University of Khartoum
Faculty of Public and Environment Health
Department of Environment Health
Study of The Magnetic Flux impact on
Drinking Water Characteristics
A thesis submitted to the University of Khartoum as a partial fulfillment for the
requirements of the Degree of Master of P. E. H
By
Elshima Mohammed Elsideg
Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Eng. Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
May 2007
‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﲪﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺎل اﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ ...‬وﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء آﻞ ﺷﺊ ﺣﻲ ‪(...‬‬
‫)ﺳﻮرة اﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء – اﻵﻳﺔ ‪(30‬‬
‫)وﻧﺰﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﻣﺎءًا ﻣﺒﺎرآًﺎ‪(...‬‬
‫)ﺳﻮرة ق – اﻵﻳﺔ ‪( 9‬‬
‫ﺻﺪق اﷲ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬
Table of Contents
Dedication
I
Acknowledgment
II
Abstract (Arabic)
III
Abstract (English)
IV
Chapter (1):
Introduction
1-1 Background
1
2
1-2 Objectives of research
4
1-3 Justification
4
Chapter (2):
2
Literature Review
2 -1 Water sources
2 -2 Uses of water
2 -3 Water quality
2 -4 Water characteristics
2 -5 Water treatment
2 -6 Sudanese standards for drinking water
2 -7 Magnetic treatment
2 -8 Magnetic charachteristics
2 -9 Relationship of magnetic power to water
2 -10 Alive and dead water
2 -11 Magnetized water
2 -12 Kinds of magnetized water
2 -13 How to magnetize water
2 -14 Kinds of magnetizer water systems
2 -15 Benefits and uses of magnetic water
Chapter (3): Materials and Methods
3 -1 The study area
3 -2 Measurements of Chemical and Physical Charastristic
6
7
8
8
10
18
21
22
24
25
25
25
26
27
28
32
33
34
37
Chapter (4): Results and Discussions
Table 4.1 changes of pH with time
Table 4.2 water hardness as a function of time
Table 4.3 changes of chloride with time
Table 4.4 changes of copper with time
Table 4.5 changes of total dissolved solids with time
Table 4.6 changes of conductivity with time
Table 4.7 Changes of density with time
Table 4.8 changes of surface tension with time
42
43
44
46
47
48
49
50
51
Chapter (5): Conclusions and Recommendations
53
References
55
Annexes
57
Dedication
To my father……….
To my mother……....
To my brothers……..
To my sisters……….
To my friends ……….
To my family………..
To my teachers and colleages….
With my love
Elshima
Acknowledgment
Thanks to Allah our creator.
The author acknowledges with thanks the help & aid received
from Prof. Dr. Eng. Isam Mohammed Abedelmagid the supervisor
of the research, Dr.Abdel wahab Maki Dean, Health and Environmental
Health College, University of Khartoum, Asma Mustafa Hygine Officer
at Khartoum Locality (Environmental health) ,Dr. Mubarak dirar, Ustaz
Munzer Babikir Bashir and Faiz Badr at sudan University for
Science and Teohnolgy, Faculty of Physics, and Food Laboratory at
Industrial Research and Consultancy Center, and Usta. Mohammed
Osman awwad, general manager of Magnetic Technologies.
Thanks are extended to all lecturers and colleages and for those who
participated in this research by their effort, thought or advice.
‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬
‫أﺟﺮﻳﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪى ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﻤﻊ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺧ ﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠ ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 2005‬إﻟﻲ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪.2006‬‬
‫أﺧﺬت ‪ 40‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة و اﺧﺘﺒﺮت اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤ ﺲ ﻓﺘ ﺮات ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ اﻷوﻟ ﻲ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﺧ ﺬ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺒﻮر اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮور‪ 5‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﻠ ﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ اﻷوﻟ ﻰ‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﺘ ﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜ ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮور ‪ 30‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺨﺎﻣ ﺴﺔ آﺎﻧ ﺖ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﻣ ﺮور‪ 60‬دﻗﻴﻘ ﺔ اى‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻻوﻟﻲ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻤﻐﻨﻂ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒ ﺮة ذات ﺧ ﺼﺎﺋﺺ آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ وﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ ) اﻻس‬
‫اﻟﻬﻴ ﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻌ ﺴﺮاﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻠﻮراﻳ ﺪ‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس‪ ،‬اﻟﻤ ﻮاد اﻟ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﺬاﺋﺒ ﺔ( ﺑﻴﻨﻤ ﺎ اﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﺸﻤﻞ ) اﻟﻤﻮﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘ ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺤﻲ ( وﻗﻮرﻧ ﺖ اﻟﻨﺘ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴ ﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮات اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ وﺟ ﺪ أن اﻟﻔﺘ ﺮة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻻ ﺗ ﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺧ ﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ ﻗﺒ ﻞ وﺑﻌ ﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﺔ ﺧﻼل ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧ ﺔ اﻟﻨﺘ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ ﻗﺒ ﻞ و ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺟ ﺪ أن ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺋﺺ آ ﺎﻷس‬
‫اﻟﻬﻴ ﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻲ و اﻟﻤ ﻮاد اﻟ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﺬاﺋﺒ ﺔ و اﻟﻤﻮﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻗ ﺪ أﻇﻬ ﺮت زﻳ ﺎدة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻘ ﻴﻢ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﺮاءات آﺎﻷﺗﻲ ‪ 7.7‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 7.8‬ﻟﻸس اﻟﻬﻴ ﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻲ و‪ 123.9 mg/l‬اﻟ ﻲ ‪128.9‬‬
‫‪ mg/l‬ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﺬاﺋﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺮاوﺣﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 0.204‬إﻟﻰ ‪. 0.212‬‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﻌ ﺴﺮ اﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ و اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳ ﺪ واﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس واﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ واﻟﺘ ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻓﻘ ﺪ أﻇﻬ ﺮت اﻧﺨﻔ ﺎض‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮاءات ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ وﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﺮاءات آﺎﻷﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 90 mgcaco3 /l‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 80 mgcaco3 /l‬ﻟﻠﻌﺴﺮاﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‪،‬وﻣﻦ ‪ 9 mgcl- /l‬إﻟ ﻲ ‪7.5 mgcl- /l‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻮرﻳﺪات و ‪ 0.90 mg/l‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 0.76 mg/l‬ﻟﻠﻨﺤ ﺎس‪،‬وﻣ ﻦ ‪ 1.0041 kgm -3‬إﻟ ﻰ ‪kgm -3‬‬
‫‪ 1.0033‬ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤ ﺎ اﻟﺘ ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ‪ 0.0176 Nm-1‬إﻟ ﻰ‪ 0.0168 Nm-1‬ﻣ ﻊ ﻋ ﺪم ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ آﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻠ ﺼﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ إﻟ ﻲ إن ﻣﻴ ﺎﻩ اﻟ ﺸﺮب اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺤﻄ ﺔ ﻣﻴ ﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﻘ ﺮن ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺘﻬ ﺎ ﺑﻘﻤ ﻊ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟ ﺰﻣﻦ آﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣ ﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﻴ ﺴﻴﺔ واﺧﺘﻠﻔ ﺖ ﻓ ﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋ ﺼﻬﺎ و‬
‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم ﺗﺄﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﻼل ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫اﺟﺮاء دراﺳﺎت وﺑﺤﻮث إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﺮب‪.‬‬
Abstract
This study has been carried out to determine the effects of the magnetic
technology funnel on drinking water characteristics at Elmogran water plant in
December 2005 to December 2006.
Fourty water samples were collected from the water net work at AlMogran Water
Treatment Plant and tested for different parameters on five duration periods. The
first samples was directiy taken from water tap, successive samples were taken
after 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes from taking first sample. This is in an effort to test
the effect of time on magnetic water treatment.
Tested parameters included chemical and physical characteristics. Tested chemical
characteristics incorporated: pH, hardness, chloride, copper and total dissolved
solids. Whereas, tested pHysical characteristics comprised: conductivity, density
and surface tension.
From the work carried herein the following results have been arrived to: Time has
no effect on water characteristics before and after magnetization with in one hour.
Certain characteristics like (pH, total dissolved solids and conductivity) were
found to increase slightly as follows: from 7.7 to 7.8 for pH, 123.9 mg/l to 128.9
mg/l for TDS, and conductivity from 0.204 to 0.212.
Other parameters such as: ( hardness, chlorides , copper, density and surface
tension) appear to decrease in magnetic water by the following percentages: for
hardness, chlorides, copper, density, and surface tension respectively.
First this study, carried out at water samples drawn from El-Mogran water
treatment Plant, showed that drinking water treated by magnetic technology
achieved changes in water physical and chemical characteristics. Tests indicated
that time have no effect on magnetic treatment results in all tested parameters. It is
recommended to continue further investigation, studies and research work to
address magnetic technologies as influencing drinking water quality.
Chapter (1)
Introduction
1
1- Introduction
1-1 Background
Water is important for all living creatures, as life cannot be with drought,
and no living creature can survive without water. Water is the most import
resource on earth and the most prevalent as well.
It covers around two thirds of the globe, fills the seas and oceans and flows
over the surface of continents in form of rivers and lakes. Therefore, the
earth was supposed to be called the water ball or the water planet instead.
(Ahmed, 1999).
Water means life; it is a prime move of human civilization. Much of ill
health in the developing countries is largely due to lack of unsafe drinking
water, 3million people throughout the world die as a direct result of drinking
contaminated water. (WHO, 1996).
