- ECOWIND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF 1KWh
GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WINDFARM G90 2.O Mw
Date:
Version:
01 Jun 2013
1.0
The present document shows the results of Life cycle assessment of Gamesa wind generator G9X model
G90-2.0MW-78m.
This study was fulfilled according with international standards:
ISO 14040:2006. Environmental management. Life cycle assessment. Principles and framework
ISO 14044:2006. Environmental management. Life cycle assessment. Requirements and guidelines
STUDY TITLE:
"Life cycle assessment of 1 kWh generated by a wind farm Gamesa G90-2.0MW Onshore"
VALIDITY OF THE STUDY: Results are considered representative of the technology currently used by Gamesa G90-2.0MW machine with 78m
high towers.
CLIENT:
Gamesa
DATE:
May 2013
AUTHOR:
José Ramón Muro Pereg / Javier Fernandez de la Hoz
INDEX:
1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................................
2. STUDY OBJECTIVE ......................................................................................................................................................
3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY (Limits) ....................................................................................................................................
3.1. FUNCTIONAL UNIT ..............................................................................................................................................
3.2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION .........................................................................................................................................
3.2.1 Life Cycle Stages ..........................................................................................................................................
3.2.1.1 Procurement of Raw Materials and Components ................................................................................
3.2.1.2Manufacturing ..................................................................................................................................
3.2.1.3 Distribution ....................................................................................................................................
3.2.1.4 Assembly ........................................................................................................................................
3.2.1.5 Operation .......................................................................................................................................
3.2.1.6 Maintenance ...................................................................................................................................
3.2.1.7 End of Life .....................................................................................................................................
3.2.2 Technology Coverage ...................................................................................................................................
3.2.3 Temporal Coverage .....................................................................................................................................
3.2.4 Geographical Coverage ................................................................................................................................
3.2.5 Data Collection / Full ....................................................................................................................................
3.3 CUTTING CRITERIA ...............................................................................................................................................
3.4 ASSUMPTIONS AND ESTIMATIONS .........................................................................................................................
3.4.1 Turbine Lifespan and WF .............................................................................................................................
3.4.2 Location wind conditions .............................................................................................................................
3.4.3 Input Materials.............................................................................................................................................
3.4.4 End of Life Treatment ..................................................................................................................................
3.4.5 Repairs .......................................................................................................................................................
3.5 CRITERIA FOR ALLOCATION .................................................................................................................................
3.6 ANALYSIS OF INVENTORY .....................................................................................................................................
3.7 MODELLING THE LIFE CYCLE STAGES ....................................................................................................................
3.8 IMPACT ASSESSMENT CATEGORIES AND INDICATORS HIGHLIGHTS .......................................................................
3.9 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND SCENARIOS ...............................................................................................................
3.10 CRITICAL.............................................................................................................................................................
4. WIND FARM INVENTORY Gamesa G90-2.0MW .............................................................................................................
5. EVALUATION OF IMPACT ............................................................................................................................................
5.1 MAIN RESULTS .....................................................................................................................................................
5.2 DETAILS OF RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................
5.2.1 Abiotic Resource Depletion (ADP elements) ..................................................................................................
5.2.2 Acidification Potential (AP) ...........................................................................................................................
5.2.3 Eutrophication Potential (EP) .......................................................................................................................
5.2.4 Global Warming Potential (GWP) ..................................................................................................................
5.2.5 Potential 5.2.5 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion (ODP) ......................................................................................
5.2.6 Toxicity Potential (TP) .................................................................................................................................
5.2.6.1 Human Toxicity Potential (HTP) ......................................................................................................
5.2.6.2 Water Ecotoxicity potential (FAETP) ................................................................................................
5.2.6.3 Ecotoxicity Potential Water Marina (MAETP) .....................................................................................
5.2.6.4 Terrestrial Ecotoxicity potential (PTSD) .............................................................................................
5.2.7 Land Use ....................................................................................................................................................
5.2.8 Photochemical oxidation (POCP) ...................................................................................................................
5.2.9 Water consumption ......................................................................................................................................
5.2.10 Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) .............................................................................................................
5.2.10.1 Primary Energy from Non-Renewable Resources (PED Non Renewable) ...........................................
5.2.10.2 Primary Energy from Renewable Resources (Renewable PED) .........................................................
5.2.10.3 Energy Return on Energy ..............................................................................................................
5.2.11 Recyclability ...............................................................................................................................................
6. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND SCENARIOS .....................................................................................................................
6.1 WIND PARK LIFE ..................................................................................................................................................
6.1.1 Useful Life Expansion in 5 Year ....................................................................................................................
6.1.2 Useful Life Expansion in 10 Years ..................................................................................................................
6.2 CORRECTIVE BIG. REPLACEMENT PARTS AND PARTS ..............................................................................................
6.3 WIND FARM OPERATING UNDER CONDITIONS OF LOW WIND (IEC III) vs. WIND ENVIRONMENT (IEC II) ................
6.4 LOCATION OF WIND FARM ....................................................................................................................................
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“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
6.5 DISTANCE OF WIND FARM FOR DISTRIBUTION NETWORK......................................................................................
7. INTERPRETATION ......................................................................................................................................................
7.1 GENERAL...............................................................................................................................................................
7.2 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND SCENARIOS ...............................................................................................................
7.3 STRENGTH OF RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................
7.3.1 Data Collection.............................................................................................................................................
7.3.2 Consistency and Data Representation ............................................................................................................
7.3.3 Reproducibility .............................................................................................................................................
7.3.4 Opportunities ...............................................................................................................................................
8. EXTERNAL REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................................
9. APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................................................................
9.1 TABLE OF FEATURES .............................................................................................................................................
9.2 DESCRIPTION OF WIND-2.0 MW Gamesa (MODEL G90-2.0 MW) ..............................................................................
9.3 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY .........................................................................................................................................
-
ABREVIATIONS:
IEC
ACV/LCA
ICV
EPD
MW
MP
KPI
ADP
AP
EP
GWP
ODP
HTP
FAETP
MAETP
TETP
PED
CED
POCP
WF
SET
PEM
AEP
CdP
AEP
CLR
OLR
PBS
MPBS
MPBS (f)
MT
BT
EsIA
2013 – V.1
International Electrotechnical Commission
Life cycle assessment
Life Cycle Inventory
Environmental Product Declaration
MegaWat
Row material
Key Performance Indicator
Abiotic Resource Depletion.
Acidification Potential.
Eutrophication Potential.
Global Warming Potential.
Ozone Layer Depletion.
Human Toxicity Potential.
Fresh Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential.
Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential.
Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Potential.
Primary Energy Demand
Cumulative Energy Demand
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
Wind Farm
Subestación Eléctrica de Transformación
Puesta en Marcha
Annual Energy Production
Power curve
Annual Energy Production
Closed Loop Recycling
Open Loop Recycling
Product Breakdown Structure
Manufacturing Product Breakdown Structure
Manufacturing Product Breakdown Structure (factory)
Media Tensión (Medium voltage)
Baja Tensión (Low voltage)
Environmental impact Study
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ECOWIND PROJECT
“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
1. INTRODUCTION:
With over 19 years of experience, Gamesa is a global technology leader in the wind industry. Its comprehensive response in this
market includes the design, construction, installation and maintenance of wind turbines, with more than 27.000 MW installed in
42 countries and 19,100 MW under maintenance. Gamesa is also a world leader in the market for the development, construction
and sale of wind farms, with about 6.000 MW installed and a larger portfolio of 18.000 MW in wind farms in Europe, America and
Asia. It also maintains a firm commitment on the off-shore segment, through technological and industrial development, which
will evolve in the coming years in parallel with market needs.
Gamesa has some thirty production centers in Europe, USA, China, India and Brazil.
The annual equivalent of the production of its more than 26,000 MW represents more than 6 million tons of petroleum (TEP) /
year and prevents the emission into the atmosphere of an amount close to 40 million tons of CO2 per year.
The environment is the biggest challenge facing us in recent years. The effects of the development of modern society are
causing the planet began to be known and are increasingly actions to mitigate or avoid these negative effects. Currently the
company is becoming more sensitized to their environment and is concerned about the effects of environmental impacts
generated (change, climate, ozone layer, resource depletion, toxicity, eutrophication, land use, acidification ...). Fruit of Gamesa's
commitment to the environment and sustainability implicit in their identity, comes the opportunity to conduct a thorough analysis
of our activity, which identify the environmental impacts generated by it. Thus GCT may focus efforts better trying to use the
experience gained from the project and minimize the impact of its activities.
According to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in its standards 14040/44, an LCA study consists of four
phases:
(1) Goal and scope (context and purpose of the study),
(2) Life cycle inventory (inputs and outputs of materials and energy in all processes and operations along the value chain
of the product throughout its life cycle);
(3) Evaluation of the impact of the life cycle,
(4) Interpretation of results
In the initial phase define the objective and scope, which sets the criteria of the study, the intended use of the results,
conditions, data requirements and the assumptions made to analyze the product system in question, and other specifications
similar techniques to the study. The aim of the study is to respond to specific questions raised by the target audience and
entities involved in the life cycle of our products, taking into account the potential uses of the results of the study. The scope of
the study defines the envelope of the system in terms of technology coverage, geographic, and temporal study, the product
system attributes, and the level of detail and complexity led the study.
In a second phase of inventory, generally is the longest. This stage involves the collection stage to stage of the life cycle of all
data on inputs and outputs and performing the appropriate calculations to quantify the inputs (raw materials and energy) and
outputs (emissions, effluents and waste). Within each stage, these data are to be referred to each of the processes involved in it.
However, the overall inventory will be a huge list of data on fuel consumption and emissions of a large number of substances
from cradle to grave, from which we must interpret and evaluate their environmental impact.
In the third phase proceeds to the impact assessment, where a classification and evaluation of the results of the inventory, and
relate their results with observable environmental effects. This evaluation is performed using a specific software development
ACVs, called ProMES (PRé Consultants).
Finally, the interpretation phase is a systematic technique to identify, quantify, review and evaluate information from the results
of the Inventory and Evaluation, and communicate effectively. The results of the previous phases are evaluated together, in a
manner consistent with the objectives set for the study, in order to establish findings and recommendations for decision-making.
On the other hand GCT intends to use this study as a basis for future studies of stroke, as well as for the definition of key
performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring and monitoring the performance of wind turbines from a life cycle perspective and
to enable and help integrate environmental considerations into product design, set goals and make decisions.
This report describes the results of the life cycle assessment of 1 kWh generated by a PE Gamesa G90-2.0MW onshore, including
a description of the purpose and scope, data, assumptions, methodologies, results and interpretation.
The study complies fully with the requirements of ISO LCA [ISO 14040: 2006, ISO 14044: 2006] and going to be the subject of
an external review to ensure the reliability, robustness and credibility of the results.
2013 – V.1
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“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:
The main objective of this project is to calculate the environmental impact associated with electricity generation from wind
energy in Europe. The study was performed from a wind farm type, with machine Gamesa G90-2.0MW, located in Europe,
throughout its life cycle, from creation to final dismantling.
To calculate this impact based on the Regulation UNE-EN-ISO 14040 and 14044 in December 2006, will be discussed in full
product life and defining all processes associated environmental burdens associated with each phase, stage, or unit process,
valuing which are the more and less harmful.
Knowing in detail the integrity of the products and processes Gamesa, closely examining all its phases and deeper still, all
production processes, and so to know which ones are likely to produce impacts on the environment.
Having an overview of all environmental impacts associated with the product life cycle and production processes Gamesa G90
partners.
Identify all potential areas for improvement and direct efforts so as to eradicate the impacts, or otherwise minimize as far as
possible, getting the consequent environmental improvement both production process and the product.
To have a reference model for the development of future designs and redesigns. Power work based on this reference model,
reducing or eliminating the impacts on other occasions was generated by certain designs, technologies, processes, materials, or
components.
Maximize the use and exploitation of the inputs, both raw materials and energy, resulting in a minimization of the outputs, both
waste and emissions and discharges. With this optimization environmentally besides improving both the process and the final
product, also involves a reduction of the costs throughout its life cycle.
An objectively analyze different scenarios and possible alternatives and their implications and impact on the life cycle.
Possession of the basic tool to advance the eco-design of both processes and future Gamesa products.
Selecting KPIs relevant environmental performance, including measurement techniques, etc.
Providing great deal of useful information, which will serve as a reference for individuals or departments involved in new
developments and areas of improvement.
Check the efficiency of wind energy and environmental performance of this technology linking all stages of its life cycle, as well
as obtaining an environmental product declaration, EPD (Ecolabel Type III).
2.1. Recipients LCA results:
• Recipients of the report are considered on first place the Gamesa Industrial Clients, using this information to promote the
products of the organization, other stakeholders such as research centers, training centers. Furthermore, this information is
made available to the various projects of the Organization as input for the analysis of the environmental impacts of the designed
product.
3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY (Limits)
The life cycle of a product as complex as a wind turbine includes countless environmental aspects during its 20 year life. For this
reason, it is imperative to clearly define the boundaries of the system analyzed, to avoid an excessive amount of information not
relevant in the context of the entire lifecycle.
In view of previous LCA results from other wind turbines, it is known that the most important phases in the life cycle of this
product are the raw material procurement, production and end of product life. For this reason it has been attempted to have the
greatest possible accuracy in obtaining data related to these phases, always following the approach of trying inventorying at
least 99% of the environmental impact.
Using this approach, we have defined the processes that are included in the analysis and what has been excluded.
The following aspects are within the limits of the present study:
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“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
• All processes developed by Gamesa along the entire life cycle, not just the production processes of the workplace.
Construction activity at the WF, maintenance, major corrective, dismantling, and waste generation and associated
emissions.
• The production processes of the suppliers of Gamesa have been analyzed by using generic productive process
indicators taken from the Ecoinvent database and data provided from the suppliers.
• All transportation from suppliers to Gamesa production centers or from Gamesa centers to WF and from WF to the
relevant waste management at its end of life, including special transport provided there. Just as the transportation of
all waste generated at any time of the life cycle to its recycling plant or end as a waste.
• The production phase, considering ratios machine availability and planned maintenance shutdowns and internal
electrical losses of the wind turbine in the internal wiring of the wind farm and the substation, and the losses in the
wiring connection network.
The following aspects are outside the scope of this study:
• No account has been taken of the environmental aspects of the internal processes of some of the production plants
of Gamesa suppliers, of which it has been impossible to obtain accurate information. However where this has occurred,
if it is an input component with a weight of less than 1%. Yes it has taken into account the inventory of BUY
subcomponents materials and transportation necessary to bring those plants subcomponents to Gamesa.
• With regard to the civil works on wind farm, have not been taken into account fiber cabling work or erection cranes,
since no information was available in time to be taken into account in the study. In future revisions will include this
part, which however is not considered relevant for the study.
3.1 FUNCTIONAL UNIT:
The functional unit is the reference on the basis of which all data are collected for the materials procurement, manufacturing,
distribution, installation, use and end of life of the product covered by this analysis. It is the key element of the LCA and must be
clearly defined. A measure of the function of the studied system and gives a reference to which the inputs and outputs are
related. This allows the comparison of two different systems. The definition of the functional unit can be difficult. It must be
accurate and comparable enough to be used as reference. The comparison of the environmental impact of two different systems
will be possible only if the functional unit is the same.
The functional unit for this LCA study is defined as:
1 Kwh of electricity generated, conditioning and keen to network through a wind farm Gamesa G90 - 2.0 MW with tower of 78
meters high. Operating under Medium Wind conditions (IEC IIA)
3.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The system under study is an Onshore Wind Farm which is representative of a wind farm at the European type, 50 MW of total
installed capacity, with 25 Gamesa G90 2 MW of power each, with 78-meter tower. Just as all internal wiring of the wind farm
substation own park and distribution wiring up your flow to network. The distribution network is not included in the study,
constituting the boundary of the analysis.
The Wind Turbine Gamesa G90;
The multi-megawatt wind turbine platform Gamesa G90 Gamesa G9X-2, 0 MW, enables more competitive ratios per MW installed
investment cost and energy produced, thanks to the versatile combination of a wind turbine of 2.0 MW each, for achieve peak
performance in all kinds of locations.
The G90 is a two-megawatt turbine rated power, has a three-blade rotor diameter of 90 m and a swept area of 6,362 m2, has
both aerodynamic braking system and hydraulic lightning protection in accordance with IEC 61024-1 , pitch control for each of its
blades and this supported by a tapered tower height of 78 meters consists of three sections.
Gamesa G9X-2, 0 MW bases its technology to control speed and variable pitch turn incorporating the latest technologies to
extract the maximum power from the wind with the greatest efficiency.
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WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
Gamesa Wind Turbine Advantages G90-2, 0 MW
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Maximum production at any location
Pitch and variable speed to maximize energy production
Technology tip blade manufacturing. New blade profiles optimized for maximum output and low noise
Composites reinforced with fiberglass and carbon to achieve lighter blades while maintaining the rigidity and strength
Technological solutions to ensure compliance with the main requirements of international networking
Gamesa active yaw system to ensure optimal adaptation to complex land profiles
Aerodynamic design and Gamesa NRS ® control to minimize noise emissions
Gamesa WindNet ®: control and monitoring system remote web access
Gamesa SMP own predictive maintenance system
G90 Windfarm:
Since GAMESA starts the Life cycle assessment study, it was found interesting the concept that its results were extrapolated as
far as possible to a test case of a European Wind farm and not to a specific site. The reason is to make the information extracted
from this report may be useful to a wider audience. To achieve this goal, it has become necessary to get generic model a wind
site from the actual data are known of Gamesa G90-2MW wind farms installed. The differences between the environmental
impacts caused by the erection of various wind farms rely primarily on two variables, the location and size of the site, which will
be discussed in detail in the following sections.
After analyzing the variations in existing environmental aspects for different types of location you have assigned the average
requirement of materials and civil works required for each wind turbine is being installed. Thus, the environmental impact of the
construction of the wind farm is referred to each turbine installed and not limited to a particular park size.
As the current study relates to a park through G90, for the common elements of the park has been used the average power for
this type installed at European parks for Gamesa, which according to internal data are 28.5 MW.
LOCATION:
To define the locations that worth bearing in mind that the LCA can be considered representative of the real situation initially
was consulted the European locations in which Gamesa has installed more powerful G90-2MW wind turbine.
The result was as follows:
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ECOWIND PROJECT
“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
Nº
Windfarms
Model
Nominal power
( KW)
Nº WTG
installed
MWs
installed
Relevance (%)
SPAIN
95
G90
2000
1097
2194
57,49%
POLAND
17
G90
2000
246
492
12,89%
FRANCE
35
G90
2000
172
344
9,01%
ITALY
9
G90
2000
120
240
6,29%
HUNGARY
10
G90
2000
91
182
4,77%
RUMANY
3
G90
2000
70
140
3,67%
BULGARY
5
G90
2000
45
90
2,36%
PORTUGAL
3
G90
2000
32
64
1,68%
TURQUIA
1
G90
2000
15
30
0,79%
SUECIA
3
G90
2000
10
20
0,52%
CHIPRE
1
G90
2000
10
20
0,52%
Country
From this table, it is extracted that 85.7% of the installed capacity of 2MW G90-focuses on four countries, Spain, Poland, France
and Italy. The other European countries in which Gamesa has presence each represent less than 5% of the total power.
Therefore, when calculating the distances traveled by the components of the wind turbine to the wind farm, there have been
four transport scenarios (one for each country) taking into account the actual distances from production plants to Gamesa
regions of each country in which more power is installed.
The regions for each country studied are:
SPAIN
REGION
Andalucía
Castilla y León
Castilla – La mancha
Cataluña
POLAND
REGION
Warmia-Masuria
Gran Polonia
Pomerania
Masovia
FRANCE
REGION
Meuse
Aisne
Morbihan
Ardennes
ITALY
REGION
Sicilia
Calabria
Toscana
POWER INSTALLED
36.71%
36.71%
17.17%
6.31%
POWER INSTALLED
26.83%
24.39%
14.63%
10.98%
POWER INSTALLED
38.37%
19.19%
13.95%
9.30%
POWER INSTALLED
66.67%
25.00%
8.33%
The variation of environmental impact incurred due to the transportation of all the raw materials to the different countries
analyzed, will be studied in section 6.4 concerning the sensitivity analysis.
