Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Maps
Preface and Acknowledgments
How to Use This Book
Abbreviations
Glossary
Greek Weights, Measures, Coins, and the Athenian Calendar
Timeline
Introduction: The Evidence for Greek History and Culture
I The Archaeological Evidence
II Coins
II The Written Evidence
1 The World of Homer
1.1 A Funeral Scene on a Dipylon Vase
1.2 The Homeric Household (Oikos)
1.5 The Measure of Happiness
1.6 A Household in Trouble
1.7 Households and Community
1.8 Homeric Leaders
1.9 Kings, Council, and Assembly
1.11 Homeric Values: Honor and Excellence
1.12 Reciprocity and Guest-Friendship (Xenia)
2 The World of Hesiod
2.1 Individual, Communal, and Divine Justice
2.2 Women and Pandora’s Jar
2.4 The Value of Labor
2.6 The Orientalizing Period
3 The Early Greek Polis (City-State) and the Ethnos
3.1 The Homeric Polis
3.3 An Early Settlement on Andros (Zagora; ca. 700)
3.5 Ancient Views of the Origins of the Polis
3.6 Ethnos: The Ionians
4 Settlements Across the Sea: Greek “Colonization”
4.1 Greek Settlements in the Western Mediterranean
4.2 The Settlement at Pithecoussae (ca. 750)
4.4 The Foundation of Cyrene (631)
4.6 Mother-City and Colony: Corinth, Corcyra, and Epidamnus
(435)
4.7 Settlers and Locals
4.8 Selinus (651/0?)
5 Aristocratic Power and Attitudes
5.1 Aristocratic Power and Offices in Athens
5.3 Aristocratic Exclusiveness
5.4 Aristocratic Anxiety
6 Archaic Tyranny
6.1 How Tyrants Attained Power
6.3 Cypselus’ Tyranny in Corinth (ca. 650-625)
6.4 Periander’s Tyranny in Corinth (625-585)
6.6 A Failed Attempt at Tyranny in Athens: Cylon (632)
7 Archaic and Classical Sparta
7.2 The Messenian Wars (735-650) and the Conquered Population
7.3 The Helots
7.4 Eliminating Helots
7.5 The Krypteia
7.6 Lycurgus’ Regulations
7.8 The Spartan Government and the Great Rhetra
7.9 Spartan Kingship
7.11 The Spartan Gerousia (Council)
7.12 The Ephors
7.14 State and Family: The Scrutiny of Spartan Babies
7.15 The Schooling of Boys
7.17 Girls’ Education and Rituals
7.19 Spartan Marriage
7.20 Wife-Sharing
7.22 The Common Messes
7.24 Spartan Equality: Ideology and Reality
7.25 Courage and Cowardice in Sparta
7.26 The Peloponnesian League and Spartan Alliances
7.28 King Cleomenes, Plataea, and Athens (519) L.
8 Hoplites and Their Values
8.1 Hoplites and Their Weapons
8.2 Standing in a Phalanx Formation
8.3 Hoplite Battles
8.4 Hoplite Ideals
8.6 The Spartan or Hoplite Ideology
8.7 Hoplites and Politics
9 Archaic Athens From Draco to Solon
9.1 Draco’s Law of Homicide (621/0) U
9.3 The Background to Solon’s Legislation
9.4 Solon’s Middle-of-the-Road Policy (594)
9.6 Solon’s Economic Regulations: Land and Debts
9.8 Solon’s Political Regulations
9.9 Solon’s Judicial Regulations
9.10 olonian Polis
10 Tyranny in Athens
10.2 ns after Solon
10.3 Rivalryfor Power
10.4 stratus’ First Attempt at Tyranny (561/0)
10.5 stratus’ Second Attempt at Tyranny His Exile and Return
(556-546)
10.7 Peisistratus’ Tyranny (546-528/7)
10.9 Tyranny and the Athenian Elite: The Archon List
10.10 The Athenian Tyrannicides (514/3)
10.12 The Expulsion of the Tyrants (511/0)
11 Cleisthenes and Athenian Democracy (508/7)
11.1 Cleisthenesand His Opposition
11.2 Cleisthenes Reforms (508/7)
11.4 Membership in the Deme
11.5 Ostracism (Ostrakismos)
11.7 Generalship
12 Archaic Society and Culture: Gender, Sexuality, Banquets, and
Competition
12.1 Manly Youth: A Kouros
12.2 Homoerotic Couples
12.3 Courting Men and Women
12.4 Cretan Lovers
12.6 Sex, Power, and the Eurymedon Vase
12.8 The Banquet (Symposion)
12.9 Competition and the Rewards of Victory
12.11 Archaic Women: Sappho on Love
12.13 Seducing Maidens
12.15 Portraits of Wives
13 Archaic Law
14 Archaic Greek Religion
14.1 Herodotus on Homer and Hesiod’s Contribution to Greek
Religion
14.3 Worship
14.4 Greek Temples and the Mysteries of Demeter in Eleusis
14.6 The Decree of Offering First-Fruits in Eleusis (420s)
15 The Ionian Revolt: Persians and Greeks
15.2 Persia and the Ionians
15.4 The Greek Tyrants at the Bridge (ca. 513)
15.6 The Causes of the Ionian Revolt (499-494)
15.8 Aristagoras’ Quest for Help in Greece (500)
15.10 The Fall of Miletus and Phrynichus’ Capture of Miletus
(494)
