for …..
MCAA
Emergency
e ge cy de
definition
t o : aan eemergency
e ge cy iss a sudde
sudden,,
generally unexpected occurrence or set of circumstances
demanding assistance or relief
Emergency priority : an aircraft know or believed to be
in a state of emergency, including unlawful interference shall
have ppriorityy over other aircraft
Emergency determination : the pilot is the final authority
concerning operation of aircraft including determining
emergency
g y situations
a. Condition
b.b CCategories
t i
c. Pilot declared emergency conditions
* Conditions
-Distress
-Urgency
* Categories
- equipment malfunction or failure
- pilot
il problems
bl
- unlawful interference
- fuel dumping
* Pilot declared emergency conditions : pilots may declare
emergency conditions by :
- Radio
R di bbroadcast
d
MAYDAY,, MAYDAY,, MAYDAY;; or
PANPAN, PANPAN, PANPAN
Guidelines
a) Use the rules and procedures contained in this part
as the
h bbasisi ffor hhandling
dli emergencies
i
Note : It is impossible to detail procedures for all
emergency situations because of the many different
circumstances that mayy arise. You are expected
p
to use yyour
best judgment in handling a situation not specifically
covered.
Guidelines
b) During an emergency :
1) Provide as much assistance as possible to the aircraft in
distress
2) Enlist the aid of all available facilities and services ; and
3) Coordinate fully and completely with all concerned
agencies
Note : To assist flight crews in coping with an emergency,
controllers must inform the crew of all pertinent information
l i th
leaving
the crew with
ith no doubt
d bt as to
t the
th situation
it ti ttaking
ki place
l
Guidelines
c)Emergency actions
1)When an aircraft declares an emergency, think of
jjust 2 things
g
I) The need to install confidence in the aircraft
crew, therefore, remain calm and precise
II) The need to how the performance of the
particular type of aircraft is effected by the particular
emergency. Therefore, if in doubt, ASK DO NOT
ASSUMES
Guidelines
2) Having ascertained how the performance of the
particular
i l type off the
h aircraft
i f are affected,
ff d the
h controller
ll
must now think quickly on many points, such as :
- Identification
- Will
ill the
h aircraft
i f bbe able
bl to reachh the
h aerodrome
d
- Which runway, which approach aids?
- The existing weather condition
- IsI there
th a more suitable
it bl aerodrome
d
- Other traffic which may conflict
- Notification to other units or section
Emergencies Procedures
CONDITION
1. Aircraft declare emergency.
- EXAM “ mayday mayday mayday BKK approach .
THA102 on departure
p
ppassingg 2500 feet number one
engine losing power request…….”
- EXAM “ mayday mayday mayday BKK approach
THA205 15DME on R272 maintainingg 5000 feet engine
g
number one on fire request…….” ”
STEP OF ACTIONS BY ATS
1. Broad cast emergency message to others aircraft
2. Give priority to EMG aircraft
3.3 Clear other aircraft to hold at holding fix for aircraft
below the emergency aircraft then instruct them to
hold at holding fix or M/A holding
4.4 Clear
Cl EMG.
G Aircraft
Ai f for
f approachh
5. Coordinate with tower to assist EMG aircraft
6. EAT. = ATA of EMG + 25 Mins
EXAM “ THA 205 BKK approach roger mayday ”
“ Attention to all aircraft stop transmitting mayday
, traffic
ffi emergency over BKK VOR at 5000 feet
f traffic
ffi
below leave BKK VOR immediately ( direct to hold at
240R/15DME from BKK VOR and report over ”
UNLAWFUL INTERFERENCE
IN THE AIR
When circumstances pprevent the flight
g crew from
transmitting clear and concise details of an unlawful
i f
interference,
they
h may attempt to advise
d i a groundd station
i off
the situation by use of a covert verbal signal. This may be
achieved by:
‰ Inserting the words ‘CHANNEL SEVENTY FIVE
HUNDRED’ after the aircraft’s call-sign .
‰ ‘Ulaanbaatar Control, MONGOL 123 CHANNEL
SEVENTY FIVE HUNDRED, POSITION etc;
‰ inserting
i i the
h wordd ‘TRIP’ bbetween the
h company
designator and the flight number . ‘MONGOL TRIP ONE
TWO THREE, POSITION etc;
‰ Inserting
i the
h wordd ‘TRlP’
l after
f a phonetic
h i alphabet
l h b callll
sign ‘ALFA BRAVO CHARLIE, TRIP (departure point)
TO (destination), POSITION etc.
ON THE GROUND
An aircraft which has been confirmed as being subject to
unlawful
l f l iinterference
f
may indicate
i di that
h the
h hij
hijackk situation
i i
has degenerated to the point where immediate assistance
by intervention of an armed assault force is required. Such
a request will be conveyed by use of a covert signal in the
form of:
‰flaps are lowered to their full down position or are left
down after landing; and, or,
‰the verbal code ‘CHANNEL SEVENTY SEVEN
HUNDRED’ is used in transmissions.
Unlawful interference and aircraft bomb threat
‰Air traffic services personnel shall be prepared to
recognize any indication of the occurrence of unlawful
interference with an aircraft.
aircraft
‰Whenever unlawful interference with an aircraft is
suspected by suffixing the aircraft call with “Trip”
Unlawful interference and aircraft bomb threat
‰ Whenever unlawful interference with an aircraft is
known or suspected or a bomb threat warning has been
received ATS units shall d promptly attento requests by,
received,
by
or to anticipated needs of, the aircraft, including requests
for relevant information relating to air navigation facilities,
procedures and services along the route of flight and at any
aerodrome of intended landing, and shall take such action
as is necessary to expedite the conduct of all phases of the
flight.
g .
Unlawful interference and aircraft bomb threat
ATS units shall also :
‰ transmit,
transmit and continue to transmit,
transmit information pertinent to the
safe conduct of the flight, without expecting a reply from the
aircraft;
‰ monitor and plot the progress of the flight with the means
available, and coordinate transfer of control with adjacent ATS
units without requiring transmissions or other responses from the
aircraft, unless communication with the aircraft remains normal;
‰ inform, and continue to keep informed, appropriate ATS units,
including those in adjacent FIRs, which may be concerned with
the progress of the flight
Unlawful interference and aircraft bomb threat
ATS units shall also :
NNote.—
t In
I applying
l i thi
this provision,
i i accountt mustt bbe
taken of all the factors which may affect the progress of the
flight, including fuel endurance and the possibility of
sudden changes in route and destination.
destination The objective is
to provide, as far in advance as is practicable in the
circumstances, each ATS unit with appropriate information
as to the expected or possible penetration of the aircraft
into its area of responsibility.
AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS
CRASH ON AIRPORT
ACTION BY ATS
‰ Notify FIRE BRIGADE
‰ Acting emergency call ( check list procedure )
‰ Notify
N tif th
the operator
t or It’
It’s designated
d i t d representative
t ti
‰ Notify units concerned
‰ Issue NOTAMS
‰ Record tape recorder
‰ Record METAR
AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS
CRASH OFF AIRPORT
ACTION BY ATS
‰ Check position of aircraft on chart grid map
‰ Notify units concerned ( check list procedure )
‰ Issue
I NOTAMS
‰ Record tape recorder
‰ Record METAR
EMERGENCY DESCENT
Upon receipt of advice that an aircraft is making an
emergency descent through other traffic, all possible action
shall be taken immediatelyy to safeguard
g all aircraft
concerned.
When deemed necessary,
necessary air traffic control units
units,
shall immediately broadcast by means of the appropriate
aids, or if not possible, request the appropriate
communications stations immediatelyy to broadcast and
emergency message.
EMERGENCY DESCENT
‰ Action by the pilot in command
It is expected that aircraft receiving such a broadcast will
clear the specified areas and standby on the appropriate radio
frequency for further clearances from the air traffic control unit.
‰ Subsequent action by the air traffic control unit
Immediately after such an emergency broadcast has been
made ACC, APP or TWR concerned hasll forward further
clearances to all aircraft involved as to addition procedure to be
d i andd subsequent
during
b
t tto th
the emergency ddescent.t
EMERGENCY DESCENT
Phraseology
TWR/APP : “ATTENTION
ATTENTION ALL AIRCRAFT
EMERGENCY DESCENT OVER UDA, ALL
AIRCRAFT BELOW ……..WITHIN….. DME.
LEAVE AREA IMMEDIATELY TO …. (Direction)
MAINTAIN PRESENT ALTITUDE AND STOP
TRANSMITTING
EMERGENCY DESCENT
Issue
ssue instructions
s uc o s If an aircraft
c makes
es or
o iss observed
obse ved
making an emergency descent:
‰ To enable all concerned aircraft to vacate the involved
airspace at or above the minimum IFR altitude; and
‰ To minimize confliction with other aircraft
As soon as possible after emergency action has
been initiated, issue instructions to all aircraft concerned,
as to addition pprocedures to be followed duringg and after
the emergency descent.
ASSISTANCE TO LOST AIRCRAFT
Location and assisting a lot pilot may be one of the most
i
important
services
i you will
ill ever provide
id as a radar
d
controller.
Pilot of lost aircraft may not only be panicked and
confused,
f d but
b may also
l bbe iin ddanger off running
i llow on ffuell
or straying into an area where there is a risk of
interception.
Assistance to lost aircraft includes providing
service to : Strayed aircraft, -Unidentified aircraft, Intercepted aircraft-Strayed aircraft
ASSISTANCE TO LOST AIRCRAFT
a)
b)
c))
d)
e)
A strayed aircraft is an aircraft which has deviated
significantly from its intended track or the pilot has
reported lost
A controller aware of a strayed aircraft should take all
necessary steps to assist the aircraft and safeguard its flight,
including;
Keep aircraft on initial contact frequency if practical to
reduce possible loss of communication.
Instruct the pilot to maintain increase altitude for better
radar, radio and weather permitting.
Obtain pertinent information.
ASSISTANCE TO LOST AIRCRAFT
f)
g)
h))
i)
If the aircraft is transponder equipped, assign code 7700 or
discrete code as appropriate.
appropriate
If the aircraft is NOT transponder equipped, use all
available means to determine its position.
If the aircraft is identified within yyour airspace,
p , advice the
aircraft of its position and provide corrective actions as
necessary to return the aircraft on course or to a safety
landing.
If the aircraft is identified outside your airspace, coordinate
as necessary with the unit responsible of the airspace to
return the aircraft on course or to a safety landing.
ASSISTANCE TO LOST AIRCRAFT
j)
k)
Provide appropriate military authorities with relevant
information concerning to the strayed aircraft including
advice given to the aircraft.
If you become aware of a possible interception, advise the
aircraft.
FUEL SHORTAGE
If an aircraft informs the controller of a fuel shortage, the
controller shall :
- Ask the aircraft whether it is declaring an emergency;
and
- Give priority only if the aircraft does declare an
emergency.
FUEL SHORTAGE
If an aircraft declares minimum fuel, take following action ;
¾ Be alert for any occurrence or situation that may delay the
aircraft;
¾ Inform the aircraft of any anticipated delay as soon as the
controller become aware of the delay;
¾ Inform the next sector/unit of the status of the aircraft; and
¾ Record the information in the daily record.
Note : This is not an emergency situation but indicates an
emergency could develop should any undue delay occur.
FUEL DUMPING
An aircraft in an emergency or other urgent situations
may need to dump fuel so as to reduce to maximum landing
mass in order to effect a safe landing.g
When an aircraft needs to dump fuel, the flight crew
shall advise ATC the following:
FUEL DUMPING
a) the route to be flown, which, if possible, should be
clear of cities and towns, preferably over water and away
from areas where thunderstorms have been reported
p
or are
expected;
b) the level to be used, which should be not less than
1 800 m (6 000 ft); and
- 1,800
- c) the duration of the fuel dumping.
FUEL DUMPING PROCEDURE
CODITION :aircraft request to land at the airport but too
muchh fuel
f l remaining
ii
STEP OF ACTION BY ATS
™ assign dumping fuel area
EXAM R160-R190/40-50D ALT 6000 feet or above
™ clear aircraft to dumping fuel area when traffic permit
™ broadcast information of dumping fuel aircraft to other
aircraft concerned
EXAM “attention to all aircraft (type
( of a/c)) ….. Dumping
fuel at FL130 between BKK R160-R190/40 and 50 D”
FUEL DUMPING PROCEDURE
“ attention to all aircraft ( type of aircraft) fueldumping
completed
l d”
™ ggive ETA to dumping
p g fuel aircraft
™ provide separation between dumping fuel aircraft and
other aircraft
- vertical separation
- 1000 feet above - 3000 feet below
- longitudinal separation
- 10 NM horizontal - 50 NM/ 15 MIN behind
Weather deviation procedures
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHEN CONTROLLERPILOT COMMUNICATIONS ARE ESTABLISHED
The pilot should notify ATC and request clearance to
deviate from track, advising, when possible, the extent of
the deviation expected.
expected
Weather deviation procedures
ATC should take one of the following actions:
a) when appropriate separation can be applied, issue
clearance to deviate from track; or
b) if there is conflicting traffic and ATC is unable to
establish appropriate separation, ATC shall:
1) advise the pilot of inability to issue clearance for
the requested deviation;
2) advise the pilot of conflicting traffic; and
3) request the pilot’s intentions.