Water intended for human consumption should not only be safe, but also
wholesome. Safe water is one that cannot do harm to the consumer even
when ingested over a prolonged period of time.
Drinking water therefore may not be absolutely safe but agreeable or
wholesome. Such a supply is termed acceptable or potable water. Potable
water is the one that is safe to drink, pleasant to taste, and useable for
domestic purposes.
Safe and wholesome water is defined as water, which is:
- Free from pathogens, from harm chemical substances.
- Pleasant to the taste.
- Useable for domestic purposes. (Eid, 1985).
Human mined billions of tons of ores enmeshed the earth with gigantic
metal wires. Submarines have been launched into deep seas, and thousands
of planes and space ships are flying in the skies .By destroying our
environment, man first of all, destroyed the geomagnetic situation on the
earth.
2
One can endlessly purify the water trying to make it crystal clear but one
will never be able to make it biologically active.
The discovery made by Russian scientists and the invention of special
magnetic systems, which are a kind of prosthetic devices for the destroyed
magnetic field of the earth, allows correcting the fatal human made mistakes.
Every drop of magnetically treated water recollects how it must have looked
like in reality.
Immediately the molecules regroup themselves into a strict row and bring
life-giving potential into organisms, of any living creature and to the earth.
(Yury, 1995).
Magnetic systems offered to customers are the latest revolutionary work- out
of the Russian scientists. They are exclusively strong and do not require any
special maintenance. The life of devices is not less than 10 years and their
high capacity allow to magnetize large quantities of water.
The higher the rate of water in pipeline, the higher is the quality of water
treatment. Treatment of water and liquids by magnetic systems speeds up
chemical reactions and enhances its (Optical characteristics, magnetic
susceptibility, electric conductivity, dielectric penetrability, ductility,
chemical reactions, surface tension, dissolution, crystallization,
polymerization, moistening, coagulation, evaporation and ion exchange).
(Yury, 1995).
Water is used for many purposes (Domestic, industrial, agricultural, power
protection, carrying waste, public purposes, etc...). Water is therefore an
essential factor in the economic, social and cultural development of a
community. It can eliminate diseases, promote rural development and
improve quality of life. There can be no state of positive health and wellbeing without safe water. Water is not only a vital environmental factor to
all forms of life, but has also a great role to play in socio- economic
development of human population. (Park, 2002).
3
1-2 Objectives of research
General objective: To study effect of magnetic flux impact on water characteristics.
Specific objectives one to: - Analyze chemical and physical water characteristics after magnetic
flux treatment.
- Test effect of magnetic treatment on water quality.
- Compare tested magnetize water characteristics with water
standards.
- Suggest applicable and suitable recommendations.
1-3 Justification
Magnetic energy is one of the energies that exist in the universe.
Earth is surrounded with a magnetic field that affects everything with varied
degrees. It is reducing in terms of power, whereas scientists proved that
within the last thousand years earth lost 50% of its magnetic force. This
energy is very important for the living creatures to survive on earth, as it
prevents access of the lethal cosmic rays to earth. It also plays a role in the
bio- functions of all living creatures. (www.magneticwater.com)
4
Some scientists say that it is unfortunate that the modern way of life pushes
us to isolate our selves from the magnetic field of earth, for we work and
live in cement buildings coated with iron and steel, and drive cars moving on
rubber wheels. Such isolative factors deny our bodies the right to absorb the
appropriate magnetic energy, while our way of living forces us to adapt to a
kind of frequent electric current such as radio, electronics, television sets and
computers. All the above – mentioned devices prevent us from utilizing the
magnetic power.
Consequently, scientists see that it is possible to produce many positive
effects if water is exposed to a magnetic field to a certain degree, then
affecting the characteristics of this water to become magnetized water as
known today. (Yury, 1995).
5
Chapter (2)
Literature review
6
2- Literature Review
Water has become part of every day language as a synonym for water. There
is more to be understood a bout the structure of water, however, than the
simple fact that each water molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen atom. (Burry, 1974).
Water is the only substance on earth, which is found in three states (solid,
liquid, gaseous). The state of water depends on the temperature of its
medium which surrounds it. The inner formation of water is that of 2
hydrogen atoms with one oxygen atom which gives two charges in the
molecule a positive charge to the hydrogen atoms and a negative charge for
the oxygen atom so all the molecules can unite with each other in a state of
different charges (positive, negative). (Munzer, 2002).
2-1 Water sources
The water of a selected source should be free from toxic materials or
undesirable chemicals and free from biological contamination. (AbdelMagid, et al, 1997).
The process of choosing a suitable source depends on local conditions. The
source must be capable of supplying enough water for the community.
(WHO, 1993).
Water supply sources can be classified as traditional and improved water
resources. Water resources vary in type, capacity and water quality.
(Makhtar, 1998)
The sources for water supply can be grouped into three major categories: rain water, surface water and ground water (Abdel-Magid, etal, 1997).
a) Rainwater: Rain water is the purest form of water. Some impurities are
absorbed during its fall to earth (i.e., from atmosphere such as gases like
H2, CO2, NH3, N2, O2, in addition to suspensions like bacteria, pollen,
soot, bird droppings and dust. (David, 1987).
b) Surface water: It includes that portion of rain, which remains on the
surface of the earth to give a rise to streams, rivers, lakes and ponds.
Many streams and rivers are fed in addition by underground water from
springs. Rivers are often polluted by their sources. (David, 1987).
7
c) Ground-water: Ground-water sources are amongst the most
commonly exploited for water supplies and it is most practical and safe in
nature (Steel, 1987). Ground water is purer than surface water because it
is filtered through the earth. The quality of ground water depends on
geographical aspects (Watt, 1972).
Advantages of ground water include:
- It is likely to be free from pathogenic bacteria and other
microorganisms.
- Often it may be used without further treatment.
- In many instances it can be found close to the community.
- It is often most practical and economical to obtain and distribute.
- The water-bearing stratum from which it is drawn normally provides a
natural storage at point of intake) WHO, 1993).
Disadvantages of ground water include:
- It is often high in mineral contents.
- It requires pumping. (WHO, 1997).
2-2 Uses of water
The uses of water in a community are many, and the requirement in quantity
and quality are varied. Conventionally, it has been convenient and
economical to provide a single water supply sufficient in quantity to serve
all uses and suitable in quality to meet drinking requirements.
The uses of water include:
a. Domestic use: (Drinking, cooking, washing, bathing, flushing of
toilet and gardening)
b. Industrial purposes: (For processing and cooling)
c. Agricultural purposes: (Irrigation).
d. Power production: (From hydropower and steam power).
e. Carrying away waste: (From all establishments and situations).
f. Public purposes: (Cleaning streets, recreational purposes like
swimming pools, public fountains and ornamental ponds, fire
protection and public parks (Park, 2002)
2-3 Water quality:
Compliance with drinking water quality standards based on guidelines
should provide an assurance that the supply is safe. However, it must be
recognized that adequate monitoring is essential to ensure continuing
8
compliance ,and that there are many potential situations, some of which can
arise very quickly, that are potentially hazardous to develop. (WHO, 1988).
Many potential problems can be prevented by:
- Consumer education.
- Training of managers and plant personal.
- Proper maintenance and inspection of treatment plant and distribution
system.
- Safe guarding the integrity of the raw water source and its water sheds.
There are three main productions of water safe for human consumption:
- Biologically and chemically safe water.
- Production of water using facilities.
- Appeal water that water had colorless –pleasant to taste, odor less,
clear and cool, not staining neither corrosive nor scale forming (Park,
2000)
In any population area there must be water treatment unit to supply the
residents by water for domestic use and other purposes particularly drinking
water. (WHO, 1984)
Strategy of water quality:
The assessment of water quality depends on monitoring stations, type of
sampling program and time duration. Monitoring program usually serves the
objective and goal. There are two main types of monitoring programs:
a. Single- objective monitoring:
b. Usually deals with simple sets of variables and is designed to solve
one problem.
c. Multi- objective monitoring:
d. This type of program serves varies purpose and therefore has wide
sets of variables. (Al Ansari, 1997).
Water diseases:
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa
or by parasites. Most diseases in the world are related to contaminated water.
Main types of diseases associated with water include:
9
1-
Water- borne diseases: They are spread through a water supply
system. Water acts exclusively as a passive vehicle for the pathogen that
causes the disease. These diseases include: Typhoid, Cholera, Giardiasis,
Leptospirosis, Paratyphoid, and infective hepatitis.
2-
Water- washed diseases: They are those caused by shortage of
water for personal hygiene. The main infection is caused by shortage of
water that affects body exterior surface, eyes and the skin, which include:
Bacillary dysentery, skin species and ulcers, Conjunctivitis, Trachoma,
Scabies, Leprosy, Diarrhea and ascariasis.
3-
Water- based diseases: They are considered as infections
transmitted through an aquatic invertebrate host usually an animal. An
essential part of the cycle of infecting organism takes place in this aquatic
animal. Examples of the disease are such as, Guinea worm and filariasis.
4-
Water- related insect vectors: These are infections that are spread
by insects, which rely on or live near surface water systems. Examples of
these diseases include: Malaria, Trypanosome, Yellow fever and Dengue.
5 - Infectious primarily due to defective sanitation:
Infections primarily due to defective sanitation are those infections that
spread within a community usually due to absence of suitable sanitation
facilities. Theses diseases are such as, Hook worms, Round worm and
Ascariasis. (Rowe and Abdel-Magid, 1995).
