frfr.
KCSCATC
Duanesburg
MiddleSchool/HighSchool
Delanson,
NewYork
Dear Duanesburg Student:
Learning to do research and then producing a final product, whether it is a
research reporto an oral presentation using Powerpointoor even a poster is a very
important part of your school experience. Learning and understanding the research
processwill provide skills that you will be able to carry with you to collegeand/or
the workplacenwherever graduation from DCS takes you. This guide has been
written to help walk you through the successfulcompletion of this task
The staff of the library media center is available at all times to assistyou in
the search for information and with this process. Don't be afraid to ask for help.
Researchcan be an exciting and enjoyable experience. We hope that this
guide will make the mechanical parts of your job easier,so that you can concentrate
on the pleasure of learning something new and sharing that knowledge with others.
Enjoy!
Mrs. Laurel Berbach
March 2008
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
Many thanksfor the guidanceandsupportof the
2006-2007InformationLiteracyAtoss the Curriculumcommitteemembers:
Mrs. LindaChiras,Mrs. SusanClark,Mrs. CarolConley,Mrs. BethDeluke, Miss
Rebecca
Meyer,Mrs. Mira Ordon,Mrs..MarieRem,Mrs. TanyaSchnabl,Miss Cassie
Also, manythanksto Mrs. roi, noJ3lti?the originalresearchguidein 1994.
The following sourceswere consulted for the information provided here:
Bazermarr,Charlesand Harvey S. Wiener. Writing Skills Handbook. 5thed. New
York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003.
Gibaldi, Joseph.MLA Handbook for Writers of ResearchPapers.6thed. New York:
The Modern LanguageAssociationof America,2003.
Moran, Theresaand Marlene Zullig. The ResearchPaper:A ReferenceGuide.
Scotia,NY: Scotia-GlenvilleJunior and SeniorHigh School,2000.
Sabranek,Patrick, Dave Kemper, and Verne Meyer. Writers NC. Wilmington,
MA: Write Source,2001.
F'OLLOW THESE STEPSTHROUGH THE RESEARCHPROCESS:
S e l e ctyo u rto p i c.
Readfor backgroundinformationandto narrowyour topic.
....2
. . . . . .2
Createa focusquestionor a thesisstatement.
. . . .2
Gatherandevaluatesources:
o Useevaluationcriteriafor web pages
r Developkey wordsto locatesources
.......3
. . . .4
....5
C re a te so u rce car ds.
CreateaWorksConsultedbibliography
o W a t c h o u t f o r p l a g i a r .i s. .m
. !
Readandtakenotes(usingnotecards)
Createanoutline.
.... 6
.........g
........g
. , . . .g
.....10
Usethe writing processto write your researchreport(or presentation).
. . .lz
o correctly formatyour researchreportin a word processor.. . . . . .13
Documentor cite your information(usingparenthetical/in-text
citation)...14
C r e a t e a W o rC
k si t e d b i b l i o g r a p h y . . . .
.........g
APPENDIX:
Sampleresearchpaperwith sampleWorksCited(coverpagenot required)..a
S a mp l e co ve rp a g e (whenr equir ed) .
StyleSheet(samplebibliographyenhies).
.......s
;
SELECTING A TOPIC
Sometimesyour teacherwill provide a list of possibletopics and sometimesyou will needto
chooseyour own topic.
Choosea topic that you like and that you understand. What topic interestsyou? Which topic
will have enoughinformation in your library? Which topic do you want to know more about?
If you are choosingyour own topic, you will probablyhaveto pre-readaboutyour possible
selectionsin orderto make an informed decision.
NARROWING YOUR TOPIC
Onceyou havechosena topic, you will focus or nalrow your topic. Focusingor naffowing a
topic meanschoosingone aspectof that broadertopic or subjectin orderto concentrateyour
researchin a very specific area. In orderto do this you will needto conductsomepreliminary
researchinto the broadtopic and do somebackgroundreading. A generalencyclopediasuchas
The World Book Encyclopediamight be a very helpful placeto begin backgroundreading.
At thispoint in theprocess,your teacherwill askyou to developeither afocus questionor a
thesisstatement. Someteachersmay askyou to do both.
FOCUS QUESTION
Your focus questionwill give you a directionto follow. Your researchwill answerthe
question,so make surethat you are careful to develop a questionthat will take you in a
directionyou want to research.Sometimesyour answerwill surpriseyou! Develop a question
that cannotbe answeredwith a simpleyes or no. A good strategyis to use the words who,
what, where, when, why or how to begin your question. Other good words to use to start a focus
questionarecompare,contrastor describe. Someteachersmay ask you to developmore than
one focus question.
THESIS STATEMENT
What do you want to learn about your topic? A thesis statementis different from a focus
questionin that it is a statement(declarativesentence)rather than a question.It clearly states
your position or opinion on a topic and helps you to further focus on a single issueor aspectof
your topic. It often points to your conclusion. If you have developeda focus question,the
thesis statementwill be your answerto the question. You may find that you will needto revise
your thesis statementas you move through the researchprocessand learn more aboutyour
topic. Revisingyour thesisstatementis perfectly acceptable.
3
GATHERING AND EVALUATING SOURCES
Studentstoday have a wealth of information from which to choosewhen gathering
information for research. Below is a list of possible sourcesyou might be able to use to
locate what you will need. Review this list to make sure you have exhaustedevery
possibility:
o
LibrarT electronic catalog (OPAC) for: print books, ebooks , audio-visual
materials such as DVD's, encyclopedias,almanacs and other reference
materials
Library databases
for magazines,
newspapers,
professionaljournals and
other periodicals
Library databases
for informationparticular to a subjectareaor that
providesunpublishedinformationsuchas graduatetheses.
