CYBERSECURITY:
The Greatest Hurdle of
the 2016 Olympic Games
INTRODUCTION
1
“International Olympic Committee
Marketing Report: London 2012,”
Olympic Committee, 2012. Link
Every two years, the world turns its collective attention to an event that has come to epitomize
a rare moment in international co-existence. Underneath jerseys and face paint indicating
national allegiance is an appreciation for talent and hard work, regardless of state origin.
Amid the fiercest competition in the world emerges a sense of humanistic unity in both
athletics and beyond. For seventeen days this August, Olympic fervor will begin all over again.
Preparing for an event that attracts 7.5 million ticketed spectators and 3.5 billion television
viewers1 is no small feat for any city, even for highly industrialized hosts such as London
and Beijing. As the first South American country to host an Olympic Games, Brazil carries
the reputation of an entire region on its shoulders. Amid this pressure, Brazil is also faced
with a host of internal issues. Rampant corruption, economic collapse, and the Zika virus
threaten to launch Brazil into utter chaos.
Amid these immediate and pressing challenges, however, lies a more covert concern. Brazil’s
insufficient cybersecurity infrastructure, coupled with the world’s attention, make the 2016
Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games a perfect target for cybercriminals.
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This paper explores Brazil’s existing cyber landscape,
including its status both regionally and globally.
It will begin by examining
the history of cybercrime
in Brazil and its existing
Internet infrastructure.
It will then contextualize Brazil’s unique cyber
landscape in the context of the Olympic Games,
including comparisons with previous and future
host countries, and efforts to secure Brazil’s cyber
architecture specific to the games.
Finally, it will provide recommended
“next steps” for what can and should
be done to ensure the future security
of Brazil’s evolving cyber landscape.
Ultimately, this paper illustrates the ways in which a multitude of cyber threats
may prove to be the greatest hurdle of the Summer 2016 Olympic Games.
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M A P P I N G B R A Z I L’ S
CYBER LANDSCAPE
2
“Hackers target Brazil’s World
Cup for cyber attacks,” Reuters,
26 February 2014. Link
Despite its size and regional status, Brazil faces relatively few external geopolitical enemies.
The government has therefore had little incentive to develop its cyber defense capabilities.2
Moreover, in the face of widespread traditional crime, poverty, and social inequality, government
3
resources have been allocated elsewhere. In fact, cybersecurity programs in Brazil were
“Brazil and Cybersecurity in the
Aftermath of the Snowden
Revelations” Link
virtually non-existent until 2013, when the Snowden leaks sparked a cybersecurity dialogue
4
Cybercriminals are no stranger to Olympic-size breaches. The official site of the London
“Hackers target Brazil’s World
Cup for cyber attacks,” Reuters,
26 February 2014. Link
that had been absent from earlier discourse.3
Olympics was hacked more than 2.2 million times in 2012. Most of these attacks were ticket
fraud or denial-of-service attacks; more than 700 of these attacks warranted thorough
5
investigation. In all, French information security company ATOS detected approximately
“Beaches, carnivals and
cybercrime: a look inside
the Brazilian underground,”
Kaspersky Lab, 11 November
2015. Link
255 million “security events” during the London Games.4
The potential to cause a disruption on the Olympic stage is only furthered by Brazil’s internal
economic and social circumstances. The country’s threat landscape reflects both Brazil’s
inadequate financial infrastructure, as well as its ongoing internal unrest. These factors
combine to create one of the most unique cyber landscapes in the world—one that can
only be understood by assessing Brazil from the inside out.5
4
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Brazen Hackers & Vulnerable Wi-Fi
Brazil’s financial sector has been and will continue to be its most vulnerable industry. Online
banking is hugely popular in Brazil, with more than 50 million Brazilians using Internet-based
banking systems daily. In all, 40 percent of all bank transactions occur online. Hackers have
taken notice. Nearly 300,000 Brazilian users suffered from financial malware in 2014, making
Brazil the most dangerous country in the world for financial cyberattack.6 These numbers