15.11 The Change of Persian Policy in Ionia
16 The Battle of Marathon (490)
16.1 Darius Demands Surrender
16.3 The Persian Expedition and Athens’ Request for Help (490)
16.4 The Battle of Marathon (490)
16.5 An Attempt to Capture the City with Alcmeonid Aid?
16.6 The Fame of Marathon and Its Commemoration
17 The Persian War (480-479)
17.1 Greek Perspectives of the Persian War
17.3 Themistocles and His Naval Program
17.5 The Athenian Trireme
17.7 Greek Responses to Xerxes’ Invasion
17.9 The Hellenic Alliance Against Persia
17.10 The Greek Retreat from Thessaly and its Aftermath (480)
17.11 The Battle of Thermopylae (480)
17.13 The Evacuation of Athens
17.15 The Battle of Salamis (480)
17.17 The Battle of Plataea (479)
17.19 Commemorating the Battle of Plataea
17.21 The Battle of Mycale (479)
18 The Athenian Empire
18.1 Rebuilding Athens’ Walls (479/8)
18.3 Pausanias of Sparta, Athens, and the Allies
18.5 The Formation of the Delian League (478)
18.7 Cimon and the Athenian Empire: The Conquest of Eion,
Scyros, Carystus, and Naxos (477/6-465)
18.9 Operations in Asia Minor and the Battle of Eurymedon (469466)
18.11 Operations in Northern Greece (465/4-463/2)
18.12 Sparta’s Wars in the Peloponnese, the Great Helots’ Revolt,
and the Mt. Ithome Affair (473-460)
