carbonate
iron(II) hydroxide
iron(III) hydroxide
lead(II) bromide
lead(II) carbonate
lead(II) chloride
lead(II) chromate
lead(II) fluoride
lead(II) hydroxide
lead(II) iodide
lead(II) sulfate
lead(II) sulfide
magnesium carbonate
magnesium fluoride
magnesium hydroxide
magnesium phosphate
manganese(II) carbonate
manganese(II) hydroxide
manganese(II) sulfide
mercury(I) bromide
mercury(I) carbonate
mercury(I) chloride
mercury(I) fluoride
mercury(I) iodide
mercury(II) sulfide
nickel(II) carbonate
nickel(II) hydroxide
nickel(II) sulfide
silver bromate
silver bromide
silver carbonate
silver chloride
formula
CuS
FeCO3
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
PbBr2
PbCO3
PbCl2
PbCrO4
PbF2
Pb(OH)2
PbI2
PbSO4
PbS
MgCO3
MgF2
Mg(OH)2
Mg3(PO4)2
MnCO3
Mn(OH)2
MnS
Hg2Br2
Hg2CO3
Hg2Cl2
Hg2F2
Hg2I2
HgS
NiCO3
Ni(OH)2
NiS
AgBrO3
AgBr
Ag2CO3
AgCl
K sp
5.4 × 10−37
3.1 × 10−11
4.9 × 10−17
2.8 × 10−39
6.6 × 10−6
7.4 × 10−14
1.7 × 10−5
2.8 × 10−13
3.3 × 10−8
1.4 × 10−20
9.8 × 10−9
2.5 × 10−8
2.7 × 10−28
6.8 × 10−6
5.2 × 10−11
5.6 × 10−12
1.0 × 10−24
2.2 × 10−11
1.9 × 10−9
2.4 × 10−14
6.4 × 10−23
3.6 × 10−17
1.4 × 10−18
3.1 × 10−6
5.2 × 10−29
1.8 × 10−53
1.4 × 10−7
5.5 × 10−16
3.0 × 10−19
5.4 × 10−5
5.4 × 10−13
8.5 × 10−12
1.8 × 10−10
name
silver chromate
silver cyanide
silver iodide
silver phosphate
silver sulfate
silver sulfide
silver sulfite
tin(II) hydroxide
tin(II) sulfide
zinc carbonate
zinc hydroxide
zinc sulfide
formula
Ag2CrO4
AgCN
AgI
Ag3PO4
Ag2SO4
Ag2S
Ag2SO3
Sn(OH)2
SnS
ZnCO3
Zn(OH)2
ZnS
Solubility-Product Constants
K sp
1.1 × 10−12
6.0 × 10−17
8.5 × 10−17
8.9 × 10−17
1.2 × 10−5
5.4 × 10−51
1.5 × 10−14
5.5 × 10−27
9.0 × 10−27
1.5 × 10−10
3.0 × 10−17
1.8 × 10−25
Ion Formation Constants
name
diamminesilver(I)
dicyanoargentate(I)
dicyanocuprate(I)
dithiosulfateargentate(I)
hexaamminenickel(II)
hexacyanoferrate(II)
hexacyanoferrate(III)
tetraamminecopper(II)
tetraamminenickel(II)
tetraamminezinc(II)
tetracyanocuprate(I)
tetracyanocuprate(II)
tetracyanonickelate(II)
tetracyanozincate(II)
tetrahydroxoaluminate(III)
tetrahydroxoberrylate(II)
tetrahydroxochromate(III)
tetrahydroxocuprate(II)
tetrahydroxoferrate(II)
tetrahydroxoferrate(III)
tetrahydroxogallate(III)
tetrahydroxonickel(II)
tetrahydroxozincate(II)
trihydroxoplumbate(II)
trihydroxostannate(II)
formula
Ag(NH3)2+
Ag(CN)2−
Cu(CN)2−
Ag(S2O3)23−
Ni(NH3)62+
Fe(CN)64−
Fe(CN)63−
Cu(NH3)42+
Ni(NH3)42+
Zn(NH3)42+
Cu(CN)43−
Cu(CN)42−
Ni(CN)42−
Zn(CN)42−
Al(OH)4−
Be(OH)42−
Cr(OH)4−
Cu(OH)42−
Fe(OH)42−
Fe(OH)4−
Ga(OH)4−
Ni(OH)42−
Zn(OH)42−
Pb(OH)3−
Sn(OH)3−
Kf
1.7 × 107
5.6 × 1018
1.0 × 1016
2.9 × 1013
5.6 × 108
7.7 × 1036
4.1 × 1042
5.6 × 1011
3.0 × 107
5.1 × 108
2.0 × 1030
1.0 × 1025
1.7 × 1030
4.2 × 1019
2.3 × 1033
4.0 × 1018
8.0 × 1029
4.0 × 1015
1.0 × 1010
2.5 × 1034
2.5 × 1039
2.0 × 1028
3.2 × 1015
7.9 × 1013
2.5 × 1025
formula
(CH3)2CO
(CH3)2SO
(C2H5)O
(C6H5)2CO
(C6H5CH2)2O
Ag
AgBr
AgCl
AgNO3
Ag2S
Al
AlBr3
AlCl3
Al2O3
Au
B
BBr3
BCl3
B2H6
B2O3
Ba
BaBr2
BaCl2
BaO
BaS
BaSO4
Be
BeBr2
BeCl2
BeO
Br2
C
CBr4
T m (°C)
Phase Transition Thermodynamic Data
ΔH fus (kJ/mol)
E f (K·kg/mol)
T b (°C)
ΔH vap (kJ/mol)
3.85
961.78
432
455
212
825
660.32
97.5
192.6
2053
1064.18
2075
11.28
9.12
13.2
11.5
14.1
10.789
11.25
35.4
111.4
12.72
50.2
450
727
857
962
1972
2229
1580
1287
508
415
2577
−7.2
4489
92.3
24.56
7.12
32.2
15.85
46
63
40.