WIND FARM SIZE:
The other aspect of relevance to the wind farm is related to the size of the site. The environmental impact of the energy
generated by wind turbines is directly dependent on the size of the wind farm, as there are parts of the infrastructure of the
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“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
Windfarm that are common to all wind turbines such as electrical substation, underground cabling or Wind farm lines air through
a GRID cohesion. Also, activities such as vials conditioning to allow access to the park machinery are carried out in the same
manner whether as a wind turbine is erected by erecting multiple turbines.
In this way, it becomes obvious to think that in general, will be a more sustainable performance made in building larger parks,
because the impact of common infrastructure of the site eventually delivering just between all wind turbines installed. A greater
number of wind turbines per kWh generated less impact.
To remain in the study represented the difference between the environmental impacts of the park according to the dimensions
commonly used by Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica; we have analyzed the data of the environmental impacts caused by the
civil and common infrastructure of a wind farm, for sites built by Gamesa, of different dimensions.
Data on material requirements and civil works that have been studied for modeling location in the stroke that support this report
are drawn from the works of the following locations.
Although all analyzed sites are in Spain, the techniques used for the work site and the materials used, can be considered
representative for a European wind farm case, experts in civil engineering from the Technical Office Building Gamesa,
WINDFARM
LOCATION
Alto de la degollada
Los Lirios
Barchín
Les Forques II
Castrojeriz (España)
San Silvestre de Guzmán (España)
Barchín del hoyo (España)
Passanant (España)
Nº
WINDGENERATORS
25
24
14
6
POWER
INSTALED
50 MW
48 MW
28 MW
12 MW
BUIDING
YEAR
2010
2010
2011
2011
After analyzing the different types of wind farm, and in view of the relative representation of each park size, the results are
extrapolated to create theoretical values of the environmental impacts of site civil works and common infrastructure for each G90
2 MW installed. Thus, the model created in the LCA to calculate the environmental impacts of the wind farm represents a generic
wind farm in Europe. Also for the allocation of loads of elements are always in the park at the same rate regardless of the size of
it, for example the construction of the substation, we used the average size of wind farms G90 European level, which is 28.5 MW
of installed capacity.
3.2.1 Life cycle stages:
In the figure below, summarizes the entire life cycle of our product including all the wind turbine stages from extraction of raw
materials to the waste recycling or final disposal.
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“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
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These stages can be grouped into seven distinct phases; Sourcing of Raw materials and Components, Manufacturing,
Distribution, Installation, Operation, Maintenance, Dismantling (End of Life)
For the preparation of this report have been grouped the 7 phases into 4 phases to facilitate understanding of the results.
Grouping is as follows;
-
Production. (Includes the supply of MP and components)
Assembly
Operation and Maintenance
End of Life
The phase distribution on all transport involved in the life cycle, would be distributed in each of the previous four phases defined
for this report.
3.2.1.1 Procurement of Raw Materials and Components:
This first phase of the life cycle includes all environmental aspects from the first extraction of raw materials to the finished
component or product or MP leaves the supplier work center (or Gamesa center) to a Gamesa production plant. It has taken into
account the impact of all wind turbine materials; both BUY and MAKE components, up to the limit specified in paragraph 3.3.
Cutting criteria.
3.2.1.2 Manufacturing:
This stage encompasses all environmental aspects from the extraction of the first raw material until the finished product leaves
the Gamesa factories, (cradle-to-gate). The environmental performance of the production processes of all components of the
wind turbine Gamesa manufactures in agreement to the provisions of paragraph 3.2.4., Is included in this group, including
energy consumption, raw materials and waste management of the production process. The production processes of the suppliers
of Gamesa have been analyzed by using generic productive process indicators taken from the Ecoinvent database and data
provided from the suppliers.
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ECOWIND PROJECT
“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
It is the most important phase of the life cycle of our product, since, as we shall see, includes most of the environmental
impacts during the life of the turbine.
3.2.1.3 Distribution:
In this section, we have taken into account the environmental impacts associated with the transportation of raw materials,
components and waste throughout the life cycle. These transports were divided into seven groups:
-
Transportation of raw materials and components from suppliers to Gamesa plants (Impact included in Phase
Manufacturing)
Transportation of components between Gamesa plants (Impact included in Phase Manufacturing)
Transportation of waste from Gamesa centers to local recyclers (Impact included in Phase Manufacturing)
Transportation of final components to wind farm(Impact included in Phase Editor)
Transportation of construction waste from park to local recyclers (Impact included in Phase Editor)
Transportation necessary to perform preventive and large corrective maintenance at wind farm (Impact included in the
Operation and Maintenance Phase)
Transportation necessary to carry out tasks of dismantling and transportation of waste from wind farms to local
recyclers (Impact included in Phase End of Life)
3.2.1.4 Assembly:
This stage encompasses all environmental aspects related to the construction and civil works of the wind farm. This includes the
construction of foundations, electrical substation, control building and underground power wiring and all construction work
related to these concepts and conditioning machinery access road to the site, including energy consumption, materials waste
management and assembly process.
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3.2.1.5 Operation:
The operational phase includes the 20-year life from just installing the machines in their corresponding location the use and
maintenance during 20 years and finally is dismantled to be properly managed, component by component in their end of life.
Due to the nature of the product, this phase has great environmental significance as it will be the time period during which the
machine will be producing energy. As the functional unit of the system 1 kWh generated and keen to network, the data of
electric generating capacity of the wind turbine lifetime G90 is a determining factor in the environmental profile of the product.
3.2.1.6 Maintenance:
This phase includes all regular maintenance as well as spares parts for the 20 year life. Also are contemplated at this stage major
corrective estimated component needed to support the statistically estimated breakdowns of wind turbine in their lifetime.
3.2.1.7 End of life:
The end of life phase encompasses all environmental impacts since the wind farm is decommissioned until all materials are
reused, recycled, rehabilitated or ultimately eliminated. Within this stage we can find the impact associated in transportation of
all turbine components to its authorized agent, and the impacts / credits associated with the final treatment made to each
component.
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3.2.2 Technology coverage:
This study analyzes the production of wind turbine transport between plants and to wind farm, wind farm construction, operation
/ maintenance, dismantling of all its components and end of life.
For all these processes, analyzed technology is reflected as the current technology used by Gamesa and is considered
representative of the product life cycle.
3.2.3 Temporal coverage
Data on inventories of materials, transport and maintenance have been obtained from the technology currently used by Gamesa
G90 model. These data are considered representative for the lifetime of the turbine.
Data on environmental aspects of Gamesa production processes have been collected in a time spectrum between 2008 and
2010. In choosing the time span of each production has been used as a criterion to obtain the data that best fit the
environmental reality of the production plant, so that may be representative of the impact caused by them.
The data on environmental aspects of civil works were obtained from wind farms built during the years 2010 and 2011. The
technology used is currently used by Gamesa and is considered representative for the product lifecycle.
Data on major corrective components have been obtained from a study of Gamesa's support department, conducted in 2008.
These are considered the best available and representative of the situation of the product throughout its life cycle.
Since the wind energy sector is a relatively young industry, there is no statistical data on G90 dismantling. For data dismantling
and end of life of the product, has taken into account the recycling of wind turbines manual prepared by HANGE for Gamesa in
2005. The end-of-life destinations described in the manual are considered representative of the current situation of
decommissioning of wind turbines.
Data extracted from database life cycle inventories generic (EcoInvent) have temporary coverage variable, but not more than 10
years old.
3.2.4 Geographic coverage:
The aim with this life cycle assessment is not to analyze a particular site, but to give an overall picture of what it is
environmentally the production of wind turbines and power generation from wind resources at European level.
Productive plants analyzed are all responsible Gamesa plant to manufacture machine components G90 for any park located in
any country in Europe. The plants considered for the LCA are:
Gamesa Agreda: Assembly of nacelles (Agreda - Soria)
Gamesa Cantarey: Generator Manufacture (Reinosa - Cantabria)
Gamesa wind components Albacete: Manufacture of blades (Albacete - Albacete)
Gamesa wind components Basin: Manufacturing of blade roots (Cuenca - Cuenca)
Gamesa Echesa: Gearbox parts machining (Asteasu - Guipuzcoa)
Gamesa FNN Burgos: Casting (Burgos - Burgos)
MADE Gamesa Medina del Campo: Rotor assembly (Medina del Campo - Valladolid)
Gamesa Trelsa Lerma: Gearbox assembly (Lerma - Burgos)
Gamesa Valencia Power Converters: Production and assembly of cabinets and converters (Benissanó - Valencia)
Supports and Olazagutía Steel Structures: Manufacturing of towers (Olazagutía - Navarra)
Data components purchased directly from suppliers and the distances traveled by these components to plants Gamesa, closely
match the reality of a European stage.
Data on construction and civil works of wind farms, are drawn from works managed by Gamesa in Spanish wind farms. We have
chosen the case of Spanish wind farms as the most representative (57% of the total power installed in Europe G90), and
considering that the technology used in these wind farms is similar to that used to build a park in other European countries.
With regard to the transport distance of the components to the wind farm, has been taken as reference a "Standard Wind farm"
that is considered representative of the erection of a wind farm located at the Iberian Peninsula. To calculate the distance from
Gamesa's production facilities to the final location of the machine, the data were used to calculate section 3.2 that are more
representative geographical areas.
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Also were studied wind farm scenarios for the rest of representative countries of G90 farms in Europe. These countries are
Poland, France and Italy. These three alternative transport cases will be analyzed in section 6.4 on sensitivity analysis. Among
these four scenarios, we have obtained the geographic coverage of 85.7% of the G90 power installed in Europe.
3.2.5 Data collection:
The data for the modeling of product life cycle have been taken from different sources. The data quality criterion used was to
use data from a primary source as long as it was feasible. Additional efforts were made to obtain primary data sources were
clearly issues with a high environmental relevance in the context of LCA G90 wind turbine.
Listed below are data that have been obtained from a primary source:
NACELLE*
Internal (Gamesa)
TOWER**
Internal (Gamesa & Windar)
ROTOR
Internal (Gamesa)
FUNDATION
Internal (Gamesa)
CIVIL WORKS
Internal (Gamesa)
SET & WIRING
Internal (Gamesa)
LOGISTIC
Internal (Gamesa & CTL)
MAINTENANCE
Internal (Gamesa)
END OF LIFE
Internal (Gamesa)
* All relevant information on the main components of the internal source Nacelle is Gamesa, except the transformer and some
irrelevant components (components BUY).
** All relevant information to the main components of the tower is internal source from Gamesa & Windar, except for some
irrelevant internal components of the tower (components BUY).
In cases where it was not feasible to obtain data from a primary source, have been used databases of life cycle inventories from
expert estimations, consultations with suppliers or information from ACV associations conducted and published by a third party.
The cases in which the data were obtained from secondary sources are:
NACELLE (Rest) External (Suppliers, Public ACVs, Data bases, Associations)
TOWER (Rest)
External (Suppliers, Data bases, Associations)
3.3 CUT-OFF CRITERIA:
It has not really been cut-off criteria; the objective was to inventory 100% of the inputs and outputs of the entire life cycle.
However, given the complexity of a wind turbine and a wind farm with all its elements. Was not possible to collect information
from 100%, as it was done by establishing cut-off criteria regardless always inventoried at least 99%. And none of the entries
that fall outside the study had a higher relative contribution of 1%.
The following describes the overall quantities introduced in the LCA, by the Windmill, SET and wiring.
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WEIGHT ANALYZED (KG)
WEIGHT ESTIMATED (KG)
% ANALYZED
NACELLE
68.266,72
70.000
97,52 %
ROTOR
38.070,16
38.500
99,88 %
TOWER
188.996,64
189.886,40
99,53 %
FUNDATION
1.174.537
1.174.537
100 %
1.469.870,52
1.472.923,40
99,79 %
TOTAL
Having analyzed a 99.78% of the total, from the fixed goal of 99%, the result is considered an accurate reflection of reality, very
representative and comprehensive.
% ANALIZED
WF GENERATOR
99,79 %
SUBESTATION
98,78 %
WIND FARM WIRES
100 %
TOTAL
99,78 %
3.4 ASSUMPTIONS AND ESTIMATIONS:
The calculation of all environmental impacts associated with the life cycle of a product of such magnitude is not feasible both
technically and temporally speaking. In order to address a study of this type, it is necessary to assume or estimate certain
parameters to simplify data collection. In the next section, lists all assumptions that were taken into account when performing
this stroke.
3.4.1 Useful Life and PE Turbine
The useful life is estimated at 20 years (Phase of Operation and Maintenance), as is the current market requirement for wind
farms. However it will also be the subject of this analysis, the effects of the conditions to extend the life of the turbine. This
section is addressed in chapter scenario analysis in Section 6.2 of this report.
3.4.2 Location wind conditions
It is assumed that the turbine will be placed at a site with a wind average (IEC-CIIA), with wind conditions Vavg = 8 m/s. Is
important to define the wind conditions at the site, as it contributes significantly to the generation of energy during the lifetime
and therefore the overall results of the analysis.
The Gamesa G90 wind turbines have been designed to run on wind conditions from low to medium speed (IEC II and III). For
this study, the mean wind conditions have been selected as the baseline scenario, as predicted Gamesa medium wind sites as
the world's largest market. The effects of wind conditions are addressed in chapter scenario analysis in section 6.1 of this report.
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3.4.3 Input Materials
It is assumed that wind farms chosen for simulating the generic wind farm G90, are representative of the current technology
used in the construction of wind sites worldwide. All data and reference materials and components are completely faithful to
reality and come from internal documentation, PBS and MPBS MPBS (f), as well as details of our suppliers and EIAs in various
locations.
To facilitate data collection and evaluation of life cycle inventory, have established various groups of materials and components,
according to his family and type of material; turbine internal Wiring, Wiring at wind farm (MT, grounding, wiring network
connection), screws, nuts and washers for metric and materials.
All losses and consumption, domestic wind turbine in internal distribution and external distribution PE until it turned to network.
PE based inventory 50MW power considering civil works for the substation and infrastructure, as well as all the elements that is
inside the SET.
The technical sheet of the materials used comes from the Ecoinvent database and other created from information provided by
international associations.
3.4.4 End of life treatment:
Because there is no information of complete lifespan, have been estimated distribution percentages of waste end of life by
estimation according to the sources:
□ Manual turbines recycling HANGE 2005
□ Dismantling wind farm South Igea-Colnago, Source: GER
□ Analysis of finally living options of wind turbine blades. Gaiker.
For the LCA have assumed the following hypotheses;
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
98% is recycled metal (either ferrous or not)
90% is recycled plastics
50% is recycled to the electrical / electronic
99% is recycled cable
0% is recycled lubricants, greases and oils (100% Energy Recovery)
0% is recycled carbon fiber and glass (100% Landfill)
0% is recycled paints and adhesives
3.4.5 Repairs
It is sometimes difficult for a complete turbine life, without any incident along the same. These can range from a small impact
such as retightening of a screw, to a large corrective change as a shovel lightning strike. Since this study raises be as close as
possible to the real scenario, it has been decided to the baseline scenario, incorporating half by component and subsystem, all
those incidents to date for the Gamesa G90-2.0MW machines currently in operation. Within the entire range of possible
incidents, have been considered those with considerable importance, mainly the large corrections, being outside the studio all
those with a lower occurrence rate of 0.009 failures per machine and complete life cycle. The data collection period included in
the study corresponds to a historic 5 years.
3.4.6. Source of electricity:
The data used to create the electricity mix model used in plants to manufacture the wind turbine Gamesa are those on Spanish
electricity mix in 2010. Source Red Eléctrica Española.
3.5 ALLOCATION:
As explained in previous sections, the functional unit of the study is 1 kWh of electricity generated and dumped to network. For
simplicity in data collection, all inventory data that have been collected in the LCI phase, are data on G90 wind turbine.
Subsequently these data are converted to the functional unit, being divided by the energy output of the machine during its entire
life cycle. This makes the production of electricity is a factor, high impact at the time of obtaining the overall environmental
impact. For this reason, alternative scenarios have been performed according to the type of installation of the wind turbine, thus
seeing environmental impact sensitivity according to the energy obtained by the machine.
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To properly assess the impacts of production processes for each kWh of electricity generated by the wind turbine is based on the
following allocation rules.
For manufacturing plants that produce only components G90, the rule used was to consider the annual units have been
produced at the plant.
In the case of plants producing G90 components and components for other families of wind turbines, there has been a prior
distribution of the percentage of assignable production process components for G90. For this, the approach used has been to
allocate a percentage of the production process for each component manufactured by its mass and annual units produced from
each of the products. Once assigned the percentage of production process components belonging to G90, is divided by the
annual production of that component.
With respect to civil works, such as the environmental impacts of a project of this magnitude allow the implementation of a
variable number of wind turbines, it is necessary an allocation rule.
First we have obtained the environmental impacts of civil works to study and divided between the MW of installed capacity in
each of these sites to get the impact associated with each MW installed. After half was made with all the sites studied, obtaining
the impact of civil works of a generic wind farm, per MW installed.
The average power of a G90 wind farm in Spain is 28.5 MW (14.25 G90 machines), however to take into account within the
system and included in the scope of the study, the WF and all the elements that comprise up to the Grid flow. Has been
associated impact MW installed to average power for the impact of the installation of a wind 50MW generic set.
Electricity generation produced throughout the life cycle of PE has been established from AEP, considering COP, Weibull
distribution for average speeds and availability of machine and electrical losses.
There are two perspectives when contemplating the end of life in a LCA;
-
Closed Loop Recycling (CLR) starts once the product has served its initial function and consequently is recycled through
the same system product (closed recycling loop).
Open Loop Recycling (OLR) begins once the product has served its initial function and consequently is recycled through
a new product (open recycling cycle).
This study does not consider the LCA from an analysis methodology with closed recycling loop (Closed Loop Recycling) and
therefore their corresponding positive credits. The reason for this choice is that in most situations the materials making up a
product are generally recycled, but not to make again the same product, but different ones. This makes sense since most
materials lose and / or modify their physicochemical properties originating to be recycled and therefore this choice is considered
as the most appropriate methodology for allocation of environmental burdens of waste treatment.
For this reason LCAs currently are being made to opt for open living OLR, since it is much closer to reality. Furthermore, in the
case of the use EPDs CLR closed loop is not allowed.
3.6 INVENTORY ANALYSIS
The inventory analysis is a material and energy balance of the system, but may include other parameters, such as land use,
radiation, noise, vibration, biodiversity affected, etc. Includes data collection and performing the appropriate calculations to
quantify the inputs and outputs of the system studied. ISO 14040:2006 defines analysis life cycle inventory (LCI) and LCA phase
comprising the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a given production system throughout its life cycle. An
LCI is related to the data collection and calculation procedures.
The assessment of life cycle impacts is essentially significant to improve the understanding of the results of the inventory phase
(ISO 14040, 2006; ISO14044, 2006). The methodologies can be divided into aspect-oriented methods and damage-oriented
methods (Feijoo et al., 2007b; Goedkoop & Spriensma, 1999), the first category makes inventory results in a number of
environmental issues, the second type models the damage inventory results.
You can analyze the ultimate effect of the environmental impact, "endpoint", or consider intermediate outcomes, "Midpoints" The
environmental impact categories are intermediate nearest environmental intervention, since more detailed ratio that way and to
what extent it affects the environment, allowing overall calculation models are better suited to the intervention, while the final
impact categories are variable and directly affect society, so their choice would be more relevant and understandable global
scale,
To carry out the Life Cycle Environmental impact assessment an analysis of the methods available in the SimaPro Software has
been made according to standards (14040:2006 and 14044:2006) and the objectives of this study.
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The Ecoinvent database includes a variety of methods: CML 2001, Eco-Indicator 99 H / E / I, EPC, IMPACT 2002 +, Ecological
Scarcity 2006, EDIP, EPS 2000, CED, IPCC 2007 GWP (100a, 20a , 500a) ...
In a first selection we have analyzed the impact categories of each method, and the validity of the factors used in the study area
and the correlation with the study objectives. The methods that are most suited to the selection criteria described above are CML
2001 and CED.