18.14 The Messenians Settle Naupactus
19 Empowering Athenian Democracy (462/1-445/4)
19.1 Ephialtes’ Reforms (462/1)
19.3 Blocking Illegal Decrees (Graphê Paranomon)
19.4 Examination of State Officials (Dokimasia)
19.5 Rendering Accounts (Euthynai)
19.6 Expanding Eligibility to the Archonship
19.7 Pericles’ Democratic Measures
19.8 Democratic Mechanisms and State Salary (Misthos
19.9 Criticism of State Salaries
19.11 Pericles’ Citizenship Law (451/0)
19.13 Pericles and Thucydides Son of Melesias
20 War and Peace in Greece (461/0-437/6)
20.1 Athens’ Clash with Corinth Over Megara (461/0)
20.3 The Athenian Expedition to Egypt (460)
20.5 Athens Campaigns on Several Fronts (460-459)
20.7 The Long Walls (458)
20.9 The Battle of Tanagra (458)
20.11 The Peace of Callias (450?)
20.13 The Peloponnesian Invasion of Attica (446)
20.15 The Thirty-Year Peace Between Athens and Sparta (446/5)
20.17 Athenian Colonization and the Colony of Brea (447-445)
20.18 A Hippodamian City Plan
20.20 The Foundation of Amphipolis (437/6)
21 The Administration of the Empire and the Athenian Tribute Quota
Lists
21.1 The Cleinias Decree
21.2 The Tribute Quota List of 453/2
21.3 The Erythraean Decree (453/2)
21.5 The Samian Revolt (441/0-440/39)
21.6 Allies’ Attitudes Toward the Empire
22 The City of Athens
23 The Sophists, Athenian Democracy, and Democracy’s Critics
23.1 The Sophists’ View of Justice
23.2 Right and Might
23.3 Justice and Expediency
23.4 Sophocles’ Antigone and the Debate with the Sophists
23.5 Tyranny and Democracy in Euripides’ Suppliant Women
23.7 Criticizing Democracy
24 The Causes of the Peloponnesian War and the Athenian and
Spartan Strategies
24.1 Thucydides’ View of the Causes of the Peloponnesian War
24.3 The Megarian Decree (432?), Corinthian Pressure, and
Spartan Demands
24.5 The Spartan (Archidamian) Strategy
24.7 The “Periclean Strategy”
25 The Peloponnesian War: The Archidamian War (431-421)
25.1 Athens and the Plague
25.3 Pericles’ Political Successors
25.5 Nicias and Cleon
25.7 The Pylos Campaign (425)
25.9 Brasidas
25.11 The Peace of Nicias (421)
26 Finances and Allies During the Archidamian War
26.1 A Spartan War Fund
26.2 Athenian Finance: Raising the Property Tax (Eisphora)
26.3 Raising the Tribute: The Thudippus Decree
26.5 Special Treatment: The Methone Decrees
26.6 The Athenian Coinage, Weights, and Measures Decree
27 The Uneasy Peace and the Sicilian Expedition (421-413)
27.1 Alcibiades
27.3 Egesta and the Origins of the Sicilian Expedition (416)
27.5 The Athenians’ Goals in Sicily
27.7 The Herms and Mysteries Affairs
27.9 Alcibiades Escapes to Sparta
27.11 Sparta Enters the War
27.13 The Athenian Defeat in Sicily
28 The Peloponnesian War: The Decelean War (413-404)
28.1 The Spartan Occupation of Decelea (413)
28.2 Sparta’s Maritime Strategy and Persia
28.4 The Athenian Oligarchy of 411
28.6 Ransoming Captives and the Selymbrian Decree (408-407)
28.8 Cyrus the Younger and Lysander of Sparta
28.10 The Arginusae Affair (406/5)
28.12 Athens’ Defeat and the End of the Peloponnesian War
(405/4)
28.13 Honoring the Victor
29 The Rule of the Thirty, the Athenian Amnesty, and Socrates’ Trial
29.1 The Establishment of the Rule of the Thirty (404)
29.2 The Thirty Tyrants
29.3 The Fall of the Thirty (403)
29.5 The Spartans’ Grave at Athens and the Athenian Amnesty
(403)
29.7 Socrates’ Trial (399)
30 Sparta After the Peloponnesian War: Politics, Wealth, and
Demography
30.1 The Accession of Agesilaus II (400)
30.2 The Cinadon Conspiracy (400/399)
30.3 Empire and Wealth in Sparta
30.4 Epitadeus’ Law (?) and the Shortage of Men (Oliganthropia)
30.5 Princess Cynisca
31 The Spartan Hegemony, the Corinthian War, and the Peace of
Antalcidas (404/3-388/7)
31.1 Sparta and Persia
31.3 Agesilaus’ Asian Campaign and Lysander’s Demotion
31.5 The Outbreak of the Corinthian War (395)
31.7 The Loss of Spartan Maritime Hegemony (394)
31.9 The Dexileus Monument
31.10 Peltasts and the Battle of Lechaeum (390)
31.12 The Peace of Antalcidas (388/7) M
31.14 The Call for a Panhellenic Campaign Against Persia
32 From the Peace of Antalcidas (388/7) to the Battle of Leuctra and Its
Aftermath (371)
32.1 The Boeotian Federation in the Fourth Century
