Hopi people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi_people
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Hopi are a federally recognized tribe of Native
American people, who primarily live on the 2,531.773 sq mi
(6,557.26 km2) Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona.
The Hopi area according to the 2000 census has a population
of 6,946 people.[1] The Hopi language is one of the 30 of the
Uto-Aztecan language family.
Hopi
The Hopi Reservation is entirely surrounded by the much
larger Navajo Reservation. The two nations used to share the
Navajo-Hopi Joint Use Area, but this was a source of
conflict. The partition of this area, commonly known as Big
Mountain, by Acts of Congress in 1974 and 1996, has also
resulted in long-term controversy.[2][3][4]
1 History
1.1 Oraibi
1.2 Early European contact, 1540–1680
1.3 Pueblo Revolt of 1680
1.4 Hopi-U.S relations, 1849–1946
1.5 Education
1.6 Hopi land
1.7 Oraibi split
1.8 Hopi recognition
1.9 Hopi-Navajo land disputes
2 Today
2.1 Economic development
3 Culture
4 Notable Hopi
5 Historic photographs of Hopi
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Hopi portraits
Total population
6,946 (2000)[1]
Regions with significant populations
United States (
Arizona)
Languages
Hopi, English
Related ethnic groups
Zuni, Pueblo peoples
The Hopi are one of many Native American cultures in the Southwestern United States. When first encountered
by the Spanish in the 16th century, these cultures were referred to as pueblo people because they lived in
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villages (pueblos in the Spanish language). The Hopi are believed to have been descended from the Ancient
Pueblo Peoples (Anasazi) who constructed large apartment-house complexes in northeastern Arizona and
northwestern New Mexico. They lived along the Mogollon Rim, especially from the 1100s through the 1300s
AD, when they abandoned their large villages. No researchers have been able to determine the reason, although
it is likely that a drying of water sources would have forced the people away.
Oraibi
Oraibi is one of four original Hopi villages, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited villages within the
territory of the United States. In the 1540s the village was recorded as having 1,500–3,000 residents.[5]
Early European contact, 1540–1680
The first recorded European contact with the Hopi was by the Spanish in 1540. Spanish General Francisco
Vásquez de Coronado went to North America to explore the land. While at the Zuni villages, he learned of the
Hopi tribe. Coronado dispatched Pedro de Tovar and other members of their party to find the Hopi villages.[6]
The Spanish wrote that the first Hopi village they visited was Awatovi. They noted that there were about 16,000
Hopi and Zuni people.[5] A few years later, the Spanish explorer García López de Cárdenas investigated the Rio
Grande and met the Hopi. They warmly entertained Cardenas and his men and directed him on his journey.[6]
In 1582–1583 the Hopi were visited by Antonio de Espejo’s expedition. He noted that there were five Hopi
villages and around 12,000 Hopi people.[5] During these early years, the Spanish explored and colonized the
southwestern region of the New World, but never sent many forces or settlers to the Hopi country.[6] Their visits
to the Hopi were random and spread out over many years. Many times the visits were from military
explorations.
The Spanish colonized near the Rio Grande and, because the Hopi did not live near rivers that gave access to
the Río Grande, the Spanish never left any troops on their land.[7] The Spanish were accompanied by
missionaries, Catholic friars. Beginning in 1629, with the arrival of 30 friars in Hopi country, the Franciscan
Period started. The Franciscans had missionaries assigned and built a church at Awatovi. The Hopi originally
were against conversion to Catholicism. After an incident where Father Porras purportedly restored the sight of
a blind youth by placing a cross over his eyes, the Hopi at Awatovi believed in Christianity. Most Hopi in the
other villages continued to resist conversion, wanting to maintain their own ways.[6]
Pueblo Revolt of 1680
Main article: Pueblo Revolt
Spanish Roman Catholic priests were only marginally successful in converting the Hopi and persecuted them in
a draconian manner for adhering to Hopi religious practices. The Spanish occupiers in effect enslaved the Hopi
populace, compelling them to endure forced labor and hand over goods and crops. Spanish oppression and
attempts to convert the Hopi caused the Hopi over time to become increasingly intolerant towards their
occupiers.[7] The only significant conversions were at the pueblo of Awatovi.[6] Eventually in the year 1680 the
Rio Grande Pueblo Indians put forward the suggestion to revolt and garnered Hopi support.[7]
The Hopi and Pueblo Revolt was the first time that diverse Pueblo groups had worked in unison to drive out the
Spanish colonists. In the Hopi revolt against the Spanish, local Catholic Church missions were attacked, friars
and priests were all put to death, and the churches and mission buildings were dismantled stone by stone. It took
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two decades for the Spanish to reassert their control over the Rio Grande Pueblos but thereafter Spanish
influence in the more distant Hopi area was more limited. By 1700, the Spanish friars had begun rebuilding a
smaller church at Awatovi. During the winter of 1700–01, selected teams of men from the other Hopi villages
sacked Awatovi at the request of the village chief, killed all the men of the village, and removed the women and
children to other Hopi villages, then completely destroyed the village and burned it to the ground. Thereafter,
despite intermittent attempts in the course of the 17th century, the Spanish failed subsequently to ever
re-establish a presence in Hopi country.[6]
Hopi-U.S relations, 1849–1946
In 1849, James S. Calhoun was appointed official Indian agent of Indian
Affairs for the Southwest Territory of the U.S. He had headquarters in
Santa Fe and was responsible for all of the Indian residents of the area.