3.7 MODELLING THE LIFE CYCLE PHASES
The Life Cycle modeling was performed from Gamesa internal documentation. Documents and internal organizational plans and
historical operations, logistics, construction, operation and maintenance among others.
If you start with the lists of materials PBS, MPBS and MPBS (f), they mention in detail a tree structure of different materials and
components. If we move downstream from the turbine would go completely, the main component, subcomponent, reaching the
most basic unit, part. Each part is associated with a number of essential references for the study as their weight, material / s,
origin, destination, etc.
After gathering all the information needed to develop the integrity of the ICV, these are imported into the tool ProMES (Pre
Consultans), which sets different flowcharts and groupings of inputs and outputs for unit process life cycle. The established order
is to follow the natural flow for the construction and operation of a PE (Procurement of raw materials and components,
distribution, manufacturing, installation, operation, maintenance and decommissioning).
After modeling the whole life cycle basis, ProMES allows for different scenarios and alternatives. Making changes to assess the
impact dummy, set environmental performance indicators in projects, etc.
3.8 IMPACT ASSESSMENT CATEGORIES AND RELEVANT INDICATORS:
According to ISO 14044, one of the mandatory elements in all life cycle assessment (LCA) is "the selection of impact categories,
category indicators and characterization models". Following the indications of that rule most LCA studies selected impact
categories, category indicators and characterization models already exist.
The criteria used in selecting impact methodologies used in this LCA, has been to be faithful to the objectives set at the
beginning of the project. The following explains all the methodologies used to calculate the results of the LCA, and the reasons
why they have been selected.
Some impact assessment methods are developed using complex scientific models, while other data are based on relatively simple
and straightforward. In our case, we have used tabulated international recognition methods that are based on the database
Ecoinvent methods.
Another objective pursued by this LCA, is to obtain an Ecolabel type III certified by Swedish EPD system. For this type of
certification is imperative conducting an LCA that adheres to the rules written in the document PCR (Product Category Rules) on
the category to which belongs our product. In our case, the category of our product is "Generation and distribution of electricity,
steam and hot or cold water." In any case, the system determines that EPD for this type of certification, it is necessary to
analyze the impact of our product with these methodologies.
Methodology CML 2001
CML methodology developed by the Institute of Environmental Sciences of Leiden University in the Netherlands, is the
methodology used and is usually considered more complete. To derive the impact factors used primarily European data. Groups
the LCI results midpoint categories by themes, which are common mechanisms (such as climate change) or groups (such as
ecological toxicity). The KPIs selected for this LCA are briefly explained below;
Abiotic Resource Depletion (ADP elements)
Abiotic resources are considered those that surround living things and together with them form the ecosystem abiotic resources
are part of nature. Include all resources "without life" that can be exploited by man including energy resources. The abiotic
depletion potential, called ADP from its acronym in English, is measured in amount of Sb equivalent amount of resource.
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Acidification (AP)
Acidification is the result of the emission of acidic pollutants such as SO2 and NOx into the atmosphere. These emissions cause
damage to the ecosystem. Some examples of these agents include nitrates, sulfates, etc. Characterization unit Kg of this impact
is sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission equivalent per Kg.
Eutrophication (EP)
This category refers to the impact on aquatic ecosystems as a result of the accumulation of nutrients (organic and mineral). This
increase plant growth increases, due to his breathing, dramatically reduce oxygen levels. The sediments from the domestic and
industrial wastewater eutrophication favor. Since the major nutrients in terrestrial and aquatic environments are nitrogen and
phosphorus, the potential of generating eutrophication substance is calculated from the amount of nitrogen and / or phosphorus
this substance provides the medium to be issued. In stroke, the effects are expressed in relation to the phosphate so that the
total effect is expressed in eutrophication kg PO4 equivalents.
Climate change 100 years (GWP 100a)
Refers to damage and diseases caused in people as a result of climate change. Examples of substances: CO2, chloroform or
butane. The time horizon used in this method for the category of climate change is a hundred years away. The unit that defines
this category is the Kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission equivalent per Kg.
Destruction of the ozone layer (ODP)
The destruction of the ozone layer refers to the thickness reduction of the stratospheric ozone layer due to the emission of
chemicals to attack and decompose ozone molecules. These damages occur in humans due to increased exposure to UV rays.
Examples of these substances are CFCs. The calculation unit that defines this category is the CFC-11 Kg per Kg of emission
equivalent.
Toxicity potential (TP)
Currently many industrial processes employ hazardous or toxic to humans and / or ecosystems. The toxicity of a substance
depends on the substance itself, but also the route of administration or exposure, dose, route of administration, durability, etc. It
is very difficult to group all possible toxic effects in a single impact. Generally, we distinguish between toxicity to humans (HTP)
and toxicity to both aquatic ecosystems (FAETP and MAETP) and terrestrial (PTSD) because exposure pathways in each case are
very different. The time perspective has been analyzed for each of these three categories of impact has been 20 years
Land Use
The occupation of the land has an impact on species diversity. The diversity of species depends on the type of land use and the
size of the area. Scale has been developed expressing species diversity by land use type. This category of impact is a result of
the conversion of the ground for further use and is expressed in m2 cropland equivalents per year.
Photochemical oxidation
Photochemical contamination occurs due to the appearance in the oxidizing atmosphere, caused to react with each other
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and oxygen in the presence of ultraviolet radiation of the sun's rays. The formation of oxidants is
favored in situations stationary high pressure (anticyclones) associated with high insolation and low wind hindering primary
pollutant dispersion. The units used to calculate this impact category are the Kg of ethene (C2H2) equivalents per kg emission.
Cumulative Energy Demand (CED)
Finally, since the product is related to power generation, it is interesting to see the ACV from a purely energy point of view. This
view we get through the CED method, which gets the total energy consumed by the turbine during its entire life cycle.
-
Cumulative Energy Demand (CED),
It is a unique scoring method, by which we are able to calculate how much energy is consumed throughout the life
cycle of the turbine. This includes the steps of obtaining raw materials, distribution, manufacturing, installation,
Operation, maintenance and end of life the same. The end result will be obtained in MJ equivalents and will be broken
down by type of source is obtained therefrom, taking into account the following categories:
•
•
•
•
•
Non-Renewable Energy - Nuclear
Non-Renewable Energy - Fossil Fuels
Renewable Energy - Biomass
Renewable Energy - Hydro
Renewable Energy - Wind, solar and geothermal
This methodology will allow us to obtain the rate of energy return, giving us information on how long it takes the
turbine to generate the amount of energy consumed during its entire life cycle.
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Other environmental indicators analyzed:
In addition to the environmental impact categories described above, GCT was considered important to analyze some
additional environmental impact indicators.
-
Waste to landfill:
The value indicated in the results tables on landfill waste, is taken from the actual amount of material end up in
landfill, considering the estimated end of life of materials as explained in point 3.4.4. and subsequently assigned to the
functional unit of the system. This value is expressed in grams of residue / kW hour generated. This included the
amount of materials including wind turbine tower, rotor, nacelle, the foundation and all the necessary materials for civil
works park and substation voltage booster.
-
Water consumption:
Water consumed indicator refers to the sum of the fresh water consumption, which is incurred throughout the life cycle
of the turbine G90. This calculation was made from the inventories of water consumption, including indicators of the
database "Ecoinvent". Water consumption of GCT plants that are not directly associated with the production process of
components has been omitted from the study. This category is expressed in gr / kWh generated.
-
Recyclability:
From the end of life estimate by sight GCT manual dismantling of wind accessed and the material composition of each
component of the machine has made a calculation of total% recycled material once reached the end of life of the
turbine.
3.9 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND SCENARIOS
The sensitivity analysis of different scenarios are carried out to better understand the impact and importance of possible
uncertainties in the data or the application of different methodologies in modeling system also evaluates how the results of
the LCA may vary if the model is configured in different ways. The following analyzes were performed in this study:
Life of WF (+5 / +10):
The life of a WF is set to 20 years. Over the years since the installation of the first wind farms and the experience gained
so far, it is estimated perfectly viable extension of their useful life. In fact already underway such studies and modifications
of WFs life span, so that these increases in life to maintain or even improve production rates generated to date. Since
experience gives these extensions estimate data at rates up to even 10 years.
They present two scenarios to see how different are modified with respect to the selected KPIs lifecycle. The scenarios
chosen are an extension in the life of 5 to 10 years.
This has been taken into account variations in: energy production, additional maintenance, both for additional supplies
such as trips to park maintenance staff, end of life management of these supplies, as well as the need to transport them to
the site itself, manager, etc.. They have also been taken into account the increase in the likelihood that the machine needs
major corrective. See section 6.1.
Spare or Replacement Parts For breakdowns and failures.
During the 20 years of operation of the turbine, it is essential to perform a number of maintenance to ensure the integrity
of the machine, its features and operation. However incidents occur, such as the impact of lightning on a shovel or a fault
in the gearbox.
This study is intended to be as close as possible to the real scenario, so the baseline scenario incorporates the average by
component and subsystem, all those incidents to date acontecidas Gamesa G90-2.0MW machines currently in operation.
They have seen those with considerable importance, mainly the large corrections for a data collection period of a historic 5
years, while the proposed alternative scenario does not include possible errors or failures that the machine could suffer.
See section 6.2.
PE Operating Under Conditions of Low and Medium Wind (IECII vs.IECIII)
The baseline scenario reflects operating conditions under wind conditions of a construction class average winds IECII Vavg
= 8m / s, since it is estimated as a majority for this model machine. However, Gamesa G90 wind turbines has been
designed to run on wind conditions, from low to medium speed (IEC II and III), therefore arises to include a comparative
analysis under low wind conditions IECIII Vavg = 7m / s. See section 6.3.
Site of the WF (European scenarios)
The purpose of this study is to show all the environmental impacts associated with the generation 1Kwh in Europe, from a
WF Gamesa G90-2.0MW. Therefore the analysis has focused on the WFs with this model machine installed in Europe and
covering the largest possible percentage of installed machines. It has therefore been taken as the baseline scenario, a site
type in Spain, covering 57.49% of the machines installed in Europe G90 as alternative scenarios have been raised three
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type sites, Poland, France and Italy. This study provides coverage to 85.69% of Gamesa G90 wind turbines installed in
Europe. See section 6.4.
Distance from WF to the distribution network
In this analysis, within range electric generating 1 kWh, from a WF of Gamesa G90-2.0MW, the internal layout of the park
to the substation and the output from the substation and its flow to the distribution network . The historical experience
indicates that the site parks usually located in areas close to existing distribution networks and the common distance
between the substation and the grid is usually 2-3km and in exceptional cases may arise to 15Km. In the baseline scenario
in this case is that ACV more damaging (15Km), however it makes a 100Km alternative scenario to see the contribution
that each category of impact, the change in distance trunking to network, See Section 6.5.
3.10 CRITICAL REVIEW
The critical review of relevant study was conducted by IHOBE (Environmental Society of Basque Country) to verify solidity,
robustness and rigor of the study and the report made. This report has been reviewed according to the findings of a critical
review and has been modified to comply with the findings and recommendations made by the auditor of the critical review.
2013 – V.1
- 21 -
4 INVENTORY OF GAMESA WIND FARM G90-2.0MW
Below is an inventory summary of the materials that assemble the turbine, the detail information is maintained by GCT in the technical document management system Windchill.
All data in the tables below are related to 2MW of power, or what is the same thing a Gamesa G90.
NACELLE
ELECTRIC
CABINETS
AND
CONVERTER
NACELLE STRUCTURE
CRANE
SYSTEM
1.636,66
1.551,78
757,65
2.307,85
2,00
1.445,66
0,00
17,79
10.899,90
1.229,40
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
155,28
0,00
0,00
53,63
240,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
35,10
22,49
0,00
2,60
7,68
10,47
0,00
0,00
0,00
2,70
3,47
7,70
0,00
Painting
37,70
35,48
0,00
Components
electric/electronic
191,82
126,00
Lubricant
0,00
Wires
MATERIAL (Kg)
GEARBOX
GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER
SHAFT
LOW SPEED
SHAFT
HIGHT SPEED
FRAME
YAW
SYSTEM
OTHER
NACELLE
TOTAL (Kg)
Low alloy steel
1.913,43
5.408,71
3225,06
615,79
662,28
2.963,42
499,94
262,47
21.805,05
High alloy steel
6.246,01
46,85
0,00
7.724,90
0,03
Casting
8.008,22
123,10
0,00
3.134,60
126,26
20,00
0,06
35,07
15.538,36
116,80
0,00
0,00
23.638,28
Copper
0,00
352,37
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
15,00
0,00
522,65
Aluminium
2,56
24,00
675,02
3,79
11,37
0,00
25,00
0,00
1.035,38
Brass
2,75
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,15
0,00
0,00
0,00
38,00
Polimer
9,87
14,00
22,91
22,17
35,72
0,00
6,00
1,32
144,74
Fiberglass
0,00
GRP
(Glass Reinforced
Plastic)
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
10,47
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1.702,22
0,00
0,00
0,00
1.716,08
0,00
0,00
0,50
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
73,68
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
144,00
443,44
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
905,26
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
627,77
627,77
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
44,12
0,00
0,00
0,00
1.236,16
1.280,28
Other materials
10,21
109,58
344,99
28,80
0,87
409,70
3,50
0,00
3,64
0,36
0,00
19,07
930,72
TOTAL (Kg)
16.425,26
6.254,02
4.275,26
11.507,88
792,04
14.336,83
4.757,23
2.216,79
2.528,54
2.445,01
546,00
2.181,86
68.266,72
HIDRAULIC
GROUP
ROTOR
MATERIAL (Kg)
BLADES
PITCH SYSTEM
HUB
ROTOR (OTHERS)
TOTAL (Kg)
Low alloy steel
1,08
409,29
0,00
2.934,24
3.344,61
High alloy steel
897,37
281,91
0,00
5.708,26
6887,54171
Casting
0,00
857,52
8.360,00
228,00
9445,52
Copper
52,98
2,55
0,00
0,00
55,5348
Aluminum
0,00
34,79
0,00
15,28
50,073
Polimer
727,64
20,46
0,00
26,50
774,593574
Fiberglass
12.152,65
0,00
0,00
0,00
12152,6518
Carbon fiber
2.987,75
0,00
0,00
0,00
2987,751
GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic)
0,00
0,00
0,00
186,30
186,3
Painting
681,90
0,00
0,00
0,00
681,9
Adhesiv
1.475,49
0,00
0,00
0,00
1475,49
Other materials
14,46
7,17
6,56
0,00
28,192
TOTAL (Kg)
18.991,32
1.613,69
8.366,56
9.098,59
38.070,16
TOWER
MATERIAL (Kg)
TOWER SECTIONS
FLANGES
FASTENER KITS
OTHERS
TOTAL (Kg)
Low alloy steel
166.237,82
15.962,95
3.434,00
2.544,50
188.179,26
AluminUM
0,00
0,00
0,00
237,00
237
Painting
0,00
0,00
0,00
580,38
580,383
TOTAL (Kg)
166.237,82
15.962,95
3.434,00
3.361,88
188.996,64
ECOWIND PROJECT
“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
FUNDATION (PROPORTIONAL TO A WT INSTALLED)
MATERIAL (Kg)
WELDED SECTION
FOOTING
TOTAL (Kg)
Low alloy steel
14.537,00
0,00
14.537,00
Acero corrugado
0,00
44.000,00
44000
Concrete for cleaning
0,00
60.000,00
60.000,00
Concrete in mass
0,00
1.056.000,00
1.056.000,00
TOTAL (Kg)
14.537,00
1.160.000,00
1.174.537,00
INTERNAL WIRING OF WINDFARM (DATOS EXTRAPOLADOS PARA CADA 2 MW DE POTENCIA INSTALADOS)
MATERIAL (Kg)
GROUNDING GRID OF WTG
GROUNDING GRID OF WIND FARM
UNDERGROUND WIRING OF MT
TOTAL (Kg)
Cooper
102,90
428,84
0,00
531,74
Aluminium
0,00
0,00
2.714,24
2714,24
Polimer
0,00
35,42
2.908,22
2943,64
TOTAL (Kg)
102,90
464,26
5.622,46
6189,62
2013 – V.1
- 24 -
ECOWIND PROJECT
“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
SUBESTATION (DATA EXTRAPOLATED FOR EVERY 2 MW POWER INSTALLED AT WIND FARM)
MATERIAL (Kg)
POWER
TRANSFORMER
AUXILIAR SYSTEM
TRANSFORMER
CONCRETE /
ELEMENTS
METALIC STRUCTURE
BUSBAR
ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
GROUNDING
SYSTEMS
TOTAL (Kg)
Low alloy steel
1.471,42
35,76
0,00
288,49
0,00
37,88
0,00
1.833,56
Casting
0,00
0,00
0,00
37,23
0,00
0,00
0,00
37,226
Copper
370,07
0,00
0,00
0,00
64,78
3,64
4,76
443,245567
Aluminum
3,81
8,34
0,00
0,00
3,65
11,55
0,00
27,3558199
Brass
1,68
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,6800816
Polímers
0,00
2,50
0,00
0,00
16,19
0,78
0,22
19,6848402
Glass fiber
18,93
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
18,9316512
Painting
1,56
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,5571488
Lubricant
635,15
14,19
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,03
0,00
649,373023
Concrete
0,00
0,00
7.200,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
7.200,00
Porcelain
6,47
0,46
0,00
0,00
0,00
45,55
0,00
52,49
Other materials
63,39
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
6,64
0,00
70,03
TOTAL (Kg)
2.572,49
61,25
7.200,00
325,71
84,62
106,08
4,97
10.355,13
2013 – V.1
- 25 -
5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT:
The following will describe the results of the life cycle of the generation of 1 kWh electricity and its distribution into the grid, from wind
power on a Wind farm type of 50MW total power installed in Spain. Results are reflected only identified as the most representative and
relevant KPIs, initially in a comprehensive and in detail.
5.1 MAIN RESULTS
These are the overall results by category of impact, resulting in the generation of 1 kWh from wind power in a Gamesa G90 Wind farm.
IMPACT CATHEGORY
Unit
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE (1kWh)
ABIOTIC DEPLETION
(kg Sb eq)
6,24E-05
ACIDIFICATION
(kg SO2 eq)
3,58E-05
EUTROPHICATION
(kg PO4--- eq)
5,13E-06
GLOBAL WARMING 100a
(kg CO2 eq)
8,03E-03
OZONE LAYERDEPLETION 20a
(kg CFC-11
eq)
1,17E-09
HUMAN TOXICITY 20a
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
2,32E-02
FRESHWATER AQUATIC ECOTOX. 20a
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
5,46E-03
MARINE AQUATIC ECOTOX. 20a
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
3,06E-03
TERRESTRIAL ECOTOXICITY 20a
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
2,16E-06
LAND COMPETITION
2
(m a)
1,61E-03
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION
(kg C2H4)
2,85E-06
WASTE TO LANDFILL
(g)
7,64E+00
WATER CONSUMPTION
(g)
3,08E+01
CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMAND (CED)
(MJ eq)
1,35E-01
PRIMARY ENERGY FROM NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES
(MJ
1,28E-01
PRIMARY ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES
(MJ)
6,27E-03
RECICLABILITY
(%)
90,90
The chart shows the contribution of each life cycle phase to each impact category. Stressing the condition generated significantly the
production phase with a contribution in all cases (except for Land Use), greater than 60% and in the case of human toxicity greater
than 80%.
In second position is the assembly stage with contributions of 10% and 30%, with the exception of Land Use KPI where the
contribution is over 80%.
The contribution of Production and assembly phase’s together account for around 90% of the total impact of the life cycle in all
selected KPIs.
The Operation and Maintenance phases and End of Life, have a significantly lower contribution, not reaching a whole and in most
cases 10%.
Note that the end of life phase is in all cases lower contribution (except marine aquatic ecotoxicity), reaching in some cases to as
human ecotoxicity be close to 0%.
