Wethersfield Public Schools
Course Outline
Course Name: Art 2 – Sculpture
Department: Art
Grade(s): 10, 11, 12
Level(s): 1
Course Number(s):
Credits: .05
Course Description:
Art instruction in Grades 1-12 promotes the development of creativity, artistic literacy, critical
thinking skills, and lifelong learning. In art classes students develop critical 21st Century Skills of
creativity and innovation, critical thinking and problem solving, and communication and
collaboration. The curriculum and instruction address the National Art Standards and the
Connecticut State Department of Education Visual Arts Standards. Curriculum and instruction
spiral from grade to grade building and expanding upon learning the previous year. Through this
spiraling curriculum and instruction, students attain the Wethersfield Art Department’s Enduring
Understandings:
 Materials, process, and environment complement each other.
 Artists use elements and principles of design to organize visual communication.
 Artistic progress is often characterized by cycles of experimentation.
 Art embodies the inner quest for self-knowledge and reflects relationships between humans
and nature.
 Art can be used to record what one sees as well as what one feels.
 Artists of different cultures express meaning and ideas in different ways.
 Art reflects the time period, culture, geography, and status of a region’s inhabitants.
 The process of reflection enables one to understand and appreciate art.
 Art is a distinct form of communication that enriches the understanding of other disciplines.
 Art is an inherent and integral part of our environment.
This studio course explores three-dimensional design and a variety of sculptural media and
techniques. These may include but is not limited to clay, wood, found objects, metal, paper, wire
and plaster; students work toward building a portfolio. Prerequisite: Art 1
Revised/Approval Date: 3/24/12
Approved Administrative Team March 14, 2012
Approved Student Programs and Services April 3, 2012
Approved Board of Education April 10, 2012
Authors/Contributors: Andrea Haas
ART 2 - SCULPTURE
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Overarching Skills
This section includes 21st Century Skills and discipline focused skills such as inquiry skills, problem solving skills, research skills,
etc. These objectives should be taught and assessed through the integration of the other units.
Enduring Understandings
 Materials, process, and environment
complement each other.
 Artists use Elements of Art and Principles
of Design to organize visual
communication.
 Artistic progress is often characterized by
cycles of experimentation.
 Art embodies the inner quest for selfknowledge and reflects relationships
between humans and nature.
 Art can be used to record what one sees as
well as what one feels.
 Artists of different cultures express
meaning and ideas in different ways.
 Art reflects the time period, culture,
geography, and status of a region’s
inhabitants.
 The process of reflection enables one to
understand and appreciate art.
 Art is a distinct form of communication
that enriches the understanding of other
disciplines.
 Art is an inherent and integral part of our
environment.
Essential Questions
 Why and how do people create art?
 Where is art found?
 How do people express themselves through art?
 What is beauty/aesthetics?
 Do artists have a responsibility to their
audience/society? (i.e., to produce work that does
not continue to stereotypes or further prejudice)
 How and why does the choice of composition affect
artwork?
 How can observational skills gained through the
visual arts and the artistic process carry over into
daily life?
 How can the design principles be utilized to
organize ideas?
 How do artists choose tools, techniques, and
materials to express their ideas?
 Why are some media choices better than others?
(for communicating particular ideas and/or
emotions to particular audiences)
 What can we learn from studying the art of others?
 What problem solving skills are needed to create
art?
 What choices must an artist make before/during
beginning a work?
 Why is exhibiting artwork important to an artist’s
creative process?
 How does media choice affect an artwork?
 What makes good art/design?
 What are some strategies for approaching an artistic
problem?
 What would the world be like without art?
 Is the use of visually communicated information a
skill?
 How does art express emotion/ideas without
words?
 In what ways has technology effected/enhanced the
value of art as a form of communication?
 What is the role of a museum?
 Who determines what art is?
 Why do certain themes recur in works of art?
