©2014 Poultry Science Association, Inc.
Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles
and mineral sources on gaseous emissions
W. Li,* Q.-F. Li,* W. Powers,*1 D. Karcher,* R. Angel,† and T. J. Applegate‡
*Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824;
†Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742;
and ‡Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054
Primary Audience: Laying Hen Producers, Nutritionists, Environmentalists,
and Researchers
SUMMARY
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), an important ethanol industry co-product, has
been used as a high-protein feed in poultry production. Limited studies exist on their effect on
air emissions, however. In the current study, 4 diets (2 × 2 factorial design: 0 or 20% DDGS +
inorganic or organic mineral sources) were fed to Hy-line W36 hens from 50 to 53 wk of age
and the effects of DDGS level and mineral sources on air emissions were monitored continuously for a 23-d period in environmentally controlled chambers. The NH3, H2S, CH4, nonmethane hydrocarbons, N2O, CO2, and CO2-equivalent emissions ranged from 0.51 to 0.64 g/dayhen, 0.71 to 0.84 mg/day-hen, 33.9 to 46.0 mg/day-hen, 54.1 to 60.0 mg/day-hen, 66.0 g to 72.2
g/day-hen, and 83.1 to 92.1 g/day-hen, respectively. Feeding DDGS to laying hens resulted in
14% decreased NH3 emissions but a 19% increase in CH4 emissions without affecting other
gaseous emissions. More than 30% of N, 80% of P, 80% of K, and 50% of Ca was retained in
the manure. In conclusion, feeding laying hens a diet containing 20% DDGS may be beneficial
for the environment. Substitution for organic trace minerals did not affect hen performance or
air emissions.
Key words: air emissions, distillers dried grains with solubles, laying hen, mineral source
2014 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 23:41–50
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2013-00802
DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
As a result of the ethanol industry’s continuous growth, co-products such as distillers dried
grains with solubles (DDGS) are available as
an energy source in livestock and poultry feeds.
Corn is the primary grain used in US ethanol
production due to its consistent availability. Distillers dried grains with solubles are higher in
energy, mineral, and protein content, but lower
in starch content compared with the original
1
Corresponding author: [email protected]
grain sources [1, 2]. Feeding increased dietary
concentrations of DDGS could result in excessive protein intake, which may alter air emissions [3].
Typically, DDGS is included in laying hen
diets at 5 to 15% to avoid negative effects on
animal performance including egg production
and egg weight. Lumpkins et al. [4] reported
a significant reduction in hen-day egg production when feeding 15% DDGS and suggested a
maximum inclusion level of 10 to 12% DDGS.
JAPR: Research Report
42
Roberson et al. [5] found linear decreases in egg
production, egg weight, and egg mass as DDGS
increased. In recent reports, researchers have
suggested that 20% DDGS can be fed with no
negative effects on ADFI and egg production [6]
and only slightly reduced egg weight [7].
Research involving organic trace mineral
sources is increasing [3, 8]. Huang et al. [8] conducted a study to estimate relative bioavailability of Zn in 3 organic zinc sources with different
chelation strength compared with ZnSO4, and
found organic minerals may be better used by
laying hens. It has been demonstrated that including organic mineral sources in swine diets
containing 20% DDGS reduced H2S emissions
by 25% compared with a DDGS diet containing
inorganic trace minerals [3]. Therefore, the possibility exists of applying organic trace minerals
in poultry to alleviate H2S emissions resulting
from feeding diets with higher levels of DDGS.
The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of a combination of feed ingredients, mainly DDGS (0% or 20%), and organic versus inorganic diet mineral courses on
gaseous emissions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All animal procedures were approved by the
Michigan State University Institutional Animal
Care and Use Committee. A total of 672 HyLine W36 hens at 50 wk of age were randomly
assigned to 1 of 12 environmentally controlled
rooms (7 hens/cage; 355 cm2 of cage space/hen;
8 cages/room) for a 23-d experimental period.
The experimental unit was the room (group of
hens) to which the diet treatment was randomly
assigned. The measurement unit was the same
as the experimental unit and the measurements
(such as total egg number, feed consumption)
were collected from each room (group of hens).