ECOWIND PROJECT
“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
CONTRIBUTION OF IMPACT CATHEGORY TO EACH PHASE OF LIFE CYCLE
Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4)
Land competition (m2a)
Terrestrial ecotoxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Marine aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Freshwater aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Human toxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Ozone layer depletion 20a (kg CFC-11 eq)
Global warming 100a 8kg CO2 eq)
Eutrophicationkg (PO4--- eq)
Acidification (kg SO2 eq)
Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq)
0%
PRODUCTION
10%
ASSEMBLY
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
MAINTENANCE / OPERATION
70%
80%
90%
100%
END OF LIFE
If then we analyze the impacts, from the perspective of its main components, it is clear that in all cases (except for Land Use), and
the set of nacelle, rotor and tower is over 50%.
In the case of the nacelle in all cases (except the exhaustion of the ozone layer and land use), has a greater than 10% contribution.
Reaching up to 40% in the case of human ecotoxicity KPI.
With the rotor occurs similarly, all contributions are higher than 10% of the total impact (except for land use). With values up to 50%
in the case of depletion of the ozone layer.
The tower has all your contributions over 15% of the total impact (with the exception of the categories; depletion of the ozone layer
and land use). With a maximum value of 40% for terrestrial ecotoxicity KPI and half in the other categories by 27%.
On the other hand, the maximum contribution of transport is 6.66% for the case of the impact category eutrophication, in use and
maintenance parameter surprisingly KPI in no contribution is greater than 2%. In fact the maximum value of 1.77% in the category of
abiotic resource depletion.
With the great corrective maximum contribution of 3.08% for the indicator acidification. The production processes have a maximum
contribution of 4.92% for the KPI global warming. For life to all contributions to the overall impact are below 2%, with the exception of
marine aquatic ecotoxicity and a value of 8.71% and 6.03% respectively.
2013 – V.1
- 27 -
ECOWIND PROJECT
“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
CONTRIBUTION BY COMPONENT TO EACH IMPACT CATHEGORY
Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4)
Land competition (m2a)
Terrestrial ecotoxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Marine aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Freshwater aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Human toxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Ozone layer depletion 20a (kg CFC-11 eq)
Global warming 100a 8kg CO2 eq)
Eutrophicationkg (PO4--- eq)
Acidification (kg SO2 eq)
Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
NACELLE
ROTOR
TOWER
FUNDATION
CIVIL WORKS
TRANSPORT
USE AND MAINTENANCE
LARGE CORRECTIVES
PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES
90%
100%
END OF LIFE
5.2 DETAIL OF OBTAINED RESULTS
Below are all the KPIs selected for individually and detailed study, both life cycle phases, for component.
5.2.1 ABIOTIC DEPLETION (ADP elements)
The category Abiotic Resource Depletion considers all natural resources (including energy) that can be considered "non-living". The
depletion involves the use of abiotic resources both renewable and non-renewable, and depends on existing reserves and extraction
rates of a particular resource, providing an indication of the severity of exhaustion.
The reference method used is that developed by Guinee Dutch author and coworkers (Guinee et al., 2002), which also take into
account reserves each of the elements, taking into account the ratio of decreased or reduced by the factor calculated resource or
abiotic depletion potential (ADP), measured in amount of Sb equivalent amount of resource.
2013 – V.1
IMPACT CATEGORY
Unit
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
ABIOTIC DEPLETION
(kg Sb eq)
6,24E-05
- 28 -
ECOWIND PROJECT
“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category, and its contribution to each phase of the life cycle defined.
Abiotic Resource Depletion clearly affects phases of PRODUCTION and ASSEMBLY mainly with a contribution of 65.31% and 28.58%
respectively. This represents a contribution of 93.89% of the total generated impact throughout the life cycle. It makes sense to have
the greatest impact on these phases, as is occurring in resource depletion for manufacturing all raw materials and components that
make up the wind turbine as well as all those involved in the assembly of the wind farm.
ABIOTIC DEPLETION (kg Sb eq)
(kg Sb eq)
7,00E-05
6,00E-05
5,00E-05
4,00E-05
3,00E-05
2,00E-05
1,00E-05
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
IMPACT CATHEGORY
ABIOTIC DEPLETION
PRODUCTION
Unit
ASSEMBLY
OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE
PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY
END OF LIFE
OPERATION &
END OF LIFE
MAINTENANCE
(kg Sb eq)
4,08E-05
1,78E-05
2,93E-06
8,82E-07
%
65,31%
28,58%
4,70%
1,41%
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category Abiotic Resource Depletion, but from a different perspective, its
main component contribution defined life cycle.
ADP clearly affects all components and in a special manner in the tower. The contribution of the principal components (Nacelle, Tower,
Rotor and Foundation) is a 69.01% of the impact. If we add the share of civil works of the park we are to an 83.98% of the total
impact.
2013 – V.1
- 29 -
ECOWIND PROJECT
“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
Abiotic Depletion (kg Sb eq)
7,00E-05
6,00E-05
5,00E-05
4,00E-05
3,00E-05
2,00E-05
1,00E-05
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE PROCESESS
WORKS
END OF
TRANSPORT
LARGE
FUNDATION
LIVE
CORRECTIVES
TOWER
ROTOR
ABIOTIC DEPLETION
COMPONENT
kg Sb eq
%
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
6,24E-05
100,00%
TOWER
1,81E-05
29,05%
NACELLE
1,01E-05
16,17%
CIVIL WORKS
9,35E-06
14,97%
ROTOR
8,64E-06
13,84%
FUNDATION
6,21E-06
9,95%
TRANSPORT
3,38E-06
5,41%
GAMESA PRODUCTION PROCESESS
2,81E-06
4,50%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
1,83E-06
2,92%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
1,11E-06
1,77%
END OF LIFE
8,82E-07
1,41%
5.2.2 Acidification potential (AP)
Acidification is acid deposition resulting from the release of nitrogen and sulfur oxides in the atmosphere, soil and water, which can
vary the acidity of the medium, which affect the flora and fauna living in it produces deforestation can also affect building materials. It
affects both the four areas of protection, human health, natural environment, man-modified environment and natural resources. AP
units are measured in kg SO2 equivalent.
2013 – V.1
IMPACT CATHEGORY
UNIT
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
ACIDIFICATION
(kg SO2 eq)
3,58E-05
- 30 -
ECOWIND PROJECT
“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category, and its contribution to each phase of the life cycle defined.
Acidification clearly affects phases and PRODUCTION and ASSEMBLY mainly with a contribution of 65.71% and 28.90% respectively.
This represents a contribution of 94.61% of the total generated impact throughout the life cycle.
ACIDIFICATION (kg SO2 eq)
4,00E-05
3,50E-05
(kg SO2 eq)
3,00E-05
2,50E-05
2,00E-05
1,50E-05
1,00E-05
5,00E-06
0,00E+00
TOTAL CICLO DE
VIDA
IMPACT CATHEGORY
ACIDIFICATION
PRODUCCIÓN
MONTAJE
OPERACION Y
MANTENIMIENTO
FIN DE VIDA
Unit
PRODUCTION
ASSEMBLY
OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE
END OF LIFE
(kg SO2 eq)
2,36E-05
1,04E-05
1,47E-06
4,64E-07
%
65,71%
28,90%
4,09%
1,29%
In the chart below we can see the distribution of acidification impact category, but from a different perspective, its main component
contribution defined life cycle.
The AP has a clear impact on all components and in a special way in the tower. The contribution of the principal components (Nacelle,
Tower, Rotor and Foundation) is a 68.12% of the impact. If we add the share of civil works of the wind farm we have an 84.94% of
the total impact.
2013 – V.1
- 31 -
ECOWIND PROJECT
“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
Acidification (kg SO2
4,00E-05
3,50E-05
3,00E-05
2,50E-05
2,00E-05
1,50E-05
1,00E-05
5,00E-06
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE PROCESESS
WORKS
TRANSPORT
LARGE
END OF
FUNDATION
CORRECTIVES
LIVE
TOWER
ROTOR
ACIDIFICATION
COMPONENT
(kg SO2 eq)
%
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
3,58E-05
100%
NACELLE
7,12E-06
19,87%
ROTOR
5,10E-06
14,23%
TOWER
9,04E-06
25,23%
FUNDATION
3,15E-06
8,79%
CIVIL WORKS
6,03E-06
16,82%
TRANSPORT
1,81E-06
5,04%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
3,64E-07
1,01%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
1,10E-06
3,08%
GAMESA PRODUCTION PROCESSES
1,66E-06
4,63%
END OF LIFE
4,64E-07
1,29%
5.2.3 Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Eutrophication occurs when nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulate in aquatic ecosystems; the increase may represent an
increase in biomass production. An increase of algae in aquatic ecosystems produce a decrease in oxygen content because the growth
and decay of the oxygen consumed biomass measured as BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand). The oxygen consumption can lead to
achieve anaerobic conditions that cause decomposition caused by anaerobic bacteria liberates CH4, H2S and NH3. Ultimately any
aerobic life disappears. Eutrophication process increases in summer. This category of impact affects the areas of human, natural and
man-modified environment. EP units are measured in Kg PO3-4 equivalents
2013 – V.1
- 32 -
ECOWIND PROJECT
“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
IMPACT CATHEGORY
Unit
TOTAL END OF LIFE
EUTROPHICATION
(kg PO4--- eq)
5,13E-06
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category, and its contribution to each phase of the life cycle defined. The
Eutrophication clearly affects phases and PRODUCTION and ASSEMBLY mainly with a contribution of 65.17% and 28.78% respectively.
This represents a contribution of 93.95% of the total generated impact throughout the life cycle.
EUTROPHICATION (kg PO4--- eq)
(kg PO4--- eq)
6,00E-06
5,00E-06
4,00E-06
3,00E-06
2,00E-06
1,00E-06
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
IMPACT CATHEGORY
EUTROPHICATION
PRODUCTION
Unit
ASSEMBLY
OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE
PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY
END OF LIFE
OPERATION AND
END OF LIFE
MAINTENANCE
(kg PO4--- eq)
3,34E-06
1,48E-06
2,14E-07
9,61E-08
%
65,17%
28,78%
4,18%
1,87%
In the chart below we can see the distribution of eutrophication impact category, but from a different perspective, its main component
contribution defined life cycle.
The EP clearly affects all components and in a special way in the tower. The contribution of the principal components (Nacelle, Tower,
Rotor and Foundation) is a 69.18% of the impact. If we add the share of civil works of the park we are to an 82.58% of the total
impact.
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Eutrophication (kg PO4 --- eq)
6,00E-06
5,00E-06
4,00E-06
3,00E-06
2,00E-06
1,00E-06
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE PROCESESS
WORKS
END OF
TRANSPORT
LARGE
FUNDATION
LIVE
CORRECTIVES
TOWER
ROTOR
EUTROPHICATION
COMPONENT
(kg PO4--- e)
%
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
5,13E-06
100%
NACELLE
7,58E-07
14,78%
ROTOR
6,35E-07
12,38%
TOWER
1,59E-06
30,90%
FUNDATION
5,70E-07
11,11%
CIVIL WORKS
6,88E-07
13,41%
TRANSPORT
3,42E-07
6,66%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
6,43E-08
1,25%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
1,50E-07
2,92%
GAMESA PRODUCTION PROCESSESS
2,42E-07
4,71%
END OF LIFE
9,61E-08
1,87%
5.2.4 Global Warming Potential (GWP)
The earth absorbs the electromagnetic radiation received from the sun. This energy is redistributed by the atmosphere and
oceans and returned in the form of thermal infrared radiation. Some of this radiation is absorbed by the gases in the atmosphere
causing the gradual warming of the planet; this phenomenon is called greenhouse effect. These gases are primarily water vapor, CO2
and other gases such as CH4, N2O and CFCs. Human action has led to increased emissions of these gases, which leads or may lead to
overheating of the planet and thus to altered conditions. This category of impact affects the areas of human, natural and man-modified
environment. The indicator used to evaluate these effects is the global warming potential (GWP) created by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). GWP units are measured in kg CO2 equivalents
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IMPACT CATHEGORY
Unit
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
GLOBAL WARMING 100a
(kg CO2 eq)
8,03E-03
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category, and its contribution to each phase of the life cycle defined. The
Global Warming Potential clearly affects phases and PRODUCTION and ASSEMBLY mainly with a contribution of 61.62% and 32.71%
respectively. This represents a contribution of 94.34% of the total generated impact throughout the life cycle.
GLOBAL WARMING 100a (kg CO2 eq)
9,00E-03
8,00E-03
(kg CO2 eq)
7,00E-03
6,00E-03
5,00E-03
4,00E-03
3,00E-03
2,00E-03
1,00E-03
0,00E+00
TOTAL CICLO DE
VIDA
IMPACT CATHEGORY
GLOBAL WARMING 100a
PRODUCCIÓN
Unit
MONTAJE
OPERACION Y
MANTENIMIENTO
PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY
FIN DE VIDA
OPERATION AND
END OF LIFE
MAINTENANCE
(kg CO2 eq)
4,95E-03
2,63E-03
3,24E-04
1,31E-04
%
61,62%
32,71%
4,03%
1,63%
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category global warming potential, but from a different perspective, its
main component contribution defined life cycle.
The GWP clearly affects all components and in a special way in the tower. The contribution of the principal components (Nacelle,
Tower, Rotor and Foundation) is a 68.07% of the impact. If we add the share of civil works of the park we are to an 83.89% of the
total impact. Take note on other impact categories, in the case of global warming civil work takes greater role appearing as 2nd
parameter of greatest impact with a 15.82%.
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Global Warming 100a (kg CO
2 eq)
9,00E-03
8,00E-03
7,00E-03
6,00E-03
5,00E-03
4,00E-03
3,00E-03
2,00E-03
1,00E-03
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE
PROCESESS
WORKS
END OF
TRANSPORT
LARGE
FUNDATION
LIVE
CORRECTIVES
TOWER
ROTOR
GLOBAL WARMING 100a
COMPONENT
(kg CO2 eq)
%
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
8,03E-03
100%
NACELLE
1,25E-03
15,59%
ROTOR
1,04E-03
12,96%
TOWER
2,11E-03
26,32%
FUNDATION
1,06E-03
13,19%
CIVIL WORK
1,27E-03
15,82%
TRANSPORT
4,43E-04
5,52%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
1,07E-04
1,33%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
2,17E-04
2,70%
GAMESA PRODUCTION PROCESSESS
3,95E-04
4,92%
END OF LIFE
1,31E-04
1,63%
5.2.5 Ozone Depletion potential (ODP):
The ozone present in the stratosphere and acts as a filter to absorb ultraviolet radiation. The decrease of the ozone layer causes an
increase in the amount of UV-B radiation that reaches the earth's surface. These radiations are due to an increase of some diseases in
humans (skin cancer, immune system suppression ...), affecting agricultural production, and degradation of plastics and interfere in
ecosystems. Therefore affects the four major areas of protection, human health, natural environment, man-modified environment and
natural resources. Most of the chlorides and bromides, flour compounds from carbonaceous, CFCs and other sources react in the
presence of polar estratosferitas clouds (PSCs) emitting active chlorides and bromides under the catalytic action of UV rays, cause
decomposition of ozone . The indicator to measure these effects is the potential for stratospheric ozone depletion (ODP). It is defined
as the ratio of the decomposition of ozone in the steady state due to the annual emissions (flow in kg / year) of an amount of a
substance emitted to the atmosphere and the ozone decomposition at steady state due to a number As CFC-11. Units are measured in
Kg ODP of CFC-11 equivalents.
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IMPACT CATHEGORY
Unit
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
OZONE LAYERDEPLETION 20a
(kg CFC-11 eq)
1,17E-09
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category, and its contribution to each phase of the life cycle defined. The
Potential of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion clearly affects phases and PRODUCTION and ASSEMBLY mainly with a contribution of
73.58% and 21.91% respectively. This represents a contribution of 95.48% of the total generated impact throughout the life cycle. A
higher contribution in this impact category PRODUCTION phase and lower phase MOUNTING, but his joint contribution, remains similar
to other cases.
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION 20a (kg CFC-11 eq)
1,40E-09
1,20E-09
(kg CFC-11 eq)
1,00E-09
8,00E-10
6,00E-10
4,00E-10
2,00E-10
0,00E+00
TOTAL CICLO DE
VIDA
IMPACT CATHEGORY
OZONE LAYERDEPLETION 20a
PRODUCCIÓN
MONTAJE
OPERACION Y
MANTENIMIENTO
FIN DE VIDA
(kg CFC-11 eq)
8,61E-10
2,56E-10
OPERATION
AND
MAINTENANCE
3,48E-11
%
73,58%
21,91%
2,98%
Unit
PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY
END OF LIFE
1,80E-11
1,54%
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the potential impact category Stratospheric Ozone Depletion.
The ODP affects all components and in a special way in the ROTOR. This has a value greater than half of the total impact overall, with
52.18%. Note that at difference with other impact categories, in the case of depletion of the ozone layer making the CIVIL greater
role, appearing as 2nd parameter of greatest impact with a 14.24%. The main components (rotor and Civil Works) we would welcome
one 66.42% of the total impact.
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Ozone Layer Depletion 20a (kg CFC-11 eq)
1,40E-09
1,20E-09
1,00E-09
8,00E-10
6,00E-10
4,00E-10
2,00E-10
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE PROCESESS
WORKS
END OF
TRANSPORT
LARGE
FUNDATION
LIVE
CORRECTIVES
TOWER
ROTOR
OZONE LAYERDEPLETION 20a
COMPONENT
(kg CFC-11 eq)
%
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
1,17E-09
100%
NACELLE
7,81E-11
6,68%
ROTOR
6,11E-10
52,18%
TOWER
1,14E-10
9,77%
FUNDATION
4,76E-11
4,07%
CIVIL WORKS
1,67E-10
14,24%
TRANSPORT
6,28E-11
5,36%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
1,91E-11
1,63%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
1,57E-11
1,34%
GAMESA PRODUCTION PROCESS
3,73E-11
3,19%
END OF LIFE
1,80E-11
1,54%
5.2.6 Potential Toxicity (TP)
In many modern industrial processes using hazardous or toxic to humans and / or ecosystems. The toxicity of a substance depends on
the substance itself, but also the way of administration or exposure, dose, route of administration, durability, etc... It is very difficult to
group all possible toxic effects in a single impact. Generally, we distinguish between toxicity to humans (HTP) and toxicity to both
aquatic ecosystems (FAETP and MAETP) and terrestrial (PTSD) because exposure pathways in each case are very different. This
category of impact affects the areas of human health, natural environment and natural resources. These categories are those for which
the destination factor and especially transport and through different media is more important. A contaminant remains in the
environment, environmental compartment, (meaning air, soil, surface water, groundwater, sea ...) that is issued but can move and
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reach other compartments which will in turn contaminated. A particular substance may even be harmful in a different medium of its
issuance. Toxicity units HTP FAETP, MAETP, expressed in Kg PTSD equivalent of 1,4-dichlorobenzene.
5.2.6.1 Potencial de Toxicidad Humana (HTP)
For the category of Human Toxicity Potential impact, establishing a value
IMPACT CATHEGORY
Unit
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
HUMAN TOXICITY 20a
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
2,32E-02
In the chart below we can see the distribution of HTP impact category, and its contribution to each phase of the life cycle defined. The
Human Toxicity Potential clearly affects mainly PRODUCTION phase, with a contribution of 84.94% of the total generated impact
throughout the life cycle. We observe a minor contribution assembling phase, but their joint contribution, remains similar to other
cases with a 97.33%.
HUMAN TOXICITY 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
2,50E-02
2,00E-02
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
1,50E-02
1,00E-02
5,00E-03
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
IMPACT CATHEGORY
HUMAN TOXICITY 20a
PRODUCTION
Unit
ASSEMBLY
OPERATION &
MAINTENANCE
PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY
END OF LIFE
OPERATION AND
END OF LIFE
MAINTENANCE
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
1,97E-02
2,88E-03
5,94E-04
2,68E-05
%
84,94%
12,38%
2,56%
0,12%
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category Human Toxicity Potential:
The HTP affects all components and in a special way in the NACELLE. This has a value close to half the global total impact, with
40.88%. Take note that at difference with other impact categories, in the case of the Human Toxicity takes greater prominence the
ROTOR, ranking as 2nd most impact parameter of 25.09%. The main components (Nacelle and Rotor) we would welcome one 65.97%
of the total impact.