The first formal meeting between the Hopi and the U.S government
occurred in 1850 when seven Hopi leaders made the trip to Santa Fe to
meet with Calhoun. They wanted the government to provide protection
against the Navajo, an Apachean-language tribe, but distinct from other
Apache. At this time, the Hopi leader was Nakwaiyamtewa.
The US established Fort Defiance in 1851 in Arizona, and placed troops
in Navajo country to deal with their threats to the Hopi. General James J.
Carleton, with the assistance of Kit Carson, was assigned to travel
through the area. They “captured” the Navajo natives and forced them to
the fort. As a result of the Long Walk of the Navajo, the Hopi enjoyed a
short period of peace.[8]
Nampeyo Ceramic jar, circa 1880
In 1847, Mormons founded Utah and tried to convert the Indians to Mormonism.[7] Jacob Hamblin, a Mormon
missionary, first made a trip into Hopi country in 1858. He was on good terms with the Hopi Indians, and in
1875 a LDS Church was built on Hopi land.[8]
Education
In 1875, the English trader Thomas Keams escorted Hopi leaders to meet President Chester A. Arthur in
Washington D.C. Loololma, village chief of Oraibi at the time, was very impressed with Washington. As he
concluded that education allowed the whites to live that way, he returned wanting a formal school to be built for
the Hopi children.[8] In 1886, twenty of the Hopi leaders signed a petition sent to the Commissioner of Indian
Affairs requesting that a school be built on their land.[5] In 1887, Thomas Keams opened Keams Canyon
Boarding School at Keams Canyon for the Hopi children.[8]
The Oraibi people did not support the school and refused to send their children 35 miles (56 km) away from
their villages. The Keams School was organized to teach the Hopi youth the ways of European-American
civilization: forcing them to use English and give up their traditional ways.[5] The children were forced to
abandon their tribal identity and completely take on the European-American culture. They received haircuts,
new clothes, took on Anglo names, and learned English. The boys learned farming and carpentry skills, while
the girls were taught ironing, sewing and “civilized” dining. Keams School also reinforced American religions.
The American Baptist Home Mission Society provided the students with services every morning and religious
teachings during the week.[9] In 1890, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs arrived in Hopi country with other
government officials to review the progress of the new school. Seeing that few students were enrolled, they
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returned with federal troops who threatened to arrest the Hopi parents if they refused to send their children to
school. The Commissioner took children to fill the school.[5]
Hopi land
The Hopi have always viewed their land as sacred. Agriculture is a very important part of their culture, and their
villages are spread out across the northern part of Arizona. The Hopi and the Navajo did not have a conception
of land being bounded and divided. They lived on the land that their ancestors did. On December 16, 1882
President Arthur passed an executive order creating a reservation for the Hopi. It was much smaller than the
Navajo reservation, which was the largest in the country.[5]
The Hopi reservation was originally a rectangle 55 by 70 miles (110 km), in the middle of the Navajo
Reservation, with their village lands taking about half of the land.[10] The reservation prevented encroachment
by white settlers, but it did not protect the Hopis against the Navajos.[5]
The Hopi and the Navajo continued to fight over land, and they had different models of sustainability, as the
Navajo were sheepherders. Eventually the Hopi went before the Senate Committee of Interior and Insular
Affairs to ask them to help provide a solution to the dispute. The tribes argued over around 1,800,000 acres
(7,300 km2) of land in northern Arizona.[11] In 1887 the U.S government passed the Dawes Allotment Act. The
purpose was to divide up communal tribal land into individual allotments by household, to encourage a model
of European-American style subsistence farming on individually owned family plots of 640 acres (2.6 km2) or
less. The Department of Interior would declare remaining land "surplus" to the tribe's needs and make it
available for purchase by U.S citizens. For the Hopi, the Act would destroy their ability to farm, which was
their main means of income. The Bureau of Indian Affairs did not set up land allotments in the Southwest.[12]
Oraibi split
Abandoned house and panoramic view from Oraibi
village
The chief of the Oraibi, Lololoma, was very enthusiastic
regarding Hopi education, but the people were divided on
this issue. Most of the village was conservative and refused
to allow their children to attend school. The Indians were
referred to as the “hostiles” because they opposed the
American government and its attempts to force assimilation.