are on the rise; bank fraud increased in Brazil by 40 percent in 2015.7
Although tourists are unlikely to utilize Brazil’s online banking systems while in country
for the Games, the prevalence of financial crime largely defines Brazil’s landscape. In all,
cybercrime constitutes 95 percent of all losses sustained by Brazilian banks.8
These numbers are on
the rise; bank fraud
increased in Brazil by
In all, cybercrime
40%
95%
constitutes 95 percent
of all losses sustained
40 percent in 2015.7
by Brazilian banks.8
6
“Kaspersky Security Bulletin
2014. Overall statistics for
2014,” Kaspersky Lab. 8
December 2014. Link
7
“Beaches, carnivals and
cybercrime: a look inside
the Brazilian underground,”
Kaspersky Lab, 11 November
2015. Link
8
“Cybercrime Scheme Uncovered
in Brazil,” The New York Times,
2 July 2014. Link
9
“3.75 Billion ‘Boleto’ Fraud in
Brazil Exposes the Rise of
Global Cybercrime Threats,”
Association of Certified
Financial Crime Specialists. Link
Without deterring legal consequences, cybercriminals feel free to flaunt their cyber loot
online. Without fear of punishment, Brazilian hackers post photographs of their earnings,
exchange “best practices” on online hacking forums, and even upload videos bragging
about their hacking skills. One prominent video, entitled Rap dos Hackers, has received
over 200,000 views. The hacker proclaims:
“I’m a virtual terrorist, a criminal
On the internet, I spread terror
Have nervous fingers
I’ll invade your PC, so heads up
You lose playboy
Now your passwords are mine.”9
5
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Network Attack
Wi-Fi networks in São Paulo
10
“Data Are at High Risk of Theft
Via Wi-Fi, Europol Warns,” The
Wall Street Journal, 7 March
2014. Link
11
Completely
Could be hacked in
open networks
a matter of minutes
26% 12%
“Cybercriminals Ramp up
Activity Ahead of 2014 World
Cup,” SecurityWeek, 11 June
2014. Link
12
“Pineapple: An overview of
Wi-Fi Pineapple Mark V,” Volkan
Paksoy Blog, 25 February 2015.
Link
Spectators looking to document their Olympic experiences online must also be wary of network attacks. Due to the cost
and relative inaccessibility of 3G networks in Brazil, visitors typically depend on Wi-Fi. Popular applications such as WhatsApp
and other Wi-Fi-dependent, international messaging applications will also encourage tourists to turn to Wi-Fi when in Brazil.
After searching for a connection, spectators are likely to connect to the first open network they see. However, public Wi-Fi
connections—such as those available at coffee shops, hotels, and restaurants—are typically unencrypted, enabling
cybercriminals to access a victim’s device with minimal effort. A hacker needs only a simple, inconspicuous, and inexpensive
device to intercept signals from a victim’s computer or install malware. All information accessed on an insecure network,
including passwords and credit card numbers, is fair game. This information may then be used to perpetrate offline crime,
such as identity theft or credit card fraud.10 The headache associated with the aftermath of these crimes is only exacerbated
when abroad.
Vulnerable Wi-Fi networks are prevalent everywhere, and Brazil is no exception. A Kaspersky Lab assessment of Wi-Fi
networks in São Paulo found 26 percent of networks are completely open, while an additional 12 percent could be hacked
in a matter of minutes.11 Perhaps most insidious is the creation of fake Wi-Fi networks, often designed to resemble hotel
or airport networks. In order to carry out what is often termed a “man-in-the-middle attack,” a hacker needs only a device
known as a Wi-Fi pineapple. The pineapple effectively fools wireless devices into connecting to the pineapple ahead of
existing, legitimate networks. The unsuspecting victim therefore believes he or she is connecting to a reputable network,
but instead relays his or her personal information directly to the hacker.12
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Cybercriminals can obtain a Wi-Fi pineapple with relative ease, and may place the pineapple
at a café, hotel, or business with public Wi-Fi in a matter of seconds. Once the pineapple is
in place, the cybercriminal has the ability to install malware on a victim’s computer or dump
the victim’s hard drive. If the victim visits online banking sites or enters a password, that
13
“DarkHotel: A Sophisticated New
Attack Targets High-Profile
Hotel Guests,” WIRED, 10
November 2014. Link
information is readily accessible, too. When a user joins public Wi-Fi via a pineapple, he or
she hands the keys to his or her personal information directly to a cybercriminal.