 How can art and design reflect the culture and/or
status of a region's inhabitants?
 How and why do artists make stylistic choices such
as realism, abstraction, non-objective, surrealism,
postmodernism, etc.?
 How an artist increase best express their artistic
ART 2 - SCULPTURE
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vision?
What Principles of Design work best to
demonstrate an artist’s intention?
What are some strategies for approaching an artistic
problem; how are they best used; and which ones
are most successful?
What would the world be like without art?
How does the organization of space reflect good
design?
How can one best express their artistic vision in
concept and media?
How do the Elements of Art and Principles of
Design interact to create an artwork?
How does experimentation and exploration lead to
more creativity?
Essential Experiences
 Observation and reflection.
 Engaging in the creative process.
 Imaginative thinking through creative problem
solving.
 Making choices/decisions to communicate ideas.
 Conceive and create original artwork.
 Analyze, interpret, evaluate, and judge artwork.
 Refining application of media.
Objectives
(Link to standards in parenthesis after objective)
Knowledge/Content:
Students will:
 study and understand the proper use of a variety media, techniques, and processes. (1abc)
 study and apply the Elements of Art and organizational Principles of Design. (2ab, 3ab)
 make compositional choices/decisions, selection, and application of a range of subject matter,
symbols, and ideas. (3ab)
 study the visual arts in relation to history and cultures. (4abc)
 describe, analyze, interpret, and judge their own and the artwork others. (5abcd)
 connect the visual arts to other disciplines, daily life, and the world. (6abcd)
 create original and creative artwork. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 6abcd)
 engage in planning and creative problem solving to achieve multiple solutions to visual problems.
(1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
 understand and engage in mark making and surface manipulation. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab)
 understand and engage in research, observation, and imagination, and apply one or more of these to
the creation of original artwork. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
Skills:
Students will:
 plan and create artwork/design (real or imaginary) utilizing the Elements of Art and Principles of
Design. (2ab, 3ab)
 choose and apply the appropriate Elements of Art and Principles of Design to create a well-balanced
and unified composition. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
 engage in observation and use imagination. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
ART 2 - SCULPTURE
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be able to describe, analyze, interpret, and judge their own and the artwork of others by engaging in
oral/written critiques, (formal and informal, verbal, written reviews, self-assessments, etc.). (5abcd)
use constructive criticism and develop a language in which they can converse and discuss artistic
decisions, aesthetics, history, and possible solutions to problems. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
problem solve and plan using preliminary drawings/designs to achieve multiple solutions to visual
problems. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
utilize a variety of media, techniques, and processes in creating r artwork. (1abc, 2ab, 3b)
make compositional choices/decisions to communicate ideas, express mood and/or feeling. (2ab,
3ab, 4abc, 5abcd)
create original artwork. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 5bcd 6abcd)
understand the visual arts in relation to history and cultures and connect to their artwork. (2ab, 3ab,
4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
be diligent in time management, organization, communication, discipline, and decision-making,
maintaining a strong work ethic at all times. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
work toward accepting self-evaluation as a positive part of personal and artistic growth and become
more receptive to new ideas, experiences, and criticisms of one's own work and that of others.
(5abcd)
explore imaginative thinking through creative problem solving. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
maintain artistic integrity and original ideation. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcde)
apply knowledge gained in previous art classes. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
build on previous knowledge, refine techniques. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
discover new uses for common media/materials that demonstrate originality. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 4abc,
5abcd, 6abcd)
keep a sketchbook journal for research, planning and sketching. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
Standards:
Students will:
1. understand, select and apply media, techniques and processes.
a. apply media, techniques and processes with sufficient skill, confidence and sensitivity that
their intentions are realized.
b. conceive and create original works of art that demonstrate a connection between personal
expression and the intentional use of art materials, techniques and processes.
c. communicate ideas consistently at a high level of effectiveness in at least one visual arts
medium.
2. understand and apply elements and organizational principles of art.
a. judge the effectiveness of different ways of using visual characteristics in conveying ideas.
b. apply comprehension and skill in incorporating the elements of art and principles of design
to generate multiple solutions and effectively solve a variety of visual art problems.
3. consider, select and apply a range of subject matter, symbols and ideas.
a. use, record and develop ideas for content over time.
b. use subject matter, symbols, ideas and themes that demonstrate knowledge of contexts and
cultural and aesthetic values to communicate intended meaning.
4. understand the visual arts in relation to history and cultures.
a. analyze and interpret artworks in terms of form, cultural and historical context and purpose.
b. analyze common characteristics of visual arts evident across time and among cultural/ethnic
groups to formulate analyses, evaluations and interpretations of meaning.
c. compare works of art to one another in terms of history, aesthetics and culture, justifying
conclusions made in the analysis and using these conclusions to inform their own art
making.
ART 2 - SCULPTURE
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5. reflect upon, describe, analyze, interpret and evaluate their own and others’ work.
a. research and analyze historic meaning and purpose in varied works of art.
b. reflect critically on various interpretations to better understand specific works of art.
c. defend personal interpretations using reasoned argument.
d. apply critical and aesthetic criteria for the purpose of improving their own works of art (i.e.,
technique, formal and expressive qualities, content).
6. make connections between the visual arts, other disciplines and daily life.
a. analyze and compare characteristics of the visual arts within a particular historical period or
style with ideas, issues or themes of that period or style.
b. compare the process of creation used in the visual arts with the process of creation used in
the other arts and non-arts disciplines.
c. create and solve interdisciplinary problems using multimedia.
d. apply visual arts knowledge and skills to solve problems relevant to a variety of careers.
Instructional Support Materials
See individual units for materials/equipment, as they are specific to the unit’s content.
Resources include but are not limited to:
- master artworks (reproductions)
- technological resources
- books/ periodicals
- current student artwork
-
videos
field trips
past student artwork
teacher exemplars
Suggested Instructional Strategies
Instructional strategies may include but are not limited to:
 direct Instruction
 exemplars
 modeling
 brainstorming
 discussion (class/peer)
 art making
 assessment
Suggested Assessment Methods
(Include use of school-wide analytic and course specific rubrics)
Assessments may include but are not limited to:
 critique (verbal and or written)
 rubrics
 self assessments
 artist statements
 tests
 school wide rubrics
ART 2 - SCULPTURE
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Unit 1: 3D Form (Sculpture)
Time Frame: Varies
Length of Unit: This unit includes all sculpture except for ceramics/clay. Application of all Elements of Art
and Principles of 3D Design and compositional/structural choices/decisions are integral parts of all units in
this course. (How long this unit will take depends on size of artwork, subject matter, materials/media, and
student interests.) Due to limited time and availability of materials, not all lessons in this unit will be taught
during the semester.
Enduring Understandings
 Materials, process, and environment
complement each other.
 Artists use Elements of Art and Principles of
Design to organize visual communication.
 Artistic progress is often characterized by
cycles of experimentation.
 Art embodies the inner quest for selfknowledge and reflects relationships between
humans and nature.
 Art can be used to record what one sees as well
as what one feels.
 Artists of different cultures express meaning
and ideas in different ways.
 Art reflects the time period, culture, geography,
and status of a region’s inhabitants.
 The process of reflection enables one to
understand and appreciate art.
 Art is a distinct form of communication that
enriches the understanding of other disciplines.
 Art is an inherent and integral part of our
environment
 Art is an inherent and integral part of our
environment.
Essential Questions
 Is sculpture only decorative or can it have another
purpose?
 How does scale affect the artist's message?
 How have the materials that 3D artists used
changes over time and why?
 How are the Elements of Art and the Principles of
Design used in 3D art as opposed in 2D art?
 Is form more important than function or function
more important than form?
 Do materials dictate design or design dictate
materials?
 How does surface decoration affect form?
 How has artists’ representation of form changed or
differed over time, across cultures and styles of art?
 How does an artist’s choice of materials affect the
viewer’s perception of the artist’s intent?
 How does scale affect the artist's message?
Essential Experiences
 Observation and reflection.
 Engaging in the creative process.
 Imaginative thinking through creative problem
solving.
 Making choices/decisions to communicate ideas.
 Conceive and create original artwork.
 Analyze, interpret, evaluate, and judge artwork.
 Refining application of media.
Objectives
(Link to standards in parenthesis after objective)
Knowledge/Content:
Students will:
 study of 3 dimensional form including sculpture and ceramics. (1abc, 2abc, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
 learn and utilize vocabulary, which may include but are not limited to: (1abc, 2abc, 3ab, 4abc,
5abcdef, 6abcde)
- shape
- form
- proportion
- scale
- balance
- emphasis
- spatial relationships
- unity
- 2-dimensions
- 3-dimensions
- organic
- form vs. function
- aesthetics
- inorganic/geometric - sculpture
- structure
- architecture
- perspective
- relief
- modular
- in the round
- construction
- modeling
- positive space
- negative space
- mass
- assemblage
- additive
- subtractive
- decorative
- installation
- craftsmanship
ART 2 - SCULPTURE
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Skills:
Students will:
 choose appropriate materials and plan and create a well-balanced, well-constructed and unified 3D
artwork/design (real or imaginary). (1abc, 2abc, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
 choose different styles/genres in order to express ideas, feelings, and/or emotions utilizing their
knowledge about sculpture. (2abc, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
 understand and utilize a variety of construction and surface decoration techniques. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab,
4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
NOTE: See overreaching skills for additional objectives, knowledge, content and skills that apply to all units.
Instructional Support Materials
Materials students may use include but are not limited to:
- clay
- wire
- glaze
- paper Mache’
- found objects
- paper
- cardboard
- plaster
- wood
- textiles
Resources include but are not limited to:
- master artworks (reproductions)
- technological resources
- books/ periodicals
- current student artwork
-
videos
field trips
past student artwork
teacher exemplars
Suggested Instructional Strategies
Instructional strategies may include but are not limited to:
 direct Instruction
 exemplars
 modeling
 brainstorming
 discussion (class/peer)
 art making
 assessment
Suggested Assessment Methods
(Include use of school-wide analytic and course specific rubrics)
Assessments may include but are not limited to:
 critique (verbal, written)
 rubrics
 self assessments
 artist statements
 tests
ART 2 - SCULPTURE
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Unit 2: 3D Form (Ceramics)
Time Frame: Varies
Length of Unit: This unit includes all ceramics/clay. Application of all Elements of Art and Principles of 3D
Design and compositional/structural choices/decisions are integral parts of all units in this course. (How
long this unit will take depends on size of artwork, subject matter, materials/media, and student interests.)
Due to limited time and availability of materials, not all lessons in this unit will be taught during the
semester.
Enduring Understandings
 Materials, process, and environment
complement each other.
 Artists use Elements of Art and Principles of
Design to organize visual communication.
 Artistic progress is often characterized by
cycles of experimentation.
 Art embodies the inner quest for selfknowledge and reflects relationships between
humans and nature.
 Art can be used to record what one sees as well
as what one feels.
 Artists of different cultures express meaning
and ideas in different ways.
 Art reflects the time period, culture, geography,
and status of a region’s inhabitants.
 The process of reflection enables one to
understand and appreciate art.
 Art is a distinct form of communication that
enriches the understanding of other disciplines.
 Art is an inherent and integral part of our
environment
 Art is an inherent and integral part of our
environment.
Essential Questions
 Does a vessel always have to be functional or can it
be non functional and why?
 How does scale affect the artist's message?
 How have the materials that 3D artists use change
over time and why?
 How are the Elements of Art and the Principles of
Design used in 3D art as opposed in 2D art?
 Is form more important than function or function
more important than form?
 Do materials dictate design or design dictate
materials?
 How does surface decoration affect form?
 How has artists’ representation of form changed or
differed over time, across cultures and styles of art?
 How does an artist’s choice of materials affect the
viewer’s perception of the artist’s intent?
Essential Experiences
 Observation and reflection.
 Engaging in the creative process.
 Imaginative thinking through creative problem
solving.
 Making choices/decisions to communicate ideas.
 Conceive and create original artwork.
 Analyze, interpret, evaluate, and judge artwork.
 Refining application of media.
Objectives (knowledge and skills)(Show link to standards in parenthesis after objective)
Knowledge/Content:
Students will:
 study of 3 dimensional forms in ceramics. (1abc, 2abc, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
 learn and utilize vocabulary, which may include but are not limited to: (1abc, 2abc, 3ab, 4abc,
5abcdef, 6abcde)
- shape
- form
- proportion
- scale
- balance
- emphasis
- spatial relationships
- unity
- 2-dimensions
- 3-dimensions
- organic
- form vs. function
- aesthetics
- inorganic/geometric
- sculpture
- structure
- value
- perspective
- relief
- modular
- in the round
- construction
- modeling
- positive space
- negative space - mass
- assemblage
- additive
- subtractive
- decretive
- kiln
- craftsmanship
- bisque
- glaze ware
- leather hard
- bone dry
- scrafitto
- score
slip
- vessel
ART 2 - SCULPTURE
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Skills:
Students will:
 choose appropriate materials and plan and create a well-balanced, well-constructed and unified 3D
artwork/design (real or imaginary). (1abc, 2abc, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
 choose different styles/genres in order to express ideas, feelings, and/or emotions utilizing their
knowledge about sculpture. (2abc, 3ab, 4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
 understand and utilize a variety of construction and surface decoration techniques. (1abc, 2ab, 3ab,
4abc, 5abcd, 6abcd)
NOTE: See overreaching skills for additional objectives, knowledge, content and skills that apply to all units.
Instructional Support Materials
Materials students may use include but are not limited to:
- clay
- wire
- glaze
- paper Mache’
- found objects
- paper
- cardboard
- plaster
- wood
- textiles
Resources include but are not limited to:
- master artworks (reproductions)
- technological resources
- books/ periodicals
- current student artwork
-
videos
field trips
past student artwork
teacher exemplars
Suggested Instructional Strategies
Instructional strategies may include but are not limited to:
 direct Instruction
 exemplars
 modeling
 brainstorming
 discussion (class/peer)
 art making
 assessment
Suggested Assessment Methods
(Include use of school-wide analytic and course specific rubrics)
Assessments may include but are not limited to:
 critique (verbal, written)
 rubrics
 self assessments
 artist statements
 tests
ART 2 - SCULPTURE
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Glossary:
 Abstract: art that looks as if it contains little or no recognizable or realistic forms from the physical
world. Focus is on formal elements such as colors, lines, or shapes. Artists often "abstract" objects
by changing, simplifying, or exaggerating what they see.
 Actual Line: an actual mark derived from an initial point or dot, which is extended in any direction
and can be created numerous mediums.
 Aerial perspective: refers to creating a sense of depth in painting by imitating the way the
atmosphere makes distant objects appear less distinct and more bluish than they would be if nearby.
Also known as atmospheric perspective.
 Aesthetics: theory of the artistic or the "beautiful"; traditionally a branch of philosophy, but now a
compound of the philosophy, psychology, and sociology of art.
 Analogous colors: any set of three or five colors that are closely related in hue(s). They are usually
adjacent (next) to each other on the color wheel.
 Approximate symmetry: use of forms which are similar on either side of a central axis. They may
give a feeling of the exactness or equal relationship but are sufficiently varied to prevent visual
monotony.
 Asymmetry: type of balance in which the parts are unequal in size, shape, etc., but still produce a
balanced visual effect.  Background: things that seem the most distant, as if at the back of the picture.
 Balance: feeling of equality in weight, attention, or attraction of the various elements within a
composition as a means of accomplishing unity. A principle of design. A feeling of balance results
when the elements of design are arranged to create the impression of equality in weight or
importance.
 Birds-eye view: seeing from a point of view from an altitude or from a distance; a comprehensive
view in a downward direction; also called an "aerial view".
 Brushstroke: mark left by a loaded (filled) brush on a surface. Brushstrokes can be distinguished by
their direction, thickness, TEXTURE, and quality. Some artists purposefully obscure individual
brushstrokes to achieve a smooth surface. Other artists make their brushstrokes obvious to reveal the
process of painting or to express movement or emotion.
 Chiaroscuro: using a combination of light (chiaro) and dark, or shade
 Collage: introduced by the Cubists, the technique of creating a work of art by adhering flat articles
such as paper, fabrics, string or other materials to a flat surface such as a canvas whereby a threedimensional result is achieved. A form of art in which a variety of materials (e.g., photographs,
fabric, objects) are glued to a flat background.  Color: visual attribute of things that results from the light they emit or transmit or reflect; the visual
response to the wavelengths of light, identified as red, blue, green, etc.; primary and secondary
colors; warm, cool, and neutral colors, color value; hue; and intensity.
 Color wheel: round diagram that shows the placement of colors in relationship to each other. It is
from the color wheel that “color schemes” are defined.
 Complementary colors: Colors which appear opposite one another on a color wheel. When placed
next to one another, complementary colors are intensified and often appear to vibrate.
 Composition: the arrangement of the elements of art and the principles of design within the design
area; the ordering of visual and emotional experience to give unity and consistency to a work of art
and to allow the observer to comprehend its meaning.
 Contrast: difference between elements or the opposition to various elements.
 Cool Colors: colors whose relative visual temperatures make them seem cool. Cool colors
generally include green, blue-green, blue, blue-violet, and violet.
 Contour Line: actual line of varying thickness that may be applied along, as well as within, the
outer edges of a shape to suggest a three dimensional quality.
 Craftsmanship: aptitude, skill, or manual dexterity in the use of tools and materials. Neatness.
 Critique: the process and the results of critical thinking about art. The parts are: describe, analyze,
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interpret, and judge.
Cropping: cutting out of extraneous parts of an image, usually a photograph; excluding part of a
photo or illustration to show only the portion desired or to fit a given space requirement.
Depth: the look of space or distance
Depth of field: in photography, the area in front of and behind the focused point that is sharp. A
shallow depth of field is used in portraits to provide a soft backdrop, whilst a greater depth of field is
useful for landscapes to ensure everything from the foreground to the background is in focus. Shorter
(wide angle) lenses and smaller apertures increase depth of field.
Dominance: emphasis placed on a particular area or characteristic of a work, with other areas or
aspects given subordinate or supporting roles.
Elements Of Art: those qualities of a composition that can be seen and worked with independently
of its figurative content. They include line, form, value, texture, color, and shape.
Emphasis: the stress placed on a single area of a work or a unifying visual theme. A principle of
design. Emphasis may be defined as the special attention or importance given to one part or element
in an art work. Emphasis can be achieved through placement, contrast, size, etc. Figure Ground: A spatial designation used to describe the positive - negative relationship and
juxtaposition of shapes within a composition. Figure relates to dominant shapes and ground relates
to negative shapes. Spatially the figure usually takes the forward position.
Fixative: a liquid, similar to varnish, which is usually sprayed over a finished piece of artwork to
better preserve it and prevent smudging. Artwork media requiring fixative include drawings done in
pencil, charcoal, and pastel.