Diets and Management
Diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design based on level of DDGS (0 and 20%) and
source of trace minerals (inorganic and organic).
Organic minerals were supplied by Pancosma
[9]. The 4 diets were 0% DDGS with inorganic
minerals (0_Inorg), 0% DDGS with organic
minerals (0_Org), 20% DDGS with inorganic
minerals (20_Inorg), and 20% DDGS with or-
ganic minerals (20_Org). These 4 different diets
provided very similar energy (ME ranged from
2,800 to 2,847 kcal/kg) and similar mineral levels (Table 1). All diets were formulated to meet
or exceed NRC nutrient recommendations for
laying hens [1].
Hens were provided ad libitum access to feed
and water using a feed trough and nipple waterers. Daily amount of feed was added into feed
troughs every morning between 0600 and 0730
h. Average daily feed intake for each room was
calculated weekly based on total amount of feed
added during the week and the amount of feed
left at the end of the week. Feed was sampled
weekly and pooled by treatment at the end of the
study. Eggs were collected daily from each room
and egg weight and number was recorded. On
the last day of the study, excreta was removed,
weighed, mixed, and subsampled for each room.
Temperature was maintained at 22°C ± 0.4 for
the entire study. Humidity ranged from 36 to
70% throughout the 3-wk period, and light (20
lx) was provided from 0600 to 2000 h.
Measurements of Gaseous Concentrations
Twelve rooms (height = 2.60 m, width = 2.37
m, length = 4.11 m) were designed to continuously monitor incoming and exhaust concentrations of gases [3, 10]. Ammonia (NH3) was
measured using a chemiluminescence NH3 analyzer with a detection limit of 0.001 ppm [11],
which is a combination NH3 converter and NONO2-NOx analyzer. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was
analyzed using pulsed fluorescence SO2-H2S
analyzer with a detection limit of 0.003 ppm (error = 1% of full-scale at 1 ppm [12]). Methane
(range: 0~100 ppm; detection limit: 0.05 ppm)
and nonmethane total hydrocarbon (NMTHC;
range: 0~10 ppm; detection limit: 0.02 ppm)
was determined by a back-flush gas chromatography system [13]. Concentrations of CO2 (5.1
ppm detection limit at 1,000 ppm range) and
N2O (0.03 ppm detection limit at 50,000 ppm
range) were measured using an INNOVA 1412
photoacoustic analyzer [14]. Through software
control [15], monitoring of gas concentrations in
each room occurred in a sequential manner. Gas
emission rates were calculated as the product of
ventilation rates and concentration differences
between exhaust and incoming air.
Li et al.: GASEOUS EMISSIONS IN HENS
43
Table 1. Diet and nutrient composition of a control diet or diets containing distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS)
with inorganic or organic trace minerals sources1
Item
Ingredient (% of mix, prepared from a basal mix)
Corn
DDGS
Soybean meal (48%)
Soy oil
Iodized sodium chloride
dl-Met
l-Lys, HCl
Limestone
Dicalcium phosphate
Diatoamaceous earth
Trace mineral and vitamin premix2
Total
Analyzed (calculated) dietary composition (as-is basis)
CP (%)
NDF (%)
Total P (mg/kg)
K (mg/kg)
Ca (%)
Mg (mg/kg)
Na (mg/kg)
Fe (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)
S (mg/kg)
ME (cal/kg)
0_Inorg
0_Org
20_Inorg
20_Org
54.4
—
29.6
2.61
0.41
0.19
—
9.72
1.78
1.00
0.35
100
54.48
—
29.6
2.61
0.41
0.19
—
9.72
1.78
1.00
0.35
100
41.7
20.0
20.3
4.60
0.33
0.18
0.15
9.92
1.47
1.00
0.35
100
41.7
20.0
20.3
4.60
0.33
0.18
0.15
9.92
1.47
1.00
0.35
100
18.1
8.40
6,762
9,577
4.77
1,770
1,398
348
10.7
2,506
2,847
17.9
6.20
7,219
9,788
4.86
1,831
1,519
409
18.9
2,600
2,847
19.0
14.7
6,597
9,317
4.20
2,056
1,218
310
11.3
3,018
2,800
18.0
14.9
6,697
9,065
4.80
1,975
1,514
341
12.8
3,172
2,800
1
0_Inorg = 0% DDGS + inorganic minerals; 0_Org = 0% DDGS + organic minerals; 20_Inorg = 20% DDGS + inorganic minerals; and 20_Org = 20% DDGS + organic minerals.