Spectators looking to regale their Olympic experiences to friends and followers online must
remain vigilant. While the Rio 2016 Olympic Committee has made private Wi-Fi networks
available at Olympic venues, Brazil’s other attractions remain vulnerable. Brazil’s beaches
deployed free and public Wi-Fi ahead of the World Cup, and the same infrastructure will
be in place for this summer’s Olympics. As tourists bask in Brazilian sunshine between
volleyball matches, they may be in inadvertently sharing personal data with malicious actors.
Even the confines of a luxury resort are not safe. For example, a 2014 Kaspersky Lab
report revealed that an attack known as DarkHotel had compromised the personal data of
international executives at five-star hotels around the world for at least seven years.13 With
millions of preoccupied tourists set to descend on Rio, cybercriminals will undoubtedly take
advantage of the influx of lucrative and easy-to-access data.
7
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Hacktivism
14
“Beware the activist: Securing
files against hacktivism threats,”
GlobalSCAPE Blog, 9 July 2014.
Link
15
“Brazil 2016 Summer Olympics:
Hacker group Anonymous
attacks feared,” International
Business Times, 16 March 2016.
Link
16
“Hackers Target Brazil’s World
Cup for Cyber Attacks,” Reuters,
26 February 2014. Link
Brazil has long been a major target for prominent hacktivist group Anonymous. In 2012,
Anonymous successfully infiltrated and shut down prominent financial institutions across
Brazil, including Banco de Brasil. Two years later, the group waged a large-scale attack known
as “Operation Hacking Cup” during the World Cup to protest social injustices stemming
from the event. The group targeted both the Brazilian government and the World Cup’s
corporate sponsors, including Adidas, Budweiser, Coca-Cola and Emirates Airlines.14
Anonymous waged hundreds of Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks in an attempt to
overwhelm websites.15
To carry out a DDoS attack, thousands of users access a designated website at the same
time in an effort to overwhelm and temporarily shut down the site. These attacks are
simple, cheap, and effectively propel Anonymous–and their political or socioeconomic
17
position—into the mainstream media. When an Olympic-size magnifying glass descends
“#OpHackingCup –
Anonymous,” Pastebin, 5 June
2014. Link
on Rio de Janeiro, the effects of a DDoS attack will make headlines worldwide.16
Anonymous also posted more than 300 documents obtained from the Foreign Ministry’s
network online as part of Operation Hacking Cup. In a manifesto published during the
World Cup, Anonymous wrote:
“How many billions of dollars from public funds were spent to build and reform the stadiums
that will host the Cup?...We can’t accept pacifically [sic] any more the violations on people’s
basic rights practiced because of this event….The eyes of the world will be turned to Brazil.”17
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These concerns continue to manifest themselves in cyberspace as Brazil prepares for the
Olympics. As was the case in the lead up to the World Cup, Brazil has made international
headlines for displacing residents in favor of building roads to and from stadiums. The Rio
de Janeiro city government reports that 334 families have been relocated since 2009 to
18
“Brazilian officials evict families
from homes ahead of 2016
Olympic Games,” The Guardian,
28 October 2015. Link
make way for Olympic infrastructure. Bus lines shuttling Rio’s commuters from one side
of the city to another have been shut down, forcing thousands to work from home or find
alternative and often more expensive means of transportation to critical infrastructure
in the city. As Brazil rushes to complete its Olympic infrastructure, tensions continue to
bubble over between the government and Brazil’s working class. Anonymous has all of the
ammunition it needs to launch similar hacks and DDoS attacks this summer.18
Twitter accounts associated with Anonymous cited so-called “resettlement” last year;
attacks are expected to continue as the games approach. Given the prevalence of DDoS
attacks at the Cup, Anonymous is likely to wage similar attacks in August.
