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SYLLABUS
TITLE
ANTH 620H Human Ecology (Theory or Method)
TIME
10:30-11:45 a.m., TTh, Spring Semester 2009
PLACE
329 Saunders Hall, University of Hawai`i @ Manoa
INSTRUCTOR
Dr. Les Sponsel, Professor
Director, Ecological Anthropology Program
Office:
Office hours:
Office phone:
Email:
Homepage:
317 Saunders Hall
3:00-5:00 p.m. TTh by appointment
956-8507
[email protected]
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/Sponsel
ORIENTATION
Ecological anthropology explores how culture influences the dynamic interactions
between human populations and the ecosystems in their habitat through time. The primary
approaches within ecological anthropology are cultural ecology, historical ecology, political
ecology, and spiritual ecology. This sequence of approaches reflects the historical development
of the subject, largely since the 1950’s. By now ecological anthropology is a mature topical
specialization that crosscuts the five subfields of contemporary anthropology. It has its own
separate unit within the American Anthropological Association called the Anthropology and
Environment Section (http://www.eanth.org); journals (Human Ecology, Journal of Ecological
Anthropology, Ecological and Environmental Anthropology); textbooks and anthologies;
publisher’s series; specialists, programs, and courses; listserv with more than 1,000 subscribers
(see E & A Section website to subscribe); and so on. (See
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Ecological_anthropology).
This class, 620H, is the graduate core course for the Ecological Anthropology Program
(see EAP on the instructor’s homepage at http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/Sponsel).
Ideally, the prerequisite for 620H is 415 Ecological Anthropology. Those who have not
taken 415 may request the instructor’s consent. However, for some background they are strongly
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advised to read Patricia K. Townsend’s Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to Policies
(Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc., 2009, Second Edition).
Auditors are not allowed.
This time the seminar pursues a systematic and penetrating critical analysis of theory and
method in ecological anthropology in historical perspective from its early 20th Century roots to
the present, but organized around the sequence of primary approaches to ecological
anthropology. Unfortunately, there is no single textbook conveniently available for such a
survey, thus a combination of texts together with seminar reports is necessary to adequately
survey this subject.
Each student is required to research one historical and one contemporary contributor to
ecological anthropology for two seminar papers each summarized for the class with a
PowerPoint presentation.
Among the historical figures (most deceased) are Alfred L. Kroeber, Clark Wissler,
Frank G. Speck, Julian H. Steward, Gregory Bateson, Fredrik Barth, Roy A. Rappaport, Gerardo
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Marvin Harris, John W. Bennett, Robert M. Netting, Harold C. Conklin, Eric
R.Wolf, and Darrell A. Posey. Several historical personages beyond anthropology have also
been particularly influential including Thomas Robert Malthus, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Charles
Darwin, John Wesley Powell, George Perkins Marsh, Karl Marx, C. Daryll Forde, Carl O. Sauer,
Eugene Odum, and Howard Odum.
Contemporary figures include, but are not limited to, Janis B. Alcorn, Kelly Alley,
Michael Alvard, Eugene N. Anderson, Shankar Aswani, William Balee, Daniel Bates, Brent
Berlin, John H. Bodley, J. Peter Brosius, Robert Carneiro, David Casagrande, Carole Crumley,
Philippe Descola, Michael R. Dove, Darna L. Dufour, Roy F. Ellen, Arturo Escobar, James
Fairhead, Harvey Feit, Walter Goldschmidt, Thomas N. Headland, Robert Hitchcock, Ake
Hultkrantz, Tim Ingold, Allen Johnson, Barbara Rose Johnston, Arne Kalland, John Knight,
Conrad Kottak, Shepard Krech III, J. Stephen Lansing, Melissa Leach, Richard B. Lee, Henry T.
Lewis, Paul Little, Bonnie J. McCay, Luisa E. Maffi, Kay Milton, Emilio F. Moran, Gary
Nabhan, Virginia D. Nazarea, Richard Nelson, Bernard Nietschmann, Benjamin S. Orlove,
Rajindra Puri, Laura Rival, Eric Ross, Eric Alden Smith, Susan C. Stonich, Anna Lowenhaupt
Tsing, Paige West, Bruce Winterhalder, and Andrew P. Vayda.
The above lists are representative, but not necessarily exhaustive. For example, with only
a few exceptions, the individuals identified are cultural anthropologists. Ecologically oriented
archaeologists and biological (physical) anthropologists are largely ignored simply because there
are other courses available on the history of those subfields and time is very limited for this
seminar.
A special class project in anticipation of the Department’s 75th anniversary will be
conduced to research and co-author a brief history of the development of ecological
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anthropology at UHM through surveying the work of associated faculty and staff including
Gregory Bateson, Henry T. Lewis, Richard A. Gould, Leonard Mason, Richard K. Nelson, A.
Terry Rambo, Michael R. Dove, Jefferson Fox, Gerald Martin, Bion Griffin, and Douglas Yen.
Each student should selected one of the above individuals to research and then distribute by
email a brief report (a text of one page typed single spaced and accompanying bibliography) in
advance of the special seminar on this topic. Later the instructor will draft a composite essay,
and then this will be revised through contributions by each student. In several cases, the
individual for this special report may be the same as either the historical or contemporary
scholar.
When the instructor is informed of each student’s topical and regional interests, then he
can help provide information and advice to assist in the selection of appropriate individuals. For
each individual researched, most relevant for this seminar is information on the individual’s
personality, intellectual biography and development, a time line, theoretical and methodological
orientations, topical and regional teaching and research specializations, contributions and
limitations, publications and other professional activities, and key primary and secondary
sources. The historical, social, cultural, and political context of the individual should also be
discussed.
FORMAT
The research for these two papers should be based on reading as much as possible
published by and about each of the two scholars investigated (see the attached Appendices for
resources). For the contemporary scholar, the student should also try to conduct an email
interview. Such an interview might also be conducted for a historic scholar, if a student of that
individual is available, such as Richard Wilk for Robert Netting, Kenneth Good for Marvin
Harris, or Peter Brosius for Roy Rappaport.
Finally, building on relevant aspects of the two previous exercises, each student will use a
PowerPoint presentation to summarize a research proposal or report for the seminar. (See
attached guidelines for a research proposal in Appendix II). Some possible topics for this report
include biodiversity conservation, biophilia, diversity principle, ecolinguistics, “ecologically
noble savage”, environmental justice, global warming, landscape ecology, land and resource
conflicts, mining, and sacred places as protected areas.
Each of the three regular seminar papers should be about five pages single-spaced
exclusive of the bibliography. Follow carefully the style of the American Anthropologist.
Include an abstract, introduction, discussion, and conclusion. Insert subheadings, notes, and
references cited. Circulate your paper to the seminar participants one week in advance as an
email attachment to allow others the opportunity to read it and formulate comments and
questions for the next seminar discussion.
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A fourth paper is required as well in connection with the Department’s 75th anniversary,
as indicated previously.
Several telephone interviews may be conducted during the class with selected ecological
anthropologists on the mainland, depending on class interests and the availability of the
individual. It may be feasible to incorporate some local faculty as visitors in the seminar for
special topics as well.