32.3 Sparta Dissolves Greek Federations in the Name of Autonomy
32.5 Spartan Occupation of the Cadmea (Citadel) of Thebes (382)
32.7 The Sphodrias Affair (379/8)
32.9 The Formation of the Second Athenian League (378/7)
32.10 Desiring Peace
32.11 The Common Peace of 371
32.12 The Sacred Band
32.13 The Battle of Leuctra (371)
32.15 The Foundation of Messene (370/69)
32.16 The Dissolution of the Peloponnesian League (365)
33 Jason of Pherae (?-370)
34 The Second Athenian League and Theban Hegemony
34.1 Athens’ Treatment of Chalcis (Euboea) and the Island of
Paros (378/7-372)
34.2 Athens’ Colonization of Samos (365)
34.3 Athens’ Treatment of Arcesine (Amorgus; ca. 357/6)
34.5 The Theban Hegemony: A Theban Common Peace (367)
34.6 Thebes’ Treatment of Orchomenus (364)
34.8 The Battle of Mantinea (II; 362)
35 Running the Athenian Polis: Politics, Finances, Grain, and Trade in
the Fourth Century
35.1 The Restored Athenian Democracy: Laws and Decrees
35.2 The Fourth-Century Assembly and Council
35.4 Fourth-Century Democratic Leadership
35.6 The Jury Courts
35.7 State Revenues and Taxation
35.9 Liturgies
35.10 Lightening the Burden: The Antidosis
35.11 The Theoric Fund
35.12 Financing Military Operations
35.13 The Grain Import
35.15 A Law of Coinage Certification
35.16 A Maritime Contract
36 Metics (Resident Aliens), Slaves, and Barbarians
37 Masculine and Feminine Gender in Classical Athens
37.1 Manly Ideals: The Ephebic Oath
37.2 The Manly Body
37.3 The Unmanly Man
37.5 Violence and Men in Love
37.6 Artisans and Manual Laborers
37.7 Men, Women, and the Household
37.8 Wives and Mothers
37.9 A Woman’s Lot
37.10 Running the Household
37.12 Virtuous and Unfaithful Women
38 Philip II of Macedonia (359-336)
38.1 Philip’s Accession and Challenges to his Rule (359)
38.3 Philip’s Military Reforms and Coinage
38.4 Philip’s Court: Companions and Royal Boys (Pages)
38.5 Philip’s Wives
38.6 Philip and the Third Sacred War (356-346)
38.8 Demosthenes’ War Plan Against Philip (352/1)
38.9 Philip’s Capture of Olynthus (348)
38.11 The Peace of Philocrates and the End of the Third Sacred
War (346)
38.13 Athens Proclaims War on Philip (340)
38.15 The Battle of Chaeronea (338)
38.17 Philip and the Greeks after Chaeronea (338-336)
38.19 The Murder of Philip II (336) and the Royal Tombs at
Vergina
39 Alexander the Great (336-323)
39.1 The Destruction of Thebes (335)
39.2 Alexander in Asia Minor (334-333)
39.4 The Battle of Issus (333)
39.6 Alexander Visits the Oracle of Ammon at Siwa (332/1) M
39.8 Fire in Persepolis (331-330)
39.9 Conspiracy in Court: The Philotas Affair (330)
39.10 Alexander Kills the Veteran General Cleitus (328)
39.11 Alexander Turns “Asian”
39.13 Victory in India (326)
39.14 Alexander, the Macedonians, Iranians, and the Opis Mutiny
39.16 Alexander and the Exiles Decree (324)
39.17 Alexander’s Death
References
Index of Ancient Sources
General Index
Blackwell Sourcebooks in Ancient History
This series presents readers with new translations of the raw material of ancient history. It provides
direct access to the ancient world, from wars and power politics to daily life and entertainment,
allowing readers to discover the extraordinary diversity of ancient societies.
Published
The Ancient Near East
Edited Mark W. Chavalas
The Roman Games
Alison Futrell
Alexander the Great
Waldemar Heckel and J. C. Yardley
The Hellenistic Period
Roger Bagnall and Peter Derow
Ancient Greek Religion
Emily Kearns
Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander
Joseph Roisman; translations by J. C. Yardley
In Preparation
Sexuality in the Classical World
Holt Parker
This edition first published 2011
© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Translations © 2011 John Yardley
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Roisman, Joseph, 1946–
Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander: the evidence / Joseph Roisman.
p. cm. — (Blackwell sourcebooks in ancient history)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-2775-2 (hardcover: alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4051-2776-9 (pbk.: alk.
paper) 1. Greece—Civilization—To 146 B.C.—Sources. 2. Greece—History—To 146
B.C.—Sources. I. Title.