The Internet for web sites,free databases,
newssources,blogsand wikis
Qualifiedpeopleas resources
Your libraryts interlibrary loan to accesssourcesfrom other libraries
As you locateandgatheryour sources,you will needto evaluateeachsource(print and
electronic)asto the accuracyandappropriateness
of its content.Ask yourselfthese
questions:
point-of-view?
Rememberthat sourcesobtainedfrom a library tendto be morereliablethansources
gatheredfrom the Internetsimplybecause
thereis qualifiedstaffmakingpreliminary
decisionsaboutappropriateness
andrelevancyprior to admittingan item or database
into
a library collection. While the informationlocatedon the Internetmay provide
informationthat is just asvaluable,you asthe userwill needto takeextracareto evaluate
that informationprior to usingit. Remember
thereareno restrictionsor formal screening
procedures
for informationplacedonline.
+
The criteriabelowwill aid you in evaluatingeveryInternetweb pagethatyou areconsideringfor
usein your research.Rememberthatthereis little or no controloverthe informationthat is
postedon the Internet.It is up to you to makesureany informationyou useis accurate!
Criterio for Evoluotingo Web Poge
"Garbage in, gorboge outl"
"Trust, but verify!"
-Wild,
Wild Web"
"Dirty Doto"
1)
AUTHOR
Who is responsiblefor this site? Is there an author? What are his
credentials?Is he who he sayshe is? Is sheaffiliatedwith any
organizationsand what are the organization'sgoals?Is the author or
organrzationreputable? Is there a way to contactthe author?
2)
3)
ACCVP,ACI
Do you noticeany errors of fact? Are the factsconsistentwith what you
alreadyknow? What sourcesare citedfor the informationcontainedon
the page? Can you verify the factswith two other sources?Is any
documenton the sitecompleteand unaltered?
ORTENTATTON
What is the web site'spoint-of-view(bias,slant)? Doesthe web pagehave
a strongopinion? Is theremore than onepoint-of-view?Is there
advertising?What is the web page'spurpose?To inform? To sell? To
persuade?What kind of a web pageis it? Informational?Commercial?
Blog? Wiki?
4)
.edu
educational
Be carefull Is thepagesponsored
by an institutionor a
.gov
.mil
.com
government
military
commercial
.org
organization
Generallyreliable,but couldbe slantedpolitically
Generallyreliable
Trying to sell a productor service.Will bryto makeit
look good!
Will generallytry to persuade
or promotea point-of-view.
Try opposingcampsl
arweb
ff:""*:l#HrfHffi'f
:ilff;.'3i,il.":#,ffi
CURRENCy
Is the sitecurrent? When wasit last updated? Doesit matter? Is there a
copyrightdate?
5)
PRESENTATTON
Is the language on the page too difficult for a student your age? Are
there pictures, graphics or audio that enhancethe page? Do they relate
to the page? Is the layout of the page easyto figure out?
ABOUT KEY WORDS
Identifing goodsearchtermsor keywordsis a very importantstepin your questfor
information.Key wordsarethe searchtermsthat you will useto searchthe Intemet,searcha
or look for print materialsin a library catalog.They arethe wordsyou will useto look
database
up informationin an indexto a book.
To identi$ra list of key words,think of wordsthat arerelatedto your topic. Think of
synonyms.Think of the importantwordsin your thesisor focusquestion.Think of significant
peoplerelatedto your topic. If you find a bookin the librarycatalogor an encyclopedia
article,
look at the relatedtopicsor the subjectcross-references.
Usethe searchsuggestions
belowto
helpwith electronicsearches:
Internet Searching Tips Using Key ll/ords @oolean
Searches)
ACTION:
SEARCH TERM/I(EY WORDS:
DESCRIPTION:
order of terms
bearpolar
list the mostimportantkey word
first
and/or/not
polar andbear
locatesdocumentscontaining
ALLyoar keywords
polaror bear
locatesdocumentscontaining
one ORthe other
ofyour keywords
polarnot bear
locatesall references
to polar,
polar
but nothingon
bears
polar-bear
Googleandsomeother
searchenginesusethe minus
signfor not
parenthesis
(polaror grizzly)andbear
locatesdocumentscontainingthe key words
polarandbearor the key words grizzlyandbem
quotations
"polar bear"
locatesdocumentscontaining
the key wordsin a phrase,
exactorder
proximity
"bearsin the polarregion"
locateskey wordsin closeproximity
to eachother
truncation
bears bear
compancompanycampanies
shortenwordsto pick up
differentformsof the
keyword
tilde
-food -facts
returnsnutritionandcookinginformation
Somesearch
engines
suchasGooglewill usethe
tilde (-) to returnsimilarwordsor synonyms.
b
WRITING SOURCE CARDS
(3"x 5" or 4"x6tt Index Cards)
As you beginto gathersourcesandas youreadaboutyourtopic,youwillstartto identify
specificsourcesthatmightbe usefulin yourresearch.At thispointyouwillneedto
developsourcecards.
Youwillneedto developsourcecardsin orderto:
. Createa WorksConsulted
anda WorksCitedbibliography
o Citeinformation
withinyourdocument
Useonlyonesourcecardpersourceitem. Forexample,youwoulddeveloponesource
cardfor one bookor onesourcecardfor onearticlefroma webpage.