OBJECTIVES
This course has the following eight objectives with related learning outcomes:
1. explore and become familiar in general with the intellectual history of ecological anthropology
during the 20th century to the present, including the evolution of its more important ideas,
questions, problems, issues, and trends;
2. explore and become familiar in depth with two or three ecological anthropologists whose work
is of special relevance to your own interests;
3. provide background on specific theories and methods useful for the development of an
individual research proposal or report;
4. explore and become familiar with key print and internet resources available on the subject and
accumulate a composite bibliography as well as a list of the interests and contributions of the
more important individuals;
5. assemble a compilation of brief papers on the intellectual biography of key historical and
contemporary ecological anthropologists that may be used in subsequent teaching;
6. contribute to researching and co-authoring a brief essay on the history of the development of
ecological anthropology at UHM which will be posted on the Department website under the
Ecological Anthropology Program.
7. practice giving brief professional presentations with PowerPoint; and
8. receive friendly and constructive but critical feedback for your own professional improvement
from the instructor and fellow students.
Anthropology students may use the exercises in this course to develop one or more
chapters for an M.A. thesis or a Ph.D. dissertation, or for one or more papers for Plan B of the
M.A.
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GRADING
The course grade will be based on class participation in facilitating the discussion of
assigned reading (20%); the 75th anniversary report (5%); and the three presentations (historical
scholar, contemporary scholar, and research proposal or report) (25% each). The instructor’s
grading is based on your demonstration of graduate level quantity and quality of scholarship as
displayed in the various venues indicated above under “Format” as well as on producing clear,
concise, analytical, critical, substantial, and relevant presentations.
See below the section on guidelines for PowerPoint presentations (Appendix I).
TEXTBOOKS
As previously mentioned, there is no adequate single comprehensive textbook for this
seminar. Therefore, four books are required for every student to read thoroughly and carefully to
discuss in class in detail:
Crumley, Carole L., ed., 2001, New Directions in Anthropology and Environment: Intersections,
Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Dove, Michael R., and Carl Carpenter, eds., 2008, Environmental Anthropology: A Historical
Reader, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Ellen, Roy, 1982, Environment, Subsistence and System: The Ecology of Small-Scale Social
Formations, Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
Russell, Diane, and Camilla Harshbarger, 2003, GroundWork for Community-Based
Conservation, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Instead of reading each of these books in sequence, chapters from each are integrated around the
main approaches to ecological anthropology and other topics. There will be a division of labor
among seminar participants by chapters to serve as facilitators of the seminar discussion of these
books and thereby promote active learning.
SUMMARY
This seminar explores the origin and evolution of the intellectual history of ecological
anthropology through the 20th century to the present. It is based on a combination of discussions
of assigned readings with each chapter led by a student facilitator, and on three fairly short
papers plus a very brief fourth paper augmented by PowerPoint summaries.
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This evolving syllabus is subject to adjustments according to class interests, experience,
suggestions, criticisms, and negotiations throughout the semester following the considerations in
Robert Redfield’s essay (“Said to the Students in 240 at the Last Class Meeting December 6,
1957,” The Social Uses of Social Science: The Papers of Robert Redfield, Margaret Park
Redfield, ed., 1963, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, volume II, pp. 74-76).
______________________________________________________________________________
See the attached Appendices for further information:
Appendix I. PowerPoint Guidelines
II. Research Proposal Guidelines
III. Chronology
IV. Textbooks
V. Background Research
VI. Periodicals for Literature Search
VII. Internet Resources
VIII . Working Bibliography
IX. Publisher’s Series
page 12
13
17
21
23
26
27
28
39
____________________________________________________________________________
SCHEDULE
JANUARY
13 T
ORIENTATION: students, instructor, syllabus
E Preface, C Intro, RH Ch. 1, and
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Ecological_anthropology
15 Th OVERVIEW: DC Preface & Intro, and
David G. Casagrande, 2004, “Professional and Academic Perspectives of Ecological
Anthropology,” The Environmental Education Directory
http://www.enviroeducation.com/interviews/david-casagrande/
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Recommended reading:
Shirly Ortner, 1984, "Theory in Anthropology Since the Sixties," Comparative Studies in Society
and History 26:126-166.
June Helm, 1962, "The Ecological Approach in Anthropology," American Journal of Sociology
17:630-639.
Recommended websites for reference:
Anthropological Theories
http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/anthros.htm
Cultural Ecology (Catherine Marquette)
http://www.indiana.edu/~wanthro/eco.htm
Recommended videos:
“Shackles of Tradition” [Franz Boas, series “Pioneers in Social Anthropology”] 52 min., VHS
4372
“Franz Boas: 1852-1942” 58 min., VHS 247
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 T CULTURAL ECOLOGY: E 1-3, DC 1, 3-4
22 Th continued: DC 5-10
Recommended reading:
Frederik Barth, 2007, “Overview of Sixty Years of Anthropology,” Annual Review of
Anthropology 36:1-16.
Michael L. Burton, et al., 1986, "Natural Resource Anthropology," Human Organization
45(3):261-269.
Recommended video: “Fredrik Barth: From Fieldwork to Theory” 56 min., VHS 21442; and on
Marvin Harris http://www.voicenet.com/~nancymc/marvinharris.html
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27 T ECOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: RH 4-6, E 4-8
29 Th continued: C 5, DC 11-14, 16
Recommended reading:
Andrew P. Vayda and Roy A. Rappaport, 1968, "Ecology: cultural and non-cultural," in
Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, James A. Clifton, ed., Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Co., pp. 477-497.
Benjamin S. Orlove, 1980, "Ecological Anthropology," Annual Review of Anthropology 9:235273.
Recommended video: “Off the Verandah [Bronislaw Malinowski] 52 min., VHS 4402
____________________________________________________________________________
FEBRUARY
3T
5 Th
ETHNOECOLOGY: RH 7, C 1-3
continued: E 9, DC 21, 23
Recommended reading:
Harold C. Conklin, 1998, “Language, Culture, and Environment: My Early Years,” Annual
Review of Anthropology 27:xiii-xxx.
Justin M. Nolan, 2006, “Ethnoecology,” Encyclopedia of Anthropology, H. James Birx, ed.,
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications 2:846-848.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 T Reports
12 Th continued
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 T HISTORICAL ECOLOGY: C 4, 10
19 Th continued: DC 2, 15, 17, 22
9
Recommended reading:
William Balee, 2006, “The Research Program of Historical Ecology,” Annual Review of
Anthropology 35:75-98.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 T Reports
26 Th continued
____________________________________________________________________________
MARCH
3T
5 Th
POLITICAL ECOLOGY: C 6-8, 11
continued: DC 18-21
Recommended reading:
Paul E. Little, 1999, "Environmentalists and Environmentalisms in Anthropological Research:
Facing a New Millennium," Annual Review of Anthropology 28:253-284.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 T Reports
12 Th continued
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 T
SPIRITUAL ECOLOGY: C 9, RH 7, DC 13, and
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Religion_nature_and_environmentalism
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sacred_places_and_biodiversity_conservation
19 Th continued
L.E. Sponsel, 2007, “Spiritual Ecology: One Anthropologist’s Reflections,” Journal for the
Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 1(3):340-350.
B.A. Byers, R.N. Cunliffe, and A.T. Hudak, 2001, “Linking the Conservation of Culture and
Nature: A Case Study of Sacred Forests in Zimbabwe,” Human Ecology 29(2):187212.
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Christopher Hakkenberg, 2008, “Biodiversity and Sacred Sites: Vernacular Conservation
Practices in Northwest Yunnan, China,” Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology
12(1):74-90.