2
Inorganic trace mineral mix used in the 0_Inorg and 20_Inorg treatment. The mix provided per kilogram of diet: copper from
copper sulfate, 8.34 mg; iron from ferrous sulfate, 83.75 mg; zinc from zinc sulfate, 100.06 mg; manganese from 50% manganese oxide and 50% manganese sulfate, 33.34 mg; iodine from calcium iodate, 0.86 mg; selenium from sodium selenite,
0.3 mg. Organic trace mineral mix used in the 0_Org and 20_Org treatment. The mix provided per kilogram of diet: copper
from copper glycinate, 8.34 mg; iron from ferrous glycinate, 83.75 mg; zinc from zinc glycinate, 100.06 mg; manganese from
manganese glycinate, 33.34 mg; iodine from ethylenediamine dihyrdroiodide, 0.86 mg; selenium proteinate from B-Traxim
Selenium (Pancosma S.A., Switzerland), 0.3 mg. Luprosil Salt, calcium salt of propionic acid containing a minimum of 98%
calcium propionate; BASF Corporation, Florham Park, New Jersey.
Chemical Analyses
Feed and excreta N content were determined
using the Kjeldahl method [16]. Feed amino
acid content was analyzed by the University of
Missouri Agriculture Experiment Station Laboratory [17] using HPLC methods [18]. Feed
energy and mineral content (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na,
S, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo) were analyzed by the
University of Arkansas Center for Excellence in
Poultry Science [19] laboratory using bomb calorimetry and microwave digestion followed by
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,
respectively. Manure P content was analyzed by
Dairy One [20] using a Foss NIR System Model 6500 with Win ISI II v1.5 [21, 22]. Manure
NH4-N content was measured by distillation in a
Michigan State University laboratory [16].
Global Warming Potential
and N Excretion Calculation
Predicted daily global warming potential
(GWP) was calculated based on sum of the
100-year GWP of CH4, N2O, and CO2. All emission masses were converted to a CO2-equivalent
(CO2e) basis. The 100-yr GWP of CH4 is 21
times that of CO2 and the GWP of N2O is 310
times that of CO2 [23].
Nutrient and Mineral Balance
Nutrient balance was calculated using the
amount of each nutrient in consumed feed and
the amount of each nutrient that was deposited
in the egg, excreted in the manure, and emitted
to air. The nutrient and minerals data for whole
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44
fresh egg were from literature (Table 2), and the
average N content of protein was estimated at
16% [24].
Statistical Analyses
Emissions data and hen performance data, including egg weight, egg production, and ADFI,
were analyzed using a mixed model procedure
[25]. Significant differences were declared at P
< 0.05. All data were analyzed as repeated measurements (the response variable is measured
multiple times on the same experimental unit),
and the model consisted of a DDGS factor, a
mineral source factor, and their interaction.
A modification of Akaike’s Information
Criterion (AICc), which is more appropriate
for small sample sizes, was applied to choose
among correlation structures after an interaction
was tested. If the interactions were not significant, then main effects would be analyzed. If the
first-order interactions were significant, then the
structure would be treated as a one-way ANOVA
where each unique treatment combination represented a separate treatment group. Manure
characteristics data were analyzed using GLM
procedure [25]. Tukey’s studentized range test
was performed to assess all diet combination effects at P < 0.05 level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Hen Performance and Diet Effect
Daily egg production profile from rooms 1 to
12 with different diet treatments showed similar egg production rates. The overall egg production ranged from 86.4 to 90.3%, egg mass
ranged from 55.5 to 57.9 g of eggs/hen-day, and
ADFI ranged from 99.8 to 102.7 g of feed/henday (Table 3). Neither the interaction nor the
main effect of DDGS level nor the main effect
of mineral source was significant on egg production, egg weight, or ADFI (Table 3).
Gaseous Emissions and Diet Effect
Emission rates of NH3, H2S, CH4, NMTHC,
N2O, CO2, and CO2e were calculated based on
g/day-hen (hen specific), g/kg of feed (feed
specific), and g/dozen egg (egg production specific; Table 4). The NH3 emission rates from the
Table 2. Nutrient composition for whole raw and fresh
eggs [24]
Nutrient or mineral
Water (g)
Energy (kcal)
Protein (g)
Phosphorus (mg)
Calcium (mg)
Sodium (mg)
Iron (mg)
Copper (mg)
Magnesium (mg)
Zinc (mg)
Manganese (mg)
Potassium (mg)
Sulfur (mg)
1
Value per 100 g
76.15
143
12.56
198
56
142
1.75
0.072
12
1.29
0.028
138
1441
Stadelman and Pratt [28].
4 different treatments ranged from 0.51 to 0.64
g/day-hen (Table 5), similar to the results (0.60
and 0.62 g/day-hen) of Wang-Li et al. [26] and
means reported (0.95 g/day-hen) by Lin et al.
[27]. The H2S emission rates from the 4 different
treatments ranged from 0.71 to 0.86 g/day-hen,
which were lower than the means (1.27 g/dayhen) reported by Lin et al. [27].
Based on AICc, compound symmetry correlation structure was applied and the results of
interactions, main effect of DDGS level, source
of mineral, and hen age were listed in Table 6.
No significant interactions of DDGS levels with
mineral sources were observed. For NH3 and
CH4, DDGS level had a significant effect and
mineral source had no significant effect. Following feeding of 0% DDGS, NH3 had 14%
higher emission rate than feeding 20% DDGS,
although the N intakes were not significantly
different (0%: 2.92 g of N/hen-day vs. 20%:
2.89 g of N/hen-day; P = 0.40). For CH4 emissions, feeding the 20% DDGS diet resulted in
19% higher emissions than feeding the 0%
DDGS diet. Neither DDGS levels nor mineral
source had a significant effect on H2S, NMTHC,
N2O, CO2, or CO2e emissions.
Nutrient and Mineral Balance:
Retention, Emission, and Excretion
Daily manure excretion ranged from 62.7 to
73.9 g/day-hen, and the excretion mass from
hens fed 20_Inorg was significantly higher than
excretion mass from hens fed 0_Inorg (Table 6).
8
8
8
df
56.4
55.9
55.3
57.1
86.6
88.9
0.74
0.32
0.54
55.0 ± 7.53 (72, 54.0)
57.9 ± 7.04 (72, 57.4)
55.5 ± 8.62 (72, 54.8)
56.2 ± 6.24 (72, 56.3)
Egg mass
(g of eggs/hen-day)
88.3
87.2
0.61
0.31
0.48
86.4 ± 10.9 (72, 85.6)
90.3 ± 10.3 (72, 89.3)
86.8 ± 12.6 (72, 86.4)
87.6 ± 9.19 (72, 87.4)
Egg production
(%)
100.5
101.2
101.4
100.3
0.40
0.54
0.18
100.1 ± 6.63 (75, 102.6)
102.7 ± 6.72 (75, 105.7)
100.8 ± 6.41 (75, 103.0)
99.8 ± 6.16 (75, 102.8)
ADFI2
(g of feed/hen-day)
0_Inorg = 0% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) + inorganic minerals; 0_Org = 0% DDGS + organic mineral; 20_Inorg = 20% DDGS + inorganic minerals; and 20_Org = 20%
DDGS + organic minerals.
2
Daily average feed consumption calculated using total period consumption data.
1
0_Inorg
0_Org
20_Inorg
20_Org
Effect
Type 3 tests of fixed effects (P-value)
DDGS
Minerals
DDGS × minerals
Main effect least squares means
DDGS
0
20
Mineral source
Inorganic
Organic
Treatment1
Table 3. Egg production, egg mass, and ADFI for hens fed different dietary treatments (mean ± SD; n, median)
Li et al.: GASEOUS EMISSIONS IN HENS
45
0.71 ± 0.24
0.81 ± 0.26
0.86 ± 0.29
0.76 ± 0.24
7.17 ± 2.65
7.93 ± 2.83
8.64 ± 3.30
7.70 ± 2.77
10.0 ± 3.57
10.8 ± 3.70
12.1 ± 4.88
10.5 ± 3.27
5.28b ± 2.23
6.18b ± 2.24
5.01a ± 2.15
5.02a ± 2.14
7.55b ± 3.39
8.70b ± 3.65
7.13a ± 3.34
7.07a ± 3.37
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
H2S (mg)
0.54b ± 0.24
0.64b ± 0.25
0.51a ± 0.23
0.51a ± 0.23
NH3 (g)
69
69
69
69
n
471a ± 414
537a ± 375
642b ± 317
621b ± 331
349a ± 310
401a ± 279
458b ± 223
454b ± 240
33.9a ± 29.3
40.4a ± 27.3
46.0b ± 21.9
45.0b ± 23.3
CH4 (mg)
50.5 ± 85.9
37.0 ± 73.4
37.3 ± 61.0
42.3 ± 58.4
36.6 ± 60.5
28.1 ± 56.0
26.0 ± 45.2
30.4 ± 42.5
3.56 ± 5.70
2.89 ± 5.51
2.66 ± 4.36
3.04 ± 4.11
NMTHC2 (mg)
782 ± 512
798 ± 387
773 ± 547
828 ± 381
558 ± 351
582 ± 283
539 ± 422
599 ± 267
55.5 ± 34.0
59.6 ± 28.5
54.1 ± 44.2
60.0 ± 27.0
N2O (mg)
927 ± 294
987 ± 275
1,009 ± 237
997 ± 250
663 ± 210
718 ± 188
716 ± 188
723 ± 164
66.0 ± 18.9
73.4 ± 17.8
72.2 ± 13.6
72.1 ± 15.9
CO2 (g)
1,165 ± 411
1,227 ± 358
1,254 ± 367
1,258 ± 352
838 ± 298
903 ± 264
891 ± 226
917 ± 23.3
83.1 ± 26.7
92.1 ± 25.2
89.6 ± 23.2
91.3 ± 23.3
CO2e3 (g)
1
Means within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
0_Inorg = 0% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) + inorganic minerals, 0_Org = 0% DDGS + organic minerals, 20_Inorg = 20% DDGS + inorganic minerals, and 20_Org = 20%
DDGS + organic minerals.
2
NMTHC = nonmethane hydrocarbons.
3
CO2e = CO2 equivalent.
a,b
Day-hen
0_Inorg
0_Org
20_Inorg
20_Org
Kilogram of feed
0_Inorg
0_Org
20_Inorg
20_Org
Dozen egg
0_Inorg
0_Org
20_Inorg
20_Org
Treatment1
Table 4. Gas emissions from hens fed different dietary treatments (mean ± SD)
46
JAPR: Research Report
0.01
0.11
0.08
8.12b
7.10a
7.34
7.86
0.02
0.11
0.10
0.59b
0.51a
0.53
0.58
0.79
0.78
0.76
0.81
0.42
0.96
0.14
11.1
10.6
10.4
11.3
0.33
0.62
0.18
mg/day- mg/dozen
hen
egg
g/day- g/dozen
hen
egg
40.0
42.7
37.1a
45.5b
<0.01
0.18
0.08
556.5
578.6
504a
631b
<0.01
0.47
0.17
mg/day- mg/dozen
hen
egg
CH4
3.11
2.96
3.22
2.85
0.62
0.85
0.49
43.9
39.6
43.7
39.8
0.74
0.72
0.45
mg/day- mg/dozen
hen
egg
NMTHC2
54.8
59.8
57.6
57.0
0.87
0.14
0.78
778
813
790
800
0.84
0.48
0.69
mg/day- mg/dozen
hen
egg
N2O
69.1
72.8
69.7
72.1
0.31
0.15
0.14
968
992
957
1,003
0.29
0.57
0.40
g/day- g/dozen
hen
egg
CO2
86.3
91.7
87.6
90.5
0.33
0.09
0.23
1
1,210
1,243
1,196
1,256
0.25
0.51
0.57
g/day- g/dozen
hen
egg
CO2e3
Means within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
If the test of significance gives a P-value lower than the significance level of 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected. Values within a column were not significantly different at 95% CI.
