University of Groningen Phonology in aphasia Ouden, Dirk Barend den IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2002 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Ouden, D. B. D. (2002). Phonology in aphasia: syllables and segments in level-specific deficits s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. 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