Recommended video: “Strange Beliefs” [Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard] 57 min., VHS 4372
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 T ***** Spring Recess *****
26 Th
continued
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
31 T
MISCELANEOUS: E 10-12
____________________________________________________________________________
APRIL
2 Th
continued: C 5, 12-13, DC 24
Recommended reading:
Conrad P. Kottak, 1999, "The New Ecological Anthropology"
American Anthropologist 101(1):23-35.
J. Stephen Lansing, 2003, “Complex Adaptive Systems,” Annual Review of Anthropology
32:183-204.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7T
9 Th
Reports
continued
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 T METHODS: RH 8-11
16 Th continued: 12-14, 16
11
Recommended reading:
Vayda, Andrew P., 1996, "Methods and Explanations in the Study of Human Actions and their
Environmental Effects," Jakarta, Indonesia: CIFOR/WWF Special Publication, pp. 1-44.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21 T APPLIED: DC 24, RH 2-3, 15
23 Th continued: C 7, 11-13
Recommended reading:
Barbara Rose Johnston, 1995, "Human Rights and the Environment," Human Ecology 23:111123.
Benjamin S. Orlove, and Stephen B. Brush, 1996, “Anthropology and the Conservation of
Biodiversity,” Annual Review of Anthropology 25:329-352.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28T Research proposals and reports
30Th continued
____________________________________________________________________________
MAY
5T
continued
14 Th FINAL EXAMINATION 9:45-11:45 a.m.
Continued if needed
____________________________________________________________________________
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APPENDIX I. POWERPOINT GUIDELINES
Contents
Any report should incorporate substantial contents. However, the report also needs to be
clear and concise. Drafting an outline first will help. Identify three to five main points near the
beginning of your report and repeat them again near the end in order to reinforce your message.
Keep the presentation focused on these main points. Package your information and ideas in a
way that will attract and maintain the attention of your audience. Your opening statement is
most important in this regard. A personal story or anecdote can be useful to set the stage.
Oral Communication
The most interesting and important ideas will not be effectively communicated to your
audience unless they are delivered skillfully. The main skills in oral communication are to attract
and hold the attention of your audience from the outset; vary your voice to avoid a monotone;
maintain eye contact with the entire audience during your talk; judiciously use appropriate body
language such as facial expressions and hand gestures; and identify and emphasize your main
message(s) near the start and again at the close of your presentation. You need to repeatedly
rehearse your presentation to be sure that you can confidently and comfortably deliver it within
the time period available. Repeatedly rehearsing in front of a few of your acquaintances and
getting their constructive feedback can help a lot. (A handout is available with more detail on
oral communication skills).
PowerPoint
Limit the number of frames in your PowerPoint to about one frame for every one to two
minutes according to the time available. For example, use about a dozen frames if you have only
15 minutes for your presentation, or about two dozen frames if you have a half of an hour. When
you start developing your PowerPoint presentation, select a frame design and color combination
that best reflect your subject matter. Be sure to use a strong contrast in the colors of the text and
background. For instance, it is easy for your audience to read something like a yellow text on a
dark blue background, or vice versa. Avoid using light colors for both text and background. Use
a bold font in the largest size that will fit on the frame. The goal is to design the PowerPoint so
that it can be easily read by the audience without straining. It should also be aesthetically
pleasing. Limit the text on each frame of the PowerPoint to a few key words or phrases avoiding
too much detail. The text is simply a guide to help your memory as speaker and an outline for
the audience to help them follow the main points of your talk. Do not read the text on each
frame to your audience; they are literate and will be more actively engaged in your presentation
if they read the text on each frame for themselves. Instead, explain the key words and phrases on
each frame to elaborate on the main points outlined. If you use a quote, then ask the audience to
read it for themselves in order to involve them more actively in the presentation. Use a few
striking but relevant illustrations or images for most frames, but not necessarily on every one of
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them. Carefully selecting images that are the most relevant and of the highest quality greatly
enhances your PowerPoint. Images may be found at http://www.google.com,
http://www.yahoo.com, http://www.flickr.com, and possibly on the department, faculty, or other
website of the individual or subject of inquiry. Sometimes special effects or gimmicks with
PowerPoint such as animation can enhance a presentation, but if they are not handled very
carefully then they may be distracting for the audience, especially in a short presentation. Your
primary goal is to inform your audience, rather than dazzle them with your technological skills
and in the process sacrifice your message. Video segments may be useful, if you have time and
if they can be accessed easily and quickly (e.g., http://www.YouTube.com). However, usually it
is most convenient to simply use a video tape or DVD set beforehand at the appropriate place to
begin the segment you wish to show, instead of inserting the video clip in your PowerPoint
beforehand and then during your talk waiting for the download when you wish to show it.
CD/USB
You should bring your PowerPoint file on a CD, USB, or other external storage device
that can be installed easily and quickly in the computer provided in the meeting room, rather than
wasting time installing your laptop, trying to download the PowerPoint from your email, or some
other venue. Be sure to test and rehearse with any equipment in advance in order to avoid any
frustration with technical problems for you and your audience.
____________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX II. RESEARCH PROPOSAL GUIDELINES
While there is considerable mysticism about research, actually it is nothing more than
simply pursuing the answer to a specific question about a particular topic. In turn, a research
proposal is primarily an action plan to find the answer. Whether your proposal is for a graduate
committee, grant funds, a research permit, or some other purpose, basically you are selling an
idea; that is, doing something that is interesting and important to attract the time and resources
of others. It must also demonstrate that you are competent to successfully conduct the research.
Accordingly, everything must be done to communicate as clearly, concisely, and convincingly as
possible.
The entire process is made far easier as well as much more efficient and effective, if, at
the very outset, you can identify as clearly and concisely as possible a question to pursue within
a particular topic and/or area. That primary question may in turn be divided into a set of several
secondary questions, and each of those into a set of tertiary questions. At some stage, one or
more of these questions may be formally stated as hypotheses to actually test with data.
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Most research proposals include the following items, whether or not they are explicitly
identified by subheadings. However, some authors, supervisors, granting agencies, and others
may have their own specifications. Depending on the item, about two to four pages (typed,
double-spaced) should be sufficient. About 15-20 pages are necessary for a solid proposal.
Remember, the more a busy reviewer has to read, the less their interest and approbation! You
have to strike a balance in providing information which is sufficient but not excessive.
Title Page
What is the topic?
Who are the researchers and where are they located?
On a separate title page are usually listed the title and subtitle of the research project; the
name, institutional affiliation, address and other contact information (telephone, FAX, email,
webpage) for the investigator(s); and the exact date.
Abstract
What are the three to five most important points to inform the reader about your research
project?
About one page containing a paragraph on each point should be sufficient. The abstract
is the single most important part of a research proposal, because it sets the stage for the reader
and may be the only part that is actually read carefully. It may also be published by a granting
agency. Furthermore, writing a good abstract will facilitate writing the remainder of the
proposal, although the abstract should be revised afterward.
Introduction
What is so interesting and important about this topic?
What are some of the most important questions remaining to be answered or subtopics
yet to be explored?
The first sentence and paragraph of the introduction are especially critical and should be
carefully crafted because they are likely to either attract or repel the reader.
Background and Theory
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What background does the reviewer need to have presented, or to recognize that you
have, in order to be able to assess the project, or to be convinced of its merit?