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Human Toxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
2,50E-02
2,00E-02
1,50E-02
1,00E-02
5,00E-03
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE
PROCESESS
WORKS
END OF
TRANSPORT
LARGE
FUNDATION
LIVE
CORRECTIVES
TOWER
ROTOR
HUMAN TOXICITY 20a
COMPONENT
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
%
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
2,32E-02
100%
NACELLE
9,50E-03
40,88%
ROTOR
5,83E-03
25,09%
TOWER
4,19E-03
18,01%
FUNDATION
5,15E-04
2,22%
CIVIL WORK
2,29E-03
9,88%
TRANSPORT
9,61E-05
0,41%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
1,77E-05
0,08%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
5,76E-04
2,48%
GAMESA PRODUCTION PROCESSES
1,96E-04
0,84%
END OF LIFE
2,68E-05
0,12%
5.2.6.2 Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential (FAETP)
For the impact category ecotoxicity potential to Water, establishing a value;
IMPACT CATHEGORY
Unit
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
FRESHWATER AQUATIC ECOTOX. 20a
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
5,46E-03
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In the chart below we can see the distribution of FAETP impact category, and its contribution to each phase of the life cycle defined.
The Water ecotoxicity potential is clearly affected by the phase mainly PRODUCTION, with a contribution of 79.53% of the total
generated impact throughout the life cycle. We observe a minor contribution assembling phase, but their joint contribution, remains
similar to other cases with a 89.57%, although slightly lower.
FRESHWATER AQUATIC ECOTOX. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
6,00E-03
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
5,00E-03
4,00E-03
3,00E-03
2,00E-03
1,00E-03
0,00E+00
TOTAL CICLO DE
VIDA
IMPACT CATHEGORY
FRESHWATER AQUATIC
ECOTOX. 20a
PRODUCCIÓN
Unit
MONTAJE
OPERACION Y
MANTENIMIENTO
PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY
FIN DE VIDA
OPERATION
AND
END OF LIFE
MAINTENANCE
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
4,34E-03
5,48E-04
9,38E-05
4,75E-04
%
79,53%
10,04%
1,72%
8,71%
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the potential impact category ecotoxicity to water, but from a different perspective,
its main component contribution defined life cycle.
The FAETP affects all components and in a special way in the TOWER and NACELLE. These have a value of 30.61% and 29.79%
respectively, over half of the total impact overall, with 60.40%. Again the contribution of the principal components (Nacelle, Tower,
Rotor and Foundation) is an 83.25% of the impact. Take note that at difference with other categories where the parameter End of Life
was always the lowest, or lowest values in the case of FAETP occupies the 4th place with 8.71% contribution. Behind Tower, Nacelle
and Rotor and before foundation and Civil Works.
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Freshwater Aquatic Ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
6,00E-03
5,00E-03
4,00E-03
3,00E-03
2,00E-03
1,00E-03
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE PROCESESS
WORKS
END OF
TRANSPORT
LARGE
FUNDATION
LIVE
CORRECTIVES
TOWER
ROTOR
FRESHWATER AQUATIC ECOTOX. 20a
COMPONENT
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
%
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
5,46E-03
100%
NACELLE
1,63E-03
29,79%
ROTOR
9,32E-04
17,09%
TOWER
1,67E-03
30,61%
FUNDATION
3,15E-04
5,77%
CIVIL WORKS
2,15E-04
3,94%
TRANSPORT
2,64E-05
0,48%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
4,41E-06
0,08%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
8,94E-05
1,64%
GAMESA PRODUCTION PROCESESS
1,04E-04
1,90%
END OF LIFE
4,75E-04
8,71%
5.2.6.3 Marine aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential (MAETP)
For the impact category ecotoxicity potential to Agua Marina, establishing a value;
2013 – V.1
IMPACT CATHEGORY
Unit
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
MARINE AQUATIC ECOTOX. 20a
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
3,06E-03
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In the chart below we can see the distribution of MAETP impact category, and its contribution to each phase of the life cycle defined.
Ecotoxicity Potential Water Marina is clearly affected by the phase mainly PRODUCTION, with a contribution of 79.30% of the total
generated impact throughout the life cycle. We observe a minor contribution assembling phase, but their joint contribution, remains
similar to other cases with a 92.06%
MARINE AQUATIC ECOTOX. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
3,50E-03
3,00E-03
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
2,50E-03
2,00E-03
1,50E-03
1,00E-03
5,00E-04
0,00E+00
TOTAL CICLO DE
VIDA
IMPACT CATHEGORY
MARINE AQUATIC ECOTOX. 20a
2013 – V.1
PRODUCCIÓN
Unit
MONTAJE
OPERACION Y
MANTENIMIENTO
PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
2,42E-03
3,90E-04
%
79,30%
12,76%
FIN DE VIDA
OPERATION
AND
END OF LIFE
MAINTENANCE
5,83E-05
1,84E-04
1,91%
6,03%
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In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category ecotoxicity potential to Agua Marina, but from a different
perspective, its main component contribution defined life cycle.
The MAETP affects all components and in a special way in the TOWER and NACELLE. These have a value of 30.53% and 29.91%
respectively, over half of the total impact overall, with 60.43%. Again the contribution of the principal components (Nacelle, Tower,
Rotor and Foundation) is an 83.11% of the impact. Note that the data is very similar to FAETP, unlike the parameter End of Life,
despite having an important contribution, ranks 6th place with 6.03% contribution.
Marine Aquatic Ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
3,50E-03
3,00E-03
2,50E-03
2,00E-03
1,50E-03
1,00E-03
5,00E-04
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE
PROCESESS
WORKS
END OF
TRANSPORT
LARGE
FUNDATION
LIVE
CORRECTIVES
TOWER
NACELLE
ROTOR
MARINE AQUATIC ECOTOX. 20a
2013 – V.1
COMPONENT
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
%
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
3,06E-03
100%
NACELLE
9,14E-04
29,91%
ROTOR
5,07E-04
16,59%
TOWER
9,33E-04
30,53%
FUNDATION
1,86E-04
6,09%
CIVIL WORK
1,87E-04
6,11%
TRANSPORT
2,43E-05
0,80%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
6,47E-06
0,21%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
5,19E-05
1,70%
GAMESA PRODUCTION PROCESSES
6,24E-05
2,04%
END OF LIFE
1,84E-04
6,03%
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5.2.6.4 Terrestrial ecotoxicity potential (TETP)
For the impact category terrestrial ecotoxicity potential, establishing a value;
IMPACT CATHEGORY
Unit
TOTAL LYFE CYCLE
TERRESTRIAL ECOTOXICITY 20a
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
2,16E-06
In the chart below we can see the distribution of PTSD impact category, and its contribution to each phase of the life cycle defined.
The Terrestrial ecotoxicity potential is clearly affected by the phase mainly PRODUCTION, with a contribution of 79.09% of the total
generated impact throughout the life cycle. We observe a minor contribution assembling phase, but their joint contribution, remains
similar to other cases with a 97.81%.
TERRESTRIAL ECOTOXICITY 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
2,50E-06
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
2,00E-06
1,50E-06
1,00E-06
5,00E-07
0,00E+00
TOTAL CICLO DE
VIDA
IMPACT CATHEGORY
TERRESTRIAL ECOTOXICITY 20a
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PRODUCCIÓN
Unit
MONTAJE
OPERACION Y
MANTENIMIENTO
PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
1,71E-06
4,04E-07
%
79,09%
18,72%
FIN DE VIDA
OPERATION
AND
END OF LIFE
MAINTENANCE
4,00E-08
7,36E-09
1,85%
0,34%
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“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
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In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category ecotoxicity potential to Marine Water, but from a different
perspective, its main component contribution to the life cycle.
The PTSD affects all components and in a special way in the TOWER and NACELLE. These have a value of 40.98% and 24.47%
respectively, over half of the total impact overall, with 65.46%. Again the contribution of the principal components (Nacelle, Tower,
Rotor and Foundation) is an 89.64% of the impact. To highlight the very low impact of the parameters End of Life and Maintenance
Use and values below 0.5%.
Terrestrial Ecotoxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
2,50E-06
2,00E-06
1,50E-06
1,00E-06
5,00E-07
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE PROCESESS
WORKS
END OF
LARGE
TRANSPORT
FUNDATION
LIVE
CORRECTIVES
TOWER
ROTOR
TERRESTRIAL ECOTOXICITY 20a
2013 – V.1
COMPONENT
(kg 1,4-DB eq)
%
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
2,16E-06
100%
NACELLE
5,29E-07
24,47%
ROTOR
2,38E-07
11,01%
TOWER
8,86E-07
40,98%
FUNDATION
2,85E-07
13,17%
CIVIL WORK
9,83E-08
4,55%
TRANSPORT
3,15E-08
1,46%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
4,75E-09
0,22%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
3,52E-08
1,63%
GAMESA PRODUCTION PROCESESS
4,67E-08
2,16%
END OF LIFE
7,36E-09
0,34%
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5.2.7 Soil use:
The occupation of the land has an impact on species diversity. The diversity of species depends on the type of land use and the size of
the area. Scale has been developed expressing species diversity by land use type. This category of impact is a result of the conversion
of the ground for further use and is expressed in m2 cropland equivalents per year.
IMPACT CATHEGORY
Unit
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
LAND COMPETITION
(m2a)
1,61E-03
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category Land Use and its contribution to each phase of the life cycle
defined. The indicator is clearly affected by the phase of assembling mainly with a contribution of 84.48% of the total generated
impact throughout the life cycle. We observe a minor contribution of PRODUCTION phase, but their joint contribution, remains similar
to other cases with a 98.77%.
Emphasize that it is the only indicator of all selected in the study, in which the production phase is the most contribution, the total
global impact of the life cycle.
LAND COMPETITION (m2a)
1,80E-03
1,60E-03
1,40E-03
(m2a)
1,20E-03
1,00E-03
8,00E-04
6,00E-04
4,00E-04
2,00E-04
0,00E+00
TOTAL CICLO DE
VIDA
IMPACT CATHEGORY
LAND COMPETITION
2013 – V.1
PRODUCCIÓN
Unit
MONTAJE
OPERACION Y
MANTENIMIENTO
PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY
(m2a)
2,30E-04
1,36E-03
%
14,29%
84,48%
FIN DE VIDA
OPERATION
AND
END OF LIFE
MAINTENANCE
7,40E-06
1,24E-05
0,46%
0,77%
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WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category Land Use, but from a different perspective, its main component
contribution defined life cycle.
It is appreciated an impact on all components and in special in CIVIL WORKS. This has a value of 81.21%. Highlight the tiny impact of
the parameters, Transport, End of Life and Use and Maintenance and Production Processes corrective Great, all with values less than
0.8%.
2
Land Competition (m
a)
1,80E-03
1,60E-03
1,40E-03
1,20E-03
1,00E-03
8,00E-04
6,00E-04
4,00E-04
2,00E-04
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE PROCESESS
WORKS
END OF
TRANSPORT
LARGE
FUNDATION
LIFE
CORRECTIVES
TOWER
ROTOR
LAND COMPETITION
2013 – V.1
COMPONENT
(m2a)
%
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
1,61E-03
100%
NACELLE
6,59E-05
4,08%
ROTOR
3,11E-05
1,93%
TOWER
1,23E-04
7,60%
FUNDATION
4,72E-05
2,93%
CIVIL WORKS
1,31E-03
81,21%
TRANSPORT
8,42E-06
0,52%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
2,10E-06
0,13%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
5,30E-06
0,33%
GAMESA PRODUCTION PROCESSES
8,11E-06
0,50%
END OF LIFE
1,24E-05
0,77%
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“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
5.2.8 Photochemical oxidation potential (POCP)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) under the influence of solar radiation, react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), to produce ground level
ozone, this phenomenon occurs mainly during the summer months. Moreover, the presence of CO may also contribute to the formation
of ozone (Anton, 2004). The presence of these compounds can be harmful to human health and ecosystems, and can also cause
damage to crops (Guinée et al., 2001).
Numerous VOCs atmospheric species can vary widely in their contribution to the formation of photo-oxidants. Potential Photochemical
Ozone Creation (POCPs) is used as a characterization factor for assessing and aggregating the results of inventories for the impact
category photo-oxidants training.
POCP characterization factor is expressed in kg per kg of ethylene equivalent substance emitted.
IMPACT CATHEGORY
Unit
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION
(kg C2H4)
2,85E-06
In the chart below we can see the distribution of POCP impact category, and its contribution to each phase of the life cycle defined.
Photochemical Oxidation factor is clearly affected by the phase mainly PRODUCTION, with a contribution of 69.92% of the total
generated impact throughout the life cycle. We observe a minor contribution assembling phase, but their joint contribution, remains
similar to other cases with a 96.68%.
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION (kg C2H4)
3,00E-06
2,50E-06
(kg C2H4)
2,00E-06
1,50E-06
1,00E-06
5,00E-07
0,00E+00
TOTAL CICLO DE
VIDA
IMPACT CATHEGORY
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION
2013 – V.1
PRODUCCIÓN
Unit
MONTAJE
OPERACION Y
MANTENIMIENTO
PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY
(kg C2H4)
1,99E-06
7,62E-07
%
69,92%
26,76%
FIN DE VIDA
OPERATION
AND
END OF LIFE
MAINTENANCE
7,74E-08
1,70E-08
2,72%
0,60%
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“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category Photochemical Oxidation Potential, but from a different
perspective, its main component contribution defined life cycle.
The POCP impact on all components and in special in the TOWER and NACELLE. These have a value of 36.87% and 18.64%
respectively, over half of the total impact overall, with 55.51%. Again the contribution of the principal components (Nacelle, Tower,
Rotor and Foundation) is a 77.77% of the impact. To highlight the impact of the parameters tiny End of Life and Operation and
Maintenance with values below 0.7%.
Photochemical Oxidation kg C2H4
3,00E-06
2,50E-06
2,00E-06
1,50E-06
1,00E-06
5,00E-07
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE PROCESESS
WORKS
END OF
TRANSPORT
LARGE
FUNDATION
LIVE
CORRECTIVES
TOWER
ROTOR
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION
2013 – V.1
COMPONENT
(kg C2H4)
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
2,85E-06
100%
NACELLE
5,31E-07
18,64%
ROTOR
2,92E-07
10,24%
TOWER
1,05E-06
36,87%
FUNDATION
3,42E-07
12,02%
CIVIL WORK
3,71E-07
13,04%
TRANSPORT
7,19E-08
2,52%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
1,89E-08
0,66%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
5,85E-08
2,05%
GAMESA PRODUCTION PROCESSES
9,52E-08
3,34%
END OF LIFE
1,70E-08
0,60%
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WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
5.2.9 Water consumption.
Water is essential for life and the existences of all living beings, as well as socio-economic activities depend entirely on this valuable
resource. In fact, water resources are affected by multiple uses such as agriculture, industry and domestic consumption.
Water on Earth describes a cycle which allows reuse. For this reason it is considered an inexhaustible resource, although this condition
is already being questioned. This is because neither created nor destroyed. However, you can change from one state to another (solid,
liquid or gas) or the quality of their physicochemical properties (pollution).
In this KPI reflects the net water consumption, calculated as liquid water taken from the environment less liquid water returned to the
environment. The water vapor or steam emitted to the atmosphere or water incorporated in the finished product is considered to be
lost, as it is no longer directly available for reuse.
The characterization factor for the KPI water consumption is expressed in grams of water consumed.
IMPACT CATHEGORY Unit TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
WATER CONSUMPTION
(g)
3,08E+01
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category Water Consumption, and its contribution to each phase of the life
cycle defined. The indicator is clearly affected by the phase mainly PRODUCTION, with a contribution of 73.18% of the total generated
impact throughout the life cycle. We observe a minor contribution assembling phase, but their joint contribution, remains similar to
other cases with a 95.71%.
WATER CONSUMPTION (g)
35
30
25
(g)
20
15
10
5
0
TOTAL CICLO DE VIDA
PRODUCCIÓN
MONTAJE
IMPACT CATHEGORY Unit PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY
WATER CONSUMPTION
2013 – V.1
OPERACION Y
MANTENIMIENTO
FIN DE VIDA
OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE
END OF LIFE
(g)
2,25E+01
6,93E+00
1,11E+00
2,08E-01
%
73,18%
22,53%
3,62%
0,67%
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“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category Water Consumption, but from a different perspective, its main
defined component contribution to the life cycle.
The indicator is clearly affected by all components and in a special way in the TOWER and NACELLE. These have a value of 28.22%
and 20.43%, respectively, close to half the overall total impact with a 48.65%. Again the contribution of the principal components
(Nacelle, Tower, Rotor and Foundation) is a 76.16% of the impact. To highlight the low impact to the parameters End of Life and
Maintenance Use and values below 0.9%.
WATER CONSUMPTION
35
30
25
20
(g)
15
10
5
0
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE PROCESESS
WORKS
END OF
TRANSPORT
LARGE
FUNDATION
LIVE
CORRECTIVES
TOWER
ROTOR
WATER CONSUMPTION
COMPONENT
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
%
3,08E+01 100,00%
NACELLE
6,29E+00
20,43%
ROTOR
5,15E+00
16,75%
TOWER
8,68E+00
28,22%
FUNDATION
3,31E+00
10,76%
CIVIL WORKS
3,12E+00
10,13%
TRANSPORT
7,33E-01
2,38%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
2,68E-01
0,87%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
8,44E-01
2,74%
GAMESA PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES 2,17E+00
7,04%
END OF LIFE
2013 – V.1
(g)
2,08E-01
0,67%
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5.2.10 Cumulative Energy demand (CED):
CED for its acronym in English, Cumulative Energy Demand, is a unique scoring method, by which we are able to calculate
how much energy is consumed throughout the life cycle of the turbine. Encompassing all phases of the life cycle of raw materials and
components, distribution, manufacturing, installation, operation, maintenance and END OF LIFE of it. The end result will be obtained in
MJ equivalents and will be broken down by type of source is obtained therefrom, taking into account the following categories: nonrenewable energy (nuclear, fossil fuels) and Renewable Energy (Biomass, Hydro, and Wind, solar and geothermal).
IMPACT CATHEGORY
Unit
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMAND (MJ eq)
1,35E-01
In the chart below we can see the distribution of CED impact category, and its contribution to each phase of the life cycle defined. The
indicator is clearly affected by mainly PRODUCTION phase, contributing 63% of total generated impact throughout the life cycle. We
observe a minor contribution ASSEMBLY phase, but their joint contribution, remains similar to other cases with 93%. The end of life
phase comprises only 2% of the total impact.
CED Cumulative Energy Demand por Fase del Ciclo de Vida (MJ eq)
1,60E-01
1,40E-01
1,20E-01
1,00E-01
MJ eq
8,00E-02
6,00E-02
4,00E-02
2,00E-02
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
PRODUCTION
ASSEMBLY
Non renewable, fossil
Non-renewable, nuclear
Renewable, wind, solar, geothe
Renewable, water
IMPACT CATHEGORY
CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMAND
2013 – V.1
UNIT
(MJ eq)
%
OPERATION &
MAINTENANCE
Renewable, biomass
PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY
8,52E-02
63%
END OF LIVE
4,05E-02
30%
OPERATION
AND
END OF LIFE
MAINTENANCE
6,89E-03
5%
2,09E-03
2%
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WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
Below we can see the contribution of each primary energy source each lifecycle phase. And clearly highlights the contribution of nonrenewable sources in all cases and especially from fossil fuels.
CED Cumulative Energy Demand por Fase del Ciclo de Vida (%)
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
PRODUCTION
Non renewable, fossil
ASSEMBLY
Non-renewable, nuclear
Renewable, biomass
USE &
MAINTENANCE
END OF LIVE
Renewable, wind, solar, geothe
Renewable, water
Below can be seen in the total, that contribution has each of the primary energy sources, non-renewable energy (nuclear, fossil fuels)
and Renewable Energy (Biomass, Hydro, wind, solar and geothermal).