Including
all necessary
andaccuratedataon yoursourcecardnowwillsaveyoutime
becauseyouwon'thaveto recheckyoursourceslateron!
lf youuseinformation
fromanyparticular
sourceyou mustrecordspecificinformation
aboutthatsourceon yoursourcecard. Usethe following
guidelines
for developing
sourcecards:
As youwriteeachsourcecard,assigna numberin the upperrighthandcornerof
the card. Youwillusethissamenumberon eachof the notecardsyoucreate
fromthissamesource.
Depending
on thetypeof sourceyouare using(A book?A webpage?
A
youwillneedto recordspecificinformation.
magazine
article?),
Information
such
as author,title,publisher
andcopyright
datemightbe required.Pleasereferto
the examplesbelow and the DCS sfyte sheef contained in this packetof
information to find out what specific information is required for the type of
source you are using. lf you cannotfind the properformatfor the type of
sourceyou are usingin our DCS Sfy/eSheel the complefeMLA Handbookr's
availablein the library.
c..ad.
--rhe +
f,ir^sf
Examples:
SourceCardfor a Bookwith Two Authors:
:r D'ed. >
lnclude:theauthors(lastname
firstfor thefirstauthor),the
complete
title,the placeof
publication
(usethe cityin the U. S.
thatis closestto you),the publisher
andthe copyright
date.
,# //ir-
d
ke
co/ared-
'rfidrr
oar/s
A6 &u-rce- cands,
u-)i/ / hu/p Yo+ h"ep fherrt aeparctt'e fraw
/
ffiofe (.arct's
Th is
your uA,"/e-
7
SourceGardfor a Web Site:
3
y'rn o/n't
'
,tkst"hn-
Kho.,/, Jl;','r-
,f%u-
'
lhr,.y'o'-)/o)
zrZ.,oro-r-
Rlta*, 1 t/t1".'ll
Include: the author,thetitleof the
site,thedatethe sitewas postedor
updated,
the nameof any
associated
organization,
the date
you accessed
the siteandthe
completeonlineURL(address).
"tL
rant/vrt, 1'-iLV"-) a,, ,no / . r-tfa I h+. t I
/€ - 2- t, ihAyt i]," < - t.z.1i2t,t)t/-
h*ryt I >.
SourceGardfor a SignedArticlefrom an Encyclopedia
Include: the authorof thearticle,
thetitleof thearticle,thetitleof the
encyclopedia,
andthe editiondate.
SourceCardfor an OnlineDatabase(lncludingan
Include: theauthorof the article,
thetitleof the articleor part,thetitle
of theoriginalsource,the copyright
dateof the originalsourceor the
datethe originalsourcewas posted
or updated,
the nameof the
database
withthe provider,
any
accessor filenumbers,
the date
you accessed
the information
and
the URL(address)
of the online
database.
8
What is a bibliography?
A bibliographyis a list of sources.Thereareseveraltypesof bibliographies,
depending
on
your particularneed.
Works Consulted
A WorlcsConsultedbibliographyis a preliminarylist of all the sourcesyou areconsideringfor useduringyour
research.It is a workingbibliographyandshouldbe constructedearlyin the researchprocessin orderto make
citing your sourceswithin thetext of your researchpapereasier.You will probablybe addingsourcesto this list as
you go throughthe researchprocess.
As you find andcollectyour sources,usethe directionslistedin the StyleSheet(pageh) to constructyour source
the properformattingfor eachof your sourcecards,dependingon thetype
cards.The StyleSheetwill demonstrate
of sourceyou areusing. Fill out sourcecards(page6) for eachindividualsourceyou areusing. Alphabetizeyour
sourcecardsby the first word or name(ignoringthe words: a, an, the). Usinga word processorsuchasMicrosoft
[Mord,typea WorksConsultedbibliographyfrom your sourcecards.At this point,don't worry aboutwhetheryou
haveactuallyusedany informationfrom a particularsource.
Works Cited
A WorlcsCitedblbliographyis a list of sourcesthat lists only the sourcesyou actuallycitedor usedto get
informationor ideasfor your researchpaper. It is usuallya"frrral" list of sourcesandis includedwith your final
paper.
Onceyou havewrittenandfinalizedthe body of your researchpaperandhaveusedparenthetical
citation(page14)
to cite your sources,you will be ableto frnalizea WorksCitedbibliography.Fromyour WorksConsulted
paperor project. Make sureany
document,deleteany sourcesthat werenot citedwithin the body of your research
you
might
your
properly
haveusedareincluded.Make sure
new sources
bibliographyis
formattedusingthe Style
Sheet(pageh), thenre-titleyour bibliographyas WorksCited andprint.
Annotated bibliography or AnnotatedList of WorksCited
An annotatedbibliographyis a list that includesa descriptiveor an evaluativesummarywith eachcitedsource.
Follow the directionsabovefor a WorksCited.but addyour evaluativesummaryaftereachcitation. Seeformattine
guidelines
on pageh.
PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is the act of using someoneelse's words, information or ideas in your writing or presentation
without giving proper credit to that person. Plagiarism is not ethical. It is a form of cheating. If
copyrighted materials are used as sourcesand not cited, it is illegal or againstthe law!
Document everything that you borrow from the sourcesthat you used whether you used a direct
quotation, paraphrasedthe information or merely used some of the information or an idea.
Follow the Guidelinesfor Documenting Sources (Giving Credit) on page 14 to properly give credit to
your sources.
,l
TAKING NOTES USING NOTE CARDS
(3tox 5ooor 4"x 6toIndex Cards)
Onceyou havediscovered
and locatedyoursourcematerials
andhavefilledout a
sourcecardfor eachitemyou planto usefor yourresearch,
it is timeto begin
partof the
readingfor information
andtakingnotes. Notesare a veryimportant
researchprocess.
Takingenoughqualitynoteswillmakewritingyourresearchpaper
or projectveryfast and easy!
Evenin thisageof computers
andwordprocessors,
takingnoteson notecardsis an
your
wayto effectively
efficient
organize
notes.Notecardswillhelpyou organize
yourwriting.Notecardswillalsohelpyou keeptrackof whereeach
andstreamline
pieceof information
wasobtained.In otherwords,notecardswillassistyou in
yourinformation.
documenting
Followthesehintsfor writingusefulandeffectivenotecards:
.
Write only one fact or relatedidea per note card. This mayseemwasteful
at first,butit is impossible
to rearrange
or reorganized
notecardsthatcontain
two or moreunrelated
factsunlessyoucutthemup!
o Foreachnotecardthatyoucreate,recordthe numberfromthe sourcecard
you used.
thatcorresponds
to the sourceof the information
. Assigna keyword(a wordor a phrase)thatsummarizes
the information
on
you
your
the card, Thesekeywords
willhelp
organize
notecardsby related
noteslateron in the process.
. Try to write the notesin your own words (paraphrase).lf you must
recordthe informationexactlyas it is written (or cut and paste
somethingin a word processor),use quotationmarksaroundwhat you
havecopied. Youshouldlimitthe useof quotation
marksin yourfinal
researchproduct.
o Recordthe pagenumberfrom the sourcewhereyou obtainedthe
information.
KEYwoRD
l\rcrFs
j>c)yRcF
NUMBER
ONE
lN YouR
Fpcr ok
owtv
70Fn
WOR95
rryR
cn&D
Fftr,r Nur\BsP
lo
ORGANIZING YOUR WRITING
(UsingOutlinesor Graphic Organizers)
Once you have gatheredyour information and have taken sufficient notes,your next stepwill be to createan
outline. Outlines will help you organize your notes so that you can begin writing your rough draft. An
outline is like a road map or GPS! It points you in the direction to go with your thoughts and writing. Some
teacherswill ask or allow you to use a graphic organizer insteadof an outline. Graphic organizersare great
alternative tools that help you organizeyour thoughts,but check with your teacherfirst to make sure it is
alright to use one.
Your first step will be to organizeyour note cards. Separateyour note cards into stacksaccording to the
common key words that you chose. Then take each stack and organizethe cards in such a way that the facts
and ideasmake sense. Each stack might be a paragraph(or main idea in your outline.) Rememberthe writing
process. What is the main idea of that stack? Could that be a topic sentence?Which note cards (facts, ideas)
are supporting details?
Once you have organizedyour note card stacks,it should be easyto construct a topic or sentenceoutline or
fill out a graphic organizer.
TOPIC outline: Single words or phrasesare used throughout the outline
SENTENCE outline'. Each main idea and supporting detail is a complete sentencethroughout the outline
One approachto creating an outline is to use your key words as main ideasand each fact or idea as a
supporting detail.
Title
I.
Introduction
A. Hint: try usingyour thesisstatementor focusquestion
lI.
First main ideaor topic (keyword)
A. Supportingideaor subtopic
B. Supporting ideaor subtopic
C. Supportingideaor subtopic
III.
Secondmain idea or topic (keyword)
A. Supportingideaor subtopic
1.
Supportingdetail
2.
Supportingdetail
B. Supportingideaor subtopic
1.
Supportingdetail
IV.
Third main idea or topic (keyword)
A. Supportingideaor subtopic
B. Supportingideaor subtopic
V.
Conclusion
A. Hint: try writing your thesis statement in a different way
SAMPLE OUTLINE
Vaudeville: The LaushterLives On
L
lntroduction
A. Uniqueenjoyableform of entertainment
B. Appealedto hardworkingAmericans
1.
Slap-stickcomedy
2.
Borderlinerudeskits
C. Previouslyno accessto theaterfor middleandlower classes
1.
Theateronly for wealthy
2.
Dramaor musicals
D. Preparedaudiencefor adventof cinema
II.
Popularity
A. Fastpaceandmanyskits
1.
Combinedideasandactors
B. Performedin propertheatersandcountryparks
1.
Comedyroutines
2.
Animal acts
3.
Songsanddances
4.
Comicmonologues
5.
Juggling
6.
Maeic
il.
Laughter
A. Basisof
B. Many forms
c. r87s-t92s
1
2.
About 4000theatersnationwide
Big citiesandsmalltowns
Conclusion
A.
Powerfulform
1.
Preparedaudiencefor film
B.
Strikingfeatures,1875- 1925
1.
Comedyandlaughter
2.
Audienceinvolvement
3.
"AmericanDream"
4.
Many skits,oneperformance
C.
Transitionto cinemaandtelevision
lL
USING THE WRITING PROCESS
TO WRITE YOUR
RESEARCHREPORT
Keep the writing process in mind as you developand write your research report:
o
Use introductory and concluding paragraphs:
THE INTRODACTION.'
Your introduction is probably the most important paragraphin your researchpaper. It setsthe
tone for the entire report. An introductory paragraphshould be a single, well-organized
paragraphintroducing your topic to the reader.It is a good idea to expressyour focus question
or thesis statementin your introduction. The introduction should be written to catch the reader's
interest. Avoid sentencesthat use "I" or suchuninterestingphrasesas "My report is about...".
Some ideas for beginning an introductory paragraph:
THE CONCLUSION:
This should be a single, well-organizedparagraphthat concludesor "wraps up" your report in an
interestingway. It is a good idea to restateyour focus questionor thesis statementin a different
way in your conclusion. Summarizeyour main points or make a comment about your
information in your conclusion.
Some ideas for writing a concluding paragraph:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Follow your outline.
Use topic sentencesand supporting details in every paragraph.
Use transition sentences.
Use effective language.
Cite your sources(quotations,paraphrasing)by using parenthetical(in-text) citations.
Proofreadfor mistakes.
Revise your draft as often as is neededin order to produce a polished, fluent product.
Check for spelling, grammar and correct usage.
Try reading your final draft out loud or have others (parent,teacher,librarian) read and edit your
draft before submitting your final product.
GUIDELINES
Follow
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
FOR F'ORMATTING
YOUR RESEARCH
t3
REPORT
the guidelines below to produce a properly formatted researchreport:
Use white, 8 Yz"-by-1 1" (letter size)paper.
Choosea standard,plain, easily readablefont such as TimesNew Roman.
The font size should be no larger than 12.
Print only on the front side of the paper.
Use 1" margins, including the top and bottom margin.
Use Yz"tabs or 5 spacesfor paragraphindents
Always double-spaceyour report, including any quotationsand the Works Cited
page.
Punctuationwithin a sentenceshould be followed by one space. While MLA
recommendsone spaceafter concluding punctuation,the final decision is left up to
the writer or instructor. Check with your teacherand be consistentthroughout your
document.
Number every page of your paper in the upper right hand corner, aboutVz"from the
top of the paper andjustified with the right margin. Include your last name in front
of the page number in casea page is lost. Do not use the word page or any
abbreviation such asp.
JonesI
Katie Jones
Mrs. Brownell
English10,Period3
February12,2008
Vaudeville: The Laughter Lives On
Vaudeville was a unique, enjoyable form of entertainmentthat through its
outstandingfeaturescausedmen, women and children to enthusiasticallyattend
performances.
Vaudeville'sslap-stickcomedyandhilarious,oftenborderlinerudeskits
appealedto hardworking Americans at the turn of the century. Meanwhile it enabled
blossomingstreetmusiciansto havea freshstartin theater.This newly introduced
entertainmentpreparedboth audiencesand performers for the introduction of cinema. Prior
to the time that vaudevillewasintroduced,wealthy,aristocraticaudiences
turnedto serious
iLl
DOCUMENTINGYOUR SOURCES
(CitingYour Sources)
(rN-TEXT
REFERENCES
C|TAT|ON,
PARENTHETICAL
ustNGPARENTHETTCAL
clTATroN)wlTHrNYOURRESEARCH
REPORT
OR PRESENTATTON
you need
Everytimeyoudecideto useinformation
or an ideafroma source(printedor electronic)
yoursource.You
or idea. Thisis called"citing"or documenting
to statewhereyougotthatinformation
yoursourcewhenyou copyinformation
marks.Youalsoneed
needto document
exactlyandusequotation
yoursourcewhenyousummarize
quotation).
(indirect
or paraphrase
information
to document
you
Theuseof parenthetical
references
is the processby whichyouindicatehowmuchinformation
haveborrowed
or usedandwhereit canbe located.
yoursources
The purposeof a parenthetical
reference
is to briefly,clearlyandaccurately
reference
list(WorksCited)at the endof yourpaper.Remember
thata parenthetical
backto thealphabetical
is placedat theendof the information
reference
cited,eventhoughit maybe in the middleof the paragraph.
(GtVtNG
FORDOCUMENTTNG
CREDTT)
GUTDELTNES
SOURCES
1. Any timeyou borrowor copyinformation
directlyfroma source,you needto placethe
withinquotation
marks.
information
o In parentheses,
citethe author'slastnameandthe pagenumber(s)
of the
source:
One historianarguesthat the telephonecreated"a new habitof mind--a
habit of tensenessand alertness,of demandingand expectingimmediate
results" (Brooks117).
reference.
Noticealsothat
Notethatthereis no commausedwithinthe parenthetical
youdo notusetheword"page"or anyabbreviation
for the word"page".(No"p."or
"p p . ")
in yourownwords,butthe information
containsideasand
2. lf youwritethe information
(Thisis sometimes
know,thenyouare paraphrasing.
factsyoudid notpreviously
called
indirectquotation.)You do not needto placethe information
withinquotationmarks,but
youdo needto citethe information.
o The telephonecreateda differentmind set. The telephoneuser recognized
that he could get quick answersto his questions(Brooks117).
information
Youdo not needto document
thatis considered
commonknowledge.
tJ-
3. Usethe authols lastnamein your sentenceand placeonlythe pagenumber(s) of
the sourcein parentheses.
o Brookspointsout that the telephonecreateda differentmind set, one in
which the telephoneuser recognizeda desirefor quick answersto his
needsand questions(117).
4. Givethe author'slastnamein your sentencewhenyou are citingthe entirework
ratherthana specificsectionof passageandomitanyparenthetical
references.
. Brooks arguesthat the history of the telephoneis characterizedby
innovationsthat havechangedpublicaftitudestowardtechnology.
5. Whentherets no author,placethe nameof the sourceandthe pagewithinthe
parentheses:
o (TheWorld Book Encvclopedia96-7)
It is permissible
to shortena longtitleto a few keywords:
.