What are the gaps or deficiencies in what is already known about the subject?
How will this approach differ or add something new?
What anthropological paradigms (conceptual frameworks) and theory or theories (general
or abstract statements) will guide the collection, interpretation, and analysis of the data?
The background includes a survey of what is already known about the topic as revealed
by a review of the most relevant literature. This section should not try to discuss everything that
has ever been written, but only adequately survey the publications that are clearly indispensable.
Any question or topic is potentially quicksand, and graduate student proposals are often
far too ambitious, reflecting more a lifetime career in research than a readily manageable project
within a year or two. One way to reduce a project to something manageable is to frame it as a
series of progressive stages, realizing that the first stage alone would be sufficient for a thesis or
dissertation if time runs out.
Question and/or Problem Statement
What do you really want to find out most of all about a topic?
What are the most important questions (primary, secondary, tertiary) to adequately
explore this topic?
How can these be framed as a basic problem statement?
A question or problem may be a completely new idea, a contradiction to an old idea, a
new approach to it, or address previous deficiencies or gaps.
Methods
What are the best ways to find answers to the research question(s)?
Among the various methods that could be applied in data collection, analysis, and
interpretation, which are the most appropriate and most feasible with the resources you have
available? (Here resources include training, skills, funds, time, and so on).
Several different methods may be complementary in providing more thorough data and
perspectives on the selected topic than any single method alone. Also, ideally, triangulation can
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be applied; that is, using several different independent methods to collect the same data and
cross-check one another's data.
Significance
Why should anyone really care about this project beyond your own curiosity?
In particular, why should anyone invest money, time, expertise, or other assistance in this
project?
What are its potential theoretical, methodological, and/or practical benefits?
What will its contributions be to you, the hosts (community, institution, and country),
science, the profession, and the public?
What will be the final tangible product(s) such as publications? (If a thesis or
dissertation, include a table of contents, perhaps as an appendix).
Next to the abstract, this may well be the most important section of the proposal, because
this is the last part of the text read and where the author closes the sale on the key idea(s).
Schedule
How will time be allocated in pursuing the answers to the questions posed for the
research project?
Is this allotment really adequate and practical?
For a one-year project, a monthly breakdown of research activities in outline form is most
desirable.
Budget
How will money be allocated in pursuing this research?
Will this amount be adequate and practical?
Be prepared to receive less funding than requested!
The budget may include travel, housing, subsistence, equipment (durable goods),
supplies, assistant fees and gifts, honoraria for co-investigators, and many other kinds of items.
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Accurate estimates of major cost items and a brief justification are necessary, such as for a
camera or laptop. (Usually the justification for each major expense is placed in a footnote).
Also, it should be specified that after the end of the project expensive items of equipment will be
donated to the community or host institution rather than retained for personal use. (Many
granting agencies require account records including receipts to demonstrate how the money was
spent).
Appendices
What kinds of additional information may be helpful to a reviewer which better fit after
the main text of the proposal?
Appendices may incorporate such things as sample questionnaires; a regional map
locating the study site(s); personal statement of professional responsibility or ethics including
safeguards for human subjects; a copy of a national research permit; general "To Whom It May
Concern" letters of introduction and support from supervisors and/or others; and a curriculum
vita or resume (short version of CV).
References Cited or Bibliography
What books, articles, and other publications have been cited in the text of the proposal?
Are any additional ones needed?
Full and accurate bibliographic citations should be given. You can not cover the relevant
literature exhaustively, but should include indispensable items. Also, citations should include
the most recent literature.
____________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX III. CHRONOLOGY
1926
Clark Wissler (1870-1947) publishes The Relations of Nature to Man in
Aboriginal America, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, the cultural area
approach anticipating some aspects of cultural ecology.
1934
Daryll Forde (1902-73) publishes Habitat, Economy and Society, a pioneering
work in the direction of cultural ecology.
1938
Julian H. Steward (1902-72) publishes classic ethnographic and cultural ecology
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field study Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Socio-political Groups, Washington, D.C.:
Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 120.
1939
Alfred L. Kroeber (1876-1960) publishes Cultural and Natural Areas of Native
North America, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, the culture area of
historical particularism approach anticipating some aspects of cultural ecology.
1946
Julian H. Steward begins long period of teaching at Columbia University in which
he influences many students with his ideas about multilinear evolution and
cultural ecology. (Previously he taught at the University of Michigan in 1928, the
University of Utah in 1930, and the University of California at Berkeley in 193334).
1952
Julian H. Steward moves to teach at the University of Illinois at Urbana until his
death in 1972.
1953
Eugene P. Odum (1913-2002), the "father of modern ecology," publishes
Fundamentals of Ecology, Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, the classic textbook on
biological ecology which endured for a decade without any competitors.
1953
Marston Bates (1906-1974) publishes historic review "Human Ecology" in
Anthropology Today, Alfred L. Kroeber, ed., Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press, pp. 700-713.
1953
Marvin Harris (1927-2001) teaches at Columbia University from 1953 until 1980
when he moves to the University of Florida to teach until his retirement in 2000.
1955
Julian H. Steward publishes collection of essays Theory of Culture Change: The
Methodology of Multilinear Evolution, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press,
with classic outline of cultural ecology. (See Clemmer et al., 1999, Kern 2003,
Manners 1964, J.C. Steward and R.F. Murphy 1977, Sponsel 1997a).
1958
Fredrik Barth publishes "Ecological Relationships of Ethnic Groups in Swat,
North Pakistan," American Anthropologist 58:107-189, a pioneering application
of the ecological principles from biology of niche, symbiosis, and competitive
exclusion.
1960
Andrew P. Vayda joins faculty at Columbia University where he taught until 1972
when he moved to Cook College at Rutgers University contributing to the
development the program in human ecology until his retirement in 2003 (see
Ellen 2004).
1963
Clifford Geertz publishes Agricultural Involution, Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press, a pioneering work in the historical ecology of a colonial system.
19
1964
Festschrift edited by Robert Manners, Process and Pattern in Culture: Essays in
Honor of Julian Steward, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
1965
Roy A. Rappaport (1926-1997) joins the faculty of the University of Michigan
where he taught until his death.
1968
Roy A. Rappaport publishes Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of A
New Guinea People, generally recognized as the most influential field study in
ecological anthropology applying principles from systems analysis and biological
ecology, and also a precursor of spiritual ecology. A second edition in 1984
includes an extensive Epilogue in which he responds to criticisms. (See Messer
and Lambek 2001).
1968
Andrew P. Vayda and Roy A. Rappaport publish "Ecology: cultural and noncultural," in Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, James A. Clifton, ed., Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., pp. 477-497, which critiques Steward's cultural
ecology and launches ecological anthropology as a new approach.
1969
Establishment of the Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society at the
University of Illinois at Urbana
1969
Andrew P. Vayda edits Environment and Cultural Behavior, Garden City, NY:
Natural History Press, a historical collection of reprinted and original essays in
cultural ecology.
1972
The interdisciplinary journal Human Ecology was founded and initially edited for
its first five years by Andrew P. Vayda.
1976
John W. Bennett, 1976, publishes a collection of his mostly theoretical essays,
The Ecological Transition: Cultural Anthropology and Human Adaptation, New
York, NY: Pergamon Press, and develops the pivotal concept of the ecological
transition foreshadowing historical ecology.