DF12.R65 2011
938–dc22
2010025066
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Illustrations
Figure I.1
The Toumba Building
Figure I.2
Exekias Vase with Ajax and Achilles
Figure I.3
A silver tetradrachm from Memphis, Egypt, 332-323
Figure 1.1
A funeral scene on a Dipylon Vase
Figure 2.1
A griffin jug from Aegina
Figure 3.1
The settlement in Zagora, Andros
Figure 4.1
Selinus site plan
Figure 7.1
An Archaic bronze figurine of a young Spartan female, dressed as a runner
Figure 7.2
The Symposion of Five Cup, ca. 565
Figure 8.1
A soldier on the frieze of the Vix Krater, ca. 530-520
Figure 8.2
The Chigi Vase, ca. 640
Figure 10.1
The statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton
Figure 11.1
Ostraka with inscription: “Themistocles, son of Neocles”
Figure 12.1
A kouros
Figure 12.2
The Peithinus Cup: male couples
Figure 12.3
The Peithinus Cup: young men and women
Figure 12.4
The Eurymedon Vase
Figure 12.5
A banquet scene, Paestum, Italy
Figure 12.6
A Panathenaic oil jar
Figure 14.1
The Macron Cup with Triptolemus
Figure 16.1
The mound at Marathon
Figure 17.1
The Lenormant Relief of a trireme in the Acropolis Museum
Figure 17.2
Olympia, a reconstruction of a classical trireme
Figure 17.3
The battle plan of Salamis
Figure 20.1
Miletus city plan
Figure W22.1 The Lysicrates monument
Figure 25.1
Plan of a mass burial in the Kerameikos
Figure 25.2
A Spartan shield from Pylos
Figure 27.1
Nolan amphora by the Micon Painter showing a Herm
Figure 29.1
The Spartan tomb in the Kerameikos
Figure 31.1
The Dexileus Monument
Figure 31.2
A Thracian peltast
Figure 32.1
A Boeotian federal coin
Figure 32.2
Eirene with Wealth (Plutus)
Figure 32.3
Messene’s walls
Figure 35.1
A juror’s token (pinakion)
Figure 35.2
A counterfeit coin
Figure 37.1
A Roman copy of Polyclitus, Doryphoros
Figure 37.2
A hydria by the Munich Painter with a domestic scene
Figure 38.1
The metal parts of a sarissa: spearhead, butt-spike, and connecting socket
Figure 38.2
Plan of an Olynthian house
Figure 38.3
Plan of the battle of Chaeronea
Figure 38.4
The Philippeum
Figure 38.5
A reconstruction of the face of Tomb II, Vergina
Figure 39.1
The Alexander Mosaic
Figure 39.2
The Porus medallion
Maps
Map 0.1
Greece and the Aegean
Map 4.1
Greek settlements in the west
Map 11.1 The Athenian demes: Attica political organization
Map 17.1 Xerxes’ expedition
Map 20.1 The Long Walls
Map 25.1 Pylos and Sphacteria
Map 27.1 Ancient Sicily
Map 38.1 Ancient Macedonia
Map 39.1 Alexander’s campaigns, 334-323
Preface and Acknowledgments
The aim of this book is to acquaint the reader with the main evidence for Greek history from Homer
and the end of the Dark Age to Alexander the Great (ca. 800–323 BCE). Although the editor hopes to
have covered diverse political, social, and cultural aspects of Archaic and Classical Greece, he does
not strive to be exhaustive or to provide a substitute for a textbook on the subject. Indeed, much of the
volume deals with the Greek mainland and is less concerned with Greeks in the western
Mediterranean. Similarly, the bibliography of modern scholarship at the end of each chapter does not
aim to be comprehensive but is limited to works in English, with a clear preference for more recent
publications. (Only the author and the year of publication are given in these bibliographical notes.
Fuller details can be found in the References at the end of the book.) Finally, the selection of the
evidence may at times reflect the personal interests of the editor. Yet an attempt was made to create a
continuity of themes and processes by placing the evidence in a broader historical context and by
linking various documents together. A companion website provides further evidence and explanations
in addition to those offered here as well as links to relevant online sites.
The volume is the collaborative work of Joseph Roisman, who has selected, introduced, and
annotated the evidence, and John Yardley, who translated nearly all of the texts from their Greek and
Latin originals. All dates in this book are BCE unless otherwise noted. Dates of key events are given in
the timeline at the front of the book and in parentheses in the text. Frequently dates show an overlap of
two consecutive years (e.g., 455/4); this is due to the difficulty of matching the modern calendar year
with the Athenian one, which began around July. Square brackets indicate editorial comments and
modern restorations of words and lines in inscriptions. They also enclose authors whose identity is in
doubt. Greek names are Latinized to promote accessibility, although some inconsistency is not always
avoidable. The transliteration of Greek terms includes an accent only where necessary to distinguish
the term’s pronunciation from English usage.
Acknowledgment is due to previous publications that have been helpful in the preparation of this
book, especially to E. David, The Classical Democracy (Jerusalem, 2003; Hebrew); M. Dillon and L.
Garland, Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of
Socrates (c.800–399 BC), 2nd ed. (London and New York, 2000); and P.J. Rhodes, A History of the
Classical Greek World: 478–323 BC (Malden, MA, 2006). The editor and translator are equally
grateful to the anonymous readers of the manuscript for their most helpful comments. We also wish to
thank Al Bertrand, Haze Humbert, Brigitte Lee Messenger, and Louise Butler of Wiley-Blackwell for
their assistance.
This book is dedicated to Hanna, Elad, and Shalev Roisman, to my mentor Professor Zeev W.
Rubinsohn and his wife Nadia, and to the memory of Iolo Davies.
How to Use This Book
The following book is divided into chapters, which in turn are divided into sections. Chapