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Chapter12
The 2nd War for Independence and
the Upsurge of Nationalism
Warof1812
•  Ranks as one of the worst-fought war
•  Supreme Lesson- folly of leading a divided &
apathetic people into war
•  Result of War of 1812- renewed sense of
nationalism that would inspire sectionalism
and the growing issue of slavery
Ontocanada
•  Eve of War of 1812- regular army ill-trained, illdisciplined, widely scattered
•  Offensive strategy against Canada- poorly
planned
–  American 3-pronged attack (Detroit, Niagara, &
Lake Champlain)
–  British captured Fort Michilimackinac (command
for the upper Great Lakes area)
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•  American defeats on land forced Americans
to fight at sea
–  Am. Navy did better than US Army
–  The Constitution (Old Ironsides)
Control of the Great Lakes was vital- Am. naval
officer Oliver Perry “We have met the enemy and
they are ours.”
•  G.B. had captured and exiled Napoleon,
sending thousands of Redcoats to Canada to
fight U.S.
•  Thomas Macdounough defeated British in
naval battle- saved upper New York from
conquest, New England from further troubles, &
Union from possible dissolution
Washingtonburned,neworleansdefended
•  “Blandensburg Races”- group of 6,000 militia
who allowed G.B. to enter the capital
•  G.B. set fire to most of the public buildings,
including the Capitol & White House
•  Fort McHenry- “Star-Spangled Banner” by
Francis Scott Key
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•  Andrew Jackson placed in command at N.
Orleans (success from Battle of Horseshoe
Bend)
•  British-overconfident, lost 2,000 soldiers in 30
min.
•  Jackson- instant National Hero
•  Battle did not matter, treaty was signed 2
weeks prior
•  Battle did restore honor and new wave of
nationalism and self-confidence
TreatyofGhent
•  Ghent (1814)- city in Belgium
•  Treaty was an armistice- both sides agreed to
stop fighting and restore conquered territory
–  No mention of American grievances- Indian
menace, GB search and seizure, Orders in Council,
impressment, and confiscations
–  War ended in a “draw”
•  “Real” reason for Hartford Convention- Once
proud N. England was falling to the South and
West
•  Reaction to Hartford Convention•  Same time as Treaty of Ghent and Battle of New Orleans
•  Federalist grievances looked petty and treasonous
•  Would be the death of the Federalist Party
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•  Hartford Convention
–  Mass., Conn., Rhode Island, N. Hampshire, &
Vermont
–  Met for 3 weeks to discuss grievances
–  Their demands:
•  Financial assistance to compensate for lost trade
•  Proposed 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could
be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared
Effectsofwarof1812
•  Americans had shown that they would fight for
“wrongs” against our country
•  Other nations developed a new respect for
America’s fighting forces (Perry &
Macdonough)
•  Death of Federalist Party
•  Emergence of war heroes- Andrew Jackson,
William Henry Harrison
•  Manufacturing prospered, American industries
made US realize- we don’t need Europe
•  Rush-Bagot Agreement: severe limitations on
Great Lakes between US and Canada
•  US enters period of isolationism, stay out of
European affairs.
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ThedevelopmentofNaIonalism
•  Most impressive effect of War of 1812American nationalism
–  Revived Bank of the United States
–  New National Capitol building
–  Expansion of the army and the navy
“Theamericansystem”
•  Introduced by Henry Clay in 1824
•  Purpose–  to develop a profitable home market & not rely on
European industry
–  G.B. was trying to strangle the new American
factories
–  US passed the Tariff of 1816 (1st in US History)20-25% on taxable imports
TheAmericansystem-3parts
•  Part 1- a strong banking system, which would
provide easy credit
•  Part 2- a protective tariff to help eastern
manufacturing
•  Part 3- use $ from tariff to pay for a network of
roads and canals (especially in Ohio Valley)
–  Would connect the country together economically/
politically
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Responsestotheamericansystem
•  Wide support from the west (poor road system)
•  Congress voted to give $1.5 million to each
state, later vetoed by Pres. Madison
(unconstitutional)
•  New England opposed Am. Systemconstruction of roads and canals would pull
population and create competition from west
Eraofgoodfeelings
•  During the Monroe Presidency
•  End of the Federalist Party
•  Monroe represented two generations- the end
of the Founding Fathers and the new age of
nationalism
•  “Not so good feelings…”- issues of the tariff,
the bank, internal improvements, sale of public
land, and conflict over slavery beginning…
ThePanicof1819
•  Economic depression began in 1819- deflation,
depression, bankruptcies, bank failures,
unemployment, and overcrowded debtors’
prisons
•  Major factor- overspeculation in frontier lands
•  Westerners/poorer classes hit the hardestforeclosures, Bank of US became “financial
devil”
•  Effect- rise of Jacksonian Democracy
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Westerngrowingpains
•  9 new frontier states joined the Union between
1791 & 1819
•  New states admitted alternately, free or slave
•  Why move West?