1977
Robert M. Netting (1934-95) publishes Cultural Ecology, Prospect Heights, IL:
Waveland Press, the first textbook on this subject. It is organized around types of
subsistence economies which has been the most common organizational principle
at least since Forde 1934 book (see Wilk and Stone 1998).
1977
Donald L. Hardesty publishes Ecological Anthropology, New York, NY: John
Wiley, a substantial textbook organized around the applications of ecological
principles from biology to the anthropological study of human-environment
interactions.
20
1979
Marvin Harris publishes Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of
Culture, New York, NY: Random House, which systematically develops his
cultural materialist research strategy and thoroughly critiques alternatives (see
Murphy and Margolis 1995).
1979
Emilio F Moran publishes Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological
Anthropology, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, the first textbook on ecological
anthropology aimed at an integration and synthesis of biological and cultural
aspects of human-environment interactions within a biome framework.
1981
Leslie E. Sponsel hired to development the Ecological Anthropology Program at
the University of Hawai`i
1982
Roy F. Ellen publishes Environment, Subsistence and System: The Ecology of
Small-Scale Social Formations, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press,
which remains the best history of the development of theory and method in
ecological anthropology.
1987
Leslie E. Sponsel publishes "Cultural Ecology and Environmental Education"
Journal of Environmental Education 19(1):31-42, the first inventory of teaching
approaches and resources for the subject (cf. Balee 1996).
1996
Anthropology and Environment Section established as a unit within the American
Anthropological Association, now with 517 members listed in the 2003-2004
AAA Guide.
1995
David Kinsley publishes Ecology and Religion: Ecological Spirituality in CrossCultural Perspective, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, the first textbook on
spiritual ecology (see Sponsel 2001, 2007).
1996
Listserv established for Ecological and Environmental Anthropology based at the
Department of Anthropology of the University of Georgia. (By 2008, the number
of subscribers reaches well over a thousand).
1997
Student periodical Georgia Journal of Ecological Anthropology started
publication at the Department of Anthropology of the University of Georgia
1998
William Balee edits Advances in Historical Ecology, New York, NY: Columbia
University Press, a benchmark set of essays on this relatively new approach.
1999
Conrad P. Kottak publishes "The New Ecological Anthropology" American
Anthropologist 101(1):23-35, which perceptively summarizes recent
developments including new methods (long-term, multiscalar, linkages,
comparison, team, etc.); shift in emphasis toward political ecology and more
21
engaged research (applied, policy, advocacy); and focus on critical practical
issues (neocolonialism, biodiversity conservation, environmental justice, etc.)(cf.
Little 1999, Sponsel 1995:279, 1997b).
2000
Patricia K. Townsend publishes Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to
Policies, Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, emphasizing applied aspects of
ecological anthropology (cf. Moran 1996).
2001
Carole Crumley edits New Directions in Anthropology and Environment:
Intersections, Thousand Oaks, CA: AltaMira Press, which includes seminal
essays on new research frontiers such as historical, political, and spiritual ecology.
2003
Helaine Selin edits Nature Across Cultures: Views of Nature and the Environment
in Non-Western Cultures, Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, a
benchmark inventory on the subject.
2008
Michael R. Dove and Carol Carpenter edit Environmental Anthropology:
A Historical Reader, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
2009
Anthropology and Environment Section of the AAA includes 566 members and
its Eanth listserv includes 1,341 subscribers.
____________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX IV. TEXTBOOKS
1969, Andrew P. Vayda, ed., Environment and Cultural Behavior, Garden City, NY: Natural
History Press.
1976, John W. Bennett, 1976, The Ecological Transition: Cultural Anthropology and Human
Adaptation, New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
1977, Donald L. Hardesty, Ecological Anthropology, New York, NY: John Willey and Sons.
1977/1996, Robert M. Netting, Cultural Ecology, Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
1979/1993, Roberto A. Frisancho, Human Adaptation and Accommodation, Ann Arbor,
Michigan Press.
22
1979/2000, Emilio F. Moran, Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological Anthropology,
Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
1980, Gary Klee, ed., World Systems of Traditional Resource Management, New York, NY:
John Wiley and Co.
1981, Michael A. Jochim, Strategies for Survival: Cultural Behavior in an Ecological Context,
New York, NY: Academic Press.
1982, Roy F. Ellen, Environment, Subsistence and System: The Ecology of Small-Scale Social
Formations, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
1982/1995, Bernard Campbell, Human Ecology: The story of our place in nature from prehistory
to the present, New York, NY: Aldine Publishing Co.
1985, Alison Richard, Primates in Nature, San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.
1991, Daniel G. Bates, and Fred Plog, Human Adaptive Strategies, New York, NY: McGrawHill.
1992, Eric Alden Smith, and Bruce Winterhalder, eds., Evolutionary Ecology and Human
Behavior. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
1993, Kay Milton, ed., Environmentalism: The View from Anthropology, New York, NY:
Routledge.
1996, Daniel G. Bates, and Susan H. Lees, eds., Case Studies in Human Ecology, New York,
NY: Plenum Press.
1996, Kay Milton, Environmentalism and Culture Theory: Exploring the Role of Anthropology
in Environmental Discourse, New York, NY: Routledge.
1998, Alan H. Goodman and Thomas L. Leatherman, eds., Building a New Biocultural
Synthesis: Political-Economic Perspectives on Human Biology, Ann Arbor, MI: University of
Michigan Press.
1998, Edward J. Kormondy, and Daniel E. Brown, Fundamentals of Human Ecology, Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
1999, Charles L. Redman, Human Impact on Ancient Environments, Tucson, AZ: University of
Arizona Press.
2000, Stephen Molnar, and Iva M. Molnar, Environmental Change and Human Survival: Some
Dimensions of Human Ecology, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
23
2000, Karen B. Stier, Primate Behavioral Ecology, Boston, MA:
Allyn and Bacon.
2000, Patricia K. Townsend, Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to Policies, Prospect
Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
2001, Carole Crumley, ed., New Directions in Anthropology and Environment: Intersections,
Thousand Oaks, CA: AltaMira Press.
2001, Daniel G. Bates, Human Adaptive Strategies: Ecology, Culture and Politics, Boston, MA:
Allyn and Bacon.
2003, Gerald G. Marten, Human Ecology: Basic Concepts for Sustainable Development,
Sterling, VA: Earthscan Publications.
2004, Mark Q. Sutton and E.N. Anderson, Human Ecology: Basic Concepts for Sustainable
Development, Thousand Oaks, CA: AltaMira Press.
2005, Nora Haenn and Richard Wilk, eds., The Environment in Anthropology: A Reader in
Ecology, Culture, and Sustainable Living, New York, NY: New York University Press.
2006, Emilio F. Moran, People and Nature: An Introduction to Human Ecological Relations,
Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
2008, Michael R. Dove and Carole Carpenter, eds., Environmental Anthropology: A Reader,
Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
2009, Patricia K. Townsend, Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to Policies, Long Grove,
IL: Waveland Press (Second Edition).
____________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX V. BACKGROUND RESOURCES
Adams, William Y., 1998, The Philosophical Roots of Anthropology, Stanford, CA: Leland
Stanford Junior University Center for the Study of Language and Information Publications
(especially Chapter 3 “Primitivism”).
24
Amit, Vered, ed., 2004, Biographical Dictionary of Social and Cultural Anthropology, New
York, NY: Routledge. (Contains entries on several ecological anthropologists including Fredrik
Barth, Gregory Bateson, Brent Berlin, Harold Conklin, Philippe Descola, C. Daryll Forde,
Marvin Harris, Richard Lee, Robert M. Netting, Roy A. Rappaport, Frank Speck, Leslie Sponsel,
Julian H. Steward, Andrew Vayda, Leslie A. White, Clark Wissler, and Eric Wolf). Ref GN20
.B56 2004
Barfield, Thomas, ed., 1997, The Dictionary of Anthropology, Malden, MA: Blackwell
Publishers. (Articles on C. Daryll Forde, Marvin Harris, Alfred L. Kroeber, Audrey I. Richards,
Julian Steward, Leslie A. White, as well as on cultural materialism, ecological anthropology,
Marxist anthropology, materialism, original affluent society, systems theory, world system
theory). Ref GN307 .E525 1997
Barnard, Alan, and Jonathan Spencer, eds., 1996, Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural
Anthropology, New York, NY: Routledge. (Articles on cultural materialism, culture, ecological
anthropology, emic and etic, nature and culture, environment, and other topics as well as very
brief biographies). Ref GN307 .E525 1996
Barnett, Stanley R., 1997, Anthropology: A Student’s Guide to Theory and Method, Toronto,
Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Birx, H. James, ed., 2006, Encyclopedia of Anthropology, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications, volumes 1-5. (Articles on Franz Boas, Marvin Harris, Alfred L. Kroeber, Thomas
Malthus, Karl Marx, Roy Rappaport, Julian H. Steward, Andrew Vayda, Leslie A. White, Clark
Wissler, Eric Wolf, and other ecological anthropologists as well as on adaptation, Daniel G.
Bates, cultural ecology, culture, culture area, determinism, ecology, ethnoecology, etics,
functionalism, materialism, nature, positivism, religion and environment, and superorganic).
Ref GN11 .E63 2006 (http://www.sagepub.com)
Borofsky, Robert, ed., 1994, Assessing Cultural Anthropology, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill,
Inc. (Chapters by Marvin Harris, Roy Rappaport, Eric Wolf, Andrew Vayda, Fredrik Barth,
Conrad Kottak including their own intellectual autobiographical sketches).
Bramwell, Anna, 1989, Ecology in the 20th Century: A History, New Haven CT: Yale University
Press.
Coates, Peter, 1998, Nature: Western Attitudes Since Ancient Times, Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press.
Dove, Michael R., and Carol Carpenter, eds., 2007, Environmental Anthropology: A Reader,
Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing [in press].
Glacken, Clarence J., 1967, Traces on a Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought
From Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century, Berkeley, CA: University of
25
California Press (includes part introductions and chapter summaries). (For his summary of his
book see Clarence J. Glacken, 1956, "Changing Ideas of the Habitable World," Man's Role in
Changing the Face of the Earth, William L. Thomas, Jr., ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press, pp. 70-92).
Harris, Marvin, 1998, Theories of Culture in Postmodern Times, AltaMira Press.
Harris, Marvin, 2000, The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture,
Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press (especially last two chapters).
Levinson, David, and Melvin Ember, eds., 1996, Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, New
York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. (Articles on adaptation, behavioral ecology, carrying
capacity, cultural ecology, culture, emic/etic, environmental anthrpology, ethnobotany,
ethnozoology, historical ecology, hunter-gatherer revisionism, Marxism, political economy,
primitivism, pristine myth, regional analysis, scientific anthropology, sustainable agriculture,
tragedy of the commons, world-systems theory, and worldview). Ref GN307 .E52 1996
Palmer, Joy A., ed., 2001, Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment, New York, NY: Routledge.
GE40 .F54 2001
Sidky, H., 2004, Perspectives on Culture: A Critical Introduction to Theory in Cultural
Anthropoology, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall (especially Chapter 10 “Cultural
Evolution Returns: Leslie White and Julian Steward,” and Chapter 14 “Scientific, Materialist,
and Marxist Anthropology”).
Sills, David L., ed., 1968, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, New York, NY:
Macmillan and the Free Press. (Entries on Franz Boas, Alfred L. Kroeber, Frank G. Speck, John
Wesley Powell, and Clark Wissler as well as on culture, cultural adaptation, culture areas,
cultural change, cultural ecology, and cultural evolution). Ref H 40 .A2 I5
Smelser, Neil J., and Paul B. Baltes, editors-in-chief, 2001, International Encyclopedia of the
Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York, NY: Elsevier. (Also available in Electronic Format).
Ref H41 .I58 2001
Taylor, Bron, editor-in-chief, 2005, The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, New York, NY:
Continuum Press. (Contains articles on Gregory Bateson, Roy A. Rappaport, Geardo ReichelDolmatoff, Ernst Haeckel, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Edward O. Wilson as well as on
anthropologists, biodiversity, ecological anthropology, ecology and religion, ethnobtany,
ethnoecology, noble savage, and traditional ecological knowledge). Ref BL65 .N35 2005
Worster, Donald, 1994, Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas, New York, NY:
Cambridge University Press (Second Edition).
26
____________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX VI. PERIODICALS FOR LITERATURE SEARCH
*Available in Electronic Format online through the Hamilton Library Hawaii Voyager at:
http://www.uhmanoa.lib.hawaii.edu
Abstracts in Anthropology* GN1 .A37
Annual Review of Anthropology* GN1 .A623
Anthropological Literature REF Z5112 .A57
Current Contents: Social and Behavioral Sciences REF Z7163 .C77
Great Ideas Today AY59 .G7
Histories of Anthropology Annual
GN 17 .H565
History of Anthropology Newsletter (archived online)
http://anthropology.uchicago.edu/about/han/Default.htm
History of Science Q125 .H629
Human Ecology GF 1 .H84
International Bibliography of Social and Cultural Anthropology
REF Z7161 .I593 & .I594
Journal of the History of Biology QH305 .J64
Journal of the History of Ideas* B1 .J826
Reviews in Anthropology* GN1 .R4
______________________________________________________________________________
27
APPENDIX VII. INTERNET RESOURCES
Annual Review of Anthropology
(Available online through Hamilton Library Hawai`i Voyager/UH)
http://www.uhmanoa.lib.hawaii.edu
Anthropology and Environment Section (American Anthropological Association)
http://www.eanth.org
AnthroSource (Online archive of AAA periodicals for over a century, but need to be a member)
http://www.aaanet.org
The Anthropological Index Online (Royal Anthropological Institute)
(This sources is for many purposes the most useful by far).
http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/A1O.html
Anthropological Theories
http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/anthros.htm
Birx, H. James, ed., 2006, Encyclopedia of Anthropology, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications, volumes 1-5. Ref GN11 .E63 2006 (Also available online through the publisher’s
website and/or Hamilton Library).
(http://www.sagepub.com)
Cultural Ecology (Catherine Marquette)
http://www.indiana.edu/~wanthro/eco.htm
Ecological Anthropology, etc
(under Ecological Anthropology Program see “Overview” and “History 2")
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/Sponsel
Encyclopedia of Earth (National Council for Science and the Environment)
http://www.eoearth.org
Google.com
(Very useful for contemporary scholars).
http://www.scholar.google.com
Hamilton Library Hawai`i Voyager/UH
http://www.uhmanoa.lib.hawaii.edu
History of Anthropology Newsletter (archived online)
http://anthropology.uchicago.edu/about/han/Default.htm
28
National Academy of Sciences – Biographical Memoirs (Alfred Kroeber, George Perkins Marsh,
Robert Netting, Eugene P. Odum, Richard Evans Schultes, Julian Steward, and Clark Wissler)
http://www.nasonline.org
David Price - Obituary Index from AAA American Anthropologist and Anthropology Newsletter
http://homepages.stmartin.edu/fac_staff/dprice/deadbook.htm
Joseph B. Shead’s Bibliography of Ecological and Environmental Anthropology
http://www.SheadProgramming.com/Anthro
Leslie Sponsel’s homepage
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/sponsel
Wikipedia (This can be very useful for references and website links on the subject, but the
contents need to be checked against other sources for accuracy. It includes a very detailed entry
on Darrell A. Posey). http://en.wikipedia.org
______________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX VIII. WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY
Status Reviews
1917, Robert H. Lowie, "Culture and Environment," Culture and Ethnology, New York, NY:
McMurtrie, pp. 47-65.
1944, John W. Bennett, “The Interaction of Culture and Environment in the Smaller Societies,”
American Anthropologist 46:461-478.
1953, Marston Bates, "Human Ecology," Anthropology Today, Alfred L. Kroeber, ed., Chicago,
IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 700-713.
1962, June Helm, "The Ecological Approach in Anthropology," American Journal of Sociology
17:630-639.
1964, Marshall Sahlins, "Culture and Environment: The Study of Cultural Ecology," Horizons of
Anthropology, Sol Tax, ed., Chicago, IL: Aldine, pp. 215-231.
1968, Julian H. Steward, "Cultural Ecology," International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences,
29
David Sills, ed., New York, NY: Macmillan, 4:337-344.
1968, Andrew P. Vayda and Roy A. Rappaport, "Ecology: Cultural and Non-cultural,"
Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, James A. Clifton, ed., Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Co., pp. 477-497.
1970, Joan M.W. Abbott, “Cultural Anthropology and the Man-Environment Relationship: An
Historical Discussion,” Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 43:10-31.
1971, Robert McC. Netting, “The Ecological Approach in Cultural Study,” Addison-Wesley
Modular Publications No. 6.
1971, Roy A. Rappaport, “Nature, Culture, and Ecological Anthropology,” Man, Culture and
Society, Harry L. Shapiro, ed., New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp 236-267.
1973, Elvin Hatch, “The Growth of Economic Subsistence and Ecological Studies in American
Anthropology,” Journal of Anthropological Research 29:221-243.
1973, James N. Anderson, "Ecological Anthropology and Anthropological Ecology" Handbook
of Social and Cultural Anthropology, John J. Honigmann, ed., Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, pp.
179-239.
1975, Andrew P. Vayda and Bonnie J. McCay, "New Directions in Ecology and Ecological
Anthropology," Annual Review of Anthropology 4:293-306.
1980, Benjamin S. Orlove, "Ecological Anthropology," Annual Review of Anthropology 9:235273.
1983, A. Terry Rambo, “Conceptual Approaches to Human Ecology,” Honolulu, HI: East-West
Center Environment and Policy Institute Research Report No. 14.
1996, Emilio F. Moran, "Environmental Anthropology," in Encyclopedia of Cultural
Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co.,
2:283-389.
1996, Robert McC. Netting, "Cultural Ecology," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David
Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co. 1:267-271.
1996, Philip Carl Salzman, and Donald W. Attwood, 1996, “Ecological Anthropology,”
Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer, eds.,
New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 169-172.
1997, Leslie E. Sponsel, "Ecological Anthropology," The Dictionary of Anthropology, Thomas
Barfield, ed., Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 137-140.
30
1997, Thomas N. Headland, et al., 1997. "Revisionism in Ecological Anthropology," Current
Anthropology 38(4):605-630.
1999, Aletta Biersack, "Introduction: From the "New Ecology" to the New Ecologies," American
Anthropologist 101(1):5-18.
1999, Conrad Kottak, "The New Ecological Anthropology," American Anthropologist 101(1):2335.
1999, Paul E. Little, "Environmentalists and Environmentalisms in Anthropological Research:
Facing a New Millennium," Annual Review of Anthropology 28:253-284.
1999, David J. Wilson, Indigenous South Americans of the Past and Present: An Ecological
Perspective, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Chapter 2 Theoretical Approach, Ch. 10 Toward a
Scientific Paradigm in South Americanist Studies.
2002, Melissa Leach, and James Fairhead, “Anthropology, Culture, and Environment,” Exotic
No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines, Jeremy McClancy, ed., Chicago, IL: University of
Chicago Press, pp.
2004, Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, Editors-in-Chief, International Encyclopedia of the
Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York, NY: Elsevier, Ltd. (numerous entries).
2005, Leah K. VanWey, Elinor Ostrom, and Vicky Meretsky, “Theories Underlying the Study
of Human-Environment Interactions,” Seeing the Forest and the Trees: Human-Environment
Interactions in Forest Ecosystems, Emilio F. Moran and Elinor Ostrom, eds., Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, Chapter 2, pp. 23-56.
2007, Leslie E. Sponsel, “Ecological Anthropology,” Encyclopedia of Earth
http://www.eoearth.org.
2008, Bonnie J. McCay, “An Intellectual History of Ecological Anthropology,” Against the
Grain: The Vayda Tradition in Human Ecology and Ecological Anthropology, Bradley B.
Walters, Boonie J. McCay, Paige West, and Susan Lees, eds., Lanham, MD: Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Chapter 1, pp. 11-25.
______________________________________________________________________________
Festschrifts
31
(These writing festivals by former students and colleagues of prominent scholars often include
an introductory chapter providing a very useful intellectual biography and bibliography as well
as subsequent chapters reflecting on specific topics of the individual’s life and work).
Abbink, Jan, and Hans Vermeulen, eds., 1992, History and Culture: Essays on the Work of Eric
R. Wolf, Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
Clemmer, Richard O., L. Daniel Myers, and Mary Elizabeth Rudden, eds., 1999, Julian Steward
and the Great Basin: The Making of an Anthropologist, Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah
Press.
Kuznar, Lawrence, and Stephen K. Sanderson, eds., 2008, Studying Societies and Cultures:
Marvin Harris’ Cultural Materialism and Its Legacy, New York, NY: Paradigm Publishers.
Manners, Robert A., ed., 1964. Process and Pattern in Culture: Essays in Honor of Julian H.
Steward. Chicago, Il: Aldine Publishing Co.
Messer, Ellen, and Michael Lambek, eds., 2001, Ecology and the Sacred: Engaging the
Anthropology of Roy A. Rappaport, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Murphy, Martin F., and Maxine L. Margolis, eds., 1995, Science, Materialism, and the Study of
Culture, Martin F. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press (about Marivn Harris).
Schneider, J., and R. Rapp, eds., 1995, Articulating Hidden Histories: Exploring the Influence of
Eric R. Wolf, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Smith, Sheldon, and E. Reeves, eds., 1989, Human Systems Ecology: Studies in the Integration
of Political Economy, Adaptation, and Socionatural Regions, Boulder, CO: Westview Press
(about John H. Bennett).
Walters, Bradley B., Bonnie J. McCay, Paige West, and Susan Lees, eds., 2008, Against the
Grain: The Vayda Tradition in Human Ecology and Ecological Anthropology, Walnut Creek,
CA: AltaMira Press.