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COUNTERING CYBERCRIME: CDCIBER
19
“Why Brazil Put Its Military in
Charge of Cyber Security,”
Defense One, 13 January 2015.
Link
20
“Deconstructing Cyber
Security in Brazil: Threats and
Responses,” Igarapé Institute,
December 2014. Link
Brazil’s cybersecurity agency, the Cyber Defense Center (CDCiber), is operated by
approximately 100 members of the Brazilian Armed Forces. International cybersecurity
experts are split as to whether or not military control is best suited for Brazil’s cybersecurity
needs. While some argue that the prevalence of cybercrime in Brazil warrants military
thinking and strategizing, others suggest the nature of Brazilian cybercrime, which is
waged largely by private Brazilian citizens rather than external state actors, is ill-suited for
military jurisdiction.19 Across Latin America, only Colombia’s armed forces are similarly
involved in cybersecurity.20
21
“Deconstructing Cyber
Security in Brazil: Threats and
Responses,” Igarapé Institute,
December 2014. Link
Since it became fully operational in 2011, CDCiber has received a multitude of criticisms
from domestic and international cybersecurity experts. CDCiber was criticized in 2013
when it used its military-grade resources to create social media monitoring programs
in order to track civilian protests.21 This surveillance is indicative of the larger mismatch
between CDCiber’s military framework and Brazil’s greater cybersecurity needs.
CDCiber’s first major test came in 2012 when Brazil hosted the United NationsConference
on Sustainable Development (Rio+20). Since then, CDCiber has overseen cybersecurity
measures for the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2014 FIFA World Cup. Hosting sporting
events on an international scale has created a sense of urgency within CDCiber to amp up
cyber precautions.
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CDCiber cites Brazil’s 2014 FIFA World Cup as a model for its Olympic preparations; officials
22
note they will not make any “profound changes” to the cyber procedures that governed
“Brazil’s Armed Forces Grapple
with Cybersecurity Challenges,”
Dialogo, 29 October 2012. Link
the Cup. This model included a focus on hacktivism, cyber espionage, terrorism, and cyber
warfare. Largely absent from this plan, however, was a focus on financial cybercrime. Financial
malware attacks increased throughout May and June 2014, which coincides with the timing
of the World Cup. During this timeframe, the number of computers attacked by financial
malware rose from 250,000 to 350,000 per month.
To prepare for the Olympics specifically, Brazil will host Argentina in virtual defense training
sessions aimed at securing major events. CDCiber also purchased $3.3 million worth of
cyberattack simulation software, capable of replicating 25 different cyberattack scenarios.22
23
“Brazilian Armed Forces Prepare
Strong Cyber Defense Strategy
for 2016 Olympics,” Dialogo, 22
December 2015. Link
24
“Japan to deepen ranks of network
defenders with eye to Olympics,”
Nikkei, 16 July 2015. Link
CDCiber has also emphasized the security of assets related directly to cybersecurity and
defense, with (understandably) undisclosed plans to protect Area Defense Coordination
Centers, the Integrated Center for Regional Command and Control, and CDCiber itself.23
Although CDCiber has received more resources and training in the lead-up to the Olympics,
these efforts pale in comparison to Japan’s preparation for the 2020 Tokyo Games. While
CDCiber doubled its staff of cyber specialists to 200 ahead of the Olympics, Japan plans to
train 50,000 cybersecurity professionals. Japan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication
has also requested 20 billion yen, or $161 million, in cybersecurity funding. Japan has been
hosting hacking simulations since last year, identifying and recruiting “white hat hackers” well
in advance of the Tokyo Games. Japan has also utilized its private sector by hosting forums
in which companies and government agencies can exchange cybersecurity best practices. 24
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C Y B E R L E G I S L AT I O N : S L O W
AND INSUFFICIENT
25
“Brazil Aims to Bring Order to
Lawless Cyberspace,” Reuters,
26 February 2013. Link
26
“After 13 years, Brazil approves
two cybercrimes laws at once,”
Linha Defensiva, 7 November
2012. Link
27
“Beaches, Carnivals, and
Cybercrime: A Look Inside
the Brazilian Underground,”
Kaspersky Lab, 11 November
2015. Link
28
“Brazil’s Cybercrime Problem,”
Foreign Affairs, 17 September
2015. Link
Given Internet proliferation rates and the magnitude of cybercrime in Brazil, its lack of cyber
legislation is particularly stark. While there have been some signs of progress in recent years,
there is significant room for legislative improvement.
Hacking was not formally classified as a crime in Brazil until 2012 when a hacker leaked
intimate photographs from Brazilian soap opera star Carolina Dieckmann’s computer.25
“Lei Dieckmann” criminalizes violations of digital security mechanisms as well as editing,
destroying, selling, or otherwise distributing the information obtained from this violation.26
Additionally, the Carolina Dieckmann Act makes counterfeiting credit and debit cards a crime.
In practice, however, the Carolina Dieckmann legislation has proven woefully insufficient.
Brazil’s judicial system is not equipped to handle the country’s rate of cybercrime; according
to Kaspersky, cybercriminals are frequently arrested and released without being charged
multiple times.27 Punishment for cybercrime also remains relatively lax in Brazil. While a
convicted hacker in Brazil will serve just three months to one year in prison, a criminal
convicted under the United States’ Personal Data Privacy and Security Act (H.R.3990) can
be sentenced to up to five years in prison. If sentenced under the US Computer Fraud and
Abuse Act (H.R.4718), a cybercriminal may face up to ten years in prison.28
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29
“Data Protection in Brazil:
Overview,” Practical Law, 1
November 2015. Link
While a privacy protection bill has been in the “draft” phase for several years, there is currently
no legislation geared specifically to the protection of personal data. The initial draft of the
Protection of Personal Data introduces a definition for personal data,29 one which is still
30
formally lacking from the Brazil Constitution. Additionally, there is no legislation in place
“Japan to Train Thousands on
Cyber-security Ahead of 2020
Olympics,” SC Magazine, 22
July 2015. Link
requiring businesses to report data breaches. The public is therefore kept in the dark as to
whether or not their information has been stolen, reeking of a lack of corporate accountability.
Cybersecurity experts across Brazil believe these legislative deficiencies stem from an
31
MEPs give green light to
Europol-Brazil deal to fight
crime and terrorism,” European
Parliament News, 12 April 2016.
Link
institutional lack of knowledge about the complexities of cybercrime. However, the Olympics
may just serve as a catalyst for change. As an official from the 2012 London Olympics told
SC Magazine, the international scrutiny that comes with the Olympic spotlight can serve
as a catalyst to build out much needed cybersecurity initiatives.30 For Brazil, the stakes have
never been higher.
Fortunately, Brazil has utilized international partners in order to shore up security ahead
of the games. The European Police Office, or Europol, has partnered with Brazil to fight a
variety of criminal and terrorist activity, including cybercrime.31 This agreement signals a
recognition among Brazilian and international officials that the Olympics provide an ideal
venue for both traditional and cybercrime, but also room for transnational partnership on
an issue of global importance.
LO O K I N G FO R WA R D
Hosting an event of this magnitude has been critical in generating an elite discussion about
Brazil’s cybersecurity. However, security is the responsibility of all peoples. In order to
reform Brazil’s cyber landscape, its citizens must be educated about their own cyber
hygiene, including remaining vigilant of financial and network attacks. Instigating a public
discourse about matters of information security and privacy is critical in both securing the
Olympics and securing Brazil in the long term.
Brazilian cybersecurity officers must also be wary of narrowing their focus to military-grade
cyber attack. Military jurisdiction of Brazil’s cybersecurity represents a fundamental
misunderstanding of Brazil’s cyber threats. Brazil’s cybercrime is perpetrated by private and
internal actors, rather than malicious, government-backed hackers. Cyber officials operating
in a military framework approach cyber with a mind attuned to war rather than innovation.
In order to keep up with the ever-evolving tactics employed by these hackers, officials should
utilize private sector resources. A public-private partnership would be better suited to
addressing the kinds of cybercrime that plague Brazil on a daily basis. Collaborating with
domestic and international organizations across the private sector will fuel the innovation
necessary to overhaul Brazil’s cyberspace.
Moreover, the alarming rate of financial cyber attack in Brazil—among the highest in the
world—cannot be overlooked by those charged with ensuring the security of Brazilian
institutions and businesses. Financial attack has the capacity to hurt an already limping
Brazilian economy.
In the context of the Games, spectators and tourists should must remain wary of a multitude
of vulnerabilities. In order to ensure a safe, secure, and positive stay in “the Marvelous City,”
Olympic goers should not connect to public Wi-Fi, ensure their mobile devices are equipped with
the most up-to-date operating systems, and leave devices containing sensitive data behind.
With the Olympics fast approaching, Brazil’s multitude of internal problems is only growing.
From mounting concerns about the Zika Virus to a presidency on the verge of ruin, Brazil’s
internal problems are escalating. Cybersecurity must remain a part of this discourse, both
for the security of the Olympics themselves and to ensure the security of a future Brazil.
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SOURCES
Abdenur, Adriana Erthal. Brazil and Cybersecurity in the Aftermath of the Snowden Revelations. Konrad Adenauer Foundation. 2014.
Assolini, Fabio. Beaches, Carnivals and Cybercrime: A Look inside the Brazilian Underground. Publication. Kaspersky Lab.
Buchanan, Elsa, and Jason Murdock. “Brazil 2016 Summer Olympics: Hacker Group Anonymous Attacks Feared.” Editorial. International Business Times,
March 16, 2016. link.
Diniz, Gustavo, Robert Muggah, and Misha Glenn. Deconstructing Cyber Security in Brazil: Threats and Responses. Publication. Vol. 11. Rio De Janeiro:
Igarapé Institute. December 2014. link.
Douglas, Bruce. “Brazil Officials Evict Families from Homes Ahead of 2016 Olympic Games.” Editorial. The Guardian, October 28, 2015. link.
Drinkwater, Doug. “Japan to Train Thousands on Cyber-Security Ahead of 2020 Olympics.” Editorial. SC Magazine, July 22, 2015. link.
Garnaeva, Maria, Victor Chebyshev, Denis Makrushin, Roman Unochek, and Anton Ivanov. Kaspersky Security Bulletin 2014. Overall Statistics for 2014.
Kaspersky Lab. SecureList. December 8, 2014.
Guzman, Daniela. “$3.75 Billion ‘Boleto’ Fraud in Brazil Exposes Rise of Global Cybercrime Threats.” ACFCS.
Hulse, Janie. “Brazil’s Armed Forces Grapple With Cybersecurity Challenges.” Editorial. Dialogo Americas, October 29, 2012. link.
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Paksoy, Volkan. “Beware the Pineapple: An Overview of WiFi Pineapple Mark V.” Editorial. Volkan Paksoy Blog, February 15, 2015. link.
Perlroth, Nicole. “Cybercrime Scheme Uncovered in Brazil.” Editorial. The New York Times, July 2, 2014.
Soares De Aquin, Tiago, and Simone Lahorgue Nunes. Data Protection in Brazil. Report. US Practical Law.
Zekaria, Simon. “Data Are at High Risk of Theft Via Wi-Fi, Europol Warns.” Editorial. The Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2014. link.
Zetter, Kim. “DarkHotel: A Sophisticated New Hacking Attack Targets High-Profile Hotel Guests.” Editorial. WIRED, November 10, 2014. link.
“After 13 Years, Brazil Approves Two Cybercrime Laws at Once.” Editorial. Linha Defensiva, November 7, 2012.
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“Brazil Aims to Bring Order to Lawless Cyberspace.” Editorial. Carbonated TV. link.
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