CED Cumulative Energy Demand por Fuente Energética
1,60E-01
1,40E-01
MJ eq
1,20E-01
1,00E-01
8,00E-02
6,00E-02
4,00E-02
2,00E-02
0,00E+00
Non
NonRenewable, Renewable, Renewable, Total Non
Total
renewable, renewable, biomass wind, solar,
water
renewable Renewable
fossil
nuclear
geothe
2013 – V.1
TOTAL
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WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category Cumulative Energy Demand, but from a different perspective, its
main component contribution to the life cycle.
The indicator is clearly affected by all components and in a special way in the TOWER and CIVIL WORKS. These have a value of
25.34% and 16.58% respectively. Again the contribution of the principal components (Nacelle, TOWER, Rotor and Foundation) is a
64.84% of the impact. KPI in which this set of elements, having the lowest contribution of other indicators, this is because the other
parameters have taken a greater role than in other impact categories.
CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMAND (MJ eq)
MJ eq
1,60E-01
1,40E-01
1,20E-01
1,00E-01
8,00E-02
6,00E-02
4,00E-02
2,00E-02
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE
PROCESESS
WORKS
END OF
LARGE
TRANSPORT
FUNDATION
LIVE
CORRECTIVES
TOWER
ROTOR
CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMAND
COMPONENT
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
%
1,35E-01 100,00%
NACELLE
2,10E-02
15,55%
ROTOR
1,94E-02
14,40%
TOWER
3,41E-02
25,34%
FUNDATION
1,29E-02
9,55%
CIVIL WORKS
2,23E-02
16,58%
TRANSPORT
7,89E-03
5,86%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
2,60E-03
1,93%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
4,29E-03
3,19%
GAMESA PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES 8,14E-03
6,05%
END OF LIFE
2013 – V.1
(MJ eq)
2,09E-03
1,55%
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5.2.10.1 Primary Energy from Non-Renewable Resources. (PED Non Renewable)
From its acronym in English Primary Energy Demand, is all that source of energy from limited resources available on the planet and
human scale exhaustible. Fossil fuels are continuously produced by the decomposition of plant and animal matter, but PRODUCTION
and regeneration rate is extremely slow, much slower than the rate at which we use them. The main examples of non-renewable
energy resources are fossil fuels, oil, coal and natural gas. Non-renewable energy resources we use are not replaced in a reasonable
period of time and therefore considered "exhaustible", i.e. not available for future generations.
The characterization factor of primary energy from non-renewable resources is expressed in MJ.
IMPACT CATHEGORY
PRIMARY ENERGY FROM NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES
UNIT
MJ
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE (1kWh)
1,28E-01
In the chart below we can see the distribution of PED impact category from Non-Renewable Resources and their contribution exerted
every phase of the life cycle defined. Primary Energy Demand from non-renewable sources clearly affects phases mainly ASSEMBLY
PRODUCTION and with a contribution of 63.09% and 30.11% respectively. This represents a contribution of 93.20% of the total
generated impact throughout the life cycle. Can also be seen involving each of the energy sources in each phase of the life cycle,
highlighting in all cases markedly from fossil fuels.
Primary Energy Demand Non Renewable (MJ eq)
1,40E-01
1,20E-01
(MJ 1,00E-01
eq)
8,00E-02
6,00E-02
4,00E-02
2,00E-02
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
PRODUCTION
ASSEMBLY
Non renewable, fossil
USE &
MAINTENANCE
Non-renewable, nuclear
IMPACT CATHEGORY
UNIT
PRODUCTION
ASSEMBLY
PRIMARY ENERGY FROM NON
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
(MJ eq)
8,10E-02
3,87E-02
USE AND
MAINTENANCE
6,68E-03
%
63,09%
30,11%
5,20%
2013 – V.1
END OF LIVE
END OF LIFE
2,06E-03
1,60%
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“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category Primary Energy Demand from non-renewable resources, but from
a different perspective, it’s the main contribution of component life cycle.
The indicator is clearly affected by all components and in a special way in TOWER and CIVIL WORKS. These have a value of 25.54%
and 16.42% respectively. Again the contribution of major components (Nacelle, TOWER, Rotor and FOUNDATION) is a 62% impact,
more than half of the overall impact. Similar data for the case of CED.
PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND NON RENEWABLE (MJ eq)
1,40E-01
1,20E-01
1,00E-01
(MJ eq)
8,00E-02
6,00E-02
4,00E-02
2,00E-02
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
TOWER
ROTOR
CIVIL
WORKS
FUNDATION
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
MAINTENANCE PROCESESS
TRANSPORT
LARGE
CORRECTIVES
END OF
LIVE
PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND (Non Renewable)
COMPONENT
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
%
1,28E-01 100,00%
NACELLE
1,97E-02
15,35%
ROTOR
1,86E-02
14,49%
TOWER
3,28E-02
25,54%
FUNDATION
1,24E-02
9,62%
CIVIL WORKS
2,11E-02
16,42%
TRANSPORT
7,76E-03
6,04%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
2,57E-03
2,00%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
4,11E-03
3,20%
GAMESA PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES 7,37E-03
5,74%
END OF LIFE
2013 – V.1
(MJ eq)
2,06E-03
1,60%
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5.2.10.2 Primary Energy from Renewable Resources (Renewable PED)
From its acronym in English Primary Energy Demand, is all that source of energy from unlimited resources available on the planet and
/ or inexhaustible on a human scale. The main examples of renewable energy resources are, Biomass, Hydro, Wind, Solar and
Geothermal. The characterization factor Primary Energy from Renewable Resources, is expressed in MJ.
IMPACT CATHEGORY
UNIT
PRIMARY ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES
(MJ eq)
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
6,27E-03
In the chart below we can see the distribution of PED impact category from Renewable Resources and their contribution to each phase
of the life cycle defined. The renewable PED clearly affects phases mainly ASSEMBLY PRODUCTION and with a contribution of 66.62%
and 29.50% respectively. This represents a contribution of 96.12% of the total generated impact throughout the life cycle. You can see
also the participation of each of the energy sources in each phase of the life cycle, emphasizing in all cases as a priority hydroelectric
energy source.
Primary Energy Demand Renewable (MJ eq)
7,00E-03
6,00E-03
5,00E-03
(MJ eq)
4,00E-03
3,00E-03
2,00E-03
1,00E-03
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
MANUFACTURING
Renewable, biomass MJ eq
ASSEMBLY
USE AND
MAINTENANCE
Renewable, wind, solar, geothe MJ eq
END OF LIFE
Renewable, water MJ eq
IMPACT CATHEGORY
UNIT
PRODUCTION
ASSEMBLY
PRIMARY ENERGY FROM
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
(MJ eq)
4,18E-03
1,85E-03
OPERACION Y
MANTENIMIENTO
2,13E-04
%
66,62%
29,50%
3,39%
2013 – V.1
END OF LIFE
3,05E-05
0,49%
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“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
In the chart below we can see the distribution of the impact category Primary Energy Demand from renewable resources, but from a
different perspective, its main contribution of each component to the life cycle.
The indicator is clearly affected by all components and in a special way in the TOWER, CIVIL WORKS and NACELLE. These have a
value of 21.22%, 19.88% and 19.67% respectively. Again the contribution of major components (Nacelle, TOWER, Rotor and
FOUNDATION) is a 61.78% of the impact, more than half of the overall impact.
PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND RENEWABLE (MJ eq)
7,00E-03
6,00E-03
5,00E-03
(MJ eq)
4,00E-03
3,00E-03
2,00E-03
1,00E-03
0,00E+00
TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE
NACELLE
USE &
PRODUCTIVE
CIVIL
MAINTENANCE
PROCESESS
WORKS
END OF
TRANSPORT
LARGE
FUNDATION
LIVE
CORRECTIVES
TOWER
ROTOR
PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND (Renewable)
COMPONENT
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
%
6,27E-03 100,00%
NACELLE
1,23E-03
19,67%
ROTOR
7,95E-04
12,68%
TOWER
1,33E-03
21,22%
FUNDATION
5,15E-04
8,21%
CIVIL WORKS
1,25E-03
19,88%
TRANSPORT
1,30E-04
2,08%
USE AND MAINTENANCE
2,89E-05
0,46%
LARGE CORRECTIVES
1,84E-04
2,93%
GAMESA PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES 7,76E-04
12,38%
END OF LIFE
2013 – V.1
(MJ eq)
3,05E-05
0,49%
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WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
5.2.10.3 Return of Energy:
This methodology also allows us to obtain the rate of energy return, giving us information on how long it takes the turbine to generate
the amount of energy consumed during its entire life cycle, and the number of times this is amortized.
In the chart below you can see Cumulative Energy Demand, compared to total production life cycle. It shows that the time it takes for
the turbine to generate the entire electricity equivalent to that consumed during its entire life cycle is less than a year, in fact it is of
only 9.10 months. Or in another way, the Gamesa G90-2.0MW wind turbine is capable of generating 26.73 times as much energy as
consumed throughout its life cycle (from extraction of raw materials to final dismantling).
CED vs. LIFE CYCLE PRODUCTION
1,8E+11
1,6E+11
1,4E+11
1,2E+11
Kwh eq
1E+11
8E+10
6E+10
4E+10
2E+10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
LIFE CYCLE
PRODUCCION Kwh (IEC II)
CED
In the following table we can see the amortization time in months to cover the energy consumed by the wind turbine associated to the
20 years old wind turbine life span.
IEC - II (Vmed=8 m/s)
ACCUMULATED ENERGY DEMAND (CED)
(Kwh eq)
IEC - III (Vmed=7 m/s)
5775525,1327
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY DURING
20 YEARS (kWh)
154.358.428
125.859.440
RATE OF RETURN
26,73 : 1
21,79 : 1
REDEMPTION TIME (Months)
9,10
11,17
2013 – V.1
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5.2.11 Reciclability
Since resource depletion planet suffers increasingly more importance has the recyclability of the products at the end of its useful life.
For the VCA have assumed the following hypotheses and based on them have obtained the overall results of recyclability.
98% is recycled metal (either ferrous or not)
90% is recycled plastics
50% is recycled components of the electric / electronic
99% is recycled cable
0% is recycled lubricants, greases and oils (100% Energy Recovery)
0% is recycled carbon fiber and glass (100% Landfill)
0% is recycled paints and adhesives
GROUP
TOTAL WEIGHT
(Kg)
% IN WEIGHT
RECICLABILITY
NACELLE
70.000
23,53%
92,54%
ROTOR
38.500
12,94%
52,76%
TOWER
189.000
63,53%
97,70%
TOTAL
297.500
100%
90,67%
Considering the summary table above, we see that based on the type of materials, their weight and recyclability ratios assumed for the
study, we can conclude that the recyclability average of Gamesa G90-2.0MW turbine is 90.67%. Turbine specific figure, excluding
FOUNDATION and other components of the EP.
WINDGENERATOR WEIGHT Gamesa G90-2,0MW (Kg)
70.000
38.500
189.000
NACELLE ROTOR
TOWER
WINDGENERATOR MATERIALS Gamesa G90-2,0MW (Kg)
905,26
17053,25
4398,14
919,34
272057,54
METAL
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6. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND SCENARIOS
Sensitivity analysis of different scenarios are carried out to better understand the impact and importance of possible
uncertainties in the data or the application of different methodologies in modeling system also evaluates how the results of the LCA
may vary if the model is configured in different ways. The following analyzes were performed in this study:
6.1 Wind plant lifetime:
The life of a PE is set to 20 years. Over the years since the installation of the first wind farms and the experience gained so
far, it is estimated perfectly viable extension of their useful life. In fact already underway such studies and modifications WFs, so that
these increases in life to maintain or even improve PRODUCTION ratios generated to date. Since experience gives these extensions
estimate data at rates up to even 10 years.
6.1.1 Useful Life Expansion in 5 Years:
It clearly shows a significant decrease in all categories of impact, falling in almost all cases by 20%. In the case of marine
aquatic ecotoxicity, the reduction is still somewhat higher. This reduction is entirely logical since all the impacts along the entire life
cycle are prorated to 25 years instead of 20. That if you have also been taken into account all the aspects related to extending shelf
life in 5 years such as the adaptation of the machine to the extension of life (maintenance, TRANSPORT, waste, Large correctives ...).
BASE ESCENARIO vs LIFESPAN +5 AÑOS
Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4)
Land competition (m2a)
Terrestrial ecotoxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Marine aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Freshwater aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Human toxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Ozone layer depletion 20a (kg CFC-11 eq)
Global warming 100a 8kg CO2 eq)
Eutrophicationkg (PO4--- eq)
Acidification (kg SO2 eq)
Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq)
0%
ESCENARIO BASE
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20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
LIFE SPAN+5 AÑOS
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6.1.2 Useful life expansion in 10 years:
It clearly shows a significant decrease in all categories of impact, falling in almost all cases values higher than 30%. In the case of
marine aquatic ecotoxicity, the reduction is still somewhat higher. This reduction is entirely logical since all the impacts along the entire
life cycle are prorated to 30 years instead of 20. That if you have also been taken into account all the aspects related to extending
shelf life in 10 years such as the adaptation of the machine to the extension of life (maintenance, TRANSPORT, waste, Large
correctives ...).
BASE SCENARIO vs LIFE SPAN+10 AÑOS
Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4)
Land competition (m2a)
Terrestrial ecotoxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Marine aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Freshwater aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Human toxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Ozone layer depletion 20a (kg CFC-11 eq)
Global warming 100a 8kg CO2 eq)
Eutrophicationkg (PO4--- eq)
Acidification (kg SO2 eq)
Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq)
0%
20%
LIFE SPAN+10 AÑOS
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40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
BASE SCENARIO
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6.2 LARGE CORRECTIVES.
During the 20 years of operation of the wind turbine, it is essential to perform a number of maintenance to ensure the integrity of the
machine, its features and operation. However incidents occur, such as the impact of lightning on a shovel or a fault in the gearbox
(Large correctives).
This study is intended to be as close as possible to the real scenario, so the average baseline scenario incorporates the COMPONENT
and subsystem, all those incidents to date that have occur on Gamesa G90-2.0MW machines currently in operation. They have seen
those with considerable importance, mainly large Correctives for a data collection period of a historic 5 years, while the proposed
alternative scenario does not include possible errors or failures that the machine could suffer.
We can clearly see a slight decrease in all KPIs, but the decrease is 3% or less in the best case.
BASE SCENARIO vs WITHOUT LARGE CORRECTIVES
Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4)
Land competition (m2a)
Terrestrial ecotoxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Marine aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Freshwater aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Human toxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Ozone layer depletion 20a (kg CFC-11 eq)
Global warming 100a 8kg CO2 eq)
Eutrophicationkg (PO4--- eq)
Acidification (kg SO2 eq)
Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq)
95%
96%
96%
97%
97%
WITHOUT LARGE CORRECTIVES
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98%
98%
99%
99%
100% 100% 101%
ESCENARIO BASE
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6.3 WIND FARM OPERATING UNDER CONDITIONS OF LOW WIND (IEC III) vs. MEDIUM WIND (IEC II)
Power generation in the life cycle of the turbine is the fundamental key study UNIT directly affecting the functional as well as in all
impact categories selected.
The baseline scenario reflects operating conditions under wind conditions of a construction class average winds IECII Vavg = 8m / s,
since it is estimated as a majority for this model machine. However, Gamesa G90 wind turbines has been designed to run on wind
conditions, from low to medium speed (IEC II and III), for it includes a comparative analysis under low wind conditions IECIII Vavg =
7m / s.
Obviously going from a medium winds to low winds, the energy PRODUCTION is reduced by 19% approximately and environmental
impacts take on a greater role, increasing all categories by 23% approximately.
SITE PRODUCTION IEC III vs. IEC II
1,6E+11
1,4E+11
Kwh eq
1,2E+11
1E+11
8E+10
6E+10
4E+10
2E+10
0
PRODUCCION K wh (IEC II)
1
3
5
7
9
PRODUCCION K wh (IEC III)
11
13
CICLO DE VIDA
PRODUCTION Kwh (IEC III)
15
17
19
21
PRODUCTION Kwh (IEC II)
BASE SCENARIO vs SITE OF LOW WIND (IEC-CIII)
Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4)
Land competition (m2a)
Terrestrial ecotoxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Marine aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Freshwater aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Human toxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Ozone layer depletion 20a (kg CFC-11 eq)
Global warming 100a 8kg CO2 eq)
Eutrophicationkg (PO4--- eq)
Acidification (kg SO2 eq)
Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq)
0%
20%
LOW SPEED
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40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
BASE SCENARIO
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6.4 LOCATION OF WIND FARM
The main purpose of this study is to show all the environmental impacts associated with the generation of 1Kwh Europe, from a WF
Gamesa G90-2.0MW. Therefore the analysis has focused on the WFs with this model machine installed in Europe and covering the
largest possible percentage of installed machines. It has therefore been taken as the baseline scenario, a site type in Spain, covering
57.49% of the machines installed in Europe G90 as alternative scenarios have been raised three type sites, Poland, France and Italy.
This study provides coverage to 85.69% of Gamesa G90 wind turbines installed in Europe. This is considered more representatives for
variability to establish a WF in either European settlement.
Country
SPAIN
POLAND
FRANCE
ITALY
Nr
Windfarms
Área
Model
Nominal
power ( KW)
%
Acumulado
95
17
35
9
EUROPE
EUROPE
EUROPE
EUROPE
G90
G90
G90
G90
2000
2000
2000
2000
57,49%
70,39%
79,40%
85,69%
Initially, there is a wide variation of results to compare alternative European scenarios.
BASE SCENARIO vs. EUROPEAN SCENARIO
Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4)
Land competition (m2a)
Terrestrial ecotoxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Marine aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Freshwater aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Human toxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Ozone layer depletion 20a (kg CFC-11 eq)
Global warming 100a 8kg CO2 eq)
Eutrophicationkg (PO4--- eq)
Acidification (kg SO2 eq)
Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq)
0%
FRANCE
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POLAND
20%
ITALY
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
BASE SCENARIO
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Below you can see in more detail the variability of the results depending on the location. And it is clear that the largest increase is
around 3%. From this it can be concluded that the location of the EP on a European stage, does not impact significantly on the overall
impact generated throughout the life cycle.
BASE SCENARY vs. EUROPEAN SCENARY (II)
Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4)
Land competition (m2a)
Terrestrial ecotoxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Marine aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Freshwater aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Human toxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Ozone layer depletion 20a (kg CFC-11 eq)
Global warming 100a 8kg CO2 eq)
Eutrophicationkg (PO4--- eq)
Acidification (kg SO2 eq)
Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq)
98%
FRANCE
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POLAND
99%
ITALY
100%
101%
102%
103%
104%
BASE ESCENARIO
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6.5 WIND PARK DISTANCE TO THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
In this analysis, within range electric generating 1 kWh, from a PE of Gamesa G90-2.0MW, the internal layout of the park to the
substation and the output from the substation to the dump to the distribution network. The historical experience indicates that the site
wind farms usually located in areas close to existing distribution networks and the common distance between the substation and the
grid is usually 2-3km and in exceptional cases may arise to 15Km. In the baseline scenario in this case is that ACV more damaging
(15Km), however it makes a 100Km alternative scenario to see the contribution that each category of impact, the change in distance to
connect to the network.
One can see an increase in all KPIs ranging from 10% in the case of depletion of the ozone layer up to 30% in the case of
photochemical oxidation.
BASE SCENARIO vs GRID CONEXIÓN DISTANCE 100Km
Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4)
Land competition (m2a)
Terrestrial ecotoxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Marine aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Freshwater aquatic ecotox. 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Human toxicity 20a (kg 1,4-DB eq)
Ozone layer depletion 20a (kg CFC-11 eq)
Global warming 100a 8kg CO2 eq)
Eutrophicationkg (PO4--- eq)
Acidification (kg SO2 eq)
Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq)
0,00%
20,00%
40,00%
GRID CONEXION DISTANCE 100 KM
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60,00%
80,00%
100,00%
120,00%
140,00%
BASE SCENARIO
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7. INTERPRETATION:
7.1 GENERAL
Then we proceed to make an overview of the study, highlighting the main results by life cycle stage and COMPONENT, as
well as major improvements identified.