7.895
18
8.66
86
10.57
117
3.76
−107
2.10
8.58
6.17
1502
1547
198
199
2519
255
294
23.5
2856
4000
91
12.65
−92.4
324
480.
30.5
23.77
14.28
482
105
1897
140.
E b (K·kg/mol)
1.80
3.22
2.20
formula
CCl4
CHCl3
CH2Cl2
CH3CN
CH3COC6H5
CH3CONH2
CH3CO2C2H5
CH3Cl
CH3NO
CH3OH
CH4
CO
CO2
C10H16O
C10H8
C13H10O
C14H14O
C2H4
C2H5NO
C2H5OH
C2H6
C2H6O2
C2H6SO
C3H6O
C3H8
C3H8O3
C4H10
C4H10O
C4H8O2
C4H9OH
C5H12
C5H5N
C6H11OH
T m (°C)
−22.62
−63.41
−97.2
−97.7
Phase Transition Thermodynamic Data
ΔH fus (kJ/mol)
E f (K·kg/mol)
T b (°C)
2.56
9.5
4.60
6.43
−97.53
−182.47
−205.02
−56.56
3.215
0.94
0.833
9.02
−169.15
3.35
−114.14
−182.79
4.931
2.72
−187.63
3.50
−138.3
−129.67
4.66
8.40
5.16
3.92
4.25
37.8
7.45
8.58
6.17
3.92
3.11
3.85
3.56
4.63
4.26
42.2
76.8
61.17
49.6
ΔH vap (kJ/mol)
29.82
29.24
28.06
−24.09
21.40
−103.77
13.53
64.6
−161.48
−191.5
35.21
8.19
6.04
78.29
−88.6
38.56
14.69
−42.1
19.04
−0.5
36.06
22.44
25.79
E b (K·kg/mol)
2.42
1.44
2.82
0.86
1.23
2.26
3.22
1.80
2.17
3.01
2.17
2.83
formula
C6H12
C6H14
C6H4(CH3)2
C6H5CH3
C6H5CN
C6H5NH2
C6H5NO2
C6H5OH
C6H6
C7H8
C8H10
C8H17OH
C8H8O
Ca
CaBr2
CaCl2
CaO
CaSO4
Cl2
Cr
CrCl2
Cr2O3
Cs
CsCl
Cu
CuCl
CuCl2
CuO
F2
Fe
FeBr2
FeCl2
FeCl3
T m (°C)
−95.35
5.49
842
742
775
2898
1460
−101.5
1907
814
2329
28.5
645
1084.62
430
630
1446
−219.66
1538
691
677
304
Phase Transition Thermodynamic Data
ΔH fus (kJ/mol)
E f (K·kg/mol)
T b (°C)
13.08
9.87
8.54
29.1
28.05
80.
28
6.40
21.0
32.2
130.
2.09
15.9
12.93
10.2
20.4
11.8
0.51
13.81
50.2
43.01
43.1
20.8
4.31
3.55
5.35
5.23
6.87
6.84
5.07
3.55
4.31
68.73
ΔH vap (kJ/mol)
28.85
80.09
30.72
−34.04
20.41
−188.12
6.62
5.16
E b (K·kg/mol)
2.92
2.90
4.25
3.40
3.82
5.20
3.54
2.64
3.40
4.25
5.06
formula
FeO
FeS
Fe3O4
HBr
HCHO2
HCONH2
HC2H3O2
HCl
HF
HI
HNO3
H2
H2O
H2O2
H2S
H2Se
H3PO3
H3PO4
Hg
HgBr2
HgCl2
I2
K
KBr
KCl
KNO3
Li
LiBr
LiCl
Mg
MgBr2
MgCl2
MgO
T m (°C)
1377
1188
1597
−86.80
16.64
−114.17
−83.35
−50.76
−259.34
0
74.4
42.4
−38.83
236
276
113.7
63.5
734
771
337
180.50
552
610
650
711
714
2825
Phase Transition Thermodynamic Data
ΔH fus (kJ/mol)
E f (K·kg/mol)
T b (°C)
24
31.5
138
2.41
11.73
2.00
4.58
2.87
0.12
6.010
12.8
13.4
2.29
17.9
19.41
15.52
2.33
25.5
26.53
10.1
3.00
17.6
19.9
8.48
39.3
43.1
77
2.38
4.25
3.63
1.86
ΔH vap (kJ/mol)
E b (K·kg/mol)
−66.38
12.69
117.9
23.70
3.22
−35.55
83
−252.87
100
150.2
−59.55
−41.25
19.76
39.1
0.90
40.657
51.6
18.67
19.7
0.513
356.73
59.11
184.4
41.57
formula
MgSO4
Mn
MnCl2
MnO
NH3
NH4NO3
NO
N2
N2H4
N2O
N2O4
Na
NaBr
NaCl
NaClO3
NaNO3
NaOH
Na2O
Na2S
Na2SO4
Ni
NiCl2
O2
P
PCl3
PH3
P2O5
Pb
PbBr2
PbCl2
PbS
Rb
S
T m (°C)
1127
1246
650
1839
−77.73
210
−163.6
−210.0
1.4
−90.8
−9.3
97.80
747
800.7
248
307
323
1132
1172
884
1455
1009
−218.79
44.15
−112
562
327.46
371
501
1113
39.3
Phase Transition Thermodynamic Data
ΔH fus (kJ/mol)
E f (K·kg/mol)
T b (°C)
14.6
12.91
30.7
54.4
5.66
6.40
2.30
0.71
12.6
6.54
14.65
2.60
26.11
28.16