The rest of the Oraibi were called the “friendlies” because
of their acceptance of the white people. The “hostiles”
refused to let their children attend school. In 1893, the
Oraibi Day School was opened in the Oraibi village.
Although the school was within the village, the traditional
parents still refused to allow their children to attend.
In 1894, a group of Hopi parents announced that they were against the ideas of Washington and did not want
their children to be exposed to the culture of the white American people. The government sent in troops to arrest
the 19 parents and sent them to Alcatraz Prison, where they stayed for a year.[5] Another Oraibi leader,
Lomahongyoma, competed with Lololoma for village leadership. In 1906 the village split after a conflict
between Hostiles and Friendlies. The conservative Hostiles left and formed a new village, known as
Hotevilla.[8]
Hopi recognition
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At the turn of the century, the U.S government established day schools, missionaries, farming assistants and
physicians on every Indian reservation. This policy required that every reservation set up its own Indian-police
and Tribal courts, and appoint a chief or leader who would represent their tribe within the U.S government. In
1910 in the Census for Indians, the Hopi Tribe had a total of 2,000 members, which was the highest in 20 years.
The Navajo at this time had 22,500 members and have consistently increased in population. During the early
years of this century, only about 3% of Hopis lived off the reservation.[10] In 1924 Congress officially declared
Native Americans to be U.S citizens.
Under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the Hopi established a constitution to create their own tribal
government, and in 1936 elected a Tribal Council.[8] The Preamble to the Hopi constitution states that they are a
self-governing tribe, focused on working together for peace and agreements between villages in order to
preserve the “good things of Hopi life.” The Constitution consists of thirteen different “Articles,” all with a
different topic of interest. The articles cover the topics of territory, membership, and organization of their
government with a legislative, executive and judicial branch. The rest of the articles discuss the twelve villages
recognized by the tribe, lands, elections, Bill of Rights and more.[13]
Hopi-Navajo land disputes
From the 1940s to the 1970s, the Navajo kept moving their villages closer and closer to Hopi land, causing the
Hopi to raise the land issue with the U.S government. This resulted in the establishment of “District 6” which
placed a boundary around the Hopi villages on the first, second, and third mesas, thinning the reservation to
501,501 acres (2,029.50 km2).[8] In 1962 the courts issued the “Opinion, Findings of Fact and Conclusions of
Law and Judgment,” which stated that the U.S government did not grant the Navajo any type of permission to
reside on the Hopi Reservation that was declared in 1882; and that the remaining Hopi land was to be shared
with the Navajo.[14]
Between 1961–1964, the Hopi tribal council signed leases with the U.S government that allowed for companies
to explore and drill for oil, gas and minerals within Hopi country. This drilling brought over 3 million dollars to
the Hopi Tribe.[15] In 1974, The Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act was passed. It created the Navajo-Hopi
Indian Relocation Commission, which forced the relocation of any Hopi or Navajo living on the other’s land. In
1992, the Hopi Reservation was increased to 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km2).[14]
The Hopi tribe is federally recognized and headquartered in Kykotsmovi, Arizona. Their current tribal
chairperson is Leroy Shingoitewa.[16] The tribal council was established on December 19, 1936, and the current
administration is as follows:
Upper Moencopi:
Everett Calnimptewa
Danny Humetewa Sr.