2-4 Water characteristics:
a) Chemical characteristics:
1- Hydrogen ion concentration (pH):
The pH of a solution is the negative common logarithm of the hydrogen ion
activity.
pH= -log10 (H+). In a dilute solution, the hydrogen ion activity is
approximately equal to the concentration of hydrogen ion.
The pH of an aqueous sample is usually measured electrometrically with a
glass electrode. Temperature exerts significant effects on pH measurement.
10
A direct relationship between human health and the pH of drinking water is
impossible to ascertain because pH is so closely associated with other
aspects of water quality. In so far as pH effects the various processes in
water treatment that contribute to the removal of viruses, bacteria and others
harmful organisms, that pH has an indirect effect on health.
The recommended guideline value for pH is (6.5- 8.5) although it is
recognized that some problems could arise within a distribution system with
pH levels below (7) (WHO, 1993).
2- Hardness:
Hardness of water is not a specific constituent, but is a variable and complex
mixture of cations and anions. (WHO, 1984).
Hardness is determined by content of calcium and magnesium salts. Calcium
and magnesium combine with bicarbonates, sulfates, chlorides and nitrates
to form these salts. (www.watercontamination.com, 2005).
Classification of hardness salts:
(i) Temporary hardness:
1- Calcium carbonate Ca Co3.
2- Calcium Bicarbonate Ca (HcCo3)2.
3- Magnesium carbonate MgCO3.
4- Magnesium Bicarbonate Mg(HCO3) 2.
(ii) Permanent hardness:
1- Calcium sulfate CaSo4.
2- Calcium chloride CaCl2.
3- Magnesium sulfate Mg So4.
4- Magnesium chloride Mg Cl2. ( www.watercontamination.com).
Table2-1:Classification of hardness in water: (Park, 1995).
Classification
Soft water
Moderately hard
Hard water
Very hard
level of hardness mg (CaCO3)/L
Less than 50
50- 150
150- 300
More than 300.
Drinking water should be moderately hard. Softening of water is
recommended when the hardness exceeds 150 mg/l as CaCO3 (Park, 1995).
11
Usages of hard water include:
- Aiding growth of teeth and bones.
- Reduction of toxicity to man by poisoning with lead oxide PbO from
pipelines made of lead- (precipitation) of lead carbonate PbCO3.
(Abdel-Magid, 1995).
Hardness of water causes diseases that include certain nervous system
defects, anencephaly, prenatal mortality and various types of cancer.
(WHO, 2002).
3- Chlorine:
Chlorine in one form or another is a principal disinfecting agent employed in
small communities in most countries. (WHO, 1997).
Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to water with the purpose of
killing pathogens. (Abdel- Magid, 2002).
Chloride is widely distributed in nature, generally in the form sodium
chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2).
Salts constitute approximately 0.02% of the lithosphere. By far the greatest
amount of chloride in the environment is present in the oceans. The chloride
ion is highly mobile.
Chloride in general is present in low concentration in natural surface water.
Levels in polluted water are often less than 10 mg/liter and may often be less
than 1 mg/l. (WHO, 1984).
Chloride is the most abundant anion in the human body and contributes
significantly, along with associated anions, to the osmotic activity of the
extra cellular fluid. 88% of the chloride in the human body extra is cellular.
Chloride is known to cause methemoglobinemia in which hemoglobin of the
blood is oxidized to metabolically active in (ferric) state (Rowe et al, 1995).
Also, there is a compound called perchlorate, a name given to the chemical
compound that contains a chloride atom bound to four oxygen atoms (ClO4).
Perchlorate is used in variety of industrial processes, which include, nuclear
chemistry research, leather tanning, as a solid fuel for rockets and in electro
planting and rubber manufacturing. These chemicals have ability to affect
the human thyroid gland. (James, 2000).
Chlorine has a number of advantages as a disinfectant, including its relative
cheapness, efficiency, and ease of measurement, both in laboratories and in
the field.
(WHO, 1997).
12
4- Iron:
Iron is an abundant element by weight in the earth’s crust. In water it occurs
mainly in the divalent and trivalent (Ferrous and ferric) states. The
concentration of iron in well- aerated water is seldomly high, but under
reducing condition, which may exist in some ground waters, lakes or
reservoirs and in the absence of sulfide and carbonate, high concentration of
soluble ferrous iron may be found. Concentrations of iron more than 1 mg/l
have been reported to occur in ground water. The presence of iron in natural
waters can be attributed to the dissolution of rocks and minerals, acid mine
drainage, landfill leaches, sewage or iron related industries. (WHO, 1984).
Iron is an essential element in human nutrition. It is contained in a number of
biologically significant proteins for example hemoglobin, and also in many
oxidation- reductions enzymes. The average daily requirement is considered
to be 10 mg of iron.
Iron ingestion in large quantity results in a condition known as
haemochromatosis, where tissue damage results from simple dietary
overloading. Small children have been poisoned following the ingestion of
large quantities of iron. (WHO, 1984).
5- Copper:
Copper is an essential element in human metabolism. A normal diet provides
only a little more than is required. An additional supplement from water
would ensure an adequate supply. Copper imparts some taste to water and
small amounts are generally regarded as nontoxic. The drinking water
standard is based on a limit that might impart an undesirable taste (WHO,
1993).
Copper is used for controlling algae and is present in some industrial wastes.
Where large quantities are used in industry, the waste may contain a
sufficient amount to interfere with biological treatment processes. Copper
occurs naturally in many waters and may also result from corrosion of pipes
and fittings. The presence of copper in drinking water can give rise to
discoloration or a stringent taste (WHO, 1988).
6- Total dissolved solids, TDS:
Total dissolved solids (TDS) in water comprise inorganic salt and small
amounts of organic matter. The principal ions contributing to TDS are
carbonate, bicarbonates, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, sodium, potassium,
13
calcium and magnesium. TDS influence other qualities of drinking water
such as taste, hardness, corrosion. TDS in water may originate from natural
sources, sewage effluent discharges, urban run off or industrial waste
discharges. All contributing to the TDS levels of stream, water ways, and
ground water supplies. (WHO,1984).
There is no evidence of deleterious physiological reactions occurring in
persons consuming drinking water supplies that have TDS levels in excess
of 1000 mg/l. The result of epidemiological studies would appear to suggest
that TDS in drinking water might even have beneficial health effects.
Water with extremely low TDS levels may also be unacceptable because it is
flat, and have on insipid taste. Although no deleterious physiological effect
has been recorded with total dissolved solids in water above 1000mg/l, it
was considered that it would, as a rule, be unacceptable to exceed this level,
which is recommended as a guide line value. (WHO, 1984).
b) Physical characteristics:
1- Taste:
Taste problems in water come from total dissolved solids (TDS), metals as
iron, copper, manganese or zinc, magnesium chloride, magnesium,
bicarbonate and fluoride. (www.watercontamination.com, 2005).
Taste in drinking water may indicate some from of pollution or malfunction
during water treatment distribution (WHO, 1988).
Taste of drinking water should not be effective to the consumer however
there is an enormous variation in the level and quality of taste regarded as
acceptable (UCWR, 1999).
2- Odor:
Odor may be produced in water supply system, in water treatment plant from
reactions with treatment chemicals, in the distribution system and or in
plumbing of households.
Odor can be caused by mineral contaminants in the water, such as the salty
taste of water when chlorides are 500 mg/l or above or the (rotten egg) odor
caused by hydrogen sulfide. Odor in the drinking water is usually caused by
blue- green algae. (www.water contamination.com, 2005).
Odor in water is usually measured in terms of threshold odor number (TON),
the number of times a sample must be diluted with an equal volume of odor
14
free water to become just detectable by 50% of panel of judges under very
carefully controlled test conditions. (APHA, 1976).
No health based guideline value is given for odor.(WHO, 1988).
Drinking water should have no disagreeable odor. (Park, 1995).
3- Color:
Color in water is almost always due to organic material, which is usually
extracted from decaying vegetation. Color is common in surface water
supplies, while it is virtually non- existent in spring water and deep
wells.(www.water contamination. Com, 2005).
Color in water may be a result from the presence of natural metallic oxides
(red color) and manganese ion (brown or black) and others.(SSMO, 2002).
Drinking water should be free from color, and when measured in units by a
colorimeter, it should be less than 5 TCU. (Park, 1995).
4- Solids content:
Generally, solids are grouped as dissolved, suspended, volatile, fixed, or
settleable. Most of the procedures used to quantify solids are gravimetric
tests involving measurement of the mass of residues as a function of volume
(www.water contamination.com, 2005).
Suspended solids (SS) in water may be of organic particles such as clay, silt,
and other soil constituents. These solids can be filtered out by a fine filter
paper. Water highly in suspended solids maybe aesthetically unsatisfactory.
(SSMO, 2002).
5- Density:
Density is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume. Density is
temperature dependant. The following equation may be used to find the
density.
ρ=M
V
Where:
ρ = Density, kg/m3.
M = Mass, kg.
V = Volume, m3. (Rowe and Abdel-Magid, 1997).
15
Unlike other liquids waters density becomes less when it changes to solid
state. This is because of the formation of molecules in this state. Water as a
liquid can not be compressed to great extend, since molecules are near to
each other in liquid state more than the solid state but they don’t vibrate
round a stable condition for it’s movement is free. (Rome and Abdel-Magid,
1997).
6- Conductivity:
Conductivity denotes the ability of an aqueous solution to carry an electric
current. This ability is a function of concentration, mobility, valence, relative
concentration of ions, and temperature. Generally, solutions of most
inorganic acids, bases, and salts are relatively good conductors.
The conductivity may also be defined as the electrical conductance of a
conductor per unit length and unit cross- sectional area.