22.1
15
6.60
48
19
23.6
17.04
71.2
0.44
0.66
7.10
27.2
4.782
16.44
21.75
49.4
2.19
−33.33
ΔH vap (kJ/mol)
23.33
−151.74
−195.79
113.55
−88.48
21.15
13.83
5.57
41.8
16.53
38.12
1388
175
−182.95
280.5
6.82
12.4
1749
179.5
444.60
45
−87.75
14.6
E b (K·kg/mol)
formula
SO2
SO3
Se
Si
SiCl4
SiO2
Sn
SnCl4
Ti
TiCl4
Zn
ZnBr2
ZnO
T m (°C)
16.8
220.5
1414
−68.74
1722
231.93
−34.07
1668
−24.12
419.53
394
1974
Phase Transition Thermodynamic Data
ΔH fus (kJ/mol)
E f (K·kg/mol)
T b (°C)
8.60
6.69
50.21
7.60
9.6
7.173
9.20
14.15
9.97
7.068
16.7
52.3
−10.05
45
685
ΔH vap (kJ/mol)
24.94
40.69
95.48
E b (K·kg/mol)
formula
Ag(g)
Ag(s)
AgBr(s)
AgBrO3(s)
AgCl(s)
AgClO3(s)
AgI(s)
AgNO3(s)
Ag2O(s)
Ag2S(s)
Al(g)
Al(s)
AlBr3(s)
AlCl3(s)
AlH3(s)
Al2O3(s)
Au(g)
Au(s)
B(g)
B(s)
BBr3(l)
BCl3(l)
BH3(g)
BO2(g)
B2H6(g)
B2O3(s)
Ba(g)
Ba(s)
BaBr2(s)
BaCO3(s)
BaCl2(s)
BaO(s)
BaS(s)
ΔH f⁰ (kJ/mol)
284.9
0
−100.4
−10.5
−127.0
−30.3
−61.8
−124.4
−31.1
−32.6
330.0
0
−527.2
−704.2
−46.0
−1675.7
366.1
0
565.0
0
−239.7
−427.2
89.2
−300.4
36.4
−1273.5
180.0
0
−757.3
−1213.0
−855.0
−548.0
−460.0
S ⁰ (J/mol·K)
173.0
42.6
107.1
151.9
96.3
142.0
115.5
140.9
121.3
144.0
164.6
28.3
180.2
109.3
30.0
50.9
180.5
47.4
153.4
5.9
229.7
206.3
188.2
229.6
232.1
54.0
170.2
62.5
146.0
112.1
123.7
72.1
78.2
Standard State Thermodynamic Data
ΔG f⁰ (kJ/mol)
formula
BaSO4(s)
233.3
Be(OH)2(s)
−12.7
−132.3
−55.8
−155.7
−72.6
−96.2
−166.4
−67.3
−75.5
280.9
−8.4
−580.9
−736.8
−54.9
−1690.9
312.3
−14.1
519.3
−1.8
−308.2
−488.7
33.1
−368.9
−32.8
−1289.6
129.3
−18.6
−800.8
−1246.4
−891.9
−569.5
−483.3
Be(g)
Be(s)
BeBr2(s)
BeCl2(s)
BeO(s)
BeS(s)
Br(g)
BrF3(g)
BrF3(l)
BrF5(g)
BrF5(l)
Br2(g)
Br2(l)
C(diamond)
C(g)
C(graphite)
C(s)
CBr4(g)
CBr4(s)
CCl4(g)
CCl4(l)
CHCl3(g)
CHCl3(l)
CH2Cl2(g)
CH2Cl2(l)
CH2O(g)
CH2O2(l)
CH3CH(CH3)OH(l)
CH3CHO(g)
CH3Cl(g)
CH3OH(g)
ΔH f⁰ (kJ/mol)
−1473.2
−902.5
324.0
0
−353.5
−490.4
−609.4
−234.3
111.9
−255.6
−300.8
−428.9
−458.6
30.9
0
1.9
716.7
0
0
83.9
29.4
−95.7
−128.2
−102.7
−134.1
−95.4
−124.2
−108.6
−425.0
−318.1
−166.2
−81.9
−201.0
S ⁰ (J/mol·K)
132.2
45.5
136.3
9.5
108.0
75.8
13.8
34.0
175.0
292.5
178.2
320.2
225.1
245.5
152.2
2.4
158.1
5.7
5.7
358.1
212.5
309.7
214.4
295.7
201.7
270.2
177.8
218.8
129.0
181.1
263.8
234.6
239.9
ΔG f⁰ (kJ/mol)
−1512.6
−916.1
283.4
−2.8
−385.7
−513.0
−613.5
−244.4
59.7
−342.8
−353.9
−524.4
−525.7
−42.3
−45.4
1.2
669.6
−1.7
−1.7
−22.9
−34.0
−188.0
−192.1
−190.9
−194.2
−176.0
−177.2
−173.8
−463.5
−372.1
−244.9
−151.8
−272.5
formula
CH3OH(g)
CH3OH(l)
CH3OH(l)
CH4(g)
CO(g)
COBr2(g)
COCl2(g)
CO2(g)
CS2(g)
CS2(l)
C2H2(g)
C2H4(g)
C2H4O(g)
C2H5OH(g)
C2H5OH(l)
C2H6(g)
C3H7OH(l)
C3H8(g)
C4H10(g)
C4H10(l)
C5H12(l)
C5H5N(l)
C6H12O6(s)
C6H14(l)
C6H5Br(l)
C6H5CH(CH3)2(l)
C6H5CHO(l)
C6H5CH3(l)
C6H5C2H3(l)
C6H5C2H5(l)
C6H5C3H7(l)
C6H5Cl(l)
C6H5F(l)
ΔH f⁰ (kJ/mol)
−201.0
−239.2
−239.2
−74.6
−110.5
−96.2
−219.1
−393.5
116.7
89.0
227.4
52.4