Viewing analysis life cycle phases, we can say that the phases of the COMPONENT PRODUCTION (PRODUCTION) and its
erection in park (ASSEMBLY) account, for all impact categories an impact equal to or greater than 90% of the total impact so
that the phases of use, maintenance and END OF LIFE of the machine have little overall environmental importance. For
these modes have to comment that although may not seem worth the search innovations, the impact value is so low
because they are conducting appropriate environmental measures, which should not stop doing.
On one hand the total recyclability of the machine has a very high value, 90.67%, which is the reason causing this stage not
be critical in the overall analysis.
Also, it is very important to note that you are avoiding a large environmental impact associated recoveries repair components
in need of Large correctives. Without this measure, the maintenance phase would vastly increase its contribution to the
overall environmental impact.
On the other hand if we consider the results obtained by COMPONENT, in most categories, the most relevant with respect to
their environmental impact are:

TOWER:
The TOWER is undoubtedly the most critical COMPONENT entire wind turbine. Their environmental impact is directly linked
to the large amount of steel that must be used to form the sleeves of it. Also this is the biggest opportunity COMPONENT
improvement for future redesigns. TOWER Presumably hybrid design made for the G10X, represents an environmental
improvement with respect to the TOWER version built entirely of steel, but it would be necessary to make a comparative
analysis between the two solutions.
Any redesign that reduces the material used for the Tower carries one of the largest environmental improvement
opportunities at the platform G9X:
• Optimization of materials Tower
• Reduction in thickness
• New concepts of union between sections of Tower
• New concepts supporting the rotor and nacelle

NACELLE:
The nacelle covers a lot of different components, as the brain of the machine. Of these, the most relevant environment are
the gearbox, main shaft and to a lesser extent the generator. It was expected the impact of multiplier within the nacelle, as
one of the most sophisticated components of the turbine. However, surprisingly the huge impact of the gearbox housing,
causing the line point out as a possible improvement.
Best environmental improvement opportunities residing in:
• Reduction of the weight of the gearbox housing
• Optimization of the main shaft thicknesses

ROTOR:
The main environmental impacts associated with the rotor, come from the manufacture of the blades and the rotor bearings.
As to the blades, the main impact is from the high fiber, both glass and carbon used for its construction.
With respect to the bearings, the impacts resulting from the production process of manufacture thereof, and obtaining the
steel needed for manufacture.
The main lines of research proposals are:
• New alternative concepts for elements between hub and blades other than steel screws.

FOUNDATION:
The Production of materials used for Foundation is the latest of highly relevant environmental impacts of wind turbines.
Despite pose a very significant impact, given the structural support member having and in view of the types of uses Gamesa
Foundation for this type of platform, we can consider that this element is well optimized from an environmental perspective.
A reduction of the quantities of concrete and / or scrap metal used for the construction of Foundation would improve the
environmental performance of this component, but not so far as an improvement made in the previously discussed
components.

SITE CIVIL WORKS:
CIVIL WORKS the Wind farm is another inevitable stage in the life cycle of the turbine, which has an environmental impact
caused by the order of the nacelle and the rotor. Its impact is divided into three main concepts. The infrastructure needed to
connect the substation of the wind farm to the electricity transmission line, the materials used for underground wiring and
site construction materials and use of equipment necessary for the construction of the wind farm.
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
Foundation materials are not included in these impacts, as will be discussed in a later section.

PRODUCTION PROCESS:
We also find it interesting to analyze separately the production processes carried by the Gamesa study because it is one of
the concepts that can have more influence the company in the medium term.
Analyzed production processes, which encompasses about half the environmental impact is also the production process of
the TOWER. This is due to the environmental impact caused by different welding processes and energy consumption.
It is also worth to mention the environmental impact of energy consumption in blade manufacturing plant, gearbox parts
machining and molding manufacturing.
There are two main highlight opportunities for improvement within the section of manufacturing processes:
• Perform general energy efficiency measures in all plants, but especially in manufacturing towers, blades, gearboxes and
manufacturing machined castings.
• Optimizing the use of pre-preg paddle in plants, reducing as far as possible the waste generated in their cuts.
In conclusion, this study has been extremely positive and fruit of GCT is aware in detail of their products and associated
processes. Therefore able to establish new lines of improvement to make it more competitive and of course, continue to
improve their environmental performance and broad commitment.
Summary of key improvements identified;

Design;
Reducing the mass of the gearbox housing, design modification, alternative materials, etc.
Alternative materials for TOWER (TOWER concrete hybrid TOWER).
Optimization of FOUNDATION rebar.
Mass reduction dimensions of major axis optimization alloy grade, thickness optimization efforts.
Rotary joint in nacelle and hub not.
Delete ray registration card of the blades.

Sourcing of Raw Materials and Components;
Incorporation of recycled and recyclable materials at the end of its useful life.

Manufacturing;
Optimization manufacturing of cutting blade prepreg.
Prepreg waste reduction.
Reduction in energy consumption and smelting centers blades.
Optimization of material lost by chip removal machining processes internal to the gearbox.

Logistics;
Reduction of the distances traveled by the materials.
Locations. Prioritizing according to the weights. A greater weight transported greater impact. Means of transport to
consider. (Order of preference; Maritime-Road-Rail-Air).

USE AND MAINTENANCE;
Increase energy of aero production.
Improving the energy efficiency of the auxiliary systems of the machine.
Reduction of electricity losses in both the inverter and the wiring in the aero and the wind farm.
Optimization of machine consumption in different states.

END OF LIFE;
Alternative scenarios to end of live of the blades (current destination landfill).
7.2 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND SCENARIOS
Sensitivity analyzes different scenarios that have been used to better understand the impact and importance of possible uncertainties
in the data or the application of different methodologies in modeling system has also allowed assessing how LCA results may vary if
the model is set up in different ways.
For extending the lifetime of Wind farm, there is a noticeable decrease in the overall impact of the life cycle in all cases. If the 5-year
extension of the overall impact is reduced near a 20% and if it extends to age 10 will decrease more than 30%. This is logical, since
the new maintenance required except in the extension of life, the rest are kept exactly the same as in the baseline scenario. Therefore
these impacts are amortized over a longer period.
Secondly, we analyze the variability consider breakdowns, faults and spare parts for the 20-year estimated useful life in the baseline
scenario, with the alternative scenario in which were not taken into account. These pose additional maintenance worsening between
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0.5% and 3% in the worst case. In the case of ignoring the faults and failures ACV estimates throughout the life cycle. Have an impact
on a study with far more favorable results, but far from reality.
Third, we analyzed the variability of the same Wind farm, at construction IEC-II medium winds (8m / s) and IEC-III Low winds (7m /
s). Since this model of wind turbine can operate in both locations. Watching the impact based on the generation produced throughout
the life cycle, closely related to the functional study UNIT (1 kWh). It clearly shows that in a low wind site generation is less absolute
and therefore the associated impacts are greater. The overall impact is increased by more than 20% throughout the life cycle if the
site is class III rather than class II. Logically the payback time and payback rate will also be affected (11.17 months 21,79:1 rate).
Fourth and since the study's main objective, the results show that they are a faithful representation of the European scene. Were taken
into account represent different locations in Europe type, comprising 85.69% of the total power installed in Europe G90. Depending on
the location, logistics, distances and other implications to consider, the results obtained show that the baseline of the study (Spain) is a
pretty accurate reflection of any scenario in Europe, given that the vast majority of cases the impact increases by less than 1%.
Finally, we analyze the variability and the condition produced by varying the distance of connection to the electricity distribution
network. Raising a situation where they spent 15 Km of 100 km baseline scenario impacts are influenced negatively by the increased
distance, of course. Generating an increased impact that ranges between 8% and 30% approximately.
Therefore, the data achieved by analyzing alternative scenarios conducted after the LCA, we show vital information relevant to defining
future lines of product environmental improvement study. Were raised 8 alternative scenarios, of which two of them deserve special
attention, increasing the wind turbine and energy production lengthening the life thereof.
From another point of view, an analysis of scenario in which the data do not suffer significant alterations can also offer useful
information. For example, given the scenario analysis performed for different geographical locations of the wind farm at the European
level, we can say that the distance between the production plants of Gamesa and final location of the wind turbine is not a particularly
important environmental aspect.
7.3 Quality of the results:
7.3.1 Data Collection
The study analyzes a wind farm covering 25 types Gamesa G90-2.0MW, and all internal wiring of the EP, the substation and cabling to
the distribution network. All data have been compiled and structured according to the objective and scope specified and defined cutoff
criteria initially described in paragraphs 25 and 3 of this report. All of the inventory of the global data lifecycle, for all inputs and
outputs spanning the boundaries of the system under study, are considered fully satisfactory.
7.3.2 Consistency and Data Representation
The comprehensiveness of the data key priority of the study have been obtained from sources internally Gamesa and certain specific
periods of time, considering all perfectly consistent, traceable, and faithfully representing reality.
Some facts minority, lower weight and relevance have been obtained from various trusted sources (suppliers, public LCAs, EPD's, Data
Bases, Associations, etc.) and are considered to be of high quality.
Therefore all the data used in this study are considered of high quality, being fully consistent, traceable, justifiable, and comprehensive
and faithfully representing reality.
7.3.3 Reproducibility
Reproducibility is one of the essential principles of the scientific method, and is referred to the ability to take a test or experiment to be
reproduced or replicated. The product system modeling in this study has been performed and analyzed with LCA software Simapro for
all results. All data have absolute traceability to their respective, drawings, documents, technical specifications, LCA's, EsIA, etc.
Therefore it is considered that any specialist software tools stroke, with the necessary information and relevant indications of Gamesa
would be able to perform a similar study and results equal or very close to those present.
7.3.4 Opportunities
Establish environmental performance KPIs tailored to the needs of GCT.
Serve as a reference point for future ACV's perform in GCT.
Serve as a starting point for future projects Ecodesign GCT.
Establish lines of improvement on the product and its associated processes.
Work Corroborating lines up with the priorities and improvements that presents the LCA.
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8 EXTERNAL REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.gamesacorp.com
www.iec.ch/index.htm
www.iso.org/iso/home.html
www.ihobe.net
www.ree.es
www.iberdrola.es
www.vattenfall.com
www.vestas.com
www.axpo.ch
www.abb.com
www.worldsteel.org
www.copper.org
www.world-aluminium.org
www.pre.nl
www.ecoinvent.ch
www.cml.leiden.edu/research/industrialecology/researchprojects/finished/new-dutch-lca-guide.html
www.eurofer.org
www.ewea.org
www.censa.es
www.generalcable.es
www.sea-rates.com
www.environdec.com
www.aeeolica.org
www.dewi.de
www.alueurope.eu
www.infocobre.org.es
ISO 14040 : 2006 Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and Framework, 2006
ISO 14044 : 2006 Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Requirements and guidelines
PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES(PCR) For preparing an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for Electricity, Steam, and Hot and
Cold Water Generation and Distribution PCR CPC 17 Version 1.1 2007-10-31
PCR - CPC 171 & 173: Electricity, Steam, and Hot and Cold Water Generation and Distribution VERSION 2.01 DATE 2011-12-05
Manual de Reciclaje de Aerogeneradores Gamesa Eólica (AMBIO) 2005
Proyecto de desmantelamiento del PE de Igea-Cornago Sur (GER) 2006
Life cycle assessment of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites Int J Life Cycle Assess (2011) 16:268–282
COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS (O.M. DE VEGT & W.G. HAIJE
DECEMBER 1997) ECN-I--97-050
Environmental Impacts of Fiber Composite Materials KUNGL. TEKNISKA Royal Institute of Technology - Department of Urban
Planning and Environment Division of Environmental Strategies Research- FMS, Stockholm, 2006 SOM-EX 06-40
Vattenfall wind power Certified Environmental Product Declaration EPD ® of electricity from vattenfall´s wind FARM s UNCPC
Code 17, Group 171 – Electrical energy S-P-00183 (2010-02-01)
Vattenfall AB Nuclear Power Certified Environmental Product Declaration EPD® of Electricity from Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant
SP 00021. 2010-12-16
Vattenfall AB Nuclear Power Certified Environmental Product Declaration EPD® of Electricity from Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant
SP 00026. 2010-12-16
Vattenfall AB Certified Environmental Product Declaration EPD® of Electricity from Vattenfall’s Nordic Hydropower SP 00088.
2011-12-31
Elaqua Hydro Energy Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) Au-Schönenberg Small-Scale Hydro Power Plant
Axpo Hydro Energy Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) Wildegg-Brugg run-of-river Power Plant
Axpo New Energies Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) Genesys Plant Busslingen
Axpo New Energies Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) Otelfingen Kompogas Facility
Axpo Nuclear Energy Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) Beznau Nuclear Power Plant | Update 2011
CONTACTO: Para la resolución de cualquier duda relacionada con el presente informe, se puede contactar con la Dirección de
Medioambiente en la siguiente Dirección y teléfonos.
Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 222
48170 Zamudio (Vizcaya) – España
Tfno: +34 944 317 600
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“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
9 ANNEX
9.1 CHART OF TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
MODEL
ROTOR
BLADES
G90-2.0Mw-50Hz.-78m-IIA
Diameter
Swept area
Rotation speed
Rotation direction
Weight (Incl.Buje)
Weight (Incl. Hub y Nacelle)
Units
Lenght
Profile
3
44 m
DU (Delft University) + FFA - W3
Material
Fibra de vidrio preimpregnada de
resina epoxi + fibra de carbono
5,8 T
Complete blade weight
TOWER
GEARBOX
GENERATOR
90 m
6.362 m2
9,0 - 19,0 rpm
Clockwise (vista frontal)
36 T aprox.
106 T aprox.
height
Sections
Weight
78 m
4
203 T
Type
Ratio
Cooling system
Oil heating
1 Etapa planetaria / 2 Etapas ejes paralelos
1:100,5 (50Hz)
Bomba de aceite con radiador de aceite
2,2 kW
Type
Nominal power
Voltage
Frecuency
Protective class
Nº Polos
Spinning speed
Stator nominal intensity
Power factor
Generador doblemente alimentado
2,0 MW
690 V ac
50 Hz.
IP 54
4
900 : 1.900 rpm (nominal 1.680rpm) (50Hz)
1.500 A @ 690 V
0,95
COMMERCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Environmental conditions;
Noise estándar;
Service voltage;
Converter;
Conexion to the grid;
Power factor;
Wind Farm Voltage;
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Estándar
108,4 dBA
220V
DTC
P012.3 (Crowbar Activo 0,95-0,95)
0,95
Potencia; 2350KVA
Tensión; 20,0KV
Cos phi; 0,95
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9.2 GAMESA WINDTURBINE DESCRIPTION -2.0 MW (MODEL G90-2.0 MW)
Position
h
d
Denomination
Hub Height
Rotor Diameter
Wind turbines Gamesa G9X platform (G90-2.0 MW) are the type of bladed upwind rotor and produce a nominal power of 2 MW. This
turbine has a rotor diameter of 90m (position d in the figure) and hub heights of 60m, 67m, 78m and 100m (position h in the figure).
G90 wind turbines are regulated by a system change independently in each blade passage and have active guidance system. The
control system can operate at variable speed wind turbine at all times to maximize the power output and minimizing loads and noise.
Below is a description of the main components of the wind turbine Gamesa G9X platform (G90-2.0 MW models).
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NACELLE DESCRIPTION:
Position
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Denomination
Housing
Frame
Main shaft
Gearbox
Yaw system
Mechanical brake
Hydraulic group
Generator
Transformer
Electrical cabinets
Housing
The housing is the cover that protects the wind turbine components found in the gondola against weather agents and external
environmental conditions. It is made from composite resin with glass fiber reinforcement.
Inside the housing there is enough space to perform wind turbine maintenance. The housing has three flaps:
• Access door to the nacelle from the TOWER, located on the floor of the nacelle
• Access Door inner cone / bushing, located in the front
• hatch crane operation, located on the floor of the rear
It also has two skylights on the roof that provide sunlight for the day, extra ventilation and access to the outside, where the wind
measurement instruments and the lightning rod.
The rotating components are properly protected to ensure the safety of maintenance personnel.
The nacelle contains inside a service crane 800 kg.
Frame
The platform frame-2.0 MW Gamesa (G90-2.0 MW) has been designed under the criteria of mechanical simplicity and robustness in
order to adequately support the elements of the gondola and transmit loads to the tower. Transmission of these loads is through
bearing guidance system.
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The frame is divided into two parts:
• Front frame: Cast iron bed that sets the main shaft bearings, torque arms react to the gearbox and the yaw.
• Rear Frame: mechano-welded structure made of two beams joined at their front and back.
The frame is subjected to extensive testing of life in the test bench racks, Gamesa UPB, owned by Gamesa. These tests consist mainly
in cycles of extreme and fatigue loads that reproduce rapidly and solicitation efforts to which the frame is subjected to throughout its
life. In this way, it ensures and improves the reliability of validating their correct design COMPONENT. The test results are further used
to feedback and correlate the simulation models developed by Gamesa racks, continuous improvement and ensuring greater accuracy
of the designs.
Main shaft
The torque transmission causes the wind on the rotor until the gearbox is through the mainshaft. The shaft is attached to the hub by a
bolted flange and is supported on two bearings housed in cast supports. Binding to the low speed input of multiplier is achieved with a
conical clamping collar transmits torque by friction.
The shaft is made of forged steel and has a central longitudinal bore for receiving the hydraulic hoses and control cables pitch change
system.
The main shaft supported on two bearings has significant structural advantages. Every effort is transmitted from the rotor to the front
frame except the torque, which is tapped downstream of the generator to produce electricity. Thus, the gearbox ensures that pair and
transmits only the flexural stresses, axial and go directly to the cutting bench. Moreover, the system provides improved serviceability
by allowing the gearbox disassembly without disassembling the main shaft or the rotor.
Gearbox
Transmit power generator main shaft. The gearbox consists of three stages combined, one planetary and two parallel axes. The teeth
of the gear are designed for maximum efficiency with a low level of noise and vibration emissions. As a result of the gear ratio, part of
the input torque is absorbed by the reaction arms. These reaction arms fixing the gearbox to the frame by means of dampers to
minimize the transmission of vibrations.
The high speed shaft is connected to the generator via a flexible coupling with torque limiter prevents overloading the transmission
chain.
The modular design of the power train, the weight of the gear box is supported by the main shaft while binding frame buffers only
react to the torque restricting the rotation of the gearbox as well as the absence of unwanted charges.
The gearbox has a main lubrication system with filter system associated with its high speed shaft. There is a secondary computer
power filter that allows a degree of cleaning up oil 3μm, thus reducing the potential number of failures and a third extra cooling circuit.
The components and operating parameters of the gearbox are monitored by sensors control system both as predictive maintenance
system Gamesa SMP.
All gearboxes are tested at rated output load during manufacture. These tests reduce the likelihood of failure in operation period and
ensure the product quality.
Active System Yaw
Gamesa Active system Yaw orientation allows rotation of the nacelle around the axis of the tower.
Is the active type and consists of four electrically actuated gearedmotors the wind turbine control system according to information
received from the anemometers and vanes placed on top of the nacelle. System motors rotate the orientation of the rotation pinions,
which mesh with the teeth of the yaw bearing mounted on the top of the TOWER producing relative rotation between the nacelle and
tower.
Using a friction bearing with a holding torque sufficient to control the spin orientation. Additionally, the hydraulic brake consists of 5
active jaws provides greater torque to secure the turbine. The joint action of these two systems avoid fatigue and possible damage to
the gear orientation ensuring a stable and controlled.
The crown is divided into 6 sectors for repairing local damage to the teeth thereof.
Like the frame, the system Gamesa Active Yaw orientation undergoes cycles of accelerated life testing and aging in the test bench
Gamesa UPB. These tests consist mainly orientation cycles operating loads compressing the duration of aging tests to simulate
durability or life span of the steering system. With this evidence is secured and improves the reliability of component validating their
correct design and providing feedback redesigns virtual models and subsequent improvements.
Brake system
The main brake is the type of wind turbine aerodynamics by feathering of the blades. As the pitch change system independently for
each of the blades, it has a security system with triple redundancy.
The mechanical brake comprises a disc brake, which is mounted hydraulically activated at the output of the high speed shaft of the
gearbox. The mechanical brake is used only as a parking brake application or if an emergency stop.