The relationship between conductivity and the concentration of dissolved
solids in a solution may be expressed as outlined in the following equation.
EC = TDS
a
Where:
EC = Electrical conductivity microSiemens/cm.
TDS = Total dissolved solids.mg/l.
a = Constant.
(Rowe and Abdel-Magid, 1997).
This equalizes with the movement of charges from point to point. These
charges are carried either by the free electrons in the matter which is called
electronic conductivity or the number of negative ions which is known as
ionic conductivity (Munzer, 2002).
7- Surface tension:
Surface tension is a property of a liquid that permits the attraction between
molecules to form an imaginary film that is able to resist tensile forces at the
interface between two immiscible liquids or at the interface between a liquid
and a gas (Rowe and Abdel-Magid, 1997).
Surface tension is the power to draw the water surface along its length. This
is due to the unity of the water molecules (positive / negative) with more
force due to their closeness with each other. Contrary to the far molecules
inside water, the surface tension is regarded a latent energy.
16
Mathematically surface tension is calculated as the stability of water in
capillary tubes. The effective power upward is equal to the power downward
in the surface of a liquid in the capillary tube as presented in the following
equation.
Where:
N = 1 Rhρg
2
N = surface tension.
R = radius of the capillary tube.
h = height of water in the tube.
ρ = density of water.
g = gravitational acceleration (Munzer, 2002).
Microbiological characteristics:
Bacteria are tiny organisms occurring naturally in water. Not all types of
bacteria are harmful. Many organisms found in water are of no health
concern
since
they
do
not
cause
disease.
(www.watercontamination. com, 2005).
Suitable bacteria of faucal contamination detection are thermo tolerant
faucal coli forms (predominantly Escherichia coli), Streptococci and
Clostridium perfirngens. (Park, 1995).
Whenever these bacteria are present in water feacal contamination is
indicated, and there is, there for, possibility that pathogenic bacteria and
viruses are also present. Either one or both of these thermotolerants may be
used as indicator organisms. However the WHO guide line value for
drinking water quality strongly recommends the use of E. coli as the
preferred faecal indictor. (WHO, 1993).
E. coli is abundant in human and animal faces, where it may attain
concentration in fresh faces of (109 per gram).It is found in sewage, treated
effluents, natural waters and soil that are subject to recent feacal
contamination, whether from humans, agriculture or wild animals and birds.
(WHO, 1993).
Coli form include all aerobic and facultative anaerobic, negative non-sporeforming, Red-shaped species, which ferment lactose with the production of
acid and gas within 48-hr at 35oC. (Adward, 1972).
Total coli forms are organisms characterized by their ability to ferment
lactose in a culture at 35oC or 37oC and include E.coli, Chiropractor, and
Eitrobactira and Kelabsiella specie.
17
Feacal coli form Organisms are coli form organisms that are able to
ferment lactose in culture at 44oc or 44.5oc they comprise the genus
E.scherichia, Gitro bactor, and Klebsiella. Of these organisms only E.coli is
specifically of faeces of man, animals and birds in large numbers, and rarely
found in water or soil that has not been subjected to faecal pollution.
(WHO, 1988).
2-5 Water treatment:
The fundamental purpose of water treatment is to protect the consumer from
pathogens and impurities in the water that may be offensive or injurious to
human health. (WHO, 1993).
Surface water may contain pathogenic organisms, suspended matter, or
organic substances. Expect in limestone areas, ground- water is much less
likely to have pathogenic organisms than surface- water, but it may contain
iron and manganese that impart undesirable taste and odors, or other mineral
impurities which retard its acceptability.
Modern technology provides a choice of treatment methods to produce water
of a desired quality from any given source. The limiting factor is cost. Water
may be treated at treatment plants utilizing some or all of the following
treatment processes (WHO, 2002).
1- Intake:
The intake structure varies according to the water source. (WHO, 2002).
2- Storage:
Preliminary storage in a reservoir helps to guarantee a continuous supply of
water and provides an economical means of sedimenting out some of the
suspended particulate material. By simply holding water in a reservoir, the
total bacteria count can be reduced. (WHO,2002).
3- Sedimentation:
Surface water such as that of rivers and streams contains sand, grit and other
suspended solids that can damage pumps, clog filters and pipes, and reduce
the effectiveness of disinfection. Sedimentation is the setting and removal of
suspended solids. It takes place when water flows slowly through a large
tank. (WHO, 2002).
18
Since this is a very slow process, it may be hastened by the addition of a
chemical coagulant, such as aluminum sulfate, which forms with alkaline
salts, insoluble aluminum hydroxide. The insoluble material rapidly settles
out, carrying with it bacteria and other particulate matter in suspension
(Canor, 1973).
4- Pre- filtration:
Pre- filtration with gravel or other coarse material, before sand filtration
provides an effective means of preventing, the rapid clogging and blockage
of the sand filter. In small treatment plants, where the turbidity of source
waters is high, or subject to fluctuations pre- filtration is necessary. (WHO,
2002).
(i)
Slow sand filtration:
Slow sand filtration significantly improves the physical, chemical and
microbiological quality of water. Slow sand filtration is the process of
removing suspended matter from the water as it slowly passes through a bed
of sand. The degree of removal depends on characteristics and size of filter,
the thickness of the bed, and the size and quantity of suspended particles.
(WHO, 2002).
(ii)
Rapid sand filtration:
In rapid sand filtration a mat of flucs forms on the surface of filtering
medium. It removes bacteria and particles of simulate size. Since this type of
filter can handle more water per surface area than slow type, it is more
extensively used. (Canar, 1973).
5- Aeration:
Aeration is necessary to promote the exchange of gases between water and
the atmosphere. In water treatment plants aeration is practiced for the
following reasons:
1. To control tastes and odors, caused by dissolved gases such as
hydrogen sulfide. Aeration also increases the oxygen content of
natural waters and helps removing the flat taste of rainwater.
2. To precipitate iron and manganese (they are important sources of
color in water). Upon contact with oxygen, ferric oxide will be
formed. This is insoluble and will settle out.
19
3. To expel, excessive amounts of CO2 (it makes water aggressive). It
dissolves the exposed iron in the piping system. In order to aerate
water, it should come into maximum contact with air saturated with
oxygen.
6- Disinfection:
Since not all bacteria are necessarily removed by the sand filter, those that
remain can be destroyed by the addition of a suitable disinfectant. Chlorine
is effective in minute amounts and is generally used for this purpose.
Automatic machines are available which feed chlorine gas directly into the
water. Usually sufficient chlorine is added to provide a residual
concentration of a part of available chlorine per million parts of water.
(Canar, 1973).
A good disinfectant has the following characteristics:
-
Effectiveness in killing pathogenic microorganisms.
Ease of detection and measurement of its concentration in water.
Solubility in water in doses required for disinfections.
Absence of toxicity to human and animals.
Ease of handing, transporting, and controlling it.
Capability of producing a residue.
Absence of taste, odor, or color when used.
Availability at a reasonable cost.
The disinfection process is a function of type and concentration of
microorganisms, type and concentration of disinfectant, presence of oxidant
consuming compounds, temperature, dose of chemical, contact time and pH.
(Abdel-Magid, 2000).
Distribution networks:
The distribution network transports water from the place of treatment to the
consumer. Its design and size will be governed by topography, location and
size of community. The aim should always be to ensure that consumers
receive a sufficient and uninterrupted supply, and that contamination is not
introduced during transport.
Distribution systems are especially vulnerable to contamination when the
pressure falls, particularly in the intermittent supplies of many cities in
developing countries. Suction is often created by direct pumping from the
20
mains to private storage tanks, a practice that should be minimized (WHO,
1993).
2-6 Sudanese Standards for drinking water:
This criterion determines the measurable demands and conditions which
should be fulfilled in drinking water from physical, chemical, micro–
organisms and hygienic aspects. If they are not fulfilled and there is no
alternative source for drinking water, reference should be made to the water
and drinking committee in the Sudanese Standard and Meteorological
Organization.(SSMO).
The standards defines drinking water as treated or untreated water from
any source and which is pumped into a net directly from a source intended to
be used for human consumption. This definition doesn’t include canned or
bottled water.
Rules and conditions for common hygeine:
Drinking water should be acceptable in shape, colour, taste and smell for the
consumer. It must not contain any organic or inorganic materials or added
things not mentioned above or harmful materials for the health of the
consumer.
Basis of drinking water standards:
Harmful materials should not be in drinking water or if it be it should be in a
limited amount (insecticides, fertilizers, heavy metals, lead, mercury,
chrome, synide etc…).
Certain limits are set for certain parameters such as: nitrates and chlorides or
disease causing germs and microbes such as bacteria, protozoa and viruses.
21
Table 2-2: Maximum allowable limit for different materials
that may affect acceptance of water by consumer (SSMO, 2005).
Parameter
Max. permissible limit
Colour
Taste and Odder
Temperature
Turbidity
pH
Chloride
Copper
TDS
Iron
Sodium
Sulphate
Zinc
Hydrogen sulphide
Ammonia
Fluoride
Arsenic
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Manganese
Cadmium
15 TCU
Acceptable
Acceptable
5 NTU
6.5 – 8.5
250 mg/l
1.5 mg/l
1000 mg/l
0.3 mg/l
200 mg/l
250 mg/l
3 mg/l
0.05 mg/l
1.5 mg/l
1.5
0.007
0.007
0.0007
0.014
0.5
0.003
2-7 Magnetic treatment:
Hermes, the priest, stated that light and magnetic waves were the core of
human life, and therefore, if man discover and realize the nature of magnetic
energies (life) and waves (light), then he will maintain eternity. Hermes,
based on his knowledge of geomagnetism and knowledge of the universe,
increased the days of the year from 360 days to 365 days. (Yury, 1995)
Ancient intellect Vitagours was the first to claim that all ideas, words, and
human actions and reactions reflect on a magnetic lake or mirror, where they
are stamped and registered forever. He pointed out that was a scientific fact,
for he assumes that man is able to read this information by looking into the
water, and then to the future through developing the spiritual ability to
22
foresee
with
the
assistance
of
some
special
ways.
(www.magneticwater.com, 2005)
Ancient scientists in China and India had attached a concern to magnetic
sciences, where they used to call the magnet (the harmonious stone), but
unfortunately, many of the old Chinese and Indian means of magnetic
treatment had long vanished.
In field of magnetism Barcles, who was recognized as the greatest doctors of
his time, used magnetized water and magnet power in producing medical
drugs and medicines. Barcles believed that magnetic power is essence of
human power that provides activity and health. He mentioned that the
biological energy of gravity is the main component of the biological material
in the human body, the plant and animal.
Melesmire differentiated between two fields at the word’s magnetic field:
the celestial bodies and iron magnetic field, and the bio- magnetic power,
emitting from living creatures only, namely the human bodies. He applied
medical methods of hypnotism and biomagnetism to treat different diseases.
He also magnetized the cream, bread, wool, hide, clothes, wood, drugs etc…
Presently, the concern is focused on finding certain types of magnetic bars
one of the most important objectives of magnetism. (Yury, 1995).
Magnet had been used before by the Chinese, Indian and pharaohic
civilizations for medical purposes. It had been used for the treatment of joint
ache, bones, healing of wounds and increasing the body energy. That was
done by putting the magnet on the body, where there is pain, on the wounds,
and sometimes it is worn like jewels.
Sometimes the drinking water is magnetized by putting a magnet inside the
water or close to it for a specific period of time.
The ancient Chinese men of wisdom had named the magnet ‘the gravity
stone’. The pharaohs believed that the human body depends mainly, in
regulating functions, on pure magnetic bases. Up to mid 20th centuries; there
were no clear scientific bases that can be taught to interpret the ability of the
magnet in treatment of many diseases.
The magnetic features in life are many, where as the magnetic field plays the
role of the shield that protects the globe against the destructive cosmic rays
like gamma and others. The magnet is also associated to the phenomenon of
the ebb and flow along with its associations with rotations of the sun and
moon. Where as it is observed that some plants such as ‘Cactus’ usually
incline southwards. The haemoglobin and myoglobin of the body behave
magnetically, where the human body is in its best condition when the
haemoglobin amounts to 5.5 units and in its worst when it looses its
magnetic power.
23
In performing its functions, the brain depends on sending electromagnetic
signals to different organs of the body to control the release of biological
materials the body needs such as proteins, hormones and other biomaterials.
Not less than 64 chemical components of the human body are affected by
external magnetic fields, including iron of course.
Recently, it has been discovered that the pituitary gland contains magnetic
crystal materials, which seems to play an essential role in the activity of this
gland, which controls the secretion of not less than 40 hormones. On the
other hand, it is believed that these magnetic crystal materials play an
important role in regulating (biological watch) time control in sleeping, and
waking up like wise etc… (www.magneticwater.com, 2005)
Magnet scientists see that each cell of the human body is a dynamo
(generator) of small magnets as the activity of the cell depends on entry and
exit notion of ions (positive and negative) into and out of it.
The MRI (the Magnetic Resonance Diagnostic Device) is one of the most
important and most sophisticated devices used in field of medical diagnosis.
Its system depends on pure magnetic bases, and so many other modern
devices. (Yury, 1995).
2-8 Magnetic characteristics:
The earth is a big magnet such that all materials upon it enjoy different
magnetic characteristics, each according to its internal atomic structure, for
even the internal components of the living creatures are ordered according to
the magnetic field of this planet. Magnetic characteristics of materials may
be classified as: diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials.
1- Diamagnetic materials: They are materials of atoms of complete
electronic cortex; do not have other magnetic characteristics, of negative
and weak magnetic effects at the external magnetic field cast on them.
Water is of the diamagnetic materials.
2- Paramagnetic materials: This characteristic emanates from ions
with no complete electric cortex such as transitional and scarce
components. These materials have positive and very small effects to the
extent that they gravitate to the high sphere, unlike the diamagnetic
materials.
3- Ferromagnetic materials: The reason behind this phenomenon is
that their atoms possess automatic magnetic moments, and therefore they
have magnetic effects, even in the weak spheres. (Munzir, 2002).
24
2-9 Relationship of magnetic power to water:
Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Water molecule is very
simple; the molecules unite with one another with hydrogen unities. These
unities may be pair or multi- unities which may reach to tens. If a water
molecule is put in a magnetic field, or upon the passage of water through a
magnetic field the hydrogen unities either change or diamante. This leads to
absorption of energy and lessens the level unity. It makes water more liable
for electric analysis. It affects the decomposition of the crystals.
In the previous Russia magnetizing water was used extensively and had a
great economical effect. The changes that happen to water when put in a
certain magnetic field are certain.
A magnetic field with a power of 1000 magnetic unit increases capacities for
ions absorption by (5 – 8%) whereas an ability of 3000 units may reach 19 to
26% (Abed alaziz, 2003).
Water reserves and maintains its magnetic force for 12 hours, and then this
force starts reducing gradually and slowly, though there are some
characteristics that remain in the water for a long time without any change to
be mentioned, and they stay for days, and even for months, after water
passes through a magnetic sphere (Magnetic Technologies, 2005).
2-10 Alive and dead water:
Every human being on this planet has to drink water in order to stay alive.
Water, under gone mechanical, thermal and chemical treatment to clean it is
regarded as dead. However, there are places on earth where clean (alive)
water can still be found. Long ago, people would call this water (holly).
Such water can be found in holly and clean springs. But not many people
know that underground all the holly springs with clean (alive) water flow
through areas of natural magnet depositions. Therefore this water under goes
magnetic treatment and acquires unique healing qualities.
A simple method of magnetizing water implies the transformation of (dead)
drinking water into (alive) drinking water (Magnetic water, 2004).
2-11 Magnetized water:
When a sample of water is taken and studied the electric charge is in a state
of chaos. Nearly 60% of water molecules will be in a state of confusion
25
(positive – positive – negative – negative). This is what is called (Dead
water). It is possible to filter the water and clean it of all harmful particles
and that is (healthy) water. This is not really true because really water is not
made biologically active i.e. useful and healthy for all living organisms. This
is mentioned when speaking about the propagating general health or getting
rid of diseases.
Magnetizing water rearranges the inner molecules of water. The main idea is
the concentration of a magnetic field on water, which doesn’t make the
water affected by its wave only, but rearranges the inner water molecules as
electric charges i.e. magnetized. This is called (magnetized water).
These new properties make the water to have a healthy positive effect on
living organisms and man. This makes the inner cells of the body of humans
have a high energy which enables the cells to combat diseases hence
enabling digested materials and liquids to diffuse through the mucous cells
of the intestines. This depends mainly on the surface tension of the liquid.
The more surface tension is; the less the cells energy becomes. By this the
cell gains additional energy. The arrangement of the electric charges of
water leads to the arrangement of the electric charges of the cells of humans.
Hence, lessening the loss of energy which leads to the movement of small
currents from positive to negative in a regular way. (Munzer, 2002).
2-12 Kinds of magnetized water:
There are three types of magnetized water. Each of these types has its own
uses, which depend on the inner arrangement of water according to the
application of magnetic fields on water. Also the amount of gained energy
from this arrangement gives clear differences in the physical characteristics
for the three types:
1-
North pole water: This water has many uses such as sterilizing and
washing skin wounds. It is also used as anti- bacterial and parasites.
Furthermore, it is used to adjust the alkalinity of the human body pH,
which makes the body in a healthy state (Abed alaziz, 2003). Generally it
is used to wash and disinfect external lesions of the skin. (Magnetic water,
2004).
2-
South pole water: It has different uses such as curing body fatigue
and tiredness of the body (Abed alaziz, 2003). It is to be used internally
when the body is tired and exhausted. It is not recommended if there is an
infection or inflammation present. (Magnetic water, 2004).
26
3- Duel pole water: It is used for the magnetic equilibrium in the human
body for more effective health. It is also used to cure kidney stones
(Abed alaziz, 2003).
Some times a balance is needed in the body. In this case, duel pole
magnetic may be used. This may be recommended for healthy
individuals. Fluids other than water may also be magnetized. (Magnetic
water, 2004).
2-13 How to magnetize water:
Generally a powerful magnetic field is induced in water for a known period
of time. In the artificial magnetic poles it is 12 hours. The generated
magnetic field from electric current, acts differently. It is enough to pass the
water through a magnetic flux only. In the especially made apparatus it is
enough to pass water through this apparatus.
1-
North pole water:
It is obtained by passing the north magnetic field through the water.
2-
South pole water:
It is prepared by passing the south magnetic field through the water.
3-
Both poles water:
It is attained by passing North Pole magnetic field and a South Pole
magnetic field after it or by mixing two different poles in water in equal
percentages. (Munzer, 2002).
Magnetizer:
Magnetizer residential hard water conditioner is chemical free, and it offers
a permanent solution to hard water problem. Prior existing scale is
magnetically dissolved in the water. Scale is removed from water heater and
plumbing
system
there
by
saving
energy
and
money.
(www.magnetizer.com, 1997).
The magnetizer also creates de-gasification, which decreases taste and smell
of chlorine and water becomes wetter and softer. Bathing feels fresher and
hair is softer. (www.magnetizer.com, 1997).
27
Table 2-3 Comparison between salt softener and magnetizer:
- Creates soft water behaviour
- Uses salt, chemicals and electricity
- Has toxic sodium residue in water
- Safe for heart or hypertension patients
- Removes healthy, necessary minerals
- Being banned in localities due to salt
Fouling of fresh water table.
- Neutralizes acid water, removes green
stains, stops copper leaching.
- Reduces swimming pool chemicals by
50% for more pleasurable, chemical-free
swimming.
- Removes prior lime and mineral build up.
- Installation requires a plumber.
- Requires weekly, monthly and yearly
maintenance.
- Permanent guarantee.
Salt softener
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Magnetizer
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
(www. magnetizer.com, 1997).
2-14 Kinds of magnetizer water systems:
1-
Liquid modifier:
Water and other solutions passed through the magnetic modifier; acquire a
finer and more homogeneous structure that significantly increases their
fluidity, dissolving ability and biological activity. Chlorine dissolved in
water gets neutralized by treating it in the modifier.
The magnetic liquid modifier is an excellent solution for the problem of
presence of excess chlorine in water. After having a bath in such water the
skin will become gentle and silky and hair loss will come to and end. In
some cases query hair turns back to original colour. Besides, the magnetic
liquid modifier is a high efficient tool to kill bacteria in the water. It is
especially important that the water treated by the modifier can be used to
bath babies as they have extremely sensitive skin. (www.magneticwater.com,
1997).
28
Some other modes of application for liquid modifier:
Laundry:
When using the liquid modifier one can obtain the following results:
Removal of residual chlorine, which stays dormant in the pores of
under wear and outer clothes after they have been washed.
A 50% save of washing detergents.
Clean laundry.
Kitchen:
The water, which contains harmful chemical agents in household conditions
for a wash-up. Thus, these substances which are hazardous for human health
remain on the surface of dishes. The liquid modifier will help to extract
chemicals and import healing properties, to the water.
2 – Magnetic funnel:
Photo no.1 Magnetic funnel
The magnetic funnel is used for magnetizing liquids. Water and other
solutions passed through the magnetic funnel; acquire a finer and more
homogeneous structure that significantly enhances the fluidity and
dissolving ability as well as biological activity.
29
Magnetic water has been successful used in preventing and curing kidney
diseases, kidney and gall stones in particular (Yury, 1995).
Russian research has confirmed the curative properties of magnetic water in
dealing with many types of diseases. Consuming 250 ml of magnetically
treated water daily normalizes disorders of the cardio-vascular, digestive,
nervous and urinary, systems.
Continuous use of magnetic water decreases cholesterol content in blood,
stimulates brain activity, improves digestion, increases appetite, reduces
excess acidity and normalizes the function of bile. It helps to induce proper
movement of bowels and expels poisons and unwanted salts from the body.
It also helps in dissolving calcium deposits in joints, thus relieving the pain
of arthritis (www.magnetic water.com, 2005)
Application of magnetic energies is claimed to get the following
results in:
1-
Agriculture:
-
Decrease the amount of seeds necessary for sowing by 2 times.
Decrease the vegetative period of plants by 15 – 20 days.
Reduce diseases of plants by 60 to 70%.
By applying magnetic systems on the industrial scale (growing cereals,
fruit trees, vegetables and melons and grounds) the yield increases by
40%.
- Saving up to 30% of water used for irrigation.
- By irrigating crops with magnetic water and active process of soil
desalination takes place (250% – 300%). (Yury, 1995).
2-
Animal – breeding:
- Average additional weight of youngs increases by 30%daily.
- Average yield of milk increases daily.
- Mortality and sick cases in animals reduce acutely. Animals become
more energetic which in fact is the first of all signs of their health.
3- Poultry:
- Usage of magnetic water allows increasing the egg – laying qualities
of birds.
- It is possible to reduce the time necessary for birds reaching required
weight.
- Mortality and sick cases among birds decreases significantly.
30
4- Fish – breeding:
- Application of magnetic systems for the breeding of fish in aquariums
and other artificial water reservoirs, allows getting biologically active
water, which exerts favourable effect on the fish growth.
- Average additional weight of fish increases by (40 – 60%) daily.
- Mortality and sick cases in fish decreases.
5 –Environment and water treatment:
-
4-
Making water biologically active (living water).
Water system self – purification.
Bringing about self – adjustment to water biological balance.
Water clarification, which happens due to enhancing coagulation and
solid precipitation insoluble in the water.
Scaling down contents of (H2O and CO2) in the water due to
magnetic degassing treatment.
Increasing the concentration of dissolved oxygen.
Controlling pH.
Reducing pathogenic bacteria in the water.
Exerting a positive impact on adjacent residential areas: a higher
oxygen content and less toxic gas in ambient air.
Doubling the capacity of sewage plants without expanding the facility
for wastewater treatment.
The household :
- Kitchen: Installing these systems in a kitchen stops purchasing
drinking water. Water, treated in magnetic systems, corresponds to
international standards for drinking (mineral) water. At the same time,
water acquires biological activity, which exerts a favourable effect on
health.
- Bathroom, shower: Having installed a magnetic system in a
bathroom, will enable getting soft, silky water with high biological
activity which will help to strengthen hair and will be exclusively
good for skin. The skin will become gentle and mild. Bathing in such
water will help to get rid of insomnin, headaches, and stresses. Such
bathing is especially good for children.
31
- Laundry: Application of magnetic devices in washing, machine
will save up to 40% of detergents. At the same time even a low
quality detergent acquires special washing properties (Yury, 1995).
2-15 Benefits and uses of magnetic water:
-
Magnetized water tastes sweeter and has more clarity.
Promotes a more alkaline pH in the body and reduces acidity.
Promotes healing of wounds and burns.
Has a therapeutic effect on digestive, nervous and urinary systems.
Beneficial for fevers, sore throat, menstrual and menopause
discomfort.
- Revitalizes the body.
- Provides positive effect on the autonomic nervous system.
- Helps to regulate the heart function and clear clogged arteries.
- Beneficial for kidney ailments, gout, obesity, and premature aging.
- May help relieve pain.
- Infuses energy into the body, controls bacteria and stimulates brain
function.
- Controls scale build up in pipes, boilers and cooling towers.
- Has positive effect on plant growth. Magnetic water is more solvent
and has a lower surface tension, so nutrients in the water are absorbed
more readily. Use on agricultural crops results in higher production
and improved quality of the plants with a reduction in the use of
fertilizers.
- Used on animals’ results in reduced mortality and improved heath of
livestock and reduces feed quantities.
- Drinking magnetized water dissipates toxic deposits within the body
connective tissues.
- Easy, safe, simple, cheap and operates rapidly.
- Has no side effect.
- Users will not be addicts to it. ( www.magneticwater.com, 2005)
32
Chapter (3)
Materials and Methods
33
3-Materials and Methods
This study was conducted to determine the effect of the magnetic technology
in drinking water characteristic in a model built at Elmogran treatment plant.
Water samples were collected and tested for the following parameters:
• Chemical characteristics that include:
pH, calcium hardness, chlorides, copper, and total dissolved solids
• Physical characteristics include:
Density, surface tension and electric conductivity.
The parameters were tested for five different time intervals, less than 1, 5, 15,
30, and 60 minutes.
Tests were conducted following outlined procedures of the Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water.
The samples were taken from the one point (El-mogran Water Station).
Samples were collected in sterilized bottles separately to be tested for each
parameter.
3-1 The study area:
The El-mogran Water Station was established in 1964 and the output was
72,000m3 per day. But in 1990 – 1993 a new stage has been added with a
capacity of 18,000m3 per day. The total is 90,000m3 per day.
The station treats Nile water through stages (storage – flocculation –
sedimentation – filtration – disinfection (chlorination).
The areas depending on this stations are:(Khartoum area between the Blue
and White Nile – Mogran – Sagana – Hilla gadida – Rimala – Goz –Dume –
Lamab – Shagra – Sug shaaby – Azuzab – Gabra – Sahafat – Amarat –
Khartoum3). There are 4 lines carrying water to the net (line 21 Omdarman,
21 Khartoum North, 21 Khartoum, 48 Khartoum).
Stages of treatment are as follows:
1- Screenation:
Big stones and depress have been trapped so as not to destroy machinery.
Water is pumped form Nile by pumps. There are 4 pumps (electrical) fixed
34
on moveable platform up and down to suit water levels during seasons.
Screening is situated at the point of pumping.
2- Coagulation:
Coagulation material used is a polymer dadamac (dialyldimethyl aluminum
chloride). It is added to water for a period of 15 seconds.
3- Flocculation:
At this stage water is full of residue materials. Small particles of matter hang
in water. Water is stirred with the aid of a mixing device to make solid
particles become heavier hence settle down yet to precipitate at bottom of
basin in 20 minutes.
4- Sedimentation:
Sedimentation takes 3 to 5 hours achieving a removal of 80 to 85% of solid
particles. The basins have a capacity of 3 m3
5- Filtration:
A medium of sand and gravel form a filtration medium, sand is 70 cm high
and gravel is 10 cm. 15% of residue is removed.
6- Disinfection:
Chlorine is the disinfectant added to water to kill germs. Then water is
drawn to storage basins under the ground from where water is drawn into
general water pipe net.
