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$Q ,QYLWDWLRQ WR 0DULQH 6FLHQFH 7KRPVRQ %URRNV&ROH 2UDQJH&RDVW&ROOHJH8QLYHUVLW\RI6RXWKHUQ&DOLIRUQLD 8UELQD,DQ,Q6HDUFKRI1HZ3RZHU6RXUFH&LW\/RRNV8QGHUZDWHU7KH1HZ<RUN 7LPHVSS%WK-XO\ 9HJD &HFLOLD 0 3*( EDFNV QHZ VWXG\ RI ED\ V WLGDO SRZHU 6RXUFH KWWSGHDQ]DHPWSJRRJOHSDJHVFRP3*(EDFNVQHZVWXG\RIED\VWLGDOSRZHUSGI WK-XQH 9HUGDQW 3RZHU 7KH 5,7( SURMHFW 6RXUFH KWWSZZZYHUGDQWSRZHUFRPZKDW LQLWLDWLYH'DWHRI$FFHVVWK0DUFK www.intechopen.com ) #$% 9LVFDURODVDJD (IUDLQ 7LGH LV VORZO\ ULVLQJ LQ LQWHUHVW LQ RFHDQ SRZHU 0DVV +LJK 7HFK 7KH -RXUQDO RI 1HZ (QJODQG 7HFKQRORJ\ VW $XJXVW $YDLODEOH KWWSZZZPDVVKLJKWHFKFRPVWRULHVZHHNO\7LGHLVVORZO\ ULVLQJLQLQWHUHVWLQRFHDQSRZHUKWPO 9/+ 9HU\ ORZ KHDG WXUELQH 6RXUFH KWWSZZZYOKWXUELQHFRP 'DWH RI $FFHVVWK0DUFK www.intechopen.com Renewable Energy Edited by T J Hammons ISBN 978-953-7619-52-7 Hard cover, 580 pages Publisher InTech Published online 01, December, 2009 Published in print edition December, 2009 Renewable Energy is energy generated from natural resources - such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat - which are naturally replenished. In 2008, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generation), followed by solar hot water/heating, which contributed with 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. The book provides a forum for dissemination and exchange of up - to - date scientific information on theoretical, generic and applied areas of knowledge. The topics deal with new devices and circuits for energy systems, photovoltaic and solar thermal, wind energy systems, tidal and wave energy, fuel cell systems, bio energy and geo-energy, sustainable energy resources and systems, energy storage systems, energy market management and economics, off-grid isolated energy systems, energy in transportation systems, energy resources for portable electronics, intelligent energy power transmission, distribution and inter - connectors, energy efficient utilization, environmental issues, energy harvesting, nanotechnology in energy, policy issues on renewable energy, building design, power electronics in energy conversion, new materials for energy resources, and RF and magnetic field energy devices. How to reference In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following: Yun Seng. Lim and Siong Lee. Koh (2009). Marine Tidal Current Electric Power Generation: State of Art and Current Status, Renewable Energy, T J Hammons (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-7619-52-7, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/renewable-energy/marine-tidal-current-electric-power-generation-state-ofart-and-current-status InTech Europe InTech China Slavka Krautzeka 83/A No.65, Yan An Road (West), Shanghai, 200040, China University Campus STeP Ri 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Phone: +385 (51) 770 447 Fax: +385 (51) 686 166 www.intechopen.com Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai Phone: +86-21-62489820 Fax: +86-21-62489821
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