The Phvsical
Conditions
of the Elizabethan
Plavhouses
becomes
@4 8 )
6. Whenthereare multipleauthors,usethe followingguidelines:
. Twoauthors(Smitheand Michaels44)
e Threeauthors(Warren,Stevens,and Brown 67)
o Morethanthreeauthors,use"etal."whichis Latinfor "andothers"(Morrisonet
a l .1 0 2 )
7. Whenyou citetwo differentauthorswiththe samelastname,you needto includethe
firstnamesto distinguish
betweenthem:
o (RobertBrown 83)
o (ThomasBrown 289)
8. Whenyoucitetwo differentworksby the sameauthor,includea shortenedversionof
thetitlewitha commaafterthe author'sname:
o (Lawrence,Old TheatreDavs86)
o Lawrence,Pre-restorationg9)
/0
Jones
Katie Jones
Mrs. Brownell
English 10, Period 3
February12,2008
Vaudeville: The Laughter Lives On
Vaudeville was a unique, enjoyable form of entertainmentthat through its outstanding
featurescausedmen, women and children to enthusiasticallyattendperformances.Vaudeville's
slap-stick comedy and hilarious, often borderline rude skits appealedto hardworking Americans
at the turn of the century. Meanwhile it enabledblossoming streetmusiciansto have a fresh start
in theater.This newly introduced entertainmentpreparedboth audiencesand performers for the
introduction of cinema. Prior to the time that vaudeville was introduced,wealthy, aristocratic
audiencesturned to seriousdrama or musicals while the rest of society was not exposedto
theatreat all. As vaudeville beganto flourish, more middle and lower classAmericans attended
daily vaudeville shows and were introducedto the idea of theater.Albert L. Mclean, author of
American Vaudeville as Ritual, recognizedthe many qualities that made vaudeville specialto the
American people. He wrote, "Vaudeville as an entirety was a manifestationof the belief in
progress,the pursuit of happiness,and the hope for material success"(viii). He observedthe
inspiration that vaudeville gave to Americans hoping for a happier life.
Much of vaudeville's popularity was due to its extremely fast pace and many skits that
combined different ideas and actors into one performance(Green and Laurie 42). A vaudeville
audiencewhether in a proper city theateror in a country park enjoyed skits such as comedy
routines,well known songsand dances,comic monologues,and animal acts all in successionfor
varied amountsof time (Mclean 231). Animal acts included dogs, monkeys,pigeons, and
a
b
eJonesZ
ponies.Their actsoftenwerecomprisedof tight-ropewalking dogsandobedient,rider less
horsesperformingthe circustricks we know today(LaurieHonky Tonks155-8).A largepart of
vaudevilleinvolvedjuggling numerousobjectssuchasfire, platesandenormousnumbersof
coloredballsandclubswhich mystifiedaudiences(LaurieRevisited201). Otheractsoften seen
in vaudevillewereunbelievablemagicsuchasclassicrabbitandbird acts.Theseskitsprovided
they oftendirectlyinvolvedthe audiences.
excitementbecause
Magiciansandjugglersoften
calleduponthe crowdsfor volunteersto takepart of the fun. Vaudevilletheaterswerefilled with
laughterandactorsstrivingto maintainan audience'sinterestby meansof a fast,constant
Laughter,the basisof vaudeville,encouraged
it to takeplacein
changein entertainment.
differentformsfor manyyearsin manyplacesthroughoutthe country(LaurieHonky Tonks89). While we seebits of vaudevillein televisionandcinematoday,it especiallyflourishedwithin
the UnitedStatesbetween1875and 1925.During theseyeaxsapproximately4000theaters
locatedin the centerof citiesall overthe nation(Samuels4) andmanytravelingvaudeville
showsin smalltownsexposedall of Americansocietyto vaudeville(Mclean 34). These
travelingshowshousedanimals,clowns,comedians,
andmagicians,bringingthe essence
of
vaudevilleto smaller,undeveloped
towns.
Early vaudeville'ssuccessdepended
on both the audiences
andthe actors.Many
of the late 1800'sincludedimmigrantsandchildrenwhile the remainingportionsof
audiences
the theaterswereusuallyfrlled with poor,unemployedmen.The immigrantsfelt that they could
leammuchaboutAmericathroughvaudeville(Gilbert251),while the childrenandmenwere
drawnto vaudeville'simageandescapefrom reality (Mclean 38-9).Not only the women,but
alsothe talentedactorsinspiredearlyaudiences
to attendvaudeville.In fact,manyof the actors
werepoor orphanswho begantheir careerson streetcornersor werepossiblydiscoveredat ...
e
Jones6
WorksCited
Gilbert,Douglas.AmericanVaudeville:Its Life andTimes.New York: Dover,1940.
Green,Abel andJoeLaurie,Jr. ShowBiz: FromVaudeto Video.New York: Holt, 1951.
Horn,Miriam. "America'snewVaudevillians."U. S.NewsandWorld Report14 September
1987:64-5.
Kanfer,Stephan.Vaudeville'sBrief. ShiningMoment.Spring2005.City Journal.5 March2008.
<http://www.city-journal.org/html/
I 5_2_wbanites-vaudeville.html>.
Laurie,JoeJr. VaudevilleFro HonkyTonksto thePalace.New York: Holt, 1953.
---. VaudevilleRevisited.
New York: Holt, 1955.
McGuinan,Cathleen.
"VaudevilleTakesto the Stage."Newsweek30 June1986:63-4.
Mclean, AlbertF. AmericanVaudevilleasRitual.Louisville:U Kentuky,1965.
Ocasio,Angel.Photograph.
AngelOcasio'sComedy.5 January2008.4 February2008.
<http://www.ocomedy.com/photos.htm>.
CharlesandLouisa.OnceUpona Stage.the Meny Worldof Vaudeville.New York:
Samuels,
Dodd,1974.
Siegal,Nina."Will PostOfficeBe LastAct for a VaudevilleHouse?"New York Times.29
August1999.MasterFILESelect.4 February2008.<hup://search.ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?direct:true&db:mfh&AN=2241942&site:ehost-live>.
Wilmeth,Don B. "Vaudeville."TheWorldBook Encyclopedia.2004
ed.