−52.6
−234.8
−277.6
−84.0
−302.6
−103.8
−125.7
−147.3
−173.5
100.2
−1273.3
−198.7
60.9
−41.1
−87.0
12.4
103.8
−12.3
−38.3
11.1
−150.6
S ⁰ (J/mol·K)
239.9
126.8
126.8
186.3
197.7
309.1
283.5
213.8
237.8
151.3
200.9
219.3
242.5
281.6
160.7
229.2
193.6
270.3
310.0
226.8
263.5
177.9
209.2
296.1
219.2
277.6
221.2
220.1
240.5
255.0
287.8
197.5
205.9
Standard State Thermodynamic Data
ΔG f⁰ (kJ/mol)
formula
C6H5I(l)
−272.5
C6H5NH2(l)
−277.0
C6H5NO2(l)
−277.0
C6H5OH(s)
−130.1
C6H6(g)
−169.4
C6H6(l)
−188.4
C7H16(l)
−303.6
C7H8(l)
−457.2
C8H18(l)
45.8
Ca(NO3)2(s)
43.9
Ca(OH)2(s)
167.5
−13.0
−124.9
−318.8
−325.5
−152.3
−360.3
−184.4
−218.1
−214.9
−252.1
47.2
−1335.7
−287.0
−4.5
−123.9
−153.0
−53.2
32.1
−88.3
−124.1
−47.8
−212.0
Ca(g)
Ca(s)
CaBr2(s)
CaCO3(s)
CaCl2(s)
CaF2(s)
CaI2(s)
CaO(s)
CaSO4(s)
Cl(g)
ClNO(g)
ClNO2(g)
Cl2(g)
Cr(g)
Cr(s)
CrCl2(s)
CrCl3(s)
Cr2O3(s)
Cs(g)
Cs(s)
CsBr(s)
CsCl(s)
ΔH f⁰ (kJ/mol)
117.2
31.6
12.5
−165.1
82.9
49.1
−224.2
12.4
−250.1
−938.2
−985.2
177.8
0
−682.8
−1207.6
−795.4
−1228.0
−533.5
−634.9
−1434.5
121.3
51.7
12.6
0
396.6
0
−395.4
−556.5
−1139.7
76.5
0
−405.8
−443.0
S ⁰ (J/mol·K)
205.4
191.3
224.3
144.0
269.2
173.4
328.6
220.1
361.2
193.2
83.4
154.9
41.6
130.0
91.7
108.4
68.5
142.0
38.1
106.5
165.2
261.7
272.2
223.1
174.5
23.8
115.3
123.0
81.2
175.6
85.2
113.1
101.2
ΔG f⁰ (kJ/mol)
56.0
−25.4
−54.4
−208.0
2.6
−2.6
−322.2
−53.2
−357.8
−995.8
−1010.1
131.6
−12.4
−721.6
−1234.9
−827.7
−1248.4
−575.8
−646.3
−1466.3
72.0
−26.3
−68.6
−66.5
344.6
−7.1
−429.8
−593.2
−1163.9
24.1
−25.4
−439.5
−473.2
formula
CsF(s)
CsI(s)
Cs2O(s)
Cu(g)
Cu(s)
CuBr(s)
CuCl(s)
CuCl2(s)
CuO(s)
Cu2O(s)
F(g)
F2(g)
Fe(g)
Fe(s)
FeBr2(s)
FeCl2(s)
FeCl3(s)
FeS(s)
FeS2(s)
Fe2O3(s)
Fe3O4(s)
H(g)
HBr(g)
HCN(g)
HC2H3O2(g)
HC2H3O2(l)
HCl(g)
HF(g)
HI(g)
HNO3(g)
HNO3(l)
H2(g)
H2O(g)
ΔH f⁰ (kJ/mol)
−553.3
−346.6
−345.8
337.4
0
−104.6
−137.2
−220.1
−157.3
−168.6
79.4
0
416.3
0
−249.8
−341.8
−399.5
−100.0
−178.2
−824.2
−1118.4
218.0
−36.3
135.1
−432.2
−484.3
−92.3
−273.3
26.5
−133.9
−174.1
0
−241.8
S ⁰ (J/mol·K)
92.8
123.1
146.9
166.4
33.2
96.1
86.2
108.1
42.6
93.1
158.8
202.8
180.5
27.3
140.6
118.0
142.3
60.3
52.9
87.4
146.4
114.7
198.7
201.8
283.5
159.8
186.9
173.8
206.6
266.9
155.6
130.7
188.8
Standard State Thermodynamic Data
ΔG f⁰ (kJ/mol)
formula
H2O(l)
−581.0
H2O2(g)
−383.3
H2O2(l)
−389.6
H2S(g)
287.8
H2SO4(l)
−9.9
H2Se(g)
−133.3
H
−162.9
3PO3(s)
H3PO4(l)
−252.3
−170.0
−196.4
32.1
−60.5
362.5
−8.1
−291.7
−377.0
−441.9
−118.0
−194.0
−850.3
−1162.0
183.8
−95.5
74.9
−516.7
−531.9
−148.0
−325.1
−35.1
−213.5
−220.5
−39.0
−298.1
Hg(g)
Hg(l)
HgBr2(s)
HgCl2(s)
HgO(s)
Hg2(g)
Hg2Br2(s)
Hg2Cl2(s)
I(g)
I2(g)
I2(s)
K(g)
K(s)
KBr(s)
KBrO3(s)
KCl(s)
KClO3(s)
KClO4(s)
KF(s)
KI(s)
KMnO4(s)
KNO2(s)
KNO3(s)
KOH(s)
KO2(s)
ΔH f⁰ (kJ/mol)
−285.8
−136.3
−187.8
−20.6
−814.0
29.7
−964.4
−1271.7
61.4
0
−170.7
−224.3
−90.8
108.8
−206.9
−265.4
106.8
62.4
0
89.0
0
