Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches, 3(1) 2016, Pages: 24-30
Academic Journals
Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches
ISSN
2345-6086
www.academicjournalscenter.org
Investigation the Effects of Managerial Skills on Pistachio
yields Augmentation (Case study: Pistachio producers of
Damghan)
Mohammad Montazer Hojat 1, Ali Ghorbani 2
1. Masters of executive management and Agricultural engineering expert
2. PhD student in agricultural economics and expert of pistachio research station of Damghan
ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:
Managerial skills
Pistachios
Damghan
ABSTRACT
In this study, pistachio in terms of managerial skills such as planning, organizing,
financial, administrative, and technical, leadership and governance, trade in the level of
performance of pistachio was investigated and demographic characteristics of gardens
managers such as age, education level, years of experience and Effect of Pistachios
extension in practice will be examined. In this study, pistachio completely random
sampling and were interviewed through the questionnaires. The findings of this study
indicate that nearly 82 percent of farmers are illiterate, individual properties, work
experience, education and technical skills, management skills and human skills and
administrative skills had a significant impact on performance. Results showed that
managerial skills are more managers of their performance per unit area are significantly
higher at 99%.
© 2014 Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches. All rights reserved for Academic Journals Center .
Introduction
Good management is a critical factor for success in the field. Nowadays the management is considered as a key element in
creating, managing and carrying out various activities. In other words, a very important factor in the success or failure of an
organization or a project is manager. Manager “makews" or "breaks" abusiness. Nowadays, knowledge and develop of
management skills due to competition and advances of science and technology in the production process is very important.
Pistachio production of nearly half a century ago due to welcome its fruits have been considered as a commercial crop, the
same as in the existing situation, Pistachio has a special position in production. Today in Iran as the first producer and
exporter of this product, the greatest danger that threatens the country's pistachio production decreased its comparative
advantage, due to rising production costs and the low rate of yield per unit area with competitors such as the US, Turkey,
Syria and so on. For example, comparing the cost of production per kilo of pistachio in years 2009 and 2011 has increased by
about 39% (Iran Pistachio Association).
Literature review
Pistachio production through increased economic performance of the application and proper monitoring of all factors of
production is possible by managers gardens. Gardens managers are responsible for evaluation, selection and use of inputs in
the production process, considering that these managers have obvious differences in personal characteristics, in terms of doing
different tasks and therefore wide range of performance. A few studies have been done on the impact of management
including the Fatahi (1999) pointed out the role of management in pistachio yield (Case study: Ardakan city) and to
investigate the role of the management of five factors: Unit sizes agriculture, farmer education, work experience, age of the
farmer, the agricultural extension is used to quantify management. To evaluate the effect on production factors, pistachio,
analysis of variance was used. The results showed that the management of agriculture as a production input pistachio
significant effect on yield and proposes that more management role will be considered.
Investigation the Effects of Managerial Skills on Pistachio yields Augmentation…
Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches, 3(1) 2016
Conceptual Model
Considering the importance of the issue, in papers managerial skills rarely been studied. In this study, the role of different
levels of skills, management skills such as planning, organizing, financial, administrative, technical, leadership and
governance, commercial, operational Pistachio is considered in the performance. The role of individual characteristics such as
age gardens managers, education level, years of experience, training and extension in pistachio yield is investigated.
Research Methodology
This research in terms of objective is practical and in terms of methods is descriptive and analytical. To check the status of a
sample 94 of the pistachio producers is selected) and sampling selected randomly and were interviewed through the
questionnaires. In order to select the sample using a two-step procedure, first by considering factors In case of research,
Choose a homogeneous environment to eliminate the role of environmental factors with the city of Damghan four villages
were selected from five villages of the district: damankoh, homeh, rastagh, sorsor that the majority of pistachio orchards in
these areas is the city of Damghan. According to statistics, 4160 pistachio growers are in these areas.
Using Cochran formula, sample size was estimated in this study.
N=4160: Total population (statistics of Semnan Province)
t=1.96: When the test significant level equal to 95 percent.
D=0.1: approximation of parameter estimation (acceptable error)
P=0.5: effective risk management skills to enhance the performance of pistachio
Q=0.5: ineffectiveness of risk management skills to enhance the performance of pistachio
In cases where there is not enough awareness of the value of p and q each equal to 0.5 that included large sample and be
cautious.
n: sample size
Finally, in this study, 94 people were Pistachio growers’ city of Damghan, who was also director of the garden. Managerial
skills with regard to relevant literature parameters were measured as follows.
Planning skills such as: the use of the plan (Calendar garden), choosing the right time to do productive activities, planning to
determine fertilizer needs (type, amount, ...) before use, pay attention to cost and income effects of each activity, pay attention
to risk factors and paving the way in the production system before proceeding to production.
Organizational skills including attention to proper expression of each person's duties and powers in the process of production,
human resource capabilities based on various criteria, according to the means of rewarding and punishing labor.
Indicators of financial management skills with regard to the government's economic policies, loans, subsidies, insurance and
etc. identify conditions, rates, types of financing, given the role of good communication on the use of financial resources,
understanding the cost of capital (different rates interest) and know its role in the production process and the use of its
liquidity management, liquidity control and attention to solve financial problems, documenting the flow of trade and the office
for account registration, costs, revenue, net profit annually production process, according to the calculation of profit and loss
and motivate the production process.
Technical skills include choosing the right time for harvesting, knowledge of the properties of pistachio, fruits and prevent
loss of effective factors in the formation of flowers and fruit, understanding the factors affecting fruit set, diagnose nutrient
requirements tree, trees sprayed-time detection, identification number suitable male trees, the impact of male and distribution
of trees in production, identify factors contributing to the alternate bearing trees, choosing the right combination of inputs and
impact on the effectiveness of inputs, crop water needs assessment methodologies, identify irrigation of gardens and irrigation
efficiency.
Leadership skills and monitoring and control including anthropology and communication skills, attention to reward and
punish and control activities, according to the stages of the product, according to motivate and encourage others to do so, the
accuracy in detecting pests and diseases, informed and accurate pest control.
Indicators of business skills with precision and to monitor changes in input prices and prices Pistachio, Pistachio
communicate with buyers, building relationships with service providers (driver of the tractor, sprayer, product processing
workshop, etc.), communication with financial service providers (lending), according to sources in different situations provide
input, and sell the product, according to different levels of pistachio price, according to various methods of sales, according to
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Investigation the Effects of Managerial Skills on Pistachio yields Augmentation…
Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches, 3(1) 2016
the methods decreases (increases) the price of consumable elements to consider ways to increase (lower) price of the product,
market data collection in the field of procurement of consumable elements, collect market data on product sales.
Executive skills in the fight against pests and diseases, proficiency in implementation of the decisions taken, skill in gardening
activities (pruning, grafting, ...).
After encoding the data, the drawing of conclusions, Scattering independent variables were identified.
Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman are determined and assumptions of management skills in order to test the
hypotheses regression were used. For this purpose, to identify the factors affecting the performance of models fitted separate
the impact of these skills on pistachio yield significant factors were analyzed using analysis of variance.
Analysis of Data
1. Personal characteristics of pistachio:
1-1 age of gardeners:
Table 1 show that farmers aged between at least 19 and a maximum of 81 years with a standard deviation was 13.09 and the
most frequent age group is 46 years. The average age of farmers is 50 years studied.
Table 1. Information about age of farmers
Mode
Standard deviation
Variance
The mean
maximum
minimum
46
13/09
171/56
50
81
19
According to Table 2, Frequency distribution and growers also studied the relative age as less - equal to 30 years, between 31
and 40 years, between 41 and 50 years, between 51 and 60 years, and more than 60 years, 7.4, 14.9, 30.9, 27.7, 19.1 percent
of growers are included.
Table 2. Frequency distribution and relative age of pistachio
Ratio / cumulative percentage
Percentage/ ratio
frequency
age (YEAR)
7/4
7/4
7
Less - equal to 30
22/3
14/9
14
31 -40
53/2
30/9
29
41 -50
80/9
27/7
26
51 -60
100
19/1
18
More than 60
100
94
Total
2. Level of Education:
According to table 3 Education of growers include 18.1% were illiterate, 24.5 percent have a primary degree, diploma tips
20.2 percent, 17 percent and 20.2 percent bachelor's degree and diploma are higher. So about 82 percent of the farmers are
educated with the available statistics that about 84 percent of the population in Semnan province with literacy correspond
report.
Ratio / cumulative
percentage
18/1
Table 3. Frequency distribution and education of pistachio
Frequency /
Ratio / percentage
number
18/1
17
26
Education
illiterate
Investigation the Effects of Managerial Skills on Pistachio yields Augmentation…
Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches, 3(1) 2016
42/6
24/5
23
Primary
62/8
20/2
19
Help
79/8
17
16
Diploma
100
20/2
19
Bachelor's Degree or higher
100
94
Total
1-3 experience of pistachio:
Table 4 shows that experience of Pistachio between a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 50 years with a standard deviation is
12.87. In addition, farmers were on average about 23 years of experience in producing pistachio.
Table 4. Information about experience
Mode
Standard deviation
variance
maximum
maximum
minimum
20
12/87
165/87
22/92
50
0
Also, as can be seen in Table 5; 19.1 percent of farmers have less than 10 years, 40.4 percent between 10 and 20 years and
17% between 21 and 30 years and 16% between 31 and 40 and 7.4 More than 40% of pistachio cultivation and production
have years of experience.
Table 5. The distribution and relative experience of Pistachio
Ratio / cumulative
percentage
Ratio / percentage
Frequency / number
Work experience (years)
19/1
19/1
18
Less or equal to 10
59/6
40/4
38
11-20
76/6
17
16
21-30
92/6
16
15
31-40
100
7/4
7
More than 40
100
94
Total
1-4 gardeners’ status about main job:
According to Table 6, about 51.1% of pistachio samples, the city of Damghan, the main occupation of farming, agriculture
and livestock 31.9 percent, and 17 percent of non-agricultural employment were employed.
Ratio / cumulative
percentage
51/1
83
Table 6. Relative frequency and type of employment pistachio
Frequency /
Ratio / percentage
Main jobs
number
51/1
48
Agriculture
31/9
30
Agriculture and animal husbandry
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Investigation the Effects of Managerial Skills on Pistachio yields Augmentation…
Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches, 3(1) 2016
100
17
100
16
94
Non-agricultural
Total
2. The analysis of variables related to management skills pistachio:
Hypothesis 1:
There is a significant relationship between farmers and the level of performance pistachio. Multivariate linear regression
analysis shows that among the index about manager, believes the program (Calendar garden) are the most important role in
determining the performance of gardens. And the determination coefficient was 0.377 and the regression equation for the
dependent variable function is as below.
Y = - 450.126 + 42.514 (plan)
F = 15.271
Standard error= 782.273
Significance level F = 0.000
R Square = 0.142 R = 0/377 Y = fresh pistachio yield (kg per hectare)
Hypothesis 2:
There is a significant relationship between farmers and level of performance. Coefficient of determination and the regression
equation for the dependent variable function is as below.
Y = - 4441.03 + 35.228 (organ 1) + 59/54 (organ 2)
F = 10.767
Standard error= 1488.76
Significance level F = 10.95
R Square = 0.194 R = 0.44
Hypothesis 3:
There is a significant relationship between the financial management and performance level of pistachio. regression analysis
shows there is a significant relationship between indicators of financial management, profit and loss production process and
its effect on incentives for production(Mali1 (the most important role in determining the performance of gardens. The
determination coefficient 0.433 and thus this indicator is the percentage change in total 43.3%. Equations for the dependent
variable function are as below.
Y = - 5381.77 + 101.48 (Mali)
F = 21.272
Standard error= 1488.76
Significance level F = 0.000
R Square = 0.188 R = 0.433
Hypothesis 4:
There is a significant relationship between technical skills and performance level of gardens. The results showed that the
technical indicators are an administrator, identify the factors affecting fruit set and prevent loss of flowers and fruits (tec1) has
the most important role in determining the performance of gardens. 0352 is determination coefficient and thus the index was
35.2 percent pistachio yield. Performance dependent variable regression equation is as follows.
Y = -811.322 + 54.027 (tec)
F = 12.971
Standard error= 931.946
Significance level F = 0.001
R Square = 0.124 R = 0.352
Hypothesis 5:
There is a significant relationship between leadership skills and monitoring and control and level of performance. Regression
analysis shows that the index command and control, according to stages of the product (control) is the most important role in
explaining the performance of the index value of the correlation coefficient and thus 39.4 percent performance changes. The
regression equation for the dependent variable function is as below.
Y = - 3344 + 75.517 (control)
F = 16.901
Standard error= 1417.309
Significance level F = 0.000
R Square = 0.155 R = 0.394
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Investigation the Effects of Managerial Skills on Pistachio yields Augmentation…
Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches, 3(1) 2016
Hypothesis 6:
There is a significant relationship between business skills of farmers and and level of performance. Regression analysis
showed that the trade parameters, skills to communicate with service providers (tej 1), skills to communicate with providers
of financial services (loans and credits) (tej 2), prepared according to sources and different situations input and product sales,
the most important role in explaining performance. The determination coefficient 0.605 and thus these three factors explain a
total of 60.5 percent. The regression equation for the dependent variable function is as follows.
Y = -7975. 925 +56.390 (tej1) +35.746 (tej2) +55.728 (tej3)
F = 17.324
Standard error= 1547.246
Significance level F = 0.000
R Square = 0.366 R = 0.605
Hypothesis 7:
There is a significant relationship between the executive skills of farmers and level of performance. Regression analysis
showed that the performance indicators, the success of the implementation of the decisions taken (ejra) has the most
significant role in determining the performance and the correlation coefficient and regression equation for the dependent
variable 0.398 performance is as below.
Y = - 4179.783 +97.392 (ejra)
F = 17.353
Standard error= 1595.190
Significance level F = 0.000
R Square = 0.159 R = 0.398
Hypothesis 8:
There is a significant relationship between individual characteristics and level of performance. Regression analysis showed
the characteristics of the individual, the operation and use of the extension (unit1) and the experience pistachio (unit2) had the
highest correlation coefficient of determination in the performance of 0.413 and regression equation for the dependent
variable performance is as below.
Y = - 2006.067 + 39.229 (unit 1) + 73.590 (unit 2)
F = 9.382
Standard error= 1083.761
Significance level F = 0.000
R Square = 0.413 R = 0.171
Summary and Conclusions
The findings of this study indicate that nearly 82 percent of farmers are illiterate, the statistics that about 84 percent of the
population are literate. In other words, nearly 18% of the interviewed farmers are illiterate. This means that education is very
important. So that an exploit could be problems with literacy and better understand and apply scientific findings to the result
to increase his crop yield. Considering the age of the farmers, the findings show that only about 19 percent of the farmers
have the age of 60 years. On the other hand, nearly 22% of farmers are under the age of 40 years that this group can run an
active force for gardens and taking advantage of the new management to run the gardens. However, individuals older than 60
years have a high experience in agricultural issues, but because they view traditional and less emphasis on their experiences,
so might be appropriate, programs for groups of 41 to 60 years Because the highest percentage 59% of growers are included.
Experience of managers has a significant effect on the performance. we suggest that young people experience of veterans to
operate. The results show that 49 percent of farmers' acreage is between 1-5 hectares and about 23 percent of farmers have
less than one hectare under cultivation. The smallholder gardens pest management discussed the problem why create
organizations that do things as a group seems essential. According to the results of study, the mean yield of 2326 kg of fresh
pistachio nuts in this study and about 83 percent of farmers have less than 3000 kg per hectare produced, Most farmers are
very low yield is very high and the gap between the minimum and maximum yield of 20,000 kg per. These results suggest
that by improving the management of gardens and removing barriers to production, the production area can be greatly
improved. As well as the personal characteristics of CEOs work experience (history pistachio) has a significant impact on
performance and education diplomas farmers to increase performance But since then is associated with reduced performance
because it can be converted to agriculture as a second job, stating, Because most people who have a university education other
than agriculture and horticulture career as additional job. According to the results, for the proper management, a schedule of
activities (Calendar garden) is essential. And those who believe in the use of this program have higher performance than in
others. Another management factors affecting the ability to recognize characters, suitable to the type of work and the use of
reward and punishment, and people who pay attention to these factors of success are greater. As well as an office for
registration activities and calculate the costs and revenues at the end of the manufacturing process transparent as well as the
29
Investigation the Effects of Managerial Skills on Pistachio yields Augmentation…
Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches, 3(1) 2016
profitability of activities, more motivated to generate. The results show that managers who do the annual calculation of profit
and loss in production activities more successful and higher performance. The results also show, managers technically have
more skills and factors affecting fruit set and the factors that prevent the loss of flowers and fruits are familiar with plant
properties. In addition, people who have more control over the production process during the production process and product
development processes with greater success. Another key factor in the success of managers liaises with service providers in
the field (driver of the tractor, sprayer, etc. The results indicate that managers in executive skills are difficult and this factor
has reduced their output. Also, most gardeners are willing to learn, participate in promotional programs and believes that these
classes is affecting their performance.
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