Wayne Kuwanhyoima
Leroy Sumatzkuku
Bacavi:
Velma Kalyesvah
Arvin Puhuyesva
Mike R. Puhuyesva
Kykotsmovi:
Danny Honanie
Norman Honanie
Phillip R. Quochytewa, Sr.
Nada Talayumptewa
Mishongnovi:
Emma Anderson
Archie Duwahoyeoma
Leon Koruh
Owen Numkena
First Mesa
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Alvin Chaca
Leroy Lewis
Dale Sinquah
Celestino Youvella
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi_people
Tribal Secretary: Mary Felter
Sergeant at Arms: Violet Sinquah
Tribal Treasurer: Russell Mockta, Jr.[17]
Economic development
The Hopi tribe earns most of its income from natural resources. On the 1,800,000-acre (7,300 km2) reservation,
a significant amount of coal is mined yearly.[12] Peabody Western Coal Company is one of the largest coal
operations on Hopi land, with long-time permits for continued mining.[18]
The tribe's 2010 operating budget was $21.8 million, and projected mining revenues for 2010 was $12.8
million.[19]
The Hopi Economic Development Corporation is the tribal enterprise tasked with creating diverse, viable
economic opportunities. The HEDC oversees the Hopi Cultural Center and Walpi Housing Management. Other
HEDC businesses include the Hopi Three Canyon Ranches, between Flagstaff and Winslow; and the 26 Bar
Ranch in Eagar; Hopi Travel Plaza in Holbrook; three commercial properties in Flagstaff; and the Kokopelli Inn
in Sedona.[20]
Tourism is a source of income, and the tribe's opening of the 100-room Moenkopi Legacy Inn and Suites in
Moenkopi, Arizona, near Tuba City, Arizona,[21] is the second hotel on the reservation. It provides non-Hopi a
venue for entertainment, lectures, and educational demonstrations, as well as tours and lodging. The project is
expected to support 400 jobs.[22] The tribe operates the Tuuvi Travel Center and Tuuvi Café in Moenkopi.[23]
The Hopi people have repeatedly voted against gambling casinos as an economic opportunity.[24]
The name 'Hopi' is a shortened form of their autonym, Hopituh
Shi-nu-mu ("The Peaceful People" or "Peaceful Little Ones").[25] The
Hopi Dictionary[26] gives the primary meaning of the word "Hopi" as:
"behaving one, one who is mannered, civilized, peaceable, polite, who
adheres to the Hopi way." In the past, Hopi sometimes used the term
"Hopi" and its cognates to refer to the Pueblo peoples in general, in
contrast to other, more warlike tribes.[27]
Hopi is a concept deeply rooted in the culture's religion, spirituality, and
Lewis Tewanima, Olympian athlete,
its view of morality and ethics. To be Hopi is to strive toward this
1911
concept, which involves a state of total reverence and respect for all
things, to be at peace with these things, and to live in accordance with
the instructions of Maasaw, the Creator or Caretaker of Earth. The Hopi observe their traditional ceremonies for
the benefit of the entire world.
Traditionally, Hopi are organized into matrilineal clans. When a man marries, the children from the relationship
are members of his wife's clan. These clan organizations extend across all villages. Children are named by the
women of the father's clan. On the twentieth day of a baby's life, the women of the paternal clan gather, each
woman bringing a name and a gift for the child. In some cases where many relatives would attend, a child could
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be given over forty names, for example. The child's parents generally
decide the name to be used from these names. Current practice is to
either use a non-Hopi or English name or the parent's chosen Hopi name.
A person may also change the name upon initiation into one of the
religious societies, such as the Kachina society, or with a major life
event.
The Hopi practice a complete cycle of traditional ceremonies although
not all villages retain or had the complete ceremonial cycle. These
ceremonies take place according to the lunar calendar and are observed
in each of the Hopi villages. Like other Native American groups, the
Hopi have been influenced by Christianity and the missionary work of
several Christian denominations. Few have converted enough to
Christianity to drop their traditional religious practices.
Traditionally the Hopi are highly skilled micro or subsistence farmers.
The Hopi also are part of the wider cash economy; a significant number
of Hopi have mainstream jobs; others earn a living by creating
high-quality Hopi art, notably the carving of Kachina dolls, the expert
crafting of earthenware ceramics, and the design and production of fine
jewelry, especially sterling silver.
Girl in the Hopi Reservation.
Hopi Pottery
Thomas Banyacya (born ca.1909 - 1999), Interpreter and
Spokesman for Hopi Traditional leaders
Jean Fredericks (b. 1906–?), Hopi photographer and former Tribal
Council chairman[28][29]
Diane Humetewa, US Attorney for the District of Arizona
Fred Kabotie (ca. 1900–1986), painter and silversmith
Michael Kabotie (1942–2009), painter, sculptor, and silversmith
Charles Loloma (1912–1991), jeweler, ceramic artist, and
educator
Linda Lomahaftewa, printmaker, painter, and educator
Helen Naha (1922–1993) potter
Tyra Naha, potter
Michael Kabotie (1942—2009),
Dan Namingha, (born 1950), Hopi-Tewa painter and sculptor
silversmith and painter
Elva Nampeyo, potter
Fannie Nampeyo, potter
Iris Nampeyo (Nampeyo) (ca. 1860–1942), potter
Lori Piestewa (1979–2003), US Army Quartermaster Corps soldier killed in Iraq War
Dextra Quotskuyva (b. 1928), potter
Don C. Talayesva (b. 1890–?), autobiographer and traditionalist
Lewis Tewanima (1888–1969), Olympic distance runner and silver medalist
Tuvi (Chief Tuba) (ca. 1810–1887), first Hopi convert to Mormonism after whom Tuba City, Arizona,
was named
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Hopi Womens Dance, 1879,
Dancer's Rock, 1879, Walpi,
Traditional Hopi Village of Walpi,
Oraibi, Arizona, photo by John K. Arizona, photo by John K. Hillers c. 1920.
Hillers
Traditional Hopi Homes, c. 1906,
photo by Edward S. Curtis
Kopeli, Hopi Snake Priest.
Hopi Basket Weaver c. 1900,
photo by Henry Peabody
Hopi Basket Weaver.
Hopi girl, photo by Edward S.
Curtis
Iris Nampeyo, world famous Hopi
ceramist, with her work, c. 1900,
photo by Henry Peabody
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Hopi girl at Walpi. c. 1900, with
"squash blossom" hairdo
indicative of her eligibility for
courtship
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Four young Hopi Indian women
grinding grain, c. 1906, photo by
Edward S. Curtis
Black Mesa Peabody Coal controversy
Hopi Kachina dolls
Hopi mythology
Hopi language
Hopi Reservation
Kachina
Hopi woman dressing hair of
unmarried girl, c. 1900, photo by
Henry Peabody
Kiva
Kikmongwi
Oraibi
Puebloan peoples
Sikyátki
1. ^ a b Hopi Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Arizona (http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet
/DTTable?_bm=y&-context=dt&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CHECK_SEARCH_RESULTS=N&
-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_P001&-tree_id=4001&-transpose=N&-all_geo_types=N&
-redoLog=false&-geo_id=25000US1505&-search_results=25000US1505&-_showChild=Y&-format=&
-fully_or_partially=N&-_lang=en&-show_geoid=Y) United States Census Bureau
2. ^ "Short History of Big Mountain – Black Mesa" (http://www.aics.org/BM/bm.html) . http://www.aics.org
/BM/bm.html.
3. ^ "Navajo – Hopi Long Land Dispute" (http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/az/navhopi.html) . http://www.kstrom.net
/isk/maps/az/navhopi.html.
4. ^ "The Navajo-Hopi Land Issue: A Chronology" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080530212923/http://www.nau.edu
/~hcpo-p/current/Chronology.html) . Archived from nau.edu the original (http://www.nau.edu/~hcpo-p/current
/Chronology.html) on 2008-05-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20080530212923/http://www.nau.edu/~hcpo-p/current
/Chronology.html.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Whiteley, Peter M. Deliberate Acts, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 1988: 14–86
6. ^ a b c d e f Brew, J.O. “Hopi Prehistory and History to 1850.” In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William
C. Sturtevant, gnl. ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979:
514–523.
7. ^ a b c d Clemmer, Richard O. Roads in the Sky, Boulder, Colorado.: Westview Press, Inc., 1995: 30–90.
8. ^ a b c d e f g Dockstader, Frederick J. “Hopi History, 1850–1940.” In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in
William C. Sturtevant, gnl. ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution,
1979: 524–532.
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9. ^ Adams, David Wallace. "Schooling the Hopi: Federal Indian Policy Writ Small, 1887–1917", The Pacific
Historical Review, Vol. 48, No. 3. University of California Press, (1979): 335–356.
10. ^ a b Johansson, S. Ryan., and Preston, S.H. "Tribal Demography: The Hopi and Navaho Populations as Seen through
Manuscripts from the 1900 U.S Census", Social Science History, Vol. 3, No. 1. Duke University Press, (1978): 1–33.
11. ^ United States Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute: Hearing
before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 1974, Washington DC: U.S Government Printing Office,
(1974): 1–3.
12. ^ a b Hopi Education Endowment Fund (http://www.hopieducationfund.org/partners.html) . Accessed: November 13,
2009.
13. ^ "Constitution of the Hopi Tribe" (http://www.tribalresourcecenter.org/ccfolder/hopi_const.htm) , National Tribal
Justice Resource Center’s Tribal Codes and Constitutions. Online. November 28, 2009.
14. ^ a b Hopi Cultural Preservation Office. Online. Available: http://www.nau.edu/~hcpo-p/. November 12, 2009.
15. ^ Clemmer, Richard O. “Hopi History, 1940–1974.” In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William C.
Sturtevant, gnl. ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979:
533–538.
16. ^ "Tribal Governments by Tribe: H." (http://www.ncai.org/index.php?id=125&selectpro_letter=H) National Congress
of the American Indian. (retrieved 1 September 2010)
17. ^ "Tribal Government." (http://www.hopi-nsn.gov/TribalGovernment/tabid/64/Default.aspx) The Hopi Tribe. 2009
(retrieved 1 September 2010)
18. ^ Berry, Carol. "Coal permit expansion approved as Hopi chairman resigns." (http://www.indiancountrytoday.com
/national/37348159.html) Indian Country Today. 14 January 2009 (retrieved 14 November 2010)
19. ^ Berry, Carol. "Hopi Tribal Council’s new structure irks some critics" (http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive
/81015597.html) , Indian Country Today, 13 January 2010 (retrieved 14 November 2010)
20. ^ May, Tina. "Hopi Economic Development Corp. Transition Team Off to a Fast Start" (http://www.hopi-nsn.gov
/News/tabid/169/EntryId/45/Hopi-Economic-Development-Corp-Transition-Team-Off-to-a-Fast-Start.aspx) , The
Hopi Tribe: News. 6 January 2010 (retrieved 14 November 2010)
21. ^ "New Hopi Hotel near Tuba City is Now Open!" (http://www.experiencehopi.com/) Experience Hopi. (retrieved 14
November 2010)
22. ^ Fonseca, Felicia. "Hopi hotel showcases Arizona tribe’s culture" (http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive
/78533627.html) , Indian Country Today, 9 December 2009 (retrieved 14 November 2010)
23. ^ "Tuuvi Travel Center" (http://www.experiencehopi.com/tuvvicenter.html) , Experience Hopi. (retrieved 14
November 2010)
24. ^ Helms, Kathy. "Hopi again vote down gambling" (http://www.gallupindependent.com/2004/05may04
/052004hopi.html) , Gallup Independent. 20 May 2004 (retrieved 14 November 2010)
25. ^ Hopi (http://www.ausbcomp.com/redman/hopi.htm)
26. ^ The Hopi Dictionary Project, Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona (1998), Hopi
Dictionary / Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni: A Hopi-English Dictionary of the Third Mesa Dialect, Tucson: Univ. of
Arizona Pr., pp. 99–100, ISBN 0-8165-1789-4
27. ^ Connelly, John C., "Hopi Social Organization." In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William C.
Sturtevant, gnl. ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979: 539–53,
p. 551
28. ^ Masayesva, Victor. Hopi Photographers, Hopi Images. Tucson, AZ: Sun Tracks & University of Arizona Press,
1983: 42. ISBN 978-0-8165-0809-9.
29. ^ Hoxie, Frederick. Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996: 480.
ISBN 978-0-395-66921-1
Adams, David Wallace. “Schooling the Hopi: Federal Indian Policy Writ Small, 1887–1917.” The Pacific
Historical Review, Vol. 48, No. 3. University of California Press, (1979): 335–356.
Brew, J.O. “Hopi Prehistory and History to 1850.” In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William
C. Sturtevant, gnl. ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution,
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Online. Available: http://www.tribalresourcecenter.org/ccfolder/hopi_const.htm. November 13, 2009.
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Categories: Hopi tribe Puebloan peoples Native American tribes in Arizona
Federally recognized tribes in the United States Native American history of Arizona
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