Focal point: a specific area, element or principle that dominates a work of art; the area in a work
which the eye is most compellingly drawn. The viewer's eye is usually drawn there first.
Form: the volume and shape of a three-dimensional work, perhaps including unfilled areas that are
integral to the work as a whole.
Formal Analysis: the analysis of a work of art according to the elements and principles of design,
without the inclusion of contextual information.
Foreshortening: A form of perspective where the nearest parts of an object or form are enlarged so
that the rest of the form appears to go back in space; To shorten an object to make it look as if it
extends backwards into space.
Gesture Drawing: A spontaneous representation of the dominant physical and expressive attitudes
of an object.
Gesso: A mixture of plaster, chalk, or gypsum bound together with a glue which is applied as a
ground or coating to surfaces in order to give them the correct properties to receive paint. Gesso can
also be built up or molded into relief designs, or carved.
Glaze: a thin layer of translucent acrylic or oil paint applied to all or part of a painting, to modify
the tone or color underneath. Glazing is the process of using this technique.
Grayscale: refers to the range of gray tones between black and white.
Harmony: the unity of all the visual elements of a composition achieved by the repetition of the same
characteristics or those which are similar in nature.
Highlight: portion of an object that receives the greatest amount of direct light.
Line: an actual mark derived from an initial point or dot which is extended in any direction and can be created
numerous mediums. Length is the dominant factor in determining line from shape. Lines can exist
psychologically through closure of shapes, visual or directional lines of sight, or as perceived edges of shapes
created through contrasts of color, value, or texture.
Linear Perspective: a system for creating the illusion of depth on a two-dimensional surface. The system is
based on a scientifically or mathematically derived series of actual or implied lines that intersect at a vanishing
point on the horizon. Linear perspective determines the relative size of objects from the foreground of an
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image to the background.
Monochromatic: color scheme in which only one hue is used, along with its tints (i.e., hue plus white) and
shades (i.e., hue plus black).
Movement: a principle of design. Movement is the way in which the elements of design are organized so that
the viewer's eye is led through the work of art in a systematic way. Negative space. The void or open areas
around an object or form.
Negative Shape, Space: shape, space, or area that is not considered to be a positive shape. The areas,
however, are very important components in creating a unified composition.
Non Objective: a category of art that has no recognizable subject.
Opaque: something that cannot be seen through - the opposite of transparent.
Pattern: highly repetitive motif. The degree of systematic repetition of the motif determines the purity of the
pattern and type of rhythm.
Perspective: a technique for creating the illusion of depth on a two-dimensional surface. There are three types
of perspective: - linear perspective, which involves the use of parallel lines that appear to converge as their
distance from the viewer increases; - diminishing perspective, in which objects appear to diminish in size as
their distance from the viewer increases; - atmospheric perspective, which is produced by the gradual
lessening of the intensity of color and the reducing of detail as the distance between an object and the viewer
increases.
Picture Plane: actual flat surface on which the artist creates a picture.
Positive Space, Shape: shapes or forms on a two-dimensional surface.
Principles Of Design: Principles or guidelines used by artists to organize the visual elements of an art work.
They include balance, emphasis, rhythm, unity, movement, variety, harmony, and proportion. Primary
colors. Colors that cannot be created by mixing other colors, but that can be mixed to produce all the other
colors (red, yellow, and blue). Proportion: may be described as the relationship between objects with respect to size, number, etc. Proximity: Establishes unity through grouping or closeness of objects in a composition.
Representational: images and objects with subject matter that contains recognizable images from real life.
Repetition: establishes harmony and unity through similarity and number of related elements.
Radial Balance: type of balance that occurs when shapes or lines radiate outward from a central core.
Compositions can have radial symmetry or asymmetry depending on the orientation.
Rhythm: continuance, a flow, or a feeling of movement achieved by repetition of regulated visual units, the
use of measure accents, directs the eye through a composition.
Scale: term of comparison in which an object of a standard or normal size is contrasted to the same object, in
correct proportion, but either smaller or larger. Thus the phrases large scale or small scale. In compositions,
sometimes the size of an object is compared to the environment as a whole. For example, a small figure in a
large space might be referred to as small scale in reference to the surrounding area.
Secondary Colors: green, purple, and orange. These three colors are derived from mixing equal amounts of
two of the three primary colors.
Shade: a color produced by adding black to a pigment.
Shading: showing change from light to dark or dark to light in a picture by darkening areas that would be
shadowed and leaving other areas light. Shading is often used to produce illusions of dimension and depth.
Shape: an area which stands out from the space next to it or around it because of a defined boundary or
because of a difference of value, color, or texture.
Simplicity: the understanding of what is and is not important in a design. Details that do not have a major
impact to the design are omitted to keep it uncluttered.
Sketch: a rough drawing used to capture the basic elements and structure of a situation often used as the basis
for a more detailed work. Space: the interval or measurable distance between pre-established points. Space.
An element of design. Space is the area around, within, or between images or elements. Space can be created
on a two-dimensional surface by using such techniques as overlapping of objects, varying of object size or
placement, varying of color intensity and value, and use of detail and diagonal lines.
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Still life: a painting or other two-dimensional work of art representing inanimate objects such as bottles, fruit,
and flowers. Also, the arrangement of these objects from which a drawing, painting, or other art work is made.
Stippling: a drawing technique consisting of many small dots or flecks to construct the image; technique of
using small dots to simulate varying degrees of solidity or shading; to paint, engrave, or draw by means of
dots or small touches of the brush, pen, or other tool.
Symmetrical Balance: the placing of identical forms to either side of the central axis of a work to stabilize it
visually. A type of balance that has identical components on either side of an imaginary vertical axis. This
balance is also referred to as formal balance.
Texture: the tactile surface characteristics of a work of art that are either felt or perceived visually.
Tertiary Colors: also called intermediate colors, these are blends of primary and secondary colors. The
tertiary colors are named by combining the names of the two parent colors, with the primary element listed
first: orange + red = red-orange.
Three-Dimensional: occupying or giving the illusion of three dimensions (height, width, depth).
Thumbnail Sketch: crude, small pencil drawings used to develop the initial concept for a design.
Tint: a hue with white added. Pink is a tint of red.
Two-Dimensional: having two dimensions (height and width); referring to something that is flat.
Unity: a principle of design. Unity is the coherence of a work that gives the viewer the feeling that all the
parts of the piece are working together.
Under drawing: preliminary drawing that lies under the final painted or inked image.
Value: lightness or darkness of a color.
Vanishing Point: In perspective drawing, the point on the horizon line where the converging parallel lines
appear to meet.
Variety: provides visual interest via Contrast, Proportion and Scale, achieving variety involves the use of
differences or contrasts. Viewfinder: a tool used to look through to compose an image. This tool is helpful in selecting the most
interesting composition to be found in a larger image by cropping out unwanted perimeters. In photography a
viewfinder is what the photographer looks through to compose, and in many cases to focus, the picture.
Visual Communication: the communication of ideas through the visual display of information. Primarily
associated with two-dimensional images, it includes: alphanumeric, art, signs, and electronic resources. Recent
research in the field has focused on web design and graphically oriented usability.
Volume: the mass of three-dimensional shapes in space.
Wash: used in watercolor painting, brush drawing, and occasionally in oil painting to describe a broad thin
layer of diluted pigment or ink. Also refers to a drawing made in this technique.
Warm Colors: Colors whose relative visual temperature makes them seem warm. Warm colors or hues include
red-violet, red, red-orange, orange, yellow-orange, and yellow. Warm colors. Colors that suggest warmth (e.g.,
red, yellow, orange).
Worm's-eye View: as if seen from the surface of the earth, or the floor looking up from below.
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