Parley Grubb
UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE
BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA:
THE RECONSTRUCTION OF SHIP PASSENGER
LISTS FROM MAY 1772 TO OCTOBER 1773
English and Irish immigration into the Delaware Valley accelerated
after the Seven Years War. It reached a climax in the early 1770s
and subsequently declined as the American Revolution disrupted transAtlantic shipping. The magnitude of British immigration during the
early 1770s may have shaped the course of political, economic, and social
events in revolutionary Pennsylvania. Yet, little is known about these
immigrants. What were their names? What ports did they leave from?
What ships did they sail on? What were their total numbers? What was
their social composition? Passenger lists compiled by ship captains for
each voyage would be the best source of information. However, during
the colonial period few passenger lists for British immigrant ships have
survived.' This lack of direct evidence may explain why immigration has
remained a relatively neglected topic in colonial demographic history.2
Between the Seven Years War and the American Revolution two
collections of British passenger lists for ships arriving in the Delaware
Valley have survived. One set was collected from August 29, 1768 to
May 13, 1772 by the colonial government in Philadelphia. 3 The second
set was collected from vessels departing Britain from December 1773 to
March 1776 by the British government. 4 These British records exclude
Irish emigration and incompletely enumerate Scottish emigration. Consequently, direct information on immigration into the Delaware Valley
from passenger ship lists is missing for Irish immigration after 1771 and
for English immigration from 1772 through 1773.
In the absence of passenger lists, indirect methods of estimating the
magnitude and origin of British immigrants to Pennsylvania have been
118
BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA
119
used. 5 For example, the volume of immigration can be estimated without
recourse to any direct information on immigration. Net migration can be
measured as the residual growth in the colonial population after
removing births and deaths.6 Because of the lack of knowledge on the
vital rates of the colonial population, migration estimates based on
population residuals have wide margins of error. They are typically
presented only in decade intervals and provide little detail on the source,
characteristics, and names of the immigrants.
Another indirect method of estimating British immigration uses
information from newspapers on both sides of the Atlantic. For
example, both the Belfast News Letter and the Pennsylvania Gazette
reported ship arrivals, departures, and occasionally commented on the
number of passengers. These newspaper accounts along with the few
surviving passenger lists can be used to construct a sample of passenger
per ship or passenger per ton ratios.7 By multiplying the number of ship
arrivals reported in the newspapers by the appropriate passenger per
ship ratio, total immigration can be estimated in years when passenger
lists do not exist.8
This indirect method has several weaknesses. First, the names of the
immigrants remain unknown. Without names, genealogical studies are
difficult to pursue. Without names, immigrants can not be traced
through other colonial records to study their impact on colonial society.
Second, the estimation procedure contains several potential biases. The
method assumes a constant passenger per ship ratio. Changes in
immigration caused by shifts in the number of passengers per ship will
be missed. The variance in immigration can only appear through
changes in the number of ships carrying passengers. Many ships did not
carry passengers and determining which ships carried passengers from
newspaper reports can be difficult. Adjusting for changes in the
proportion of passenger to non-passenger ships for each port is seldom
possible. Therefore, shipping patterns which change in response to
shifting trade patterns may be incorrectly interpreted as changes in total
immigration or changes in the relative origin of the immigrants.
THE RECONSTRUCTION OF PRIMARY SOURCES
The problem of missing primary sources, such as missing passenger
lists, might be solved by reconstructing the primary sources from other
surviving documents. Reconstruction of primary sources seems to be a
novel or rarely practiced approach in quantitative history. While
passenger lists of some kind were probably made for each voyage, none
120
PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY
have survived for British immigrants arriving in Philadelphia during
the important years of 1772 and 1773. For these years passenger lists
can be partially reconstructed by combining information from two
sources, the Pennsylvania Gazette and the "Record of Indentures" for
the port of Philadelphia. 9
The Pennsylvania Gazette reported the arrival and departure of ships
from Philadelphia during each week, their ports of origin or destination,
and their captains. The "Record of Indentures" for the port of
Philadelphia recorded the contracts of many types of servants, including
British immigrant servants. The contract information contained the
servant's name and enough other information to link most British
immigrant servants to a particular ship listed in the Pennsylvania
Gazette.10
The reconstructed passenger lists are presented here at the end in
chronological order of arrival from May 1772 to October 1773 with the
passenger names sorted alphabetically." Because they contain only the
names of servant passengers and not the names of any free passengers,
the passenger lists are only partial reconstructions. In addition to the
names of servant passengers, the reconstructed lists include information
on marital status, which was the only information in the contract record
on the social characteristics of the servants. Finally, the reconstructed
lists include information on each voyage, including the ship's names,
port of origin, and captain, whether the ship stopped in New Castle on
the Delaware before docking in Philadelphia, and an exact date of
arrival in Philadelphia based on when the servant contracts started.
The servant record for the port of Philadelphia appears to record all
immigrant servants debarking at Philadelphia regardless of their final
colonial destination. Only 34% were purchased by residents of Philadelphia. Buyers from distant counties, such as Westmoreland and Willis,
nearby colonies, such as New York, New Jersey, and Maryland, and
even distant colonies, such as Virginia and the Carolinas, who
purchased servants in Philadelphia had the contracts recorded before
leaving Philadelphia.' 2 Servants that were purchased by agents for
distant owners had both the agent's purchase and the transfer to the
ultimate owner recorded in the Philadelphia records.13 Both the buyer
and the servant had an incentive to record the contract immediately after
sale because the record provided legal protection against unilateral
attempts to change the contract.
The magnitude of the immigrant servants listed in the Philadelphia
record, organized by the county of residence reported by the purchaser,
is greater than the magnitude of all servants listed in the tax rolls of the
BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA
121
respective counties in the region."4 This comparison indicates that the
Philadelphia servant records are at least more comprehensive than the
tax records. It also indicates that servant debarkation at other Delaware
Valley ports, such as Chester and New Castle, must have been
uncommon. The relative completeness of the servant records implies
that the reconstructed passenger lists may be a relatively complete count
of servant immigration into the Delaware Valley. A statistical summary
of the reconstructed lists is presented in Table 1.
A total of 55 ships carried 1,363 servants from Britain to Philadelphia
between May 1772 and October 1773. The English ports of London,
Bristol, and Liverpool accounted for 34% of the ships but only 15% of
the servants. English ships had a relatively low servant per ship ratio,
under 15 servants per ship. The three ships carrying servants from
Scotland represented 10% of the total number of British servants. One
ship from the Isle of Lewis accounted for the bulk of the Scottish total,
which may have been atypical of Scottish immigration in other years.
The southern Irish ports of Cork, Waterford, and Dublin accounted for
roughly 16% of the ships but over 31% of the servants. Ships from
southern Ireland generally had the highest servant per ship ratio and
represented either the first or second most important source of British
servant immigration to Philadelphia.
Probably the most important British region of servant immigration to
Philadelphia was Ulster. The three Ulster ports of Newry, Belfast, and
Londonderry accounted for 44% of the ships and at least 28% of the
servants. Most of the British immigrant servants whose ports could not
be determined had servant contracts with characteristics similar to
servant contracts from Ulster ports and different from the contracts of
servants arriving from other British ports.15 If the undetermined
category in Table 1 is added to the Ulster category then 44% of the
immigrating British servants came from Ulster. As a whole, Ireland
accounted for 75% of British servant immigration to Philadelphia.
The reconstructed passenger lists have many potential uses. For
genealogical historians they provide an important link between the Old
World and the New. The grouping of immigrant names by port of
origin may help in tracing the roots of many early Americans. Matching
the names of these passengers to the names in other colonial documents,
such as tax lists or land deeds, may aid in discovering the impact these
immigrants had on pre-Revolutionary Pennsylvania and help measure
the success of poor immigrants in America.' 6 Studies of post-servitude
success which trace immigrant servant names to subsequent colonial
documents have been done for Maryland in the 1650s and for Pennsyl-
Table 1
Summary Statistics from the Reconstructed Passenger Lists for British
Immigrants Arriving in Philadelphia, May 18,1772 to October 5,1773
Port
Number of
Ships with
Total
Servants
Servants
Servants
per Ship
Past %of
Servants among
the Passengers'
Estimated
Total
Passengersb
7
8
4
19
100
88
12
200
14.3
11.0
3.0
10.5
29.2%
22.2
4.7
342
396
255
993
Glasgow
Isleof Lewis
Scotland
2
18.5
105.0
47.3
0.0
-
3
37
105
142
(37)
(105)
(142)
Cork
Waterford
Dublin
South Ireland
3
2
4
9
32
141
197
420
27.3
70.5
49.3
46.7
73.4
(73.4)'
34.4
118
192
573
883
Newry
Belfast
Londonderry
Ulster
6
6
12
24
138
107
141
386
23.0
17.8
11.8
16.1
10.0
23.5
12.2
1,380
455
1,156
2,991
Undeterminedd
Irish Total
British Total
33
55
214
1,020
1,362
(20.0)'
30.9
24.8
1,070
4,944
6,079
London
Bristol
Liverpool
England
1
Sources: "Record of Indentures of Individuals Bound Out as Apprentices, Servants, Etc.
and of German and Other Redemptioners in the Office of the Mayor of the City of
Philadelphia October 3, 1771 to October 5, 1773," (Unpub. MS., City Archives of
Philadelphia); The Pennsylvania Gazette (1728-1789; reprint, 25 vols., Philadelphia:
Microsurance, 1968); "Passenger Lists, with Duties, August 29, 1768 to May 13, 1772,"
(Philadelphia Customs House Records, Cadwalader Collection, Thomas Cadwalader,
Box 15 T, MS. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia).
'The percentage of servants among all passengers was derived by matching names from the
"Record of Indentures" to the names on the "Passenger Lists, with Duties" for the years
when the two records coincide, September 30,1771 to May 13, 1772.
bTotal passengers were estimated by dividing the total number of servants by the past
percentage of servants among the passengers, see note a. Only total servants were reports
for Scottish passengers because the incidence of servitude was zero among passengers from
Glasgow and unknown among passengers from the Isle of Lewis.
'The incidence of servitude among Waterford passengers was not known. The incidence of
servitude for Cork passengers was used for Waterford because the two ports had similar
characteristics and similar emigration streams.
dSome servant contracts for arriving British immigrants contained no clues as to the ship or
port the servant came from. Most of these servants just had "Ireland" recorded as their
port of origin. The style of servant contract among those in the undetermined category
were very similar to servants from Ulster ports, suggesting that the servants in the
undetermined category probably came from Ulster ports.
'Because most of the servants in this category had redemptioner servant contracts, which
were used primarily by servants from Dublin and Ulster ports, the incidence of servitude
used to convert the undetermined category into a total passenger estimate was assumed to
lie between the number for Dublin and Ulster. See note d and the text for further
discussion.
BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA
123
vania in the 1690s.'7 Nominal linkage has also been used to track the
success of native, foreign, and black Americans in 19th-century Philadelphia."8 Similar studies for late 18th-century Philadelphia still wait to
be done. The first step in this research is to establish the identity of the
immigrants.
There are several additional uses of the reconstructed passenger lists.
Because the passengers in the reconstructed lists are servants, linking
their names to advertisements for runaway servants in the Pennsylvania
Gazette might provide additional insight into how well the institution of
servitude worked in the 1770s.19 The reconstructed lists identify which
ships carried servant passengers and which did not. This identification
provides some cargo information which may help in studies of the
Philadelphia maritime industry. Finally, given the sparseness of direct
evidence on immigration, these partially reconstructed passenger lists
might improve our estimates of total British immigration and the
distribution of immigration from the various regions of Britain. This
final use of the lists will be explored here.
ESTIMATING TOTAL BRITISH IMMIGRATION FROM MAY 1772 TO
OCTOBER 1773
Table I converts the partial passenger lists into estimates of total
immigration by port of origin. The "Record of Indentures" coincided
with the "Passenger Lists, with Duties," from September 30, 1771 to
May 13, 1772. By comparing the names in the two documents, free and
servant passengers could be distinguished for immigrant carrying ships
arriving in Philadelphia from each British port during the eight months
prior to when the reconstructed passenger lists start. The resulting
percentage of servants among the passengers, also reported in Table 1,
was divided into the total number of immigrant servants in the
reconstructed passenger lists to estimate the total number of passengers
arriving from each British port.
Table 1 indicates that between May 1772 and October 1773 roughly
6,079 British immigrants arrived in Philadelphia. About 81% were from
Irish ports, 16% were from English ports, and 2% were from Scottish
ports. The three Ulster ports of Newry, Londonderry, and Belfast had
the first, second, and fourth largest totals. Ulster contributed around
77% of all immigrants leaving through Irish ports and 67% of total
British immigration to Philadelphia. Although southern Ireland contributed 31 % of the all British servants, it accounted only for 15% of total
British immigration. The discrepancy was caused by the southern Irish
having a relatively high incidence of servitude. Among south Irish ports
124
PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY
Dublin had the largest total. Among English ports, immigration was
spread evenly across London, Bristol, and Liverpool, although Liverpool contributed fewer servants.
The estimation of total British immigration from these reconstructed
passenger lists has several advantages, but also some potential biases.
First, the strength of the estimating procedure is that it has a direct count
of at least some of the immigrants by port of origin, which is something
that other estimating procedures do not incorporate. Second, there are
no other estimates of English or Scottish immigration into the Delaware
Valley for 1772 through 1773, and only a few estimates of Irish
immigration by region, but not by port, for this period. Third, estimation errors from confusing passenger with non-passenger carrying ships
is restricted. Passenger ships are identified by the presence of servant
passengers. Comparing the "Passenger Lists with Duties" with the
"Record of Indentures" for 1771 indicates that virtually all ships carried
some combination of servant and free passengers. The incidence of
servitude calculated in Table I includes the few ships that carried only
free passengers. Therefore, the immigration estimates in Table 1 are
only biased to the extent that the number of ships which carried only free
passengers changed substantially between 1771 and 1773.
Finally, the procedure allowed the passenger per ship ratio to vary to
the extent that the servant per ship ratio varied. Therefore, changes in
the volume of immigration can occur both through changes in the
number of passenger carrying ships and through changes in the number
of passengers per ship. The estimation procedure does not restrict either
avenue of change, unlike estimates based on constant passenger per ship
ratios which force all change through shifts in the numbers of passenger
carrying ships. However, because the incidence of servitude is held
constant, the estimates in Table I will be biased to the extent that the
servant to free passenger ratio changed between 1771 and 1773. For
example, if immigration increased in the 1770s because of an increase in
poor migrants who also relied on servitude to pay for their voyage, then
the proportion of servants among the immigrants would be increasing
over the period. This possibility would cause the total immigration
estimates in Table I to be biased upward.
It is difficult to compare the numbers in Table 1 with previous
estimates for the years 1772 through 1773 because few studies have
presented specific immigration estimates by port. There are no studies
which attempt to estimate yearly immigration to Philadelphia from
England or Scotland for this period. A couple of studies attempt to
estimate yearly Irish emigration. Dickson estimated that 21,600
BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA
125
Ulstermen emigrated to America from 1772 through 1773.20 The
evidence in Table I indicates that less than 21% of Dickson's total
migrated to the Delaware Valley.2 1 This percentage seems low given the
popularity of Philadelphia among Ulster emigrants. Therefore, Dickson's estimates may be too high or the estimates in Table I may be too
low. Lockhart reported that in the summer of 1773 "no fewer than 3,500
passengers from Ireland arrived at Philadelphia within the space of a
fortnight." 2 2 Table I and the reconstructed passenger lists suggest that
Lockhart's estimate may be exaggerated and may overstate the implied
magnitude of Irish immigration from 1772 through 1773.
Wokeck used pre-1772 passenger per ship ratios to estimate yearly
Irish immigration to Philadelphia for 1772 and 1773.23 Her estimates
are 38% below the estimates in Table 1 (21% below if the estimated Irish
immigration to New Castle, Delaware is included). Wokeck's estimates
hold passengers per ship constant, whereas the procedure in Table 1
holds servants to free passengers constant. The difference in the two
estimates implies that either the number of passengers per ship rose
more than Wokeck suspected between 1769-1771 and 1772-1773, or
the incidence of servitude among passengers rose substantially between
1771 and 1772-1773. If both of these events occurred then the true
estimate of Irish immigration may be somewhere between Wokeck's
estimate and the estimate in Table 1.24
The reconstructed passenger lists also reveal the importance of New
Castle on the Delaware as a preliminary port of call for many passenger
ships bound for Philadelphia. Stopping at New Castle was a common
event for passenger ships from Ulster ports with 75% doing so before
continuing on to Philadelphia. Other British passenger ships by-passed
New Castle and sailed directly to Philadelphia. This shipping pattern
indicates that New Castle had strong commercial ties to Ulster
compared with other British ports. If significant numbers of passengers
debarked at New Castle, then total immigration estimates based on
Philadelphia statistics may be biased downward. Because this estimation problem only affects Ulster immigration, the estimates of nonUlster British immigration presented in Table I will not be affected by
this potential bias.
The number of Ulster immigrants who debarked at New Castle is
unknown. There are no passenger statistics for the port of New Castle.
Therefore, the extent of the estimation bias caused by New Castle
debarkations is unclear.2 5 If the "Passenger Lists with Duties" for 1771
included passengers who debarked both at New Castle and Philadelphia
and if the proportion of servants debarking at Philadelphia relative to
126
PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY
New Castle stayed constant, then calculating total immigration as a
multiple of servant immigration to Philadelphia would yield a relatively
unbiased estimate. The best guess, however, is that estimates of Ulster
immigration based on Philadelphia statistics understates total Ulster
immigration into the Delaware Valley, particularly for free passengers.
This possibility may partially reconcile Dickson's estimates of Ulster
emigration with the estimates of Ulster immigration reported here.
WERE 1772 AND 1773 PEAK YEARS OF BRITISH IMMIGRATION?
The estimates for 1772-1773 in Table 1 can be compared with
passenger records from before and after 1772-1773 to assess changes in
the relative magnitude of British immigration to Philadelphia between
the Seven Years War and the American Revolution. The "Passenger
Lists with Duties" recorded Irish immigration to Philadelphia from
1769 through 1771.26 Comparing the estimates in Table 1 with the
passenger records from 1769-1771 indicates that southern Irish immigration was 131% higher, Ulster immigration was 182% higher, and
total Irish immigration was 169% higher in 1772-1773 than during
1769-1771, in terms of average immigration per month. 27 Apparently,
Irish immigration to Philadelphia was accelerating in the early 1770s.
Whether it continued to increase after 1773 is unknown. Post-1773
immigration statistics are not available for Irish arrivals.
In the three years from 1769 through 1771, the "Passenger Lists with
Duties" also recorded the number of English and Scottish immigrants
arriving in Philadelphia. Comparing the estimates in Table 1 with the
passenger records from 1769-1771 indicates that average English
immigration per month was 234% higher in 1772-1773 than during
1769-1771. The Scottish estimate in Table 1 only counted servant
passengers, while the 1769-1771 passenger records counted both servant and free passengers. An average of 3.8 Scottish passengers (free and
servant) arrived in Pennsylvania per month from 1769 through 1771,
while an average of 4.7 Scottish servants arrived per month during
1772-1773. Therefore, the monthly Scottish immigration rate had
increased by at least 24% between 1769-1771 and 1 7 7 2 -1 7 7 3 .2i
English immigration to Pennsylvania declined in the two years after
1773. Comparing the estimates in Table 1 with the British emigration
records from December 1773 through March 1776 indicates that the
average monthly immigration from England to Pennsylvania was 41%
lower in 1774-1776 than during 1772-1773.29 Because the estimate of
total Scottish immigration in Table 1 only includes servants, the
comparison of Scottish immigration over time is difficult. An average of
BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA
127
4.7 Scottish servants arrived per month in Pennsylvania during 17721773, while an average of 19.2 Scottish immigrants (free and servant)
arrived per month during 1774-1776. If the percentage of servants
among all Scottish passengers was under 25%, which may have been
likely (see Table 1), then Scottish immigration also declined after 1773.
In conclusion, it appears that the peak in British immigration to
Pennsylvania between the Seven Years War and the American Revolution may have occurred in the months between May 1772 and October
1773. Irish, English, and Scottish immigration was increasing from
1769 to 1773. In addition, the increase in total British immigration to
Philadelphia within the 1772-1773 evidence rose by 81% from the year
ending June 1773 to the year ending September 1773. Finally, English
and probably Scottish immigration decreased after 1773. The course of
Irish immigration after 1773 is unclear. The peak in British immigration in 1772-1773 may explain why records of Philadelphia immigrant
servant sales in the 1760s and 17 7 0s have only survived for the years
1771-1773.
NOTES
1. See Harold Lancour and Richard J. Wolfe, A Bibliography of Ship Passenger Lists,
1538-1825 (Readex Books). All the surviving colonial passenger lists for Pennsylvania
reported by Lancour and Wolfe are for German immigrants.
2. See the discussion in John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, The Economy of
British America, 1607-1789 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1985), pp.
219-22.
3. "Passenger Lists, with Duties, August 29, 1768 to May 13, 1772," (Philadelphia
Customs House Records, Cadwalader Collection, Thomas Cadwalader, Box 15 T, MS.
Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia). Part of these lists have been analyzed
by Marianne S.Wokeck, "The Tide of Alien Tongues: The Flow and Ebb of German
Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1683-1776" (Ph.D. diss., Temple Univ., 1983), pp.
244-311.
4. For example see, Gerald Fothergill, trans., "Emigrants from England, December 1773
to April 1776," New England Historicaland Genealogical Register 62-65 (1908-191 1).
For a discussion of the origin and an analysis of the structure of these lists see, Bernard
Bailyn, Voyagers to the West (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986), pp. 3-240.
5. See the discussion in McCusker and Menard, British America, pp. 219-35. In general,
immigration studies for other colonies also rely on indirect evidence and estimation.
6. For example see, Henry A. Gemery, "Emigration from the British Isles to the New
World, 1630-1700: Inferences from Colonial Populations," Research in Economic
History 5 (1980), pp. 179-231; Henry A. Gemery, "European Emigration to North
America, 1700-1820: Numbers and Quasi-Numbers," Perspectives in American History,
New Series, 1 (1984), pp. 283-342.
7. Newspaper reports on the number of immigrants on some ships were not direct counts
but estimates. For example, the Belfast News Letter reported the number of emigrants
based on one emigrant per ton for ships which were thought to carry passengers, R. J.
Dickson, Ulster Emigration to Colonial America 1718-1775 (London: Routledge and
128
PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY
Kegan Paul, 1966), p. 62. Thus, calculating passengers per ship or passengers per ton
from this kind of evidence may be less than accurate.
8. For examples of this method see, Dickson, Ulster Emigration;Audrey Lockhart, Some
Aspects of Emigration from Ireland to the North American Colonies Between 1660 and
1775 (New York: Arno Press, 1976); Wokeck, "A Tide of Alien Tongues," p. 267.
9. See the notes to Table 1 for the sources.
10. The servant records contained information on one or more of the following: the date of
arrival, the date when the contract started, the port or region of origin, the selling agent,
and the ship's captain. By grouping this information into consistent combinations, British
immigrant servants could be distinguished from other servants in the contract records and
assigned with reasonable accuracy to the ships on which they arrived as listed in the
Pennsylvania Gazette. See the discussion of Philadelphia servant records in Farley Grubb,
"Servant Auction Records and Immigration into the Delaware Valley, 1745-1831: The
Proportion of Females Among Immigrant Servants," The Proceedings of the American
PhilosophicalSociety (Sept. 1988, forthcoming).
11. Occasionally several ships from the same port arrived within the same week. If
immigrant servants could not be linked to a particular ship, but only linked to a port and
arrival date, then the several ships and their passengers were grouped together. Where
several names appeared as ship's captain the additional captains were included in
parentheses. The last passenger list is for servants who were immigrants from Britain but
did not have enough information in the servant record to identify with certainty which ship
they arrived on. The vast majority of these servant contracts indicated that they came from
Ireland but did not indicate a port. Some passenger ship lists have duplicate names
recorded. In most cases the duplication appears to be different people with different
servant contracts, and not the double counting of the same person. In some cases large
numbers of related individuals with similar names appear in the passenger lists. Duplicate
names were eliminated from the reconstructed passenger lists only when double counting
of the same person was obvious. When a person was a husband or wife of another
passenger this status was indicated in parentheses.
12. See Farley Grubb, "Immigrant Servant Labor: Their Occupational and Geographic
Distribution in the Late Eighteenth-Century Mid-Atlantic Economy," Social Science
History, 9 (Summer 1985), pp. 249-76.
13. See the discussion in Grubb, "Servant Auction Records."
14. See the discussion in Grubb, "Immigrant Servant Labor," pp. 249-76. Even if the
servant records under-count the true number of immigrant servants, it will not affect the
estimates of total immigration based on the ratio of servant to free passengers presented in
Table 1 as long as the under-count was consistent over time.
15. Ulster servants tended to use the redemptioner method while other British servants
tended to use the indentured method. For a discussion of the different servant contracts see,
Farley Grubb, "Redemptioner Immigration to Pennsylvania: Evidence on Contract
Choice and Profitability," Journal of Economic History 46 (Jun. 1986), pp. 407-18.
Redemptioner contract sales did not always list the servant's arrival date or ship captain.
Therefore, many Ulster redemptioners may have been placed in the undetermined port
category because their recorded servant contract lacked the information needed to link
them to the ships listed in the Pennsylvania Gazette.
16. Many recent studies in American history have relied on nominal linkage, for example
see Stephan Thernstrom, The Other Bostonians (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1973); David Galenson, Traders, Planters, and Slaves (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1986), pp. 115-37.
17. See Russell R. Menard, "From Servants to Freeholders: Status Mobility and
Property Accumulation in Seventeenth-Century Maryland," William and Mary Quarter-
BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA
129
ly, 3rd Ser., 30 (Jan. 1973), pp. 37-64; Sharon V. Salinger, "To Serve Well and
Faithfully" Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682-1800 (New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 18-47.
18. See Theodore Hershberg, ed., Philadelphia: Work, Space, Family, and Group
Experience in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981).
19. This work is still in progress, see Grubb, "Servant Auction Records;" Salinger, To
Serve Well, p. 133. Nominal linkage has also been used to study runaway slaves and
convicts, for example see Gerald W. Mullin, Flight and Rebellion (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1972); A. Roger Ekirch, Bound for America: The Transportation of
British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718-1775 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
20. Dickson, Ulster Emigration, p. 64.
21. The average yearly immigration from Ulster, including the undetermined category, in
Table I was 2,250. This estimate was derived by arranging the evidence in per year units,
June to June, July to July, and so on, and then taking the average of these yearly units.
Dickson's yearly average was taken as half of his two year total of 21,600.
22. Lockhart, Emigrationfrom Ireland, p. 59.
23. Wokeck, "A Tide of Alien Tongues," p. 267.
24. Wokeck, "Tide of Alien Tongues," p. 267, reports a passenger per ship ratio of 41 for
Irish arriving in Philadelphia between 1769 and 1771 and a ratio of 74 for Irish arriving
from 1772 through 1773. The estimates here in Table I have a servant per ship ratio of 31
and a passenger per ship ratio of 150 for Irish arriving in Philadelphia from May 1772 to
October 1773.
25. For a discussion of the estimation problem cause by New Castle stop-overs see,
Wokeck, "A Tide of Alien Tongues," pp. 244-311.
26. See Wokeck, "A Tide of Alien Tongues," p. 267.
27. The 1772-1773 per month estimate was derived by averaging yearly estimates, June
to June, July to July, and so on, within the 16 months covered by the evidence in Table I.
The Ulster estimates include the undetermined category.
28. See note 27.
29. For the 1774-1776 passenger totals see, Bailyn, Voyagers to the West, pp.206-07.
Some of the estimated decline in immigration may be the result of under-reporting or
under-survival of British emigration records.
APPENDIX
Reconstructed Passenger Lists of Immigrant Servants Arriving in
Philadelphia From the British Isles, May 18, 1772 to October 5,1773
Port of Origin: Bristol
Ship: Warwick
Master: Charles Smith
John Henry
Samuel Morgan
Ship: Boyne
Master: Samuel Conyngham
John Brown
James Dick
James Dowling
Patrick Flanagan
Abraham Fletcher
Robert Simmons
Samuel White
Arrival Date: 5/18/1772
John Wilcox
Port of Origin: Belfast via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 6/1/1772
George Hare
Matthew Hulton
Archibald Jackson
John Londye
John McNeal
Benjamin Smith
John Tyman
John Williams
130
PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY
Ship: Jupiter
Master: Alexander Ewing
Martha Adams
Margaret Burk
Bridget Cannon
Arthur Carey
John Carlan
Michael Carney
Elizabeth Dawson
James Donaldson
Snow: Sally
Master: Richard Curtis
John Ballard
Patrick Barron
Ann Barry
Rebecca Beach
Mary Bell
Richard Blackham
John Bolon
Mary Burns
John Byrne
Judith Cahill
Patrick Calahan
Charles Callan
John Campbell
John Cerby
Mary Coleman
Patrick Coleman
Patrick Collins
Francis Connor
James Connor
Thomas Connor
William Connor
Thomas Cosman
William Cron
Patrick Cullen
Willian Davidson
Bridget Doran
Catherine Downs
Patrick Doyle
James Duggan
Lawrence Dunn
Ship: Rose
Master: Robert George
Thomas Higgans
Ship: Philadelphia
Master: James Malcolm
George Bamford
Ralph Bamford
James Graham
Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 6/15/1772
Edward Dougherty
James McCollum
Patrick Hamilton
Catherine McDeed
Charles Higgans
Elizabeth Middleton
Thomas Higgans
John Moore
Teady Lynch
Abigail Owen
Ann Magalligal
Ann Shere
Catherine McCaulpin
William Thomson
John McClosky
Patrick Dunn
Edward Dunphy
Patrick Egan
William Fagen
James Feenaghty
Joanna Fitzgerald
John Fitzgerald
Maurice Fitzgerald
Samuel Flyn
Dennis Ford
Thomas Fowler
Richard Francis
Mary Grainger
John Griffith
Michael Hacket
James Hannahan
Patrick Hennesy
William Kearns
James Keefe
Catherine Lyons
Thomas Madden
Catherine Mahar
Richard Mara
Susanna McDonald
Charles McGee
Elinor McNamara
Johanna McNamara
Laughlin McNeil
Joseph Molony
Mary Murphy
Port of Origin: Waterford
Arrival Date: 7/7/1772
Mary Murphy
Thomas Murray
John Oulden
Michael Phelan
Catherine Power
John Power
Margaret Power
Thomas Price
Elinor Reade
Patrick Roberts
Patrick Russell
John Ryan
John Ryan
John Ryan
Margaret Ryan
Patrick Ryan
John Shan
Anslace Shea
Daniel Sheehm
Edward Sweeney
Richard Sweeny
Margaret Thompson
John Tower
Edmond Traverse
Christian Wade
Catherine Walsh
Edmond Wass
Richard Whitsitt
Ann Witson
Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De.
Date of Arrival: 7/23/1772
James Turner
Port of Origin: Belfast via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 8/22/1772
Martha Harvey
Archibald McBride
John McDonnell
Mary O'Donnell
Elizabeth Simson
David Walker
BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA
131
Ship: Phoebe and Peggy
Master: David McCullough
Ann Brown
Robert Christie
John Clamene
Ann Clarke
James Dermoth
Esther Ford
Port of Origin: Newry via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 8/27/1772
Alexander Gordon
William McAteer
Isabella Isaac (wife)
Margaret McClean
Wilson Isaac (husband)
Ann O'Neil
Thomas Martin
William Spiddey
John Mason (husband)
Robert Wood
Mary Mason (wife)
Ship: Hannah
Master: James Mitchell
John Bolton
Roger Byrns
William Carter
Nancy Cobron
Isabella Creag
Philip Freil
Robert Frickland
Eleanor Grime
Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 8/28/1772
Patrick Hughes
Archibald McVicker
Sarah Irwin
Patrick McVicker
William Irwin
James Murphy
Robert Martin
Bell O'Donnell
Patrick McCann
Isabella Ray
James McCleaster
James Reynolds
Mary McGowen
James Russell
Catherine McGuigan
Elizabeth Stricklin
Ship: Wallworth
Master: C. McCausland
Matthew Craig
James Gillen
Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 9/7/1772
Robert Osborne
Philip Lynn
James McConomy
Brig: Venus
Master: William Williams
John Leacock (husband)
Margaret Leacock (wife)
Port of Origin: Liverpool
Arrival Date: 9/23/1772
Thomas Meredith (husband)
Eleanor Meredith (wife)
Ships: Kitty and Peggy, St. Andrew, Magdalena
Port of Origin: Glasgow
Masters: David Ferguson
Approximate Arrival Date: 10/1/1772
A. Ritchie
James Wallace
John Carens
Catherine McKay
Sandie McKay
John Dunbar
Catherine McKay
William McKay
Neil Matthewson
Christiana McKay
Charles McKenzey
Catherine McDonald
Donald McKay
Helen Murray
John McDonald
Isabella McKay
John Murray
Agness McKay
James McKay
Robert Murray
Alexander McKay
Jean McKay
Andrew Ross
Angus McKay
John McKay
Christian Sutherland
Ann McKay
Margaret McKay
Christian Sutherland
Anna McKay
Philip McKay
Robert Sutherland
Ship: Friendship
Master: William McCullough
John Alexander
James Cristel
Martha Ellison
John Fullerton
Mary Gawn
Agnes McClelland
Port of Origin: Belfast
Arrival Date: 10/15/1772
Dennis McFall
John Scott
132
PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY
Ship: Jenny
Masters: James Campbell & Alexander Mcllvaine
John Doyle
Margaret Looney
Margaret Miller
Thomas Greenan
Port of Origin: Cork
Arrival Date: 10/16/1772
Bartley Runey
Brig: Connolly
Master: Alexander Cain
Robert Badi
William Brenan
John Burns
Philip Byrne
Michael Caffery
James Colclough
William Coleman
Timothy Connolly
John Connor
Thomas Connor
George Cook
Michael Dodd
Port of Origin: Dublin
Arrival Date: 10/19/1772
John Nowland
Michaelo Quigly
John Rogers
James Rowe
James Ryan
John Ryan
John Ryan
John Smith
John Smith
John Smith
John Ward
Ship: Ann
Master: George Forton
Thomas Bough
Charles Brannon
John Brayfield
Ship: Hopewell
Master: John Winning
Alexander Campbell
William Fortune
Ship: Minerva
Master: Francis Fearis
Edmond McDaniel
Ship: Betsey
Master: Symour Hood
William Blanchard
Charles Brannon
Francis Cross
Brig: Betsey
Master: David McCutcheon
Silvester Baron
Michael Barry
Margaret Bell
Eleanor Bryan
Mary Bryan
William Buchill
Timothy Collins
William Coody
William Corbert
Anthon Dorsey
John Ford
Lawrence Gibney
William Hogan
James Jackson
Patrick Joyce
Daniel Kelly
Thomas Legrange
John McLaughlin
John Morran
John Munay
Richard Myler
Thomas Harlin
David Love
John Tanner
Philip McGuire
George McKay
Port of Origin: Bristol
Arrival Date: 10/19/1772
David Whatley
Port of Origin: Londonderry
Arrival Date: 10/21/1772
Elizabeth O'Neil
John O'Neil
John Shaw
Port of Origin: Liverpool
Arrival Date: 10/22/1772
Valentine Winstandly
Charles Harford
John James
John Rock
Port of Origin: Bristol
Arrival Date: 11/13/1772
Henry Symour
Richard Tresur
James Yeaton
Mary Friday
Daniel Galley
John Harris
William How
Michael Kane
Catherine Keenan
Ann Kelly
Mary Kenny
Eleanor Linch
Port of Origin: Cork
Arrival Date: 11/27/1772
Elizabeth Page
Thomas Ready
James Reagon
Catherine Roche
Eleanor Rogers
Elizabeth Ryan
Florence Sulivan
Mary Sulivan
Philip Sulivan
BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA
Margaret Croneen
Thomas Dermot
Margaret Donahow
Mary Donovan
Margaret Dwire
Eleanor Lynch
Thomas Lynch
Julian Mulcahee
Eleanor Muiryan
Dennis Murriarty
Port of Origin: Newry via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 11/27/1772
Ships: Lydia, Alsop Charming Sally, Nelly
Masters: T. Dean, S. Harvey, J. Cooper, J. Fletcher
Willaim Becket
Robert Mortimer
James Kegan
Hugh Owen
Ship: Chalkley
Master: Edward Spain
John Edwards
Ship: Friendship
Master: William McCulloch
George Black
Jane Blair
Mary Donnan
Ann Ellis
Judith Goir
Thomas Grames
James Haslet
Patrick Hile
William Hind
Mary Hutchinson
Margaret Johnston
James Loughlin
Elizabeth Maneight
Daniel McAnully
Ship: Concord
Master: Joseph Nolans
James Kite
Jeremiah Merrifield
William Hartley
Ship: Betsey
Master: Symour Hood
William Atkins
Benjamin Bandell
Henry Bedwell
John Bell
Peter Blatchly
Roger Sulivan
Dennis Sullivan
Catherine Sweny
James Wright
Port of Origin: Londonderry
Arrival Date: 11/27/1772
Ship: Jupiter
Master: Alexander Ewing
Thomas Knox
Ship: Newry Assistance
Master: Robert Cunningham
Murdock Patterson
133
Port of Origin: Liverpool
Arrival Date: 4/21-28/1773
Port of Origin: Bristol
Arrival Date: 4/12/1773
Port of Origin: Belfast via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 5/1/1773
Mary McCardles
Samuel Mitchell
Mabel McCartney
Clemens Monypenny
Margaret McCloud
Ann Murphy
Adam McConnell
Sarah Neilson
Daniel McEvoy
James Porter
Mary McGee
James Porter
George McGillis
Margaret Randles
Meredith McGowen
Daniel Rourke
John McIlwrath
Sarah Singleton
John Mclvers
Sarah Smart
Margaret McKivan
Mary Smith
Edward McQuillen
Patrick Tagert
Eleanor Mercer
Rachael Walker
Elizabeth Mercer
John Yourt
William Waghorne
John Bragg
John Davies
Samuel Franklin
William Fully
Edward Giddons
Hannah Graydon
Thomas Hobbs
Port of Origin: Bristol
Arrival Date: 5/7/1773
William Hopkins
John Thomas
Port of Origin: Bristol
Arrival Date: 5/7/1773
Thomas Robinson
Richard Russell
William Simmes
Thomas Sopp
John Jacob Sutton
134
George Brooks
John Church
Thomas Davis
William Davis
William Dunn
Brig: Connolly
Master: Alexander Cain
John Bolton
Christopher Brangan
Thomas Breriton
Jane Brown
Michael Bryne
John Burk
John Burk
John Burnett
John Byrn
Jacob Cannon
Mary Carney
Edward Clark
Edward Clarke
Peter Clayton
Patrick Colkins
James Connell
Lawrence Connor
Robert Conyers
Alexander Cook
Timothy Culley
Mary Darling
James Davis
John Davis
John Doyle
Edward Dunn
Bridget Fagan
PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY
Aaron Jayne
Charles Kite
Richard Orcle
William Pope
Robert Powell
Stephen Fallon
Daniel Fennell
James Ferris
John Field
John Gahan
Michael Galliger
John Gavin
Edward Gaynor
Ralp Gec
Ralph Gee
Sarah Gillis
Mary Gordon
Bridget Hefferin
Hugh Heffernon
Samuel Jackson
Thomas Keating
Francis Kelly
Jane Kelly
Christopher Leonard
Patrick Magines
James Magrath
James Mahoney
Molly Martin
Thomas McHugh
John McQuinn
Thomas Melton
Ship: Fame
Master: H. Lyle
John Pirry
Daniel Trimby
William Ward
Thomas Watson
Port of Origin: Dublin
Arrival Date: 5/12/1773
John Might
Andrew Moore
Andrew Moore
Patrick Morgan
Martin Mulloy
Esther Murphy
Mary Murphy
Thomas Murphy
Edward Norton
George Oharra
Simon Owen
Joseph Palmer
Lawrence Phillips
Lawrence Phillips
Ann Purcell
John Purcell
Edward Robinson
Patrick Salmon
William Sharpe
Richard Shea
Thomas Sheredan
James Smyth
George Somervill
Matthew Stoys
John Walsh
Port of Origin: Liverpool
Arrival Date: 5/12/1773
Ships: Pennsylvania Packet, Catherine, Eliza
Masters: Peter Osborne, James Sutton, G. Gowland
William Kelly
Nicholas Barts
Peter Dasher
Rose Marlier
Robert Davis
Issac Parkes
Mary Davy
Catherine Reily
Joseph Garrs
Thomas Riddle
Port of Origin: London
Arrival Date: 5/5-12/1773
Thomas Towns
Maria Turmuel
Mary Walter
Snow: Brittania
Master: Richard Eyres
John Beaton
John Biggs
Patrick Crosby
Anne Dilany
Port of Origin: Dublin
Arrival Date: 5/18/1773
Nicholas Ready
Christopher Reily
Thomas Reily
John Sharman
Christopher Jourdan
Francis Kane
Ignatius Keating
Margaret Kelly
BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA
Rose Duffey
James Gibson
Mary Gill
Sarah Godfrey
John Kingshalle
Gabriel Lount
George McCallister
Jane Nelson
135
Nicholas Smith
John Wilkinson
Ship: Phenix
Master: William Gamble
Robert Bedford
John Clarke
John Clifford
Joseph Eyers
Thomas Hines
Samuel Jones
Alice Lang
William Light
William Mabbely
Joshua Magus
Sibason Mason
William McKnown
William Moore
John Morgan
Nicholas Neale
Sears Olof
Brig: Dolphin
Master: Arthur Hill
Nicholas Barts
James Cook
Mary Davy
Richard Hamilton
John Harvey
Mary Lerrue
Port of Origin: London
Arrival Date: 5/31/1773
James Long
Isaac Parkes
Elizabeth Marble (wife)
John Patterson
Richard Marble (husband) George Pfotzer
Edward Norton
Catherine Reily
Henry Sparing
Mary Walter
Ship: Sally
Master: Samuel Young
William Bayliss
Dickman Brooks
Joseph Craft
John Hill
John Saunders
William Squire
Ship: Carolina
Master: Benjamin Loxley
Richard Trested
Port of Origin: Bristol
Arrival Date: 6/4/1773
John Stock
Port of Origin: London
Arrival Date: 6/4/1773
Ship: Minerva
Master: Francis Faires, (D. McCullough, J. McCullough)
Angus Cameron
William Martin
Elizabeth Clarke
Catherine McKigney
Robert Dickson
John Metier
Alles Gilmore
Mary Morrow
Mary Hagons
Hannah Neil
Ann Hyde
Ester O'Neal
Brig: Charlotte
Master: Robert Montgomery
Andrew Adams
James Adams
William Black
Thomas Groves
Port of Origin: Bristol
Arrival Date: 5/27/1773
John Platfoot
John Richard
John Smith
Richard Thomas
John Vergin
John Wall
Nicholas Williams
(Robert Wilson)
John Laverty
John Magginnis
James Matthews
Sarah McBoy
Port of Origin: Newry
Arrival Date: 6/11/1773
Phealix O'Neal
John Raverty
John Smith
Esther Sweall
Port of Origin: Newry
Arrival Date: 6/14/1773
Thomas Pady
William Perry
Robert Rhea
Jane Spence
136
PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY
Brig: Peggy
Master: Charles McKinsey
Robert Brown
John Carson
Patrick Geely
Jane Johnston
John Mateer
John McCarty
Hugh McConnal
Hercules McGown
Catherine McKinney
Agnes Neal
John Quinn
Elizabeth Shaw
Port of Origin: Belfast
Arrival Date: 6/17/1773
Elizabeth Shaw
Agnes Spence
Elizabeth Stevenson
Thomas Thompson
John Wilson
Ship: Jenny
Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 6/25/1773
Master: James Campbell & Alexander Mellvaine
(wife)
Edward Mullan
John Bell
James Dougherty (husNeal O'Murray
Jane Boyd
Thomas Brooks
band)
Alexander Hamill
Catherine Dougherty
Brig: Agnes
Master: Robert Ewing
Mary Allen
John Castels
Elizabeth Clelan
Hugh Colvin
Elizabeth Crowe
Charles English
Port of Origin: Belfast via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 6/26/1773
Charles Reily
Michael Gefries
James Legate
James Roseburn
James Russell
Martha Ligget
Hugh McDowall
Elizabeth Smith
Margaret Smith
Sarah Meleir
Mary Steward
Margaret Muffat
Port of Origin: Waterford
Arrival Date: 7/4/1773
James McLean
Patrick Morrissy
William Mullowney
Michol Murphy
John Parker
Joseph Quirk
Joseph Reed
Thomas Reynolds
Catherine Roche
Thomas Rowe
James Ryan
John Shea
Owin Sullivan
Charles Thompson
Robert Welsh
Richard White
Snow: Charlotte
Master: Richard Curtis
John Aichin
Mary Barry
Mary Boyle
Hugh Bready
John Brenan
Patrick Bryan
Michael Buckley
Andrew Burchell
Edward Callachan
John Condon
James Coole
Timothy Crow
James Cummings
Mary Cunningham
John Currin
William Currin
Luke Doyle
Thomas Doyle
Mary Farrell
Thomas Fitzhenry
Catherine Fogerty
Patrick Garvey
Dennis Gready
Susanna Grimes
James Harrison
Joseph Harrison
Morris Hastings
John Haughey
Michael Jourden
Darby Karr
Peter Keasy
Margaret Kennedy
John Loughlin
Mary Magher
James Magrath
Mary McCabe
Ship: Betsey
Master: David McCutcheon
Bridget Callihan
Jane Clark
Thomas Coburn
Lawrence Conway
James Dawson
Port of Origin: Newry via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 7/8/1773
Margaret Morphy
Mary Kirk
Patrick Morphy
Elizabeth Lamb
John Lenon
William Morphy
James Morrow
Patrick Logan
Michael Muckelhetton
Mary Madden
BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA
Mary Donnely
John Doyle
William Fullerton
Henry Gervan
George Grant
William Hammon
John Hannon
Hercules Haughton (husband)
Jane Haughton (wife)
Ann Johnston
Lawrence Kenny
Barbara King
Jane Madole
Patrick Mallon
Patrick Mallon
Mary McCardell
Bridget McDanald
Mary McGee
Barney McGlone
William McGuire
James McGwire
Sarah McMaghan
Rose McMaghon
John Miller
John Miller
137
John Murphy
William Neale
Henry O'Neal
Betty O'Neil
Elenaor Queen
Christie Reyney
Catherine Scott
Patrick Smith
Henry Veach
James Wills
James Woods
Port of Origin: Cork
Arrival Date: 7/11/1773
Bartholomew Murphy
George Murphy
Mary Ray
Susannah Rogers
Dorothy Sheely
Elizabeth Spillane
Daniel Sullivan
Catherine Sweing
Richard Townly
Maurice Walsh
Edward Watkeys
John Welsh
Snow: Penn
Master: J. McCaddon
Mary Brian
Honor Bryan
Ann Burk
Catherine Burke
Jeane Clark
Joseph Donely
Patrick Donnevan
Darby Donohue
John Flynn
Timothy Fowler
Honora Fox
James Gallway
Edward Gilbert
John Goggin
Timothy Harrington
Michael Hindley
Mary Keese
John Lawrence
Honora Malone
John Malone
Ann McAnnelly
Honora McCarthy
Eleanor McCarty
James Mortal
Ship: Rose
Master: Robert George
Thomas Higgans
Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De.
Date of Arrival: 7/23/1773
James Turner
Ship: Newry Assistance
Master: Robert Cunningham
Sarah Askin
Barnard Brady
Francis Cambell
Richard Cole
Ann Connor
Jane Crampton
Margaret Crampton
Thomas Crosgrove
Elizabeth Davis
Margaret Dougherty
Henry Drew
James Forbes
William Franklin
William Higgons
Port of Origin: Newry via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 8/2/1773
Archibald McDonald
Terence Lamb
Tellet Lawson
Arthur McGlines
John Lee
Sarah McGough
John Loge
Charles McKnown
John Magary
Archibald McLean
Hugh Mahen
Martha McLoud
John McRoddin
Mary Major
John Martin
Edward Montgomery
Sarah Patterson
John May
John Ward
Daniel McCalvy
James Welsh
Andrew McCauseland
John Wilson
James McCauseland
Ann Woods
Peter McCherry
John McCourt
Ship: Jupiter
Master: John Ewing
Abram Anderson
Francis Corry
Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 8/3/1773
Charles O'Neil
John Humphreys
Francis Jameson
Ann Porter
138
PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY
John Finnigan
Isabel Gorel
Charles Grogan
James Hood
Baptist Martin
Daniel McCay
Daniel Murphy
James Nelson
Ship: Alexander
Master: James Hunter
Samuel Boyd
Thomas Brillighan
James Christy
George Daragh
Ann Duffy
John Euert
John Fearby
Patrick Kaighn
Agnes Kirk
Rosanna Kirk
Charles McCafferty
Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 8/6/1773
Michael McCann
Elizabeth Rainey
Lidia McClintock
Elizabeth Read
Jane McCormick
Hugh Read
Andrew McDowall
Mary Read
John McGinly
Sarah Steen
Hugh McKnown
James Stevenson
Daniel McLean
Archibald Steward
James McPeak
Alexander Stewart
John McPeak
Andrew Stoop
James Powell
Richard Wallace
Arthur Quin
Catherine Wilson
Ship: Hannah
Master: James Mitchell
Agness Anderson
Jane Anderson
Ann Boyd
Mathew Brown
Ann Cample
Henry Douglas
Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 8/8/1773
John Fraim
William Moody
James Grier
Mary Nowls
John Keelan
Margaret O'Harrow
Sarah Kirke
John Paterson
Elizabeth McConegall
John Pearcy
William McMullans
Ship: Sally
Master: Samuel Jones
James Batting
John Bayley
Peter Beaty
Sarah Bennett
James Best
Henry Botting
John Brixey
Henry Brown
Francis Burleigh
Dorothy Candy
Susanna Chipperfield
Mary Clayton
Thomas Cock
Jane Coiling
Nicholas Peter Coster
Ambrose Croker
William Davidson
Catherine Davis
Aston Dixon
John Cornelius Don Ouden
William Dorrington
Daniel Dowling
Samuel Dowling
Andrew Durand
Francis Farrar
Robert Fassett
Josuah Fendler
John Field
William Gray
Anne Eliz Hackett
Faban Hamerly
George Harvey
John Heath
Charles Hobart
Thomas Howard
John Jefferson
John Johnson
Lydia Johnson
Margaret Johnston
John Jones
Thomas Jones
Christian King
Francis King
William King
John Low
Jean McLean
Robert Sands
Isabella Wallace
Port of Origin: London
Arrival Date: 8/31/1773
Ann Mullen
Thomas Preston
Luke Racey
Philip Racey
Susanna Rix
Burnet Savage
Frederick Reim Schider
David Scott
Joseph Sibson
Thomas Smales
William Soare
Joseph Sweatman
John Godfrey Swing
George Thornton
John Turner
John Wallace
John Ward
Nicholas Webster
Frederick Weideligh
Robert Wilson
xxx Wood
BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA
139
Snow: Sarah
Master: Samuel Corry
Richard Allen
Isaac Barton
Margaret Bourne
Jane Brady
Terrance Brain
Thomas Brogan
Alice Brown
William Bryne
William Carr
John Carrin
Ann Carrole
Francis Clarke
William Coleman
Daniel Conners
Catherine Connoly
Mary Connor
Ann Cormick
Daniel Creamer
Cornelius Criman
Patrick Cuff
Margaret Culley
James Divyer
Port of Origin: Dublin via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 9/1/1773
Nicholas Donnavan
Benjamin Lyon
James Dougherty
Elizabeth Mackey
John Douglass
James Marting
Alice Farrell
Catherine McGee
James Farrell
Ambros Newsam
Mary Nicholson
Christopher Finnegan
Arthur Fitzharries (hus- Cornelius Pratt
John Purcell
band)
John Reed
Mary Fitzharries (wife)
John Reilly
Charles Foy
John Reilly
Allace Frazer
Mary Reily
James Gallant
Joseph Reynolds
Edward Gibbons
Esther Rivan
James Halfpenny
Martha Sampson
Edward Horan
Charles Smith
Peter Johnston
Peter Smith
Daniel Kenny
William Squibb
James Lang
George Straugham
Lawrence Ledwith
John Tabbott
Edward Lee
Jane Walsh
Alexander Long
Ship: Rea Galley
Master: Robert Hunter
Daniel Campbell
John Campbell
Murdoch Campbell
Ann Gillis
Margaret Gillis
Angus Graham
Angus Graham
Ann Graham
Donnald Graham
Henaritta Graham
Molcom Graham
Catherine Gunn
Donald Gunn
John Gunn
John Gunn
John Gunn
John Gunn (husband)
Malcom Gunn
Malcom Gunn
Margaret Gunn (wife)
Margaret Gunn
Mary Gunn
Angus Martin
Donald Martin
Margaret Martin
Margaret Martin
Port of Origin: Isle of Lewis, Scotland
Arrival Date: 9/5/1773
John McLeod
Christian McDonald
John McLeod
Donald McDonald
Malcom McLeod
Donald McDonald (husMargaret McLeod (wife)
band)
Mary McLeod (wife)
Donald McDonald
Mary McLeod
Isabel McDonald (wife)
Mary McLeod
Malcom McDonald
Murdoch McLeod
Norman McDonald
William McLeod (husJohn McDonnald
Angus McFarlan
band)
William McLeod (husJohn McFarlan
band)
Catherine McGillis
William McLeod
Ann Mclver
Allen Morrison
Neil McKay
Catherine Morrison
Mary McKenzie
Donald Morrison
Roderick McKenzie
John Morrison
Annaple McKinnee
John Morrison
Angus McKinsey (husJohn Morrison
band)
John Morrison
Christiana McKinsey
Mary Morrison
(wife)
Nancy Morrison
Catherine McKinzie
Ann Murray
Catherine McLean
Donald Murray
Ann McLenan
William Murrey
Catherine McLennen
Angus Smith
Roderick McLenon
140
PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY
Ann Smith
Catherine Smith
Donald Smith
Donnald Smith
Donnald Smith
Gormal Smith
John Smith
Mary Smith
Murdock Smith
Peggy Smith
Murdo Martin
John McArthur
John McAskell
Catherine McCauly
Ann McClelland
Christiana McCloud
(wife)
Donnald McCloud (husband)
Norman McDonal
Ann McDonald
Catherine McDonald
Angus McLeod
Ann McLeod
Ann McLeod
Catherine McLeod
Catherine McLeod
Christiana McLeod
Donnald McLeod
Elizabeth McLeod
Forgell McLeod
John McLeod
John McLeod
John McLeod
Ship: Louisa
Master: James Kirkpatrick
Philip Henry
James McMullen
Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De.
Arrival Date: 9/8/1773
Ann Scollen
Henry Sheffengton
Ship: Pennsylvania Packet, Catherine
Master: Peter Osborne, JamcesSutton
Donald McEntyre
Charles Bell
Port of Origin: London
Arrival Date: 9/20/1773
William Poor
Snow: Peggy
Master: William Hastie
William Breamer
James Griger
Hugh Hassack
George Munro
Alexander Reid
John Sharp
Port of Origin: Glasgow
Arrival Date: 9/21/1773
Andrew Sutherland
Ships: Undetermined
Masters: Undetermined
William Amerson
James Anderson
Margaret Anderson
Daniel Andrews
John Andrews
Elizabeth Barnoutt
Patrick Barron
Ann Beck
William Berry
Robert Biggart
Malkum Blayer
James Bones
Jannet Bones
Peter Bones
Thomas Bones
Madgey Bradley
Marery Bradley
Peter Brown
Edward Burges
John Burk
Robert Burnside
Thomas Burton
Dennis Byrn
Port of Origin: Britian, mostly Ireland
Arrival Date: 5/18/1772 to 10/5/1773
John Mitchell
Sarah Graham
Hannah Moore
Ann Gray
Jane Moore
William Gray
John Moore
Jonathan Grindle
John Morrow
John Hall
James Mortimore
John Hamilton
Neil Mullin
Peter Hanlon
William Mullin
William Hanning
Jane Murry
Thomas Hanson
Elizabeth Mustard
Edward Harper
James Mustard
Arthur Hassen
Mary Mustard
Daniel Hease
Judge Neil
John Hegen
Robert Neil
Mary Her
William Neiles
Jennet Herbeson
Richard Newman
James Hughes
William Nichoal
William Hutton
Makhum Nicholson
Michael Kain
John O'Bryan
William Keho
Mary O'Hara
Charles Kelly
Catherine O'Mullen
Mary Kennedy
Thomas Kerr
James Olivce
Robert Owens
John Killpatrick
BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA
Lawrence Byrne
David Caldwell
James Callaghan
Charles Callan
Janet Cames
Collin Campbell
Francis Carson
Samuel Carson
Esther Cearney
Jane Chesney
William Clyde
John Collons
John Connell
Michael Connell
James Conner
Margaret Connolly
Martha Correy
John Coulter
John Craig
Neal Crossan
Thomas Cruise
Sarah Cullinan
James Cushing
James Darrough
John Davidson
William Davidson
Thomas Day
Mary Donald
William Donelly
Edward Dougherty
James Dougherty
Michael Downs
James Duffy
Thomas Duncan
Robert Dunlap
Elizabeth Dunn
Cornelius Dwire
Anthony Evans
William Fagen
Michael Farrel
Margary Farron
Margaret Ferguson
George Fitsgerrald
Margaret Foster
Mary Fowlo
John Fullerton
Louisa Gage
Charles Gallacher
John Graham
Rose Killpatrick
Thomas Kinnan
George Kirkpatrick
Thomas Leacock
John Linton
Bernard Logan
John Logan
Wilkinson Logan (wife)
William Logan (husband)
William Lyon
Robert Magee
John Mahagan
Michael Mahagan
Arthur Mahon
John Jr Marlins
Margaret Marlins
Samuel Marlins
William Marshall
Mary Martin
Neil McAuly
John McCarron
John Jr McClelland
Archibald McClory
George McColter
Patrick McCool
James McCready
James McCullough
James McDonald
Owen McGinnis
Patrick McGinnis
Alexander McGregger
Duncan McGregor
William McKee
John McKeever
Michael McManis
Robert McMeans
Thomas McMeans
John McMullan
Patrick McMunon
Dennis McNarten
Charles McNeal
Daniel McNeil
Jane Mead
John Meloy
Daniel Miller
David Miller
William Miller
Joseph Mills
William Paxton
Mary Phegan
Thomas Piers
Jonathan Pinkerd
Charles Porter
John Porter
Thomas Prendergast
Dennis Quig
Lott Regan
Philip Rice
Sarah Robison
Catherine Roche
John Rose
John Ross
Patrick Russell
Francis Shales
Toby Sheals
Alexander Shields
William Short
Isabella Smith
John Smith
John Smith
Thomas Smith
Elizabeth Steen
Margaret Steen
Honor Sullivan
James Sullivan
John Taggart
James Taylor
Robert Taylor
John Thompson
James Toole
Morris Trenor
Daniel Troy
William Truman
Archibald Twaddle
John Vaughan
Richard Walsh
Samuel Wans
John Ward
James Wattson
Neil Welch
William Whistler
Jane White
James Wilkin
Jane Williams
Jane Wilson
Robert Wright
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