−393.8
−360.2
−436.5
−397.7
−432.8
−567.3
−327.9
−837.2
−369.8
−494.6
−424.6
−284.9
S ⁰ (J/mol·K)
70.0
232.7
109.6
205.8
156.9
219.0
150.8
175.0
75.9
172.0
146.0
70.3
288.1
218.0
191.6
180.8
260.7
116.1
160.3
64.7
95.9
149.2
82.6
143.1
151.0
66.6
106.3
171.7
152.1
133.1
81.2
116.7
ΔG f⁰ (kJ/mol)
−306.7
−205.7
−220.5
−82.0
−860.8
−35.6
−1316.7
9.2
−22.6
−222.0
−267.8
−111.8
22.9
−271.9
−322.5
52.9
−15.3
−34.6
41.2
−19.3
−422.4
−404.7
−461.1
−440.4
−477.8
−587.2
−359.6
−888.4
−415.1
−534.3
−448.8
−319.7
formula
K2CO3(s)
K2O2(s)
Li(g)
Li(s)
LiBr(s)
LiCl(s)
LiF(s)
LiI(s)
Li2O(s)
Mg(g)
Mg(s)
MgBr2(s)
MgCO3(s)
MgCl2(s)
MgO(s)
Mn(g)
Mn(s)
MnCl2(s)
MnO(s)
MnO2(s)
N(g)
NH2CH2CO2H(s)
NH3(g)
NH4Cl(s)
NH4NO3(s)
NO(g)
NOCl(g)
NO2(g)
N2(g)
N2H4(g)
N2H4(l)
N2O(g)
ΔH f⁰ (kJ/mol)
−1150.2
−494.1
159.3
0
−351.2
−408.6
−616.0
−270.4
−597.9
147.1
0
−524.3
−1095.8
−641.3
−601.6
280.7
0
−481.3
−385.2
−520.0
472.7
−527.5
−45.9
−314.4
−365.6
91.3
51.7
33.2
0
95.4
50.6
81.6
S ⁰ (J/mol·K)
155.4
102.1
138.8
29.1
74.3
59.3
35.7
86.8
37.6
148.6
32.7
117.2
65.7
89.6
27.0
173.7
32.0
118.2
59.7
53.1
153.3
103.5
192.8
94.6
151.1
210.8
261.7
240.1
191.6
238.5
121.2
220.0
Standard State Thermodynamic Data
ΔG f⁰ (kJ/mol)
formula
N2O3(g)
−1196.5
N2O4(g)
−524.5
117.9
−8.7
−373.4
−426.3
−626.6
−296.3
−609.1
102.8
−9.7
−559.2
−1115.4
−668.0
−609.7
228.9
−9.5
−516.5
−403.0
−535.8
427.0
−558.4
−103.4
−342.6
−410.7
28.4
−26.3
−38.4
−57.1
24.3
14.5
16.0
Na(g)
Na(s)
NaBr(s)
NaCl(s)
NaClO3(s)
NaClO4(s)
NaF(s)
NaHCO3(s)
NaI(s)
NaNO2(s)
NaNO3(s)
NaOH(s)
NaO2(s)
Na2CO3(s)
Na2O(s)
Na2O2(s)
Na2S(s)
Na2SO3(s)
Na2SO4(s)
Ni(g)
Ni(s)
NiCl2(s)
O(g)
O2(g)
O3(g)
P(g)
P(red)
P(s)
P(white)
PBr3(g)
PBr3(l)
ΔH f⁰ (kJ/mol)
86.6
11.1
107.5
0
−361.1
−411.2
−365.8
−383.3
−576.6
−950.8
−287.8
−358.7
−467.9
−425.8
−260.2
−1130.7
−414.2
−510.9
−364.8
−1100.8
−1387.1
429.7
0
−305.3
249.2
0
142.7
316.5
−17.6
0
0
−139.3
−184.5
S ⁰ (J/mol·K)
314.7
304.4
153.7
51.3
86.8
72.1
123.4
142.3
51.1
101.7
98.5
103.8
116.5
64.4
115.9
135.0
75.1
95.0
83.7
145.9
149.6
182.2
29.9
97.7
161.1
205.2
238.9
163.2
22.8
41.1
41.1
348.1
240.2
ΔG f⁰ (kJ/mol)
−7.2
−79.7
61.7
−15.3
−387.0
−432.7
−402.6
−425.7
−591.8
−981.1
−317.2
−389.6
−502.6
−445.0
−294.8
−1171.0
−436.6
−539.2
−389.8
−1144.3
−1431.7
375.4
−8.9
−334.4
201.2
−61.2
71.5
267.8
−24.4
−12.3
−12.3
−243.1
−256.1
formula
PCl3(g)
PCl3(l)
PCl5(g)
PH3(g)
POCl3(g)
POCl3(l)
P4(g)
P4O10(s)
Pb(g)
Pb(s)
PbBr2(s)
PbCO3(s)
PbCl2(s)
PbO(s)
Rb(g)
Rb(s)
RbBr(s)
RbCl(s)
S(g)
S(monoclinic)
S(rhombic)
S(s)
SO(g)
SOCl2(g)
SO2(g)
SO2Cl2(g)
SO3(g)
Se(g)
Se(s)
Si(g)
Si(s)
SiBr4(l)
SiC(s)
ΔH f⁰ (kJ/mol)
−287.2
−319.7
−374.9
5.4
−558.5
−597.1
58.9
−3009.9
195.2
0
−278.7
−699.1
−359.4
−217.3
80.9
0
−394.6
−435.4
277.2
0.3
0
0
6.3
−212.5
−296.8
−364.0
−395.7
227.1
0
450.0
0
−457.3
−65.3
S ⁰ (J/mol·K)
311.8
217.1
364.6
210.2
325.5
222.5
280.0
228.8
175.4
64.8
161.5
131.0
136.0
68.7
