Improving Water Quality
Treating Disinfection Byproducts
(DBP’s) Using
Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2)
&Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
Total Organic Content
& Florida’s Groundwater
Florida Groundwater
Jar Testing Procedures
for
Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2)
Improving Water Quality & Lowering DBP Formation
Florida Rural Water Assn
Demonstration Format
Jar Testing needs to begin, so we will jump right in to that and then cover some of the introductory information while we wait for the Jar Test to be completed.
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, ClO2 & DBPs
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Prepare the 0.3% ClO2 Standard
Solution
1. Read the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) & follow the safety instructions for A & B TwinOxide Powder and ClO2 Solution
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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Prepare the 0.3% ClO2 Standard
Solution
2. The day before test, prepare the 3,000 mg/L (0.3%) Solution of Chlorine Dioxide (TwinOxide or ClO2) by adding 20 grams of A & B TwinOxide Powder to 1 Liter of Distilled Water. Use a water tight container.
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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Prepare the 0.3% ClO2 Standard
Solution
3. Securely close the container.
4. Do not shake or stir.
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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Prepare the 0.3% ClO2 Standard
Solution
5. Securely close the container and wait according to the timetable.
25 °C (77 °F) > 3 hours
20 °C (68 °F) > 4 hours
15 °C (64 °F) > 5 hours
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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Prepare the 0.3% ClO2 Standard
Solution
6. Shake or stir the solution gently – Beware of ClO2 gas release.
7. TwinOxide solution is ready for use for approx. 30 days – write the date of preparation on the container.
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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Prepare the 0.3% ClO2 Standard
Solution
8. Store in a cool and dark place.
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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Raw Water for ClO2 Jar Test
1. Obtain about 5 gallons of raw water from each well just before starting the jar tests.  Use a clean container.  When taking the sample it is important to avoid volatizing hydrogen sulfide.  No splashing. The sample should not be shaken or stirred.  The nozzle should be very close to the surface of the water container.  Be careful that the flow is even and quiescent.
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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Test 0.3% ClO2 Std Solution
1. On the day of the Jar Test, test strength of 0.3% (3,000 mg/L) ClO2 Standard Solution.  The DPD Glycine Powder Pillows have a range 0.04 ‐ 5.00 mg/L ClO2 so you need to dilute the standard for testing.
2. Add 1 mL of 0.3% ClO2 Standard Solution to 1 Liter of Distilled Water.  This should give you 3 mg/L ClO2 Std Soln.
3. Measure the strength of the dilution by testing a 10 mL sample using the Colorimeter.
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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Test 0.3% ClO2 Std Solution
4. Adjust the jar test spreadsheet according to the strength.
5. For example if the measured strength is 2.5 mg/L, then Cell D9 of “ClO2 Std Soln” Tab should be modified to read 2,500 ppm.
6. Proceed with the Jar Test
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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ClO2 Jar Test
1. First, measure and pour 250 mL (0.25 L) of Raw Water into 4 or more 250 mL Beakers.
2. Raw water sample is treated with a different doses of the ClO2 Standard Solution, see “Jar Test” Tab.
3. Determine the optimal dose of ClO2 by compare the residuals and final water quality achieved in each beaker.
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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ClO2 Jar Test
4. Record everything – spreadsheet  Color, Odor, Residuals, Times, etc.
5. Record chemicals & dosages
6. Watch for changes  Color & Odor 7. Determine optimal dose of ClO2 by comparing ClO2 residuals and final water quality achieved in each beaker.
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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ClO2 Jar Testing Procedures
• FRWA Spreadsheet
• Raw Water Data
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Sulfide Iron Chloride
Turbidity Alkalinity Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Temperature & pH
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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ClO2 Jar Testing Equipment
• Chlorine Dioxide Reagent DPD Powder Pillows, 10 mL
• Glycine Reagent for DPD testing
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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ClO2 Jar Testing Equipment
• Hach Pocket Colorimeter DR 890
• About $400
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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ClO2 Jar Testing Equipment
• (1) 1 Liter watertight container for the ClO2 Standard
• (6) 250 mL Glass Beakers
• (1) 1 Liter Measuring Cup
• Timer / Stop Watch Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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TwinOxide A & B Powder (ClO2)
Sodium Chlorite
• Stable inert salts Sodium Bisulfate 20
ClO2 Jar Testing Equipment
• (1) 5 gallon bucket for raw water, clean
• Fill container carefully, avoid splashing, jarring, or sloshing (H2S)
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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ClO2 Jar Testing Equipment
• (1) 200 µl Micropipet, Variable
• (12+) 0‐200 µl Pipet Tips
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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ClO2 Jar Testing Supplies
• Note Paper
• Paper Towels (1 or 2 rolls)
• Distilled Water (2 gallons)
• Gloves
• Eye Protection Goggles
• Cheap bucket for used water Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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ClO2 Jar Test
Color & Odor
Optimum dose range is where color / odor decreases most drastically
ClO2 Dose
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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ClO2 Jar Test
ClO 2 Jar Test
0.35
CLO2 RESIDUAL @ 1 HOUR
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
0.2
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
0.4
0.6
0.8
CLO2 DOSE
1
1.2
1.4
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Jar Testing Chlorine Dioxide
•
Several systems with mixed results
•
Promising for most applications
–
Smaller systems seem to work best
•
Difficult to test for dosing since H2S escapes from water from moment of sampling •
Pin floc (elemental sulfur / iron) is same as oxidation by chlorine and captured in tanks
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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Chlorine Dioxide Recommendations •
Iron & sulfur reducing bacteria are likely present in the raw water and will have seeded the existing distribution system ‐‐ chlorination is required to control regrowth in the distribution system. •
Iron & sulfur reducing bacteria slow working
•
Install automatic flushing valves
Florida Rural Water Association ~ ClO2, Jar Testiong
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Jar Testing Procedures
for
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
Improving Water Quality & Lowering DBP Formation
Florida Rural Water Assn
Prepare the 350 mg/L H2O2
Standard Solution
1. Read the safety data sheet (SDS) & follow the safety instructions for 35% H2O2 Solution
2. The day of test, prepare the 350 mg/L H2O2 Solution by  adding 1 ml of 35% H2O2 Solution to 1.0 Liter of Distilled Water. 3. Stir with the pipet.