Hydraulics
The hydraulic system provides pressurized oil to the 3 independent actuators change of pace, mechanical brake shaft at high speed
and brake system guidance system. It incorporates a fail-safe system that ensures the level of oil pressure and flow rate required in
the absence of current to activate cylinders pitch change of the blades, disc brake and brake system leading to wind turbine orientation
safely.
Generator
The generator is the doubly-fed asynchronous 4-pole, wound rotor and slip rings. Is highly efficient and is cooled by an air-air
exchanger. Control system to work with variable speed by controlling the frequency of the rotor currents.
The features and functionality introduced by this generator are:
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“LIFE CYCLE ANALISYS OF 1KWh GENERATED BY A GAMESA ONSHORE
WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
• Synchronous Behavior front the net
• Optimal performance for any wind speed PRODUCTION maximizing and minimizing loads and noise thanks to variable speed
operation.
• Control of active and reactive power by controlling the amplitude and phase of the rotor currents.
• Soft and off the grid.
The generator is protected against short-circuits and overloads. The temperature is continuously monitored by sensors in the stator
points, bearings and slip rings drawer.
Transformer
The three-phase transformer type, dry encapsulated with different output voltage options between
6.6 kV and 35 kV, different ranges of apparent power and is specially designed for wind. Located in the rear of the nacelle in a
separate compartment by a metal wall that thermally and electrically insulates it from other components of the nacelle.
Being of the dry type, the fire hazard is minimal. Furthermore, the processor includes all necessary protection to prevent damage as
detectors arc and fuses.
The situation of the transformer in the nacelle prevents electrical losses due to the short length of low voltage cables and reduces the
visual impact.
Cabinets, electrical power and control
The hardware of this electrical system is divided into three closets:
1. TOP cabinet located in the nacelle. In turn, this cabinet is divided into three parts:
• Control Section: responsible for the tasks of the government of the gondola, e.g. wind monitoring, change pitch, orientation, internal
temperature control, etc...
• Frequency converter: is responsible for monitoring and managing power and off grid generator.
• Section muddy and safeguards: in this part is the power output produced with the necessary electrical protection.
2. Ground cabinet located at the base of the tower. From the touch screen you can review GROUND closet parameters of the wind
turbine operation, stop and start the machine, make test various subsystems, etc. You can also connect a laptop display to closet TOP
to perform these tasks.
3. Wardrobe HUB located in the rotating part of the turbine. Is primarily responsible for the activation of the cylinders of the pitch
change system.
ROTOR
The turbine rotor from the platform Gamesa G9X (G90-2.0 MW) comprises three blades attached to a hub through the blade bearings.
The bushing is provided at a joint flanges blade of a taper angle of 2 ° to tip away from the same tower.
The rotor diameter is 90m.
Position
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Denomination
Blade
Hydraulic pitch change
Bushing
Cone
Blade bearing
Electrical cabinet
Lightning Transmitter
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Blades:
The blades of the turbines from Gamesa G9X platform (G90-2.0 MW) are made of organic matrix composite reinforced with fiberglass
and carbon, which provides the necessary rigidity without penalizing the weight of the blade.
The blades have step change in the full-scale blade PRODUCTION maximizing energy loads and reducing noise emissions.
The length of the blades is 44m (G90-2.0 MW). The distance from the root of the blades to the hub center is 1 m in all cases. The
structure of each blade consists of two shells attached to a structural beam or internal stringers. The blade is designed to fulfill two
basic functions, structural and aerodynamic. Also, the blade is designed taking into account the manufacturing method used, as the
materials chosen to ensure the necessary safety margins.
The blades have a protection system-ray whose mission is to lead the beam from the receiver to the blade root where it is transmitted
to the machine to be discharged to ground.
Additionally the blades are equipped with necessary drains to prevent water retention inside that could cause imbalances or structural
damage on impact vaporization of water lightning.
Blade bearing
The bearings of the blade are the interface between the blade and the hub and allow pitch change movement.
Attachment of the blade to the inner bearing race blade is tensioned by bolts which facilitates inspection and dissasembly.
Bushing
The bushing is made of nodular cast iron. It binds to the outer race of the three blade bearings and main shaft by bolting. It has an
opening in the front that allows access to the interior for inspection, and maintenance of system hydraulic pitch change as the torque
of the screws on the blades.
Cone
The cone protects the hub and blade bearings temperature. The cone is bolted to the front of the hub and is designed to allow access
to the hub for maintenance.
Hydraulic pitch change
Comprises separate hydraulic actuators for each blade providing a rotation capability between -5 ° and 87 ° and an accumulator
system which ensure the movement in case of emergency flag.
The pitch change system operates according to the following slogan:
• When the wind speed is lower than the nominal pitch angle selected is one that maximizes the electrical power obtained for each
wind speed.
• When the wind speed is higher than the nominal pitch angle is one that provides the nominal power of the machine. Furthermore
brake activation governs emergency aerodynamic leading to wind turbine safely.
The hydraulic system provides faster performance than other types of systems. Due to the hydraulic accumulator system, does not
require batteries to operate, which increases the reliability in emergencies.
TOWER AND FOUNDATION
TOWER
The wind turbine TOWER is tubular steel, conical shape, divided into three, four or five sections depending on the height of TOWER.
Supplied with their corresponding platforms, stairs and emergency lighting.
Gamesa offers standard cable guiding an elevator for easy maintenance of the turbine. Gamesa offers a seismic Tower 78m and four
sections for special locations.
FOUNDATION
The standard foundation is of reinforced concrete slab with steel. They are calculated based on wind turbine loads and considering
certified standard ground.
In the event that the assumptions used suffer variations, defined values are worthless and will require a recalculation of foundations.
For each location, you must check the terrain along with wind data to select the most appropriate foundation.
CONTROL SYSTEM
The turbine functions are controlled in real time by a system based on PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). The control system
comprises control algorithms and supervision. A) Regulation system
The control system is responsible for selecting appropriate values of the rotor speed, pitch angle of the blades, and power slogans.
These are modified in every moment depending on the wind speed reaches the machine, ensuring safe and reliable operation in any
existing wind conditions.
The main advantages of the system of regulation of wind turbines Gamesa G9X platform (G90-2.0 MW) are:
1. Maximizing energy production.
2. Limitation of mechanical loads.
3. Reduced wind noise.
4. High quality energy.
A-1) Step change regulation
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At wind speeds above the nominal control system and pitch change system maintain power at nominal value. With wind speeds below
the nominal exchange system variable pitch control and optimize energy PRODUCTION selecting the optimal combination of rotor
speed and pitch angle.
A-2) Power regulation
The power control system ensures that the rotational speed and torque of the turbine always supplying stable electric power to the
grid.
The power control system acts on a set of electrical systems consisting of a doubly-fed generator with wound rotor slip ring, 4quadrant converter IGBT technology, contactors and electrical protection and software. Electrically, the converter generator set is
comparable to a synchronous generator thus ensures optimum coupling to the mains with smooth connection and disconnection
processes.
The generator set-converter is able to work with variable speed to optimize performance and maximize the power generated for each
wind speed. It also allows the reactive power manage evacuated in collaboration with the remote system Gamesa Windnet ®.
B) Monitoring System
The monitoring system continuously checks the status of the various sensors as well as the internal parameters:
• Environmental conditions: wind speed and direction and temperature.
• Internal parameters of different components as temperatures, pressures and oil levels, vibration, rolling of medium voltage cable,
etc...
• State Rotor rotational speed and position of the step change.
• Situation of the network: generation of active and reactive power, voltage, current and frequency.
PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE SYSTEM Gamesa SMP
Wind turbines Gamesa G9X platform (G90-2.0 MW) incorporate predictive maintenance system developed by Gamesa Gamesa SMP,
based on vibration analysis and optimized for use in wind turbines. The system can manage and process information simultaneously up
to 8 accelerometers that are located at strategic points in the machine as the gearbox, generator and the front of the main shaft
bearings.
The main features of Gamesa SMP are:
• Continuous monitoring of critical components of the wind turbine
• Ability to process alarm detection signal
• Integrated PLC and Gamesa wind networks WindNet ®
• Easy maintenance
• Low cost
In general, the main objective of a predictive maintenance system is the early detection of failure or deterioration of the main
components of the turbine. Among the important benefits associated with the installation of a system of this type include the following:
• The decrease in Large correctives
• The protection of the remaining components of the wind turbine
• The increase in the lifetime of the turbine and its best performance
• Decreased maintenance resource dedication
• Access to markets with stringent regulatory, certification type Germanischer Lloyds
• Reduction in rates of insurance companies
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Gamesa WindNet ® WIND FARMS
Wind turbines Gamesa G9X platform (G90-2.0 MW) are integrated into the system of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
Gamesa WindNet ®, which allows access to information via browser windfarm, easy and intuitive. Gamesa WindNet ® system is easily
configurable and adaptable to any distribution of the wind farm, including those with high variety of wind turbine models, being able to
communicate quickly and reliably any wind farm topology network based on Ethernet technology. It also allows the integration of wind
farm installations as electrical substations, reactive power equipment and capacitor banks, etc.
Gamesa WindNet ® system supports a wide variety of communication protocols used in wind systems such as OPC DA, MODBUS and
DNP3. Communication with Gamesa is based on a robust and efficient proprietary protocol.
With this tool the user may at any time:
• Monitor and control of wind farm equipment.
• Understand the power production each wind park.
• Monitor real-time alerts of the various elements of the historic park and observe the same.
• Send orders directly to the turbines (start, pause or step emergency) and substation.
• Analyze the evolution of variables over time in a simple, thanks to the graphics of the historical trends: Gamesa Trend Viewer.
• Create production reports and Availability: Gamesa Report Generator.
• Send status and alarm messages to mobile by SMS.
• Integrate team’s reactive power compensation (STATCOM and SVC).
• Manage predictive maintenance Gamesa SMP integration.
• Managing different user profiles, maintaining security and simplifying turn everyday use of the application.
The user interface is designed for accessibility, ease of use and simplicity. The information is presented in graphical formats. There is
additionally Web access that allows access to updated information through any device with browser and Internet connection.
Gamesa WindNet ® system offers different user profiles, administrator, configurator, developer and maintainer, to give access to only
those functions and information required for each type of user, thus increasing security and simplifying also the daily use of the
application. Optionally available a series of modules that add advanced functionality to the system
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Gamesa WindNet ®:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Module active power limitation.
Dimming Module generated reactive.
Frequency control module.
Generate customized reports with Gamesa Information Manager, by categorizing energy losses.
Control Module stelae.
Noise Control Module: Gamesa NRS ®.
Control Module shadows.
Ice Control Module.
SENSORS
Wind turbines Gamesa G90 platform (G90-2.0 MW) are equipped with various sensors that monitor different parameters permanently.
Have sensors dedicated to external signals to collect wind turbine such as outdoor temperature or wind speed and direction. Other
sensors are responsible for registering operating parameters of the machines and the components are temperature, pressure levels,
vibration or blade position.
All this information is recorded and analyzed in real time and feeds the regulatory and supervisory functions of the control system.
1.8 LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM
Wind turbines Gamesa G90 platform (G90-2.0 MW) are protected against lightning strikes through a transmission system from
receptors blade and nacelle housing through the frame and the TOWER to the FOUNDATION. This system prevents the passage of the
beam through the same sensitive components. As additional protection systems, electrical system has surge protectors.
All these protection systems are designed to achieve a maximum level of protection class I according to IEC 62305, taking as reference
standards IEC 61400-24 and IEC61024.
NETWORK CONNECTION AND LOCATION
NETWORK CONNECTION
All models of the platform Gamesa G90 (G90-2.0 MW) have versions capable of running at 50Hz and 60Hz networks.
The transformer fitted to the turbine must be appropriate to the mains voltage. The voltage of the low voltage network must be within
the range ± 10% and the network frequency must remain within the range of 3 Hz networks both 50Hz and 60Hz.
The system of land included in the civil works consists of two concentric rings with overall impedance according to the requirements of
IEC 62305. The current step and touch shall comply with IEC 60478-1 and IEC 61936-1. Local regulations prevail in the case of being
more restrictive than the above international standards.
The mains voltage specified for the Gamesa G90-(G90-2.0 MW) is defined in section 4.6 of this document.
The power factor of all models 2.0MW Gamesa is between the limits 0.95 and 0.95 inductive capacitive throughout the power range in
the following conditions: ± 5% of rated voltage for the corresponding temperature range, provided that transformer apparent power
exceeds 2350kVA. See special conditions for other models of transformer.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Wind turbines Gamesa G90 platform (G90-2.0 MW) are designed as standard to work outside environmental temperatures within the
range - 20 ° C and +30 ° C. Machine versions are able to withstand demanding environmental temperatures.
Wind turbines Gamesa G90 platform (G90-2.0 MW) are able to operate in relative humidity of 95% continuously, and 100% relative
humidity for periods of less than 10% of the time operation.
The degree of protection against corrosion of the various elements of the turbines Gamesa G90 (G90-2.0 MW) is in accordance with
ISO 12944-2, shown in the following table:
INTERIOR EXTERIOR COMPONENTS
TOWER C5-I / H C3 / H
Gondola-Rotor C4 / H or C5 / H [1] C2 / H or C3 / H [1]
Table 1. Degrees of protection against corrosion
[1] According Components.
Gamesa offers product versions specially designed for corrosive environments.
WIND CONDITIONS
The annual distribution of wind for a location is usually specified by a Weibull distribution. This distribution is described by the scale
factor A and the form factor K. The factor A is proportional to the mean wind speed and defines the shape factor k of distribution for
different conditions.
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9.3 ECOPROFILE:
RESOURCES CONSUMPTION
RENEWABLE MATERIAL RESOURCES
RESOURCE
UNIT
WINDTURBINE PRODUCTION WIND FARM ERECTION USE AND MAINTENANCE END OF LIFE TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
Water consumption
Kg/Kwh generado
2,25E-02
6,93E-03
1,11E-03
2,08E-04
3,08E-02
Carbon dioxide
Kg/Kwh generado
6,99E-05
2,32E-05
3,10E-06
5,61E-07
9,68E-05
Wood
Kg/Kwh generado
5,32E-05
2,13E-05
1,92E-06
4,86E-07
7,69E-05
NON RENEWABLE MATERIAL RESOURCES
RESOURCE
UNIT
WINDTURBINE PRODUCTION WIND FARM ERECTION USE AND MAINTENANCE END OF LIFE TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
Calcite, in ground
Kg/Kwh generado
6,04E-04
7,27E-04
2,06E-05
4,33E-06
1,36E-03
Gravel, in ground
Kg/Kwh generado
8,82E-04
3,21E-02
4,61E-05
8,89E-04
3,39E-02
Iron, 46% in ore, 25% in crude ore, in ground Kg/Kwh generado
1,40E-03
4,11E-04
1,93E-05
1,99E-06
1,83E-03
Resources from ground
Kg/Kwh generado
5,19E-04
4,79E-04
4,08E-05
7,10E-06
1,05E-03
Otros
Kg/Kwh generado
2,07E-07
4,35E-08
1,52E-08
1,74E-09
2,67E-07
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
RESOURCE
UNIT
WINDTURBINE PRODUCTION WIND FARM ERECTION USE AND MAINTENANCE END OF LIFE TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
Hydropower
MJ/Kwh generado
2,93E-03
1,56E-03
1,34E-04
2,26E-05
4,65E-03
Energía a partir de biomasa
MJ/Kwh generado
6,95E-04
2,51E-04
3,54E-05
5,79E-06
9,87E-04
Wind energy
MJ/Kwh generado
4,96E-04
4,05E-05
3,85E-05
2,04E-06
5,78E-04
Solar energy
MJ/Kwh generado
5,16E-05
6,90E-07
4,97E-06
3,18E-08
5,73E-05
NON RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
RESOURCE
UNIT
WINDTURBINE PRODUCTION WIND FARM ERECTION USE AND MAINTENANCE END OF LIFE TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
Nuclear/uranio
MJ/Kwh generado
1,22E-02
4,46E-03
7,37E-04
1,50E-04
1,75E-02
Fuel Oil
MJ/Kwh generado
1,39E-02
1,96E-02
3,20E-03
1,58E-03
3,83E-02
Carbón
MJ/Kwh generado
2,95E-02
8,51E-03
6,75E-04
8,52E-05
3,88E-02
Lignito
MJ/Kwh generado
4,43E-03
1,18E-03
1,87E-04
4,83E-05
5,84E-03
Natural gas
MJ/Kwh generado
2,04E-02
4,79E-03
1,87E-03
1,92E-04
2,72E-02
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WIND FARM G90-2.0MW”
AIR EMISSIONS
EMISSION
Carbon dioxide, biogenic
Carbon dioxide, fossil
Carbon monoxide, fossil
Methane, fossil
Particulates, > 10 um
Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um
Sulfur dioxide
Noble gases, radioactive, unspecified
Radon-222
UNIT
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Bq/Kwh
Bq/Kwh
generado
generado
generado
generado
generado
generado
generado
generado
generado
TURBINE PRODUCTION
WIND FARM ERECTION
USE AND MAINTENANCE
END OF LIFE
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
7,67E-05
4,46E-03
4,15E-05
1,32E-05
8,86E-06
6,74E-06
1,34E-05
3,56E+02
6,70E+02
2,36E-05
2,44E-03
1,30E-05
4,55E-06
2,70E-06
1,74E-06
5,29E-06
1,23E+02
2,52E+02
3,64E-06
2,93E-04
7,26E-07
7,91E-07
2,02E-07
1,65E-07
8,49E-07
1,78E+01
3,43E+01
5,31E-07
1,26E-04
1,96E-07
1,87E-07
2,55E-08
1,32E-08
1,27E-07
4,28E+00
8,50E+00
1,05E-04
7,32E-03
5,55E-05
1,88E-05
1,18E-05
8,66E-06
1,97E-05
5,01E+02
9,65E+02
WATER SPILLS
EMISSION
BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand
Calcium, ion
Chloride
COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand
Silicon
Sodium, ion
Sulfate
Hydrogen-3, Tritium
UNIT
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Bq/Kwh
generado
generado
generado
generado
generado
generado
generado
generado
TURBINE PRODUCTION
WIND FARM ERECTION
USE AND MAINTENANCE
END OF LIFE
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
8,55E-06
1,66E-05
7,13E-05
2,02E-05
2,13E-04
2,28E-05
2,42E-05
1,59E+01
4,60E-06
3,86E-06
2,43E-05
6,26E-06
2,03E-05
1,04E-05
4,56E-06
5,48E+00
1,34E-06
1,14E-06
1,20E-05
2,25E-06
4,77E-06
4,93E-06
1,21E-06
7,96E-01
3,44E-07
1,92E-06
8,20E-06
5,57E-07
3,59E-07
6,66E-07
4,78E-07
1,91E-01
1,48E-05
2,35E-05
1,16E-04
2,92E-05
2,39E-04
3,88E-05
3,05E-05
2,23E+01
WASTE TO THE SOIL
EMISSION
Calcium
Carbon
Chloride
Iron
Oils, unspecified
Sodium
Resto de residuos
Heat, waste
2013 – V.1
UNIT
TURBINE PRODUCTION
WIND FARM ERECTION
USE AND MAINTENANCE
END OF LIFE
TOTAL LIFE CYCLE
generado
generado
generado
generado
generado
4,54E-08
3,62E-08
6,37E-07
1,34E-07
8,24E-07
4,09E-08
2,94E-08
8,92E-07
6,13E-08
1,22E-06
7,05E-09
5,42E-09
2,41E-07
6,43E-09
2,27E-07
2,70E-09
2,17E-09
7,42E-08
2,99E-09
6,75E-08
9,61E-08
7,32E-08
1,84E-06
2,05E-07
2,33E-06
Kg/Kwh generado
Kg/Kwh generado
MJ/Kwh generado
1,67E-07
4,82E-08
2,52E-04
2,40E-08
4,09E-08
2,74E-05
6,30E-09
6,88E-09
2,34E-05
1,50E-09
2,66E-09
1,05E-06
1,99E-07
9,86E-08
3,03E-04
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
Kg/Kwh
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