2
NMTHC = nonmethane hydrocarbons.
3
CO2e = CO2 equivalent.
a,b
Type 3 tests of fixed effects
(P-value)
DDGS
Minerals
DDGS × minerals
Main effect least squares means
DDGS
0%
20%
Mineral source
Inorganic
Organic
Effect1
H2S
NH3
Table 5. The effect of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and mineral source on gas emission rates
Li et al.: GASEOUS EMISSIONS IN HENS
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Table 6. The effect of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and mineral source on excretion characteristics
(mean ± SD with n in parentheses)1
Item
0_Inorg
Manure (g/day-hen)
DM (%)
NH4+-N (g/day-hen)
TKN2 (g/day-hen)
pH
P (g/day-hen)
Ca (g/day-hen)
Na (g/day-hen)
Fe (mg/day-hen)
Cu (mg/day-hen)
Mg (g/day-hen)
Zn (mg/day-hen)
Mn (mg/day-hen)
K (g/day-hen)
b
62.7 ± 3.97 (3)
34.1a ± 1.17 (3)
0.39b ± 0.06 (3)
0.98b ± 0.07 (3)
7.18a ± 0.63 (21)
0.57a ± 0.03 (3)
2.60b ± 0.05 (3)
0.14a ± 0.00 (3)
35.1a ± 1.22 (3)
1.91a ± 0.17 (3)
0.16a ± 0.01 (3)
13.6a ± 0.55 (3)
11.3a ± 0.63 (3)
0.83a ± 0.01 (3)
0_Org
ab
66.3 ± 3.71 (3)
32.9a ± 1.55 (3)
0.41b ± 0.02 (3)
0.99b ± 0.10 (3)
7.29a ± 0.64 (21)
0.65a ± 0.09 (3)
2.96ab ± 0.12 (3)
0.15a ± 0.02 (3)
35.2a ± 8.98 (3)
1.88a ± 0.24 (3)
0.17a ± 0.10 (3)
11.7b ± 0.45 (3)
13.0a ± 0.60 (3)
0.85a ± 0.08 (3)
20_Inorg
20_Org
a
73.9 ± 4.45 (3)
34.6a ± 1.40 (3)
0.59a ± 0.05 (3)
1.24a ± 0.06 (3)
7.07a ± 0.54 (21)
0.61a ± 0.06 (3)
3.01a ± 0.12 (3)
0.16a ± 0.00 (3)
36.5a ± 1.95 (3)
1.81a ± 0.04 (3)
0.18a ± 0.01 (3)
13.9a ± 0.38 (3)
12.0a ± 0.48 (3)
0.81a ± 0.04 (3)
ab
69.8 ± 4.42 (3)
34.8a ± 1.85 (3)
0.59a ± 0.01 (3)
1.17ab ± 0.05 (3)
7.13a ± 0.65 (21)
0.59a ± 0.05 (3)
2.82ab ± 0.21 (3)
0.16a ± 0.01 (3)
35.1a ± 3.22 (3)
1.62a ± 0.08 (3)
0.17a ± 0.02 (3)
11.8b ± 0.82 (3)
12.0a ± 1.33 (3)
0.77a ± 0.07 (3)
a,b
Means within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
0_Inorg = 0% DDGS + inorganic minerals, 0_Org = 0% DDGS +organic minerals, 20_Inorg = 20% DDGS + inorganic minerals, and 20_Org = 20% DDGS + organic minerals.
2
TKN = total Kjeldahl nitrogen.
1
Table 7. Mineral intake and retention, emission, and excretion from hens fed different dietary treatments
Item
(g/day-hen)
N
S
P
K
Ca
a–d
Diet1
Feed intake2
(mean ± SD)
Excreted in
eggs (%)
Retained
(%)
Excreted to
air (%)
Unaccounted
(%)
0_Inorg
0_Org
20_Inorg
20_Org
Average
0_Inorg
0_Org
20_Inorg
20_Org
Average
0_Inorg
0_Org
20_Inorg
20_Org
Average
0_Inorg
0_Org
20_Inorg
20_Org
Average
0_Inorg
0_Org
20_Inorg
20_Org
Average
2.90 ± 0.19
2.94 ± 0.19
2.90 ± 0.19
2.87 ± 0.18
2.90
0.25a ± 0.17
0.27b ± 0.18
0.30c ± 0.19
0.32d ± 0.20
0.29
0.68a ± 0.04
0.74b ± 0.05
0.67a ± 0.04
0.67a ± 0.04
0.69
0.96b ± 0.06
1.00c ± 0.07
0.94b ± 0.06
0.90a ± 0.06
0.95
4.77b ± 0.32
4.99c ± 0.33
4.23a ± 0.27
4.79b ± 0.30
4.70
38.0
39.4
38.2
39.1
38.7
31.6
31.2
26.3
25.6
28.7
16.1
15.5
16.5
16.7
16.2
7.92
7.95
8.15
8.58
8.15
0.65
0.65
0.73
0.66
0.67
33.9
33.8
42.5
40.6
37.7
58.7
57.4
79.5
73.1
67.1
84.5
88.3
92.1
88.0
88.2
86.2
84.3
86.2
85.6
85.6
54.5
59.4
71.2
58.9
61.0
16.5
19.3
15.8
15.9
16.9
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.23
0.26
—
—
—
—
11.6
7.49
3.46
4.33
6.72
9.5
11.1
−5.99
1.13
3.94
−0.57
−3.79
−8.61
−4.61
−4.40
5.88
7.71
5.68
5.81
6.27
44.8
40.0
28.1
40.5
38.4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Means within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
0_Inorg = 0% DDGS + inorganic minerals, 0_Org = 0% DDGS + organic minerals, 20_Inorg = 20% DDGS + inorganic minerals, and 20_Org = 20% DDGS + organic minerals.
2
Water nutrient input not included.
1
Li et al.: GASEOUS EMISSIONS IN HENS
49
Figure 1. Average excretion characteristics for (I) N balance, (II) S balance, (III) P balance, and (IV) K balance.
TKN = total Kjeldahl nitrogen.
Manure generated from the different treatments
had similar DM content. The daily NH4+-N excretion from hens fed 20_Inorg and 20_Org was
significantly higher than from hens fed 0_Inorg
and 0_Org. However, the higher NH4+-N excretion did not result in higher NH3 emissions.
The manure pH was similar across all diet treatments. Excreted P, Na, Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn, and K
masses were not different by diet treatment. The
Ca excretion was higher from hens fed 20_Inorg
than from hens fed 0_Inorg; however, the excre-
tion was not correlated with Ca intake rates. The
Zn excretion from hens fed inorganic mineral
sources (0_Inorg and 20_Inorg) was higher than
hens fed organic mineral sources (0_Org and
20_Org).
Excretion characteristics are listed in Table
7 and depicted in Figure 1. Approximately 40%
of N consumed remained in excreta, 40% was
retained in eggs, and 15% was emitted to air.
Approximately 70% of S consumed remained
in excreta, 30% was retained in eggs, and less
JAPR: Research Report
50
than 1% was emitted to air. More than 80% of
consumed P, 80% of consumed K, and 50% of
consumed Ca were excreted in manure. Quantified excreta, eggs, and air emissions accounted
for 88% or more of the feed inputs except for
Ca. The remaining 12% likely resulted from particulate matter loss, systematic errors in chemical quantification, and uncertainties in reference
values.
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
1. In the current study, neither DDGS nor
the source of mineral had a significant
effect on laying hen performance or
large effects on air emissions.
2. Feeding 20% DDGS to laying hens resulted in a slight decrease in NH3 emissions but an increase in CH4 emissions
without affecting other gaseous emissions. More than 30% of consumed N,
80% of consumed P, 80% of consumed
K, and 50% of consumed Ca were excreted in manure.
3. Based on laying hen performance and
the measured emissions, DDGS (20%)
can be fed to laying hens without adverse environmental effects. Substitution with organic trace minerals did not
have an effect on hen performance or air
emissions.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank Stéphane Durosoy (Anamine, Sillingy,
France) for product donation and Jolene Roth (Michigan
State University) for laboratory oversight.