+
3
VAUDEVILLE: THE LAUGHTER LIVES ON
Katie Jones
Mrs.Smith
U. S.History,Grade11
February12,2008
h
DuanesburgJr./Sr. High School Sfyle Sheet
CentralSchoolexpects
While therearemanystandardformatsfor bibliographicentries,Duanesburg
studentsto useentriesbasedon the MLA format.
Below are exampleentriesthat are basedon the MLA format.
Furtherinformationanddetailis availablefrom: Gibaldi,Joseph.TheMLA Handbookfor Writersof
Papers,6ft edition,New York: ModernLanguageAssociation,2003 avallablein our library (R
Research
808.02GIB).
andsimplifiesMLA
(Remember:TheMLA Handbookis over300pages.This samplepagecondenses
course
needs.)
specific
formatfor quickreference.It hasbeenadaptedfor DCS students'
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR DEVELOPING A WORKSCITED
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
/
A bibliography is a list of the sourcesthat relate in someway to your topic or to
your paper. Alltorks Citedbibliographyincludesonly thosesourcesyou actually
cited in your paper. Other bibliography typesinclude: AnnotatedBibliography,
WorksConsulted,and SelectedBibliography. An AnnotatedBibliograpfty includes a
brief descriptionor summaryof the citedwork
,/ AWorks Citedbibliographyis placedat the end of your paper.
./
Center your title, lVorksCited,on the pageabout an inch from the top. Double
spacebetweenthe title and your first entry.
./ Begineachentry at the left margin of your paper. Each additionalline of the same
entry shouldbe indentedabout7z".
./ A Works Citedbibliographyis arranged in alphabeticalorder accordingto the first
word in eachentry.
./ If the first word of an entry is part of a titleoignoreunimportantwords suchas: a
an the.
r'
If the first word of an entry is an author's name,makesureit is listedlast namefirst
(Last name,First name.)
/
Unlessotherwiseindicated,all datesshould be in the following format: Day Month
Year. Months may be abbreviated.
/
Doublespacewithin eachentry. Doublespacebetweenentries. Singlespaceafter
any punctuationmarks.
/
Do not numberyour entries.
,/ If you canotfind someof the required information, cite what information you are
able to locate. Leaveout the part of the citation that you can not locateand
continueto follow the basicformat.
BOOKS (Print
Basic Format: Author. Title. Place: Publisher. Date.
Jones,Alan R. The Life and Opinions of Thomas Ernest
One author
Hulme. Boston: BeaconPress.1990.
Brockway,Wallace,HerbertWeinstockandMarshall
Two or more authors
More than three authors
No author
Editor
An anthology
One work from a
collection or anthology
Works of more than one
volume(not an
encvclonedia)
Two or more books by the
same author
Adams.The World of Opera.New York: Pantheon
Books,1989.
Smith,Joseph,et al. JoiningHands.New York:
Doubledav.1986.
Webster'sBiographical
Dictionarv.New York: G. & C.
MerriamCo.,1991.
Weiser,Marjorie, ed. EthnicAmerica.New York: H. W.
Wilson,1978.
Milton, John.The PortableMilton, ed.DouglasBush.
TheViking PortableLibrary.New York: Viking
Press.1979.
Housman,A. E. 'oHowI Write a Poem."Essa)'sfor Study.
Eds.MauriceBaudin,Jr. andKarl G. Pfeiffer.New
York: McGraw-Hill.1960.404-5.
Gibbon,Edward.DeclineandFall of the RomanEmpire.
3 vols.New York: ModernLibrarv.n.d.
Naylor,PhyllisReynolds.SangSpell.New York:
Atheneum,1998.
- - -. Shiloh.New York: Atheneum.1991.
Gr.y, FrancisT. "Emily Dickinson."TheEncyclopedia
Britannica.1989ed.
Signed article from an
encyclopedia (or other
familiar reference sources)
Unsigned article from an "EthicalCulture."AcademicAmericanEncyclopedia.
1997ed.
encyclopedia(or other
familiar reference sources)
PERIODICALS (PrinQ
(for periodical articles obtainedonline, see: Electronic Sources)
Basic Format:
6'Title
Author.
of Article.tt Name of Periodical Dav Month Year: pagesused.
Kane,Will. "Dickinson's Lost Love." Newsweek
Signed magazine article
14 February1967: 34-7.
ScholarlyJournal
[Includesvolume:
vol. # (vear)l
Mann,Susan."Myths of AsianWomanhood."Journalof
AsianStudies59 (2000):835-62.
Signed newspaper article
Fiske, Edward B. "Dickinson to Wed Mystery Man."
New York Times 7 Mav 1968: A49.
Unsignednewspaper
article
flncludessectionl
"Maya Angelouto Give InauguralPoem."New York
Times14May 1968:C38.
J
ELECTRONIC SO(IRCES
(If you can't find someof the informationrcqabed,cite what informationvou are ableto locate.)
Entire Internet source
Title of Site. Ed. Name.Day Month YearPosted.
Name Of AssociatedOrganization.Day Month Year
of Access. <http://complete.onlin e.address>.
New EnglandAncestors.org.
Ed. ShaneLaPrade.2008.
New EnglandHistoricGenealogical
Society.l0 February2008.
<http://www.newenslandancestors.
ors/rsO/Default.
aso>.
Document or article from
an Internet source
Author. "Title of Documentor Part Used."Tit@JM.
Ed. Name,Day Month YearPosted. Name
Of AssociatedOrganization.Day Month Yearof
Access. <http://complete.onlin e.address>.
Leclerc,MichaelJ. "Loyalist Settlersof Atlantic Canada."New
EnglandAncestors.ore.
