Measurement, Metering,
Benchmarking & Metrics
International Emerging Technology Symposium – 2016
Chicago, Illinois
Presented by
H.W. (Bill) Hoffman, P.E.
H.W. (Bill) Hoffman & Associates, LLC
Austin, Texas
The purpose of this
presentation is to aquatint you
with the many changes that are
occurring in how we measure,
monitor, meter, benchmark and
examine water use in America
in the 21st Century.
Measurement, Metering,
Benchmarking & Metrics
Will Change Many Things.
• How we meter and sub-meter buildings
• How we estimate flow and thus meter size
• How we detect leaks
• How government looks at things
• How facility managers manage buildings
• How utilities look at their own use
At the Facility Level
If you don’t
measure it, you
CAN NOT
manage it!
Sep -03
O ct-03
N o v-03
D ec-03
Jan -04
F eb -04
M ar-04
A p r-04
M ay-04
Ju n -04
Ju l-04
A u g -04
Sep -04
O ct-04
N o v-04
D ec-04
Jan -05
F eb -05
M ar-05
A p r-05
M ay-05
Ju n -05
Ju l-05
A u g -05
Sep -05
1 ,0 0 0 's of Ga l. /M onth
A Large Chinese Buffet Restaurant
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
Data Management
& Process Control
What is Driving
This?
The Cost of Water!
Circle of Blue
April, 2015
http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2015/world/price-of-water-2015-up-6-percent-in-30-major-u-s-cities-41-percent-rise-since-2010/
Price of Water 2015: Up
6 % in 30 Major U.S. Cities;
41 % Since 2010!
Cost to Flush a Toilet at Current
Inflation Rate of 5.85%
Gallons per Cents per Flush Cents per Flush
Flush
in 2015
in 2035
5
3.5
1.6
1.28
4.9
3.4
1.6
1.2
15.4
10.8
4.9
4.0
What 20 Years Means for Total Cost of Water
and Sewer for an Office Building with 500 People
Old Wasteful
Type
$80,000
$75,000
$70,000
$65,000
$60,000
$55,000
$50,000
$45,000
$40,000
$35,000
$30,000
$25,000
$20,000
$15,000
$10,000
$5,000
$0
Best Available
Annual Water and Wastewater Cost
Blue – 2015 Red ‐ 2035
The cost of
leaks!
According to the Zurich Study, 86% of Water Damage Claims are Plumbing Related!
http://www.zurichna.com/internet/zna/sitecollectiondocuments/en/knowledge%20center/whitepapers/real%20estate/water‐damage‐prevention.pdf
Water damage is
the number one
source of property
claims for owners
of high-rise
residences, hotels,
office buildings,
retail
establishments and
other commercial
structures.
AWWA Estimates that 15% of Water Lost
Through Leaks in Distribution
States and Cities are Looking at
How Water is Used and by Whom
Water Use of Texas Utilities
TWDB 2015 ‐ SB 181 Report
Large Significant ICI Utilities (5)
76
Medium-Large Significant ICI Utilities (5)
175
88
Metropolitan Utilities
159
69
Medium Significant ICI1 Utilities (27)
170
74
Large Utilities (30)
159
85
Medium-Large Utilities3 (31)
82
90
Medium Utilities (237)
73
79
0
20
40
62
60
80
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Gallons per Person per Day
Residential GPCD
ICI & Other GPCD
Water Use by Commercial/Institutional Users
Austin, Texas Study
Offices
Retail
All Other
Hotel
Healthcare
Resturant/ Bar
Service Est.
Schools
Colleges
Food Stores
Commercial Warehouse
Sancturay
Other Group Shelter
Amusment‐Recreation‐Athletic
Correctional Facility
Service Station‐Repair Garage
Other Educational Bldg
Industrial Warehouse
Religious
0.0
Red = Food Svc.
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Millions of Gallons per Day (MGD)
4.0
4.5
5.0
Gallons per Person per Day
80
Breakdown of Non-Industrial
Municipal Use in 87 Texas Cities
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Residential indoor gpcd Residential Outdoor gpcd
2009
2010
2011
Leak loss gpcd
2012
2013
Com./Inst. gpcd
Energy Star Portfolio Manager
• It now contains water data.
• Many local governments are requiring it for government properties.
• Some are now requiring all commercial property of any size to use it and report it.
Entities Using EPA Portfolio Manager
Stars = Water Benchmarking Required
Examples of Energy Star
Portfolio Manager Data for Office
Buildings in 2014
Gallons per Square Foot per Year
Washington
Boston Minneapolis
DC
City
New York
No. of Buildings
(398)
(342)
(218)
(80)
Low (Meter stuck??)
0.01
0.2
0.09
0.01
Median
16.7
16.1
11.6
10.8
Average
45.6
163.7
40.7
12.1
High (Get the
meter checked!!!!)
4,821.5
33,917.8
1,552.3
43.6
Same Cities Without High and Low Data
New York
Washington DC
Boston
Mineapolis
95%
90%
85%
80%
75%
70%
65%
60%
55%
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5%
Gallons per Square Foot per Year
Office Building Water Use
EPA Portfolio Manager
Studies Across the Nation
Hospitals
1
16
31
46
61
76
91
106
121
136
151
166
181
196
211
226
241
Gallons per Bed
2002 ASHE Study
Elementary Schools in a District in Texas
80
GPCD
60
40
20
0
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76
Do You see the same Pattern Here? EPA Portfolio Manager Information on Water
Commercial & Institutional Savings Too
Hotel and Motel Water Use Factors for Phoenix - 2003 to 2012
67%
140
68%
64%
67%
70%
59%
59%
56%
58%
58%
60%
52%
120
50%
100
40%
80
30%
60
20%
40
10%
20
0
0%
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Percent Occupancy
Motel Adjusted for Occupancy
Motel Unadjusted for Occupancy
Hotel Adjusted for Occupancy
Hotel Unadjusted for Occupancy
2012
Percent Occupancy
Gallons per Square Foot per Year
160
Summary of Restaurant Water Use Coefficients from Various Studies
Source: H.W. (Bill) Hoffman & Associates, LLC
Source of Information
Best Gal./ Avg. Gal./
Meal
Meal
USA (2000 AWWARF CI End Use Study)
Boulder Colorado
Danamark (Canada)
U of Kansas (M. Vanschenkhof)
South Australia study and Sydney Water
North Carolina ICI BMP
Austin Study (Full Svc.) 2013
Austin Study (Fast Food) 2013
Best Gal./
Seat/ Day
Avg. Gal./
Seat/ Day
53
270
240
Florida (Univ. of Fl.) Restaurant
Florida (Univ. of Fl.) Fast Food
Colorado Study (Brendle Group)
Gal./ sq.
ft./ Year
9 to 12
192
29
20 to 30
8 to 9
130 to 331
125
12.8
49
266
9 to 12
173
257
20 to 40
31
39
Summary of Hospital Water Use Coefficients from Various Studies
Source: H.W. (Bill) Hoffman & Associates, LLC
Study
Gal./Bed/Day
Gal./Sq. Ft/Yr.
Average
Best
Federal Facilities Average
125
Univ. of Florida Study
31
United Kingdom -Large Teaching
41
34
UK Small Acute or Long Stay
29
22
UK Small Acute or Long Stay With Laundry
39
31
Victoria Public Health Service - Australia
39
17
Health Estate Journal - United Kingdom
87
North Carolina Rule of Thumb
300
ASHE 2002 Study
471
Energy Star Portfolio Mgr.
315
US Energy Information Adm. 2007 study
395
68
City of Austin (9 largest medical Facilities)
335
58
18
Summary of Six United States Studies Reporting Water Use by
Gallons per Square Foot of Heated Space per Year
Type of Facility
EPA Portfolio
Manager 20121
University of
Florida2
Santa Fe,
New Mexico3
AWWA
Colorado Water
End Use
Wise - Brendle
Study 2000
Group.4
5
Austin
20136
Gallons per Square Foot of Heated Space per Year
Restaurants
221
173 to 211
Senior Care Facilities
61
106
62 to 101
Hotels
54
85
79 to 165
Hospitals
52
31
Grocery/Supermarkets
24
95
36
Medical Offices
19
34
49
Offices
13
20
26
Banking/Financial
12
89
Court House
11
K-12 Schools
10
20
Houses of Worship
7
15
Retail/Shopping Centers
5
32
Unrefrigerated Warehouses
3
8
130 to 330
215
60 to115
72
58
52to 64
9 to 15
12 to 19
20
8 to 16
19
Big Data is Coming
Soon to your city!
In the Next 20 Years, All Water
Utilities Will Be Using AMI
Advanced Metering Infrastructure
Utility Organizations are in on
the act
American Water Works Association
Water Research Foundation
• 2015 Residential End Use Study
• 2016 Commercial – Institutional
Methodology Study
• 2018 Commercial Institutional Data Base
The Federal Government
Activity
The US Had 87 Billion Sq. Ft. of
Commercial/Institutional Space in 2012
Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)
Public order and
safety
2%
Food sales
2%
Office
18%
Clinics of all types
2%
Food service
2%
Warehouse and
storage
15%
Other
2%
Health care Hospitals
3%
Education
14%
Vacant
4%
Religious worship
5%
Mercantile
13%
Lodging
7%
Public assembly
6%
Service
5%
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY)
CBECS 2007 Hospital Use
Gallons per Bed per Day
480
453
Gal./Bed/Day
460
440
418
420
400
380
365
360
340
320
315
300
North East
West
Mid West
South
Census Regions Used by CBECS
A Large Hospital in Florida
Grocery Store Water Use in
California
Other
Plumbing
8%
Toilets
20%
Pacific Institute
Kitchen
9%
Food Service
8%
Irrigation
3%
Domestic
17%
Cooling
Tower
49%
Medical
Equip.
9%
Cooling
Towers
43%
Leaks &
Other
8%
Other
22%
Boilers
4%
Eleven Office Buildings in Austin, Texas
A Large Hospital in Arizona
Domestic
41%
All Other Uses
47%
Cooling Tower
53%
Food Service
4%
Medical
Equip.
1%
Cooling
Towers
49%
Irrigation
5%
So is it working?
Texas Water Development Board
Water Use Projection Tables
Year of Implementation in Texas
Action
Energy Policy Act
1.28 gpf toilets
Dishwashers
Front Load Washers
Top Load Washers
1993
2007
2010
2013
3014
2015
2018
Average Life of Appliances
Tunnel Clothes Washers
Urinals
Toilets
On Premise Laundry Equipment
Mechanical Strainers with Recirculation Systems
Commercial Dishwasher
Coin Laundry Equipment
Residential Clothes Washer
Combination Oven
Steam Cooker
Food Waste Pulpers
Garbage Disposal 0.75 HP to 10.0 HP
Non-Mechanical Food scrap collector (strainers)
Home Dishwasher
Commercial Ice Maker
Pre-Rinse Spray Valve using 1.28 gpm or less
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Years
All of this has had a real impact on water use across the Nation
Urinals
Commercial Dish…
Residential Dish…
Residential Toilets
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves
Residential Clothes…
Commercial Toiltes
100%
Percent Reduction in Use From Best
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Shower
in Class
US GDP vs. Water Withdrawals
All Water Use in USA – USGS
After Peter Glick Water Use Trends in the United States ‐ Pacific Institute
Industry way down
US Industrial Water Use vs. Output Index
Source. Bureau if Economic Analysis
5
50
4
40
35
3
30
25
2
20
15
1
10
5
0
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
2010
Dimensionless Index
Billions of Gallons per Day
45
And it is showing up in real municipal water use data
180
50
170
45
160
40
150
35
140
30
130
25
120
20
110
15
100
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
10
US Per Capita Use (gpcd)
Total Municipal/Domestic Use
Billions of Gal./Day
Gal./Person/Day
US Geological Survey Report – 2014
http://water.usgs.gov/watuse/
Residential End Use Study ‐ AWWA
Estimated Change in Residential
Per Capita Use in USA a 55% Decrease
Sources: AWWARF Studies
Gallons per Person per Day
80
75
73
69
70
60
60
55
53
50
40
34
30
20
10
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
2010
2015
Future
Average American Household Indoor Use
EPA estimates tha about 1/3 of residential use is outdoor
Leaks
12%
Black Water
35%
Gray water
53%
New York City
Seattle Washington
If you don’t
measure it, you
CAN NOT
manage it!
Conclusions
• We have entered the age of Big Data!
• The price of water and wastewater will ensure
that enhanced metering, measurement and
monitoring are here to stay!
• Codes, Standards, Design and our Thinking
will need to change!
• We are just at the beginning!
We covered a lot!
Questions?
Measurement, Metering,
Benchmarking & Metrics
International Emerging Technology Symposium – 2016
Chicago, Illinois
H.W. (Bill) Hoffman, P.E.
H.W. (Bill) Hoffman & Associates, LLC
9013 Texas Sun Drive
Austin, TX 787489
512-294-7193
[email protected]
The
End