____________________________________________________________________________
Gregory Bateson
Bateson, Gregory, 1972, Steps to an Ecology of Mind, New York, NY: Chandler Publishing
Company/Ballantine Books.
32
Gregory Bateson, 1979, Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity, New York, NY: Bantam Books,
Inc.
Bateson, Gregory, and Mary Catherine Bateson, 1987, Angels Fear: Towards an Epistemology of
the Sacred, New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Bateson, Mary Catherine, 2000, “Foreword,” Steps to an Ecology of Mind, Chicago, IL:
University of Chicago Press. http://www.oikos.org/stepsintro.htm
Bateson, Mary Catherine, website http://www.marycatherinebateson.com
Brockman, John, ed., 1977, About Bateson, New York, NY: E.P. Dutton [“Curriculum Vitae of
Gregory Bateson” pp, 248-249].
Carroll, Vern, and Rodney E. Donalds, 1982, “Bibliography,” American Anthropologist 84:387394.
Charlton, Noel G., 2008, Understanding Gregory Bateson: Mind, Beauty, and the Sacred Earth,
Albany, NY: State University of New York Press [See detailed Table of Timeline Events and
Publications on pp. 224-242].
Donaldson, Rodney E., 1991, Sacred Unity: Further Steps to an Ecology of Mind, New York,
NY: HarperCollinsPublishers [“Bibliography of the Published Works of Gregory Bateson”, pp.
314-336].
Harries-Jones, Peter, 1995, A Recursive Vision: Ecological Understanding and Gregory Bateson,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press [“A Brief Biographical Chronology of
Gregory Bateson” pp. xi-xiii].
Levy, Robert I., and Roy Rappaport, 1982, “Gregory Bateson 1904-1980,” American
Anthropologist 84:379-387.
Lipset, David, 1980, Gregory Bateson: The Legacy of a Scientist, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Oikos website http://www.oikos.org/baten.htm
Rapport, Nigel, 2004, “Bateson, Gregory,” Biographical Dictionary of Social and Cultural
Anthropology, New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 37-39.
Rieber, Robert, ed., 1989, The Individual, Communication, and Society: Essays in Memory of
Gregory Bateson, New York, NY: Cambridge University.
33
Stuckrad, Kocku von, 2005, “Bateson, Gregory (1904-1980),” Encyclopedia of Religion and
Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, Bristol, UK: Thoemmes Continuum, 1:160.
University of California at Santa Cruz – The Gregory Bateson Archive
Wilder-Mott, C., and John H. Weakland, 1981, Rigor and Imagination: Essays from the Legacy
of Gregory Bateson, New York, NY: Praeger.
_____________________________________________________________________________
John W. Bennett
Bennett, John W., 1969, Northern Plainsmen, Chicago, IL: Aldine.
Bennett, John W., 1976, The Ecological Transition: Cultural Anthropology and Human
Adaptation, New York, NY: Pergamon.
Bennett, John W., 1993, Human Ecology as Human Behavior: Essays in Environmental and
Development Anthropology, New Brunswick, NJ: Transactions.
Smith, Sheldon, and E. Reeves, eds., 1989, Human Systems Ecology: Studies in the Integration
of Political Economy, Adaptation, and Socionatural Regions, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Wolfe, Alvin W., and Thomas Weaver, 2006 (March), “John W. Bennett (1915-2005), American
Anthropologist 108(1):266-268.
______________________________________________________________________________
Marvin Harris
Friedman, Jonathan, 1974, "Marxism, Structuralism, and Vulgar Materialism," Man 9(3):444469.
Harris, Marvin, 1964, The Nature of Cultural Things. New York, NY: Random House.
Harris, Marvin, 1966, "The Cultural Ecology of India's Sacred Cattle," Current Anthropology
7:51-66.
Harris, Marvin, 1968, The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture,
34
New York, NY: Crowell (especially last two chapters).
Harris, Marvin, 1974, Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture, New York, NY:
Random House.
Harris, Marvin, 1976, "History and Significance of the Emic/Etic Distinction," Annual Review of
Anthropology 5:329-350.
Harris, Marvin, 1977, Cannibals and Kings: The Origins of Culture, New York, NY: Random
House.
Harris, Marvin, 1979, Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for the Science of Culture, New York,
NY: Random House.
Harris, Marvin, 1985, Good to Eat: The Riddles of Food and Culture, New York, NY: Simon
and Schuster.
Harris, Marvin, 1987, "Cultural Materialism: Alarms and Excursions," Waymarks, Kenneth
Moore, ed. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 107-126.
Harris, Marvin, 1994, "Cultural Materialism Is Alive and Well and Won't Go Away Until
Something Better Comes Along" on pp. 62-74 and “Intellectual Roots” on pp. 75-76, Assessing
Cultural Anthropology, Robert Borofsky, ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, pp. 62-76.
Harris, Marvin, 1996, "Cultural Materialism," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David
Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co. 1:277-281.
Harris, Marvin, 1999, Theories of Culture in Postmodern Times, Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira
Press.
Harris, Marvin, and Eric Ross, eds., 1987, Food and Evolution: Towards a Theory of Human
Food Habits, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Harris, Marvin, and Eric Ross, 1987, Death, Sex, and Fertility: Population Regulation in PreIndustrial and Developing Societies, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
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Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications 4:1549-1553.
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35
Marvin Harris’ Cultural Materialism and Its Legacy, New York, NY: Paradigm Publishers.
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Also see: http://www.voicenet.com/~nancymc/marvinharris.html
______________________________________________________________________________
Roy A Rappaport
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36
American Anthropologist 101(1):159-161.
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______________________________________________________________________________
Julian H. Steward
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37
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_____________________________________________________________________________
Andrew P. Vayda
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Vayda, Andrew P., and Bradley B. Walters, 1999, “Against Political Ecology,” Human Ecology
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Tradition in Human Ecology and Ecological Anthropology, Bradley B. Walters, et al., eds.,
Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, pp. 1-7..
Walters, Bradley B., Bonnie J. McCay, Paige West, and Susan Lees, eds., 2008, Against the
Grain: The Vayda Tradition in Human Ecology and Ecological Anthropology, Lanham, MD:
AltaMira Press.
______________________________________________________________________________
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University of California Press.
Abbink, Jan, and Hans Vermeulen, eds., 1992, History and Culture: Essays on the Work of Eric
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APPENDIX IX. PUBLISHER’S BOOK SERIES
AltaMira Press – “Environmental Anthropology” and “Globalization and the Environment”
http://altamirapress.com
Berghahn Books – “Studies in Environmental Anthropology and Ethnobiology”
http://www.berghahnbooks.com
Duke University Press – “New Ecologies for the Twenty-first Century”
http://www.dukeupress.edu/
Left Coast Press, Inc. – “New Frontiers in Historical Ecology”
http://www.lcoastpress.com
Routledge – “Studies in Environmental Anthropology”
http://www.routledgeanthropology.com
University of Arizona Press – “Studies in Human Ecology” and “Society, Environment, and
Place” http://www.uapress.arizona.edu
University of Washington Press – “Culture, Pace and Nature: Studies in Anthropology and
Environment” http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/
Other publishers have titles relevant to ecological and environmental anthropology but not a
series focused on the subject, such as Island Press: http://www.islandpress.com.