7 Feb.2003.New EnglandHistoric
Genealogical
Society.10February2003.<http://www.
newenglandancestors.
org/rsO/De
fault.aso>.
Document or article from Author. "Title of Article or Part." WlgLQfifug!
an online library database
Source.Day Month Year of Original Sourceor Date
(including encyclopedias)
PostedOnline.Nameof Database.Database
Provider. Name of Library, City, State.Day Month
Year of A ccess. <http://database.homelt age.onlin e.
address>.
(Note: The title of the original sourcecould be the title of a
magazineor the title of the book under which the original sourceis
found)
Magazineor periodical
article from an Internet
'
source
"Abolitionists."Funk andWagnallsNew World
Encyclopedia. 2002.Masterfile
Select.EBSCO.
Duanesburg
Jr./Sr.High SchoolLibrary,Delanson
NY. 12Mar 2003.<http://www.epnet.com>.
Author. "Title of Article." Title of MasazineDay Month
Yearof Publication. Day Month Yearof Access.
<http://c ompIete.onlin e.address>.
Levy, Steven.'oGreatMinds,GreatIdeas."Newsweek27 May 2002.
I 4 February2008, <http://www.msnbc.comI newsI 75 4336.asp>.
Magazine or periodical
article from an online
library database
Author. "Title of Article." Title of Masazine Day Month
Year of Publication. Name of Database. Database
Provider. Name of Library, City, State. Day Month
Year of Access. <htttrt://database.homejage. online,
address>.
Stevens,Morgan. "High-SpeedModems." XY Z Maeaz:rr,ie
10February2003.MasterfileSelect.
EBSCO.Duanesburg
Jr./Sr.
High SchoolLibrary,Delanson,NY. 8 February2008.
<http://www.epnet.com>.
k
Online book
E-mail
Author. Title of book Original Print Place of
Publication: Publkher, Date. Title of Website.
Day, Month, YearSite PublishedPostedor Updated.
Name of SponsoringOrganization(if any). Date of
Access. <h@ ://complete.onlin e.address.for.the.book>.
Keats,John.PoeticalWorks.1884.Bartlebv.com:
Great
BooksOnline.2002.5May 2007.
<http://www.bartleby.
coml 126l>.
llriter. "Title of MessageTakenFrom SabjectLine."
E-mail to Name.Day Month Year.
(Note: Do not recordan e-mailaddress
for privacyreasons.)
Howard, Betty. 'Note Concerning Researchon
Hemingway." E-mail to Michael Jones. 1l Mar 2003.
CD-ROM
Videoor film recording
Video or film recording/
clip from the Internet
Soundrecording
Author. "Title of Article." !i!!gf!WM,
Place:Publisher,Date.
CD-ROM.
"Africa." GrolierMultimediaEncyclopediafor
Macintosh.CD-ROM.Danbury,CT: Grolier
Interactive
. 1997.
Title. ltritten Directed ProduceDirected and/or
Performedby Name. Studio or Distributor Name.
Yearof Release.
Pyramid.Hostedby DavidMacaulay.PBSHomeVideo.
TurnerBroadcasting
System,Inc., 1995.
Author ComposerConductorDirector and/or Performer.
Titlg' Yearof Release.Title of Site, DateAccessed.
Somplete online address>.
Murnau,F.W., dir. Nosferatu.1922.
TheSync.2
February2008.<http://www.thesync.
comhan/
nosferatu.ram).
Author ComposerConductorDirector and/or Pedormer.
Elk Typeof Medium. PlaceProduced:Producing
Company,Day Month YearProduced. Length.
Henry,O. The Gift of the Magi. Audiocassette.
San
Francisco:
Jabberwockv.
1980.30 min.
Sound recording/clip from
the Internet
Author ComposerConductorDirector and/or Performer.
Title. Yearof Release.Title of Site. Date Accessed.
4omplete online address>.
Smythe,R. Edward,cond.WhiteNights.1952.Musicto
DreamB)'. 7 May 2006.<http://www.musictodream
by.com>.
Television or radio
program
Online image
(Cartoon, map, painting,
photo, etc.)
uTitle of Segment." Title of ProsranL
Series Title.
Name of Network. CALL Letters, City. Broadcast
Day Month Year.
"The Grapevine." A Special Report with Brit Hume. Fox
News Channel.FXNIWS.New York. 18 Mar 2003.
Author. "Name of Image." Type of Image. Name of
Website. Day Month Year Posted. Duy Month Year
Ac cessed. <http ://c ompIete.onlin e.addr ess>.
"ClataBarton." Picture. Women's Historv Museum on
Wheels. I Nov 2000. 11 Mar 2003.<http://www.
ities.com/womenshisVwomenshist.html>.
OTHER SOURCES
Pamphlet(print)
(Treat as a book)
lnterview
Author. Title.Placeof Publication:Publisher,Day
Month Yearof Publication,
Thurheimer,David C. Landmarksof the Revolutionin
New York State.Albany,NY: New York State
AmericanRevolutionBicentennialCommission,1976.
Name of PersonInterviewed. Title of Person
interviewed. Company/Organization, Personal
Interview. Day Month Yearof Interview.
Berbach,Laurel..LibraryMediaSpecialist.
Duanesburg
CentralSchool.Personallnterview.9 Mar 2003.
AIVIV
OTATED BI BL I OGRAPHY
Example
Pvramid.Hostedby DavidMacaulay.PBSHomeVideo.
TurnerBroadcasting
System,Inc., 1995.Basedon
DavidMacaulay'sbook,thisvideoprovidesan
overviewof the history,archaeology
andreligion of
AncientEgypt.