170.1
76.8
110.0
95.9
167.8
33.2
32.1
32.1
222.0
309.8
248.2
311.9
256.8
176.7
42.4
168.0
18.8
277.8
16.6
Standard State Thermodynamic Data
ΔG f⁰ (kJ/mol)
formula
SiCl4(g)
−380.2
SiCl4(l)
−384.4
SiO2(s)
−483.6
−57.3
−655.5
−663.4
−24.6
−3078.1
142.9
−19.3
−326.9
−738.2
−399.9
−237.8
30.2
−22.9
−427.4
−464.0
227.2
−9.6
−9.6
−9.6
−59.9
−304.9
−370.8
−457.0
−472.3
174.4
−12.6
399.9
−5.6
−540.1
−70.2
Sn(g)
Sn(s)
SnCl4(l)
Ti(g)
Ti(s)
TiCl2(s)
TiCl3(s)
TiCl4(g)
TiCl4(l)
TiO2(s)
Zn(g)
Zn(s)
ZnBr2(s)
ZnCO3(s)
ZnCl2(s)
ZnO(s)
ΔH f⁰ (kJ/mol)
−657.0
−687.0
−910.7
301.2
0
−511.3
473.0
0
−513.8
−720.9
−763.2
−804.2
−944.0
130.4
0
−328.7
−812.8
−415.1
−350.5
S ⁰ (J/mol·K)
330.7
239.7
41.5
168.5
51.2
258.6
180.3
30.7
87.4
139.7
353.2
252.3
50.6
161.0
41.6
138.5
82.4
111.5
43.7
ΔG f⁰ (kJ/mol)
−755.6
−758.5
−923.1
251.0
−15.3
−588.4
419.2
−9.2
−539.9
−762.6
−868.5
−879.4
−959.1
82.4
−12.4
−370.0
−837.4
−448.3
−363.5
formula
Ca(NO3)2(aq)
CaCl2(aq)
CaSO4(aq)
HBr(aq)
HCN(aq)
HC2H3O2(aq)
HCl(aq)
HF(aq)
HI(aq)
HNO3(aq)
H2SO4(aq)
H3PO3(aq)
H3PO4(aq)
KOH(aq)
NH3(aq)
NaCl(aq)
NaOH(aq)
ΔH f⁰ (kJ/mol)
−957.6
−877.1
−1452.1
−121.6
150.6
−486.0
−167.2
−332.6
−55.2
−207.4
−909.3
−964.8
−1277.4
−482.4
−80.3
−407.3
−470.1
ΔS ⁰ (J/mol·K)
239.7
59.8
−33.1
82.4
94.1
86.6
56.5
−13.8
111.3
146.4
20.1
220.5
91.7
111.3
115.5
48.2
Standard Aqueous Thermodynamic Data
ΔG f⁰ (kJ/mol)
−1029.1
−894.9
−1442.2
−146.2
122.5
−511.8
−184.0
−328.5
−88.4
−251.0
−915.3
−1343.1
−509.7
−113.5
−441.7
−484.5
formula
AgClO4
AgNO2
AgNO3
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(OH)2
CaCl2
CaF2
CaSO4
CsBr
CsCl
CsClO4
CsF
CsI
CsNO3
CsOH
HBr
HCO2H
HC2H3O2
HCl
HClO4
HF
HI
HIO3
HNO3
KBr
KCN
KC2H3O2
KCl
KClO3
KClO4
KF
KI
KIO3
ΔH sol (kJ/mol)
+7.36
+36.94
+22.59
−19.40
−17.60
−81.80
+20.00
−17.60
+25.98
+17.78
+55.44
−36.86
+33.35
+40.00
−71.55
−85.14
−0.86
−1.51
−74.84
−88.76
−61.50
−81.67
+8.79
−33.28
+19.87
+11.72
−15.33
+17.22
+41.38
+51.04
−17.73
+20.33
+27.74
Enthalpies of Solution
ΔH sol (kJ/mol)
formula
KMnO4
+43.56
KNO2
+13.35
KNO3
+34.89
KOH
−57.61
LiBr
−48.83
LiCl
−37.03
LiClO4
−26.55
LiF
+4.73
LiI
−63.30
LiNO2
−11.00
LiNO3
−2.51
LiOH
−23.56
NH3
−30.50
NH4Br
+16.78
NH4CN
+17.57
NH4C2H3O2
−2.38
NH4Cl
+14.78
NH4ClO4
+33.47
NH4I
+13.72
NH4IO3
+31.80
NH4NO2
+19.25
NH4NO3
+25.69
NaBr
−0.60
NaCN
+1.21
NaC2H3O2
−17.32
NaCl
+3.88
NaClO2
+0.33
NaClO3
+21.72
NaClO4
+13.88
NaF
+0.91
NaI
−7.53
NaIO3
+20.29
NaNO2
+13.89
formula
NaNO3
NaOH
RbBr
RbCl
RbClO3
RbClO4
RbF
RbI
RbNO3
RbOH
ΔH sol (kJ/mol)
+20.50
−44.51
+21.88
+17.28
+47.74
+56.74
−26.11
+25.10
+36.48
−62.34
formula
(NH4)2SO4
AgBr
AgCl
AgNO3
Al(OH)3
AlBr3
AlCl3
AlF3
AlH3
AlI3
AuBr
AuCl
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(OH)2
CaBr2
CaCO3
CaCl2
CaF2
CaH2
CaI2
CaSO4
Cr(OH)3
CrBr3
CrCl3
Cu(NO3)2
CuBr
CuBr2
CuCO3
CuCl
CuCl2
Fe(OH)2
FeBr2
FeBr3
FeCO3
FeCl2
ΔH latt (kJ/mol)
1777
905
918
832
5627
5360.