–  “Ohio Fever” among immigrants (cheap land)
–  Tobacco land exhaustion
–  Embargo forced many to leave east coast
–  Opening of the Cumberland Rd (MD to IL)
–  Major problem- no political power in the West
SlaveryandthesecIonalbalance
•  1819- Missouri ready for statehood.
•  11 free and 11 slave states at the time
•  Tallmadge Amendment–  No more slaves should be brought into Missouri
–  Gradual emancipation of children born to slave
parents in Missouri
–  Created anger by the Southerners
–  Eventually defeated by the Senate
•  “If Congress could abolish the slave system in
Missouri, would it try to abolish it in the South
all together?”
–  Sectional crisis between Southern slave owners
and Northern abolitionists
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ThemIssouricompromise
•  3 part compromise developed by Henry Clay in
1820
–  Part 1- Admit Missouri as a slave state
–  Part 2- Admit Maine as a free state (balance
12/12)
–  Part 3- All future states would be free north of the
36 30’ line
Effectsofthemissouricompromise
Would last for 34 years
Both North & South neither happy nor angry
Would not answer the slavery question
Jefferson- “sooner or later it (slavery) will burst
on us as a tornado”
•  Monroe re-elected (almost unanimously, 1 vote)
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JohnMarshall
•  McCullough v Maryland
–  State of Maryland tried to destroy a branch of the
Bank of the US by imposing a tax on its bank notes
–  Marshall ruled in favor of bank, strengthening
federal authority
–  “Implied” Powers of the Constitution (necessary
and proper)
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•  Cohens v Virginia (1821)
–  The Cohens were found guilty of illegally selling
lottery tickets in Virginia
–  Virginia won case (conviction of the Cohens upheld)
–  Virginia & other individual states lost- Marshall: the
right of the Supreme Ct. to review the decisions of
the state supreme cts. in all questions involving
powers of the federal govt.
•  Gibbons v Ogden (1824)
–  “Steamboat case”
–  Attempt by the state of New York to grant a private
monopoly of waterway commerce between NY and
NJ
–  Marshall- Congress alone has the control of
interstate commerce.
–  Blow to state rights and power to the Fed. Gov.
•  Fletcher v Peck (1810)
–  Georgia legislature granted 35 million acres to
private speculators (bribed illegally)
–  Next legislature cancelled the crooked transaction
–  Marshall- legislative grant was a contract and
Constitution forbids state laws “impairing”
contracts
•  Invalidate state laws conflicting with the federal
Constitution
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•  Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819)
–  College had been granted a charter by King George
III in 1769
–  New Hampshire state legislature wanted to change
it
–  Marshall- Original charter must stand (contract)
–  Would later protect businesses from domination by
state governments
–  Would also enable corporations to escape the
needs of the people
OregonandFlorida
•  Treaty of 1818
–  Monroe and J.Q.A. (Sec. of State) negotiated with
GB
–  Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries
–  Northern limits of Louisiana (Minnesota to Rocky
Mts
–  10 year joint occupation of Oregon (no rights, no
claims)
•  Majority of Florida under Spanish control
•  Revolutions in Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile
forced Spain to remove troops from Florida
•  Gen. Jackson saw opportunity to deal with
Seminole Indians and runaway slaves
•  Jackson on a rampage- hanging/killing several
N.A. chiefs, British subjects (for assisting
Indians)
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•  Jackson continued by seizing Spanish posts- St.
Marks and Pensacola
•  Jackson had exceeded Monroe’s instructions
–  J.Q.Adams saw chance to gain Florida
FloridaPurchaseTreatyof1819
•  Spain ceded Florida as well as claims to Oregon
•  In exchange- US gives claims to Texas
(independent Mexico) and American SW
ImmediatecausesoftheMonroedoctrine
1. Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France would
send (rumor) powerful fleets and armies to the
revolted colonies in S.America to restore
monarchy
2. US fearful that republicanism would sufferpowerful and unfriendly forces too close to
home.
3. Russian expansion southward from Alaska into
Oregon and California (threat to American
expansion to the Pacific)
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RejecIonoftheBriIshProposalforJointDeclaraIon
•  George Canning- British foreign minister
proposed the US & GB issue a joint declaration
warning Europe against attempts to deny
independence in L.America
•  J.Q.A opposed a joint declaration- US to act
alone, GB only to protect their Caribbean
possessions
TheMonroeDoctrine
•  The Western Hemisphere was closed to further
European colonization
•  The US would not interfere w/existing colonies
•  US would not interfere in the internal affairs of
Europe
•  Any attempt by Europe to intervene in W.
Hemisphere would be regarded as “dangerous
to our peace and safety”
SignificanceofMonroeDoctrine
•  The American people approved the Monroe
Doctrine
–  It expressed the spirit of American nationalism
–  It stressed America’s importance in world affairs
–  It attempted to isolate the entire W. Hemisphere
from European affairs
–  Latin America welcomed the Monroe Doctrine as a
friendly offer as assistance
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•  The Russians halted their expansion
•  European alliance did not pursue plans for
reconquest of Latin America
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