Weather deviation procedures
The pilot should take the following actions:
a) comply with the ATC clearance issued; or
b) advise ATC of intentions and execute the
procedures
AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE
Separation shall be maintained between the aircraft
h i the
having
h communication
i i ffailure
il andd other
h aircraft,
i f bbasedd
on the assumption that the aircraft will:
a) if in visual meteorological conditions(VMC):
1) continue to fly in visual meteorological conditions;
2) land at the nearest suitable aerodrome; and
3) report its arrival by the most expeditious means to
the appropriate air traffic control unit; or
AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE
b) if in instrument meteorological conditions(IMC) the
pilot will complete the flight in accordance with a):
1) in airspace where procedural separation is being applied,
applied
maintain the last assigned speed and level, or minimum
flight altitude if higher, for a period of 20 minutes
¾ adjust level and speed in accordance with the filed flight
plan; or
¾ proceed according to the current flight plan route to
the destination aerodrome and hold over fix until
commencement of descent;
¾
AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE
commence descent as close as possible to, the expected approach
time
i llast received
i d andd acknowledged;
k l d d or,
™ if no expected approach time has been received and acknowledged,
at, or as close as possible to, the estimated time of arrival
™ complete
l t a normall iinstrument
t
t approachh procedure
d as specified
ifi d
™ land, if possible, within 30 minutes after the estimated time of
arrival or the last acknowledged expected approach time, whichever
isi llater.
t
™
OVERDUE AIRCRAFT
Consider an aircraft to be overdue, initiate the procedures
statedd in
i this
hi section
i andd iissue an ALNOT(Al
ALNOT(Alert NNotice)
i ) when
h
neither communications nor radar contact can be established
and 30 minutes have passed since:
NOTE- The procedures in this section also apply to an aircraft
referred to as missing or unreported.
unreported
1.Its ETA over a specified or compulsory reporting point
or at a clearance limit in your area.
2.Its clearance void time.
OVERDUE AIRCRAFT
If you have reason to believe that an aircraft is overdue
prior
i to 30 minutes,
i
take
k the
h appropriate
i action
i iimmediately.
di l
c. The center in whose area the aircraft is first unreported
or overdue will make these determinations and takes any
subsequent
q action required.
q
POST TEST
Larger separations than the specified minima should
b applied
be
li d whenever
h
exceptional
ti l circumstances
i
t
suchh
as;
a. unlawful interference
b. navigational difficulty
c. visual meteorological condition
d. a. and b. correct
answer d.
POST TEST
If ATC receive signal from A/C notified that A/C is in a
situation wherein there reasonable certainly that A/C and its
occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger or
require immediate assistance. The signal is:
a. A radiotelephony
p y consistingg message
g of MAYDAY
b. A radiotelephony consisting message of PAN PAN
c. A radiotelephony consisting message of SOS SOS
d. Flare Orange
g
answer a.
POST TEST
The fuel on board is considered to be exhausted, or to
b insufficient
be
i ffi i t to
t enable
bl the
th a/c/ tto reachh safety.
ft
Considered to be in state of emergency:
a. Alert phase
b. Distress phase
c. Uncertainty phase
d. ALERFA
answer b.
POST TEST
If the a/c fails to indicate that it is able to receive and
acknowledge transmissions
transmissions, based on assumption that the
a/c will:
a. Broadcast, protect airspace 30 minutes
b. Land, if possible, within 20 mins after the estimated time of
arrival
c. Land, if possible, within 40 mins after the estimated time of
arrival
d CCommence ddescentt at,t or as close
d.
l as possible
ibl tto estimated
ti t d titime off
arrival or the last acknowledged expected approach time, whichever
answer d.
is later
Q&A