5513
6252
5969
5227
1059
1066
2247
2637
2132
2811
2271
2651
2406
2087
2480.
6299
5355
5529
2739
978
2774
3494
996
2824
3044
2577
5347
3169
2641
formula
FeCl3
KBr
KCN
KC2H3O2
KCl
KF
KH
KHCO3
KI
KNO2
KNO3
KN3
KOH
K2CO3
K2SO4
LiBr
LiCN
LiC2H3O2
LiCl
LiF
LiH
LiI
LiNO3
LiN3
LiOH
Li2SO4
Mg(NO3)2
Mg(OH)2
MgBr2
MgCO3
MgCl2
MgF2
MgH2
MgI2
MnCO3
Lattice Enthalpies
ΔH latt (kJ/mol)
5436
691
686
726
720.
829
713
573
650.
687
694
697
796
1846
1796
820.
874
843
864
1049
918
764
854
875
1028
2142
2521
2998
2451
3122
2540.
2978
2718
2340.
3095
formula
NH4CN
NH4HCO3
NaBr
NaCN
NaC2H3O2
NaCl
NaF
NaH
NaHCO3
NaI
NaNO2
NaNO3
NaN3
NaOH
Na2CO3
Na2SO4
Ni(NO3)2
Ni(OH)2
NiBr2
NiCl2
Pb(NO3)2
PbBr2
PbCO3
PbCl2
SnCl2
SnCl4
TiBr4
TiCl4
Zn(NO3)2
Zn(OH)2
ZnBr2
ZnCO3
ZnCl2
ΔH latt (kJ/mol)
691
577
754
759
807
790.
930.
807
656
705
772
763
784
892
2016
1938
2729
3186
2721
2786
2208
2230.
2750.
2282
2310.
8930.
9288
9431
2649
3151
2689
3273
2748
Standard Electrode Potentials
half-reaction
F2(g) + 2 e− → 2 F−(aq)
O3(g) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e− → O2(g) + H2O(l)
Co3+(aq) + e− → Co2+(aq)
H2O2(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e− → 2 H2O(l)
PbO2(s) + SO42−(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e− → PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O(l)
MnO4−(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 3 e− → MnO2(s) + 2 H2O(l)
2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e− → Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
2 NO(g) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e− → N2O(g) + H2O(l)
MnO4−(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e− → Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l)
Au3+(aq) + 3 e− → Au(s)
HClO(aq) + H+(aq) + 2 e− → Cl−(aq) + H2O(l)
2 ClO3−(aq) + 12 H+(aq) + 10 e− → Cl2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
PbO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e− → Pb2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
Cl2(g) + 2 e− → 2 Cl−(aq)
HCrO4−(aq) + 7 H+(aq) + 3 e− → Cr3+(aq) + 4 H2O(l)
2 HNO2(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e− → N2O(g) + 3 H2O(l)
Cr2O72−(aq) + 14 H+(aq) + 6 e− → 2 Cr3+(aq) + 7 H2O(l)
O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e− → 2 H2O(l)
MnO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e− → Mn2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
ClO3−(aq) + 3 H+(aq) + 2 e− → HClO2(aq) + H2O(l)
ClO4−(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e− → ClO3−(aq) + H2O(l)
ClO3−(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + e− → ClO2(g) + H2O(l)
Br2(aq) + 2 e− → 2 Br−(aq)
Br2(l) + 2 e− → 2 Br−(aq)
N2O4(g) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e− → 2 HNO2(aq)
N2O4(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e− → 2 NO(g) + 2 H2O(l)
HNO2(aq) + H+(aq) + e− → NO(g) + H2O(l)
NO3−(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 3 e− → NO(g) + 2 H2O(l)
2 Hg2+(aq) + 2 e− → Hg22+(aq)
N2O4(g) + 2 e− → 2 NO2−(aq)
Hg2+(aq) + 2 e− → Hg(l)
ClO−(aq) + H2O(l) + 2 e− → Cl−(aq) + 2 OH−(aq)
Ag+(aq) + e− → Ag(s)
E ⁰ (V)
+2.866
+2.076
+1.920
+1.776
+1.691
+1.679
+1.611
+1.591
+1.507
+1.498
+1.482
+1.470
+1.455
+1.358
+1.350
+1.297
+1.232
+1.229
+1.224
+1.214
+1.189
+1.152
+1.087
+1.066
+1.065
+1.035
+0.983
+0.957
+0.920
+0.867
+0.851
+0.841
+0.800
half-reaction
Hg22+(aq) + 2 e− → 2 Hg(l)
Fe3+(aq) + e− → Fe2+(aq)
2 NO(g) + H2O(l) + 2 e− → N2O(g) + 2 OH−(aq)
O2(g) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e− → H2O2(aq)
ClO3−(aq) + 3 H2O(l) + 6 e− → Cl−(aq) + 6 OH−(aq)
MnO4−(aq) + 2 H2O(l) + 3 e− → MnO2(s) + 4 OH−(aq)
S2O62−(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e− → 2 H2SO3(aq)
I3−(aq) + 2 e− → 3 I−(aq)
I2(s) + 2 e− → 2 I−(aq)
Cu+(aq) + e− → Cu(s)
O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 4 e− → 4 OH−(aq)
ClO4−(aq) + H2O(l) + 2 e− → ClO3−(aq) + 2 OH−(aq)
Cu2+(aq) + 2 e− → Cu(s)
PbO2(s) + H2O(l) + 2 e− → PbO(s) + 2 OH−(aq)
AgCl(s) + e− → Ag(s) + Cl−(aq)
SO42−(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e− → H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Cu2+(aq) + e− → Cu+(aq)
Sn4+(aq) + 2 e− → Sn2+(aq)
2 NO2−(aq) + 3 H2O(l) + 4 e− → N2O(g) + 6 OH−(aq)
S4O62−(aq) + 2 e− → 2 S2O32−(aq)
NO3−(aq) + H2O(l) + 2 e− → NO2−(aq) + 2 OH−(aq)
2 H+(aq) + 2 e− → H2(g)
E ⁰ (V)
+0.797
+0.771
+0.760
+0.695
+0.620
+0.595
+0.564
+0.536
+0.535
+0.521
+0.401
+0.360
+0.342
+0.247
+0.222
+0.172
+0.153
+0.151
+0.150
+0.080
+0.010
0.000
Standard Electrode Potentials
half-reaction
3+
−
Fe (aq) + 3 e → Fe(s)
Se(s) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e− → H2Se(g)
SnO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e− → Sn2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
SnO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e− → Sn(s) + 2 H2O(l)
Pb2+(aq) + 2 e− → Pb(s)
Sn2+(aq) + 2 e− → Sn(s)
O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 2 e− → H2O2(aq) + 2 OH−(aq)
MoO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e− → Mo(s) + 2 H2O(l)
CO2(g) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e− → HCHO2(aq)
Ni2+(aq) + 2 e− → Ni(s)
Co2+(aq) + 2 e− → Co(s)
In3+(aq) + 3 e− → In(s)
PbSO4(s) + 2 e− → Pb(s) + SO42−(aq)
Cd2+(aq) + 2 e− → Cd(s)
Fe2+(aq) + 2 e− → Fe(s)
NO2−(aq) + H2O(l) + e− → NO(g) + 2 OH−(aq)
S(s) + 2 e− → S2−(aq)
2 SO32−(aq) + 3 H2O(l) + 4 e− → S2O32−(aq) + 6 OH−(aq)
Cr3+(aq) + 3 e− → Cr(s)
Zn2+(aq) + 2 e− → Zn(s)
2 H2O(l) + 2 e− → H2(g) + 2 OH−(aq)
Se(s) + 2 e− → Se2−(aq)
SO42−(aq) + H2O(l) + 2 e− → SO32−(aq) + 2 OH−(aq)
E ⁰ (V)
−0.037
−0.082
−0.094
−0.117
−0.126
−0.138
−0.146
−0.152
−0.199
−0.257
−0.280
−0.338
−0.359
−0.403
−0.447
−0.460
−0.476
−0.571
−0.744
−0.762
−0.828
−0.924
−0.930
half-reaction
2+
−
Mn (aq) + 2 e → Mn(s)
Ti3+(aq) + 3 e− → Ti(s)
Zr4+(aq) + 4 e− → Zr(s)
Al3+(aq) + 3 e− → Al(s)
Be2+(aq) + 2 e− → Be(s)
Sc3+(aq) + 3 e− → Sc(s)
Mg2+(aq) + 2 e− → Mg(s)
Na+(aq) + e− → Na(s)
Ca2+(aq) + 2 e− → Ca(s)
Sr2+(aq) + 2 e− → Sr(s)
Ba2+(aq) + 2 e− → Ba(s)
K+(aq) + e− → K(s)
Li+(aq) + e− → Li(s)
E ⁰ (V)
−1.185
−1.370
−1.450
−1.662
−1.847
−2.077
−2.372
−2.710
−2.868
−2.889
−2.912
−2.931
−3.040
Aqueous Solubility Rules
Category
Ions
+
+
+
+
+
Li , Na , K , Rb , Cs
NH4+
NO3−, NO2−
C2H3O2− or CH3CO2−
ClO4−, ClO3−
HCO3−
Soluble Cations
Soluble Anions
Usually Soluble Anions
Usually Insoluble Anions
Cl−, Br−, I−, CN−
SO42−, SO32−
PO43−, PO33−
CO32−, S2−
F−
OH−
CrO42−, Cr2O72−
Semi-Quantitative Categorization
Soluble
Moderately Soluble
Insoluble or Slightly Soluble
> 0.10 M
0.01 – 0.10 M
< 0.01 M
Except In Combination With
none
none
none
none
none
none
Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+
Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+
Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+
Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+
Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+