Getting rid of residues:
This is done with the aid of a pipe fixed at the bottom of the basin through
water draining basins from which it is drained by pumps back to the Nile.
Parts constituting raw water station:
It is formed of 4 sucking pipes 1700 m3/h for each pump. These pumps are
fixed on moveable platforms (up – down) to suit Nile water level in different
parts of the year. Raw water pumps are 3 lines with different diameters (21 –
21 – 48 inch).
Water station buildings:
1- Purification building:
Water is carried to it after processing a treatment from which water is
pumped for consumption. Water is kept for 2 hours.
35
2- High pressure building:
Concerning the station is kept there.
3- Low pressure pumps building:
Its work is to pump water after purification to the main reservoir.
4- Control building:
All equipment for reading and recording processes of meters.
5- Chemistry and chemical material building:
All chemicals used for water purification are kept here. Also pumps which
supply chemicals to water are kept here.
6- Filters building:
Filtrization takes place here. The area of a filter is 42 m2, number of filters is
18.
7- Washing pumps building:
Used for pumping water to wash water basins from sand and gravel.
8- Compressed air building:
Used for washing filters, using air under filters to move away sand and
depress.
9- Rotators building:
Here 80 – 85% of impurities are got rid of. The capacity of a basin is
3000m3, number of basins is 5.
10- Workshop building:
Two workshops, for maintenance of mechanical and the other for
maintenance of electrical equipment.
11- Store building:
Where spare parts and work materials are kept.
12- Reception building:
Guests are received here.
13- Administration building:
Mangers office is here and engineers offices.
14- Chlorine building:
Chlorine pipes, pumps and injection equipment are kept here.
36
15- Chemical and physical lab:
Chemical and physical analysis of water takes place here.
16- Bacteriological lab:
Bacteriological analysis of water takes place here.
3-2- Measurements of Chemical and Physical Characteristics:
Plaintest Photometer:
The Palintest photometer 7000se is a precision colorimeter with wide
applications in colour matching and analytical chemistry. The device is
integrated with the Palintest system. It offers therefore, an instrumental
method of analysis for an extensive range of water and soil tests.
The Plintest photometer is digital electronics and built-in filters. It is of
lightweight and portable for field or laboratory use. The instrument is direct
reading, has automatic blank setting and automatic power cut-off and offers
the user a wide range of set-up options.
Photo (2) palintest photometer
37
Application
For application in general water testing using Palintest
tablet reagent systems and Palintest Tubetests reagents
Instrument
Type
Wavelength
range
Operating
Wavelengths
Filter band
pass
Display
Single-beam colorimeter with built-in colour filters and
pre-programmed test calibrations
390 – 660 nm
User
Selectable
Options
410 nm, 490 nm, 520 nm, 570 nm, 640 nm built-in filters.
Automatic verification by test program.
± 20nm
Intelligent 2 × 16 character alphanumeric display. Test
identification and prompts in English, French, German,
Spanish and international symbols. Direct reading of test
results in mg/l or molar units (mmol/l µmol/l). Clock and
timer display.
Time/ date set, date format, select display language, select
units, sample number entry option, dilution factor option.
38
This instrument (Palintest plate1) was used to test the
following:
1- pH:
Photometer method 520 nm.
Test for pH value of water and aqueous solutions 6.8 - 8.4
Test Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Test tube was filled with sample to the 10 ml mark.
One phenol red tablet was added crushed and mixed to dissolve.
Wavelength 520 nm on photometer was selected.
Photometer reading in usual manner was taken.
2- Hardness:
Photometer method 570 nm.
Test for hardness in natural and treated waters 0 -500 mg/l CaCo3..
Test procedure.
1. Sample was filtered to obtain a clear solution.
2. Test tube was filled with sample to 10 ml mark.
3. Tablet No 1 was added crushed and mixed to dissolve.
4. Tablet No 2 was added crushed and mixed to dissolve.
5. The Solution was left to stand for two minutes to allow full colour
development.
6. Wavelength 570 nm on the photometer was selected.
7. Photometer reading in the usual manner was taken.
3- Chloride:
Photometer method 520nm
Test for chloride salt in water (0 – 50 mg/l NaCl to 0 – 50,000 mg/l
NaCl)
Test Procedure:
1- Test tube was filled with sample to the 10 mg/l mark.
2- One acidifying Cl tablet was added crushed and mixed to dissolve.
3- One chloride tablet was added and allowed to disintegrate for two
minutes then crushed for any remaining particles and mixed. Cloudy
solutions indicate the presence of chloride.
4- Wavelength 520nm on photometer was selected.
5- Photometer reading in usual manner was taken.
39
4- Copper:
Photometer method 520 nm.
Test for free, chelated and total copper in natural and treated waters 0-5 mg/l.
Test Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-6
Test tube was filled with sample to the 10 ml mark.
Tablet No 1 was added, crushed and mixed to dissolve.
Wavelength 520 nm of Photometer was selected.
Photometer reading was taken in usual manner.
Conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS):
Electric connection apparatus: this instrument was used to test the
conductivity and total dissolved solids.
It is measured by the use of electric connection apparatus for liquids. The
apparatus is composed of an electrode containing two poles which acts as a
measure for the transference of eclectic charges among molecules forming
liquids. This depends on the differential force among the negative molecules
and the positive molecules.
When molecules are not correctly arranged (negative – negative–positive–
positive) the transfer of the charges equals, approximately, zero among then.
This is due to electric equilibrium. The apparatus contains a graduated scale
reading which differs according to transmission validity of liquids. This
graduation is controlled by a measuring monitor modulating it from one
measure to another. The apparatus reads electric transmission and at the
same time by pressing a button it reads TDS.
7- Density:
Determined in accord with the standard specific gravity test
procedure:
1- Weighting of the empty dry bottle (W1).
2- Filling the bottle with water and weighting again (W2).
Density =
W2 - W1
V
Where:
density = Density
W1
= Weight of empty bottle
W2
= Weight of bottle with water
V
= Volume of bottle
40
8- Surface tension:
Surface tension of water has been measured by the use of a common
microscope (10x) and a capillary tube for measurement of the radius of tube
and height of water.
Two readings are taken from the microscope. The first reading when
capillary tube is in touch with axis(x) from the bottom and the second
reading is from top (Z) By deducting the first reading from the second one
gets the total radius of the capillary tube (R) as: Y - Z = R
For the measurement of the water height (h) capillary tube is immersed in a
water container to enable water rises in the tube. By the microscope height
of water in the capillary tube is calculated from the water surface in the
container.
In the stable water in capillary tube there are two forces affecting it, force of
the upper surface tension and force of water weight in the lower tube.
Surface tension is computed as follows.
T = 1 Rhρg
2
Where:
T =
R =
h =
ρ =
g =
surface tension.
radius of the capillary tube.
height of water in the tube.
density of water.
gravitational acceleration. (Munzer, 2002).
41
Chapter (4)
Results and Discussions
42
4- Results and Discussions
This research has undertaken the application of magnetization process on a
model at El-mogran water station by magnetic cone to study the effect on
water chemical and physical characteristics. It is observed that magnetic
treatment have lead to an increase in values of pH, TDS, conductivity and a
decrease and change in values of hardness, chloride, copper, density and
surface tension.
The circumstance of examination and analysis were the same for 40 samples
before and after the treatment with a difference in the time of waiting(less
than one minute, 5, 15, 30, 60minutes) and a ratio of flow (28.57 x 10-6) and
a temperature (37oc) and a magnetic force of value (55mt).
Table 4.1 shows obtained results.
Table 4.1 Changes of pH with time
Time (minutes)
Less than 1
After 5
After 15
After 30
After 60
Raw water pH
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
Magnetic water pH
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
Analysis of pH of the water before and after magnetic treatment has been
done on the basis of different time interval (1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes) at
the rate flow of (28.57 x 10-6ml) and at a temperature of (37oc) and a
magnetic flux of (55mt).
43
7.8
7.78
7.76
7.74
pH Values7.72
7.7
7.68
7.66
7.64
Less than 1 After 5
After 15
Times (minutes
Raw Water
After 30
After 60
Magnatic Water
Fig . ( 1 ) : pH Changes with Raw and Magnetic Water
Table (1) and Fig (1)shows that the pH values before magnetic was 7.7 in all
duration while the values of 7.8 was recorded after magnetic with no effect
of the staying time of the water, the value of change .1 whereas ratio of
change 1.3%.
(WHO, 1993) stated that pH has an indirect effect on health. The
recommended guideline value for pH is (6.5 – 8.5) although it is recognized
that some problems could arise within a distribution system with pH levels
below (7).
Table 4.2 shows obtained laboratory results.
Table 4.2 water hardness as a function of time
Time(minutes)
Raw water mg/l as caco3 Magnetic water mg/l
as caco3
Less than 1
After 5
After 15
After 30
After 60
90
90
90
90
90
44
80
80
80
80
80
90
88
86
84
Hardness 82
values mg/l
as caco3
80
78
76
74
Less than 1
After 5
After 15
After 30
After 60
Time of test (minute)
Raw water mg/l ascaco3
Magnetic water mg/l
Fig. (2): Hardness changes with raw and magnetic water
Analysis of water hardness before and after magnetic treatment has been
done on the basis of different time periods (1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes) at
flow rate of (28.57 x 10-6) and a temperature (37oc) and a magnetic force of
value (55mt).
From table (2) and Fig (2) magnetization has its effect on water hardness
reaching a decrease of 11% for normal water and magnetic water,
recommends that drinking water should be moderately hard. Softening of
water is recommended when the hardness exceeds 150 mgCaCo3/l.
Nonetheless,(WHO, 1989) states that hardness in water aids growth of teeth,
bones and achieres, reduction of toxicity by poisoning with lead oxide (PbO)
from pipelines made of lead.(precipitation) of lead carbonate (PbCO3).
Hardness of water may cause diseases that include certain nervous system
effects, an encephaly, prenatal morality and various types of cancer.
45
Table 4.3 shows obtained results for chloride tests.
Table 4.3 changes of chloride with time
Time minutes
Less than 1
After 5
After 15
After 30
After 60
Raw water mgcl-/l
9
9
9
9
9
Magnetic water mgcl-/l
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
9
8.5
8
Chlorides
values mg cl /l
7.5
7
6.5
Less than 1 After 5
After 15 After 30
times (minutes)
Raw Water
After 60
Magnetic Water
Fig. (3) :Chlorides changes with normal and magnetic water
Analysis of chloride in water samples before and after magnetic treatment
has been done on the basis of different durations (1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes)
at flow rate of (28.57 x 10-6) and a temperature of (37oc) and a magnetic
force of (55mt).
Table (3) and Fig (3) show a 17% decrease in the value of chloride, after
magnetic water treatment.
(Rowe, 1995) stated that 88% of the chloride in the human body is
extracellular. Chloride is known to cause methemoglobinemia in which
haemoglobin of the blood is oxidized to metabolically inactive state.
46
Table 4.4 shows the obtained results.
Table 4.4 changes of copper with time
Time minutes
Less than 1
After 5
After 15
After 30
After 60
Normal water mg/l
Magnetic water mg/l
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.76
0.76
0.76
0.76
0.76
0.9
0.85
0.8
Copper values
mg/l
0.75
0.7
0.65
Less than 1 After 5
After 15
After 30
After 60
times (minutes)
Normal Water
Magnetic Water
Fig. (4): Copper changes with normal and magnetic water
Analysis of Copper in water samples before and after magnetic treatment has
been done on the basis of different durations(less than 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60
minutes) at flow rate of (28.57 x 10-6) and a temperature of (37oc) and a
magnetic force of (55mt).
Table (4) and Fig (4) showed that the result of passing magnetic funnel is the
decrease of copper in water from 0.90 mg/l for normal water and 0.76 mg/l
for magnetic water. The value of change 0.14 mg/l, the ratio of change is
15.6%.
Copper imparts some taste to water. The drinking water standard is based on
a limited that might import an undesirable taste. Copper occurs naturally in
many waters and may also result from corrosion of pipes and fittings. The
47
presence of copper in drinking water can give rise to discolouration or an
astringent taste (WHO, 1993, 1988).
Table 4.5 shows the obtained results.
Table 4.5 changes of total dissolved solids with time
Time minutes
Less than 1
After 5
After 15
After 30
After 60
Normal water mg/l
123.9
123.9
123.9
123.9
123.9
Magnetic water mg/l
128.9
128.9
128.9
128.9
128.9
130
129
128
127
126
TDS
values mg/l 125
124
123
122
121
Less than 1
After 5
After 15
After 30
After 60
times (minutes)
normal water
magnetic water
Fig. (5):TDS changes with normal and magnetic water
Analysis of total dissolved solid in water samples before and after magnetic
treatment has been done on the basis of different durations (less than 1, 5, 15,
30 and 60 minutes) at a flow rate of (28.57 x 10-6) and a temperature of (37oc)
and a magnetic force of (55mt).
Table (5) and Fig (5) showed that the TDS from 123.9 mg/l for normal water
128.9 mg/l for magnetic water. The increase is big at a value of 5 mg/l and
ratio of change is 4.0%.
48
The principal ions contributing to TDS are carbonate, bicarbonates, chloride,
sulphate, nitrate, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. TDS
influence other qualities of drinking water such as taste, hardness, corrosion.
The result of epidemiological studies would appear to suggest that TDS in
drinking water might even have beneficial health effects.
Water with extremely low TDS levels may also be unacceptable because it is
flat, in spite taste. Although no deleterious physiological effect has been
recorded with total dissolved solids in water above 1000mg/l, it was
considered that it would, as a rule, be unacceptable to exceed this level,
which is recommended as a guide line value. (WHO, 1984).
Table 4.6 shows the obtained results.
Table 4.6 changes of conductivity with time.
Time minutes
Less than 1
After 5
After 15
After 30
After 60
Normal water
0.204
0.204
0.204
0.204
0.204
Magnetic water
0.212
0.212
0.212
0.212
0.212
0.212
0.21
0.208
Conductivity0.206
values
0.204
0.202
0.2
Less than
1
After 5
After 15
After 30
After 60
times (minute)
Normal Water
Magnetic Water
Fig . ( 6): Conductivity changes with normal and magnetic water
49
Analysis of water conductivity before and after magnetic treatment has been
done on the basis of different time periods (less than 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60
minutes) at the flow rate of (28.57 x 10-6) and a temperature of (37oc) and a
magnetic force of value (55mt).
Table (6) and Fig (6) showed when experimenting test of conductivity by
magnetic cone the increase was clear from 0.204 for normal water 0.212 for
magnetic water, 0.008 the value of change, 3.9% the ratio of change.
(Rowe and Abdel- Magid, 1997) stated that conductivity derotes the ability
of an aqueous solution to carry an electric current. This ability is a function
of concentration, mobility, valence, relative concentration of ions, and
temperature. Generally, solution of most inorganic acids, bases, and salts are
relatively good conductors.
(Munzer, 2002) stated that the arrangement of the electric charges of water
leads to the arrangement of the electric charges of the cells of humans.
Hence, lessening the loss of energy which leads to the movement of small
currents from positive to negative in a regular way.
Table 4.7 shows the obtained results.
Table 4.7 Changes of density with time
Time minutes
Less than 1
After 5
After 15
After 30
After 60
Normal water kg m-3
1.0041
1.0041
1.0041
1.0041
1.0041
50
Magnetic water kg m-3
1.0033
1.0033
1.0033
1.0033
1.0033
1.0042
1.004
1.0038
1.0036
Density values
-3
Kg m
1.0034
1.0032
1.003
1.0028
Less than After 5
After 15 After 30 After 60
1
times (minutes)
Normal WaterMagnetic Water
Fig . ( 7): Density changes with normal and magnetic water
Analysis of water density before and after magnetic treatment has been done
on the basis of different time periods (less than 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes)
at a flow rate of (28.57 x 10-6) and a temperature of (37oc) and a magnetic
force of value (55mt).
Table (7) and Fig (7) showed, when passing water through magnetic cone
the density records decrease from 1.0041 kg m-3 for normal water 1.0033 kg
m-3 for magnetic water, the value of change 0.0008 kg m-3 and ratio of
change is 0.08%.
(Rowe and Abdel-Magid, 1997) Unlike other liquids waters density becomes
less when it changes to solid state. This is because of the formation of
molecules in this state. Water as a liquid can not be compressed to great
extend, since molecules are near to each other in liquid state more than the
solid state but they don’t vibrate round a stable condition for its movement is
free.
51
Table 4.8 shows the obtained results.
Table 4.8 changes of surface tension with time
Time minutes
Less than 1
After 5
After 15
After 30
After 60
Normal water N/m-1
0.01760727
0.01760727
0.01760727
0.01760727
0.01760727
Magnetic water N/m-1
0.016883045
0.016883045
0.016883045
0.016883045
0.016883045
0.0178
0.0176
0.0174
surface 0.0172
tension
values Nm-1 0.017
0.0168
0.0166
0.0164
Less than 1
After 5
After 15
After 30
After 60
times (minutes)
Normal WaterMagnetic Water
Fig. (8): Surface tension changes with normal and
magnetic water
Analysis of surface tension in water samples before and after magnetic
treatment has been done on the basis of different durations (less than 1, 5, 15,
30 and 60 minutes) at a flow rate of (28.57 x 10-6) and a temperature of (37oc)
and a magnetic force of (55mt).
Table (8) and Fig (8) lastly the results on surface tension showed decrease
from 0.0176072 Nm-1 for normal water, and 0.0168830Nm-1 for magnetic
water, value of change 0.00076072Nm-1 and ratio of change 4.1%.
These new properties make the water to have a healthy positive effect on
living organisms and man. This makes the inner cells of the body of humans
have a high energy which enables the cells to combat diseases hence
52
enabling digested materials and liquids to diffuse through the mucous cells
of the intestines. This depends mainly on the surface tension of the liquid.
The more surface tension is; the less the cells energy becomes. By this the
cell gains additional energy. (Munzer, 2002).
53
Chapter (5)
Conclusions and recommendations
54
5- Conclusions and recommendations
5-1 Conclusions
From the work carried in this research, the following conclusions
emerged:
a) Upon treating raw water with a magnetic flux a significant decrease
has been achieved for tested parameters that included: hardness,
chloride, density, surface tension and copper.
b) Magnetic technology as induced in raw water enabled increasing
levels of ion exchange concentration, conductivity and total
dissolved solids.
c) Time has no effect on test results of magnetic water treatment for all
tested parameters.
5- 2 Recommendations
The research work undertaken suggests the following main
recommendations:
a) The use of magnetic cone for drinking water imports advantages for
the consumer.
b) Connecting water net using magnetic techniques deserves revisiting
and attention from decision makers.
c) Additional researches and studies should be made in the field of using
magnetic techniques on drinking water.
55
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57
Appendix
58