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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Prepare the 350 mg/L H2O2
Standard Solution
4. Do NOT reuse the pipet tip for anything other than the standard 5. H2O2 standard solution is ready for use.
6. Proceed with the Jar Test
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Test
1. Obtain about 5 gallons of raw water from each well just before starting the jar tests.  Use a clean container.  When taking the sample it is important to avoid volatizing hydrogen sulfide.  No splashing. The sample should not be shaken or stirred.  The nozzle should be very close to the surface of the water container.  Be careful that the flow is even and quiescent.
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Test
2. First, measure and pour 2.0 Liters of Raw Water into 4 or more Beakers.
3. Leave (1) beaker untreated for comparison
4. Record initial
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 Odor & Color
 H2O2 Residual (mg/L)
5. Treated Raw water samples with different Doses of H2O2, see “Jar Test” Tab.
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Test
6. Record everything – spreadsheet  Color, Odor, Residuals, Times, etc.
7. Record chemicals & dosages
8. Watch for changes  Color & Odor 9. Determine optimal dose of H2O2 by comparing H2O2 residuals and final water quality achieved in each beaker.
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Testing Procedures
• FRWA Spreadsheet
• FRWA Whitepaper
• Raw Water Data
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Sulfide Iron Turbidity Alkalinity Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Temperature & pH
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Testing Equipment
• CHEMetrics H2O2 Test Kit with Reagent Vials (0‐0.8 & 1‐10 ppm) Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Testing Equipment
• (1) 1 Liter Glass Beaker for the H2O2 Standard
• (4) 2 Liter Glass Beakers / Vases for raw water testing (straight sides)
• (1) 1 Liter Measuring Cup
• Timer / Stop Watch Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Testing Equipment
Pharmacy Grade 3% Concentration
3% solution = 30,000 mg/L
Industrial Grade 35% Concentration
 Same safety protocols as 12.5% NaOCl
 55 gallon drum & feed pump
Feed Rate ~ 3 mg/L
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Testing Equipment
• (1) 5 gallon bucket for raw water, clean
• Fill container carefully, avoid splashing, jarring, or sloshing (H2S)
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Testing Equipment
• (1) Hach TenSette Single‐Channel Pipettor, 1.0 to 10.0 mL, 1970010
• (12+) 10 mL Pipettor Tips
• (1) Hach TenSette Single‐Channel Pipettor, 0.1 to 1.0 mL, 1970001
• (12+) 1.0 mL Pipettor Tips
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Testing Equipment
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Testing Supplies
• Note Paper
• Paper Towels (1 or 2 rolls)
• Distilled Water (2 gallons)
• Gloves
• Eye Protection Goggles
• Cheap bucket for used water Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Test
Color & Odor
Optimum dose range is where color / odor decreases most drastically
H2O2 Dose
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Test
Before & After
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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H2O2 Jar Test
1.0 mg/L 3.0 mg/L H2O2 Residual
H2O2 Residual should be less than 1.0 mg/L ‐‐
optimal about 0.5 mg/L
Objective: Do NOT overfeed H2O2
H2O2 Dose
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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Jar Testing Hydrogen Peroxide
•
Several systems with mixed results
•
Promising for most applications
–
Smaller systems seem to work best
•
Difficult to test for dosing since H2S escapes from water from moment of sampling •
Pin floc (elemental sulfur / iron) is same as oxidation by chlorine and captured in tanks
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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Hydrogen Peroxide Recommendations •
Iron & sulfur reducing bacteria are likely present in the raw water and will have seeded the existing distribution system ‐‐ chlorination is required to control regrowth in the distribution system. •
Iron & sulfur reducing bacteria slow working
•
Install automatic flushing valves
Florida Rural Water Association ~ H2O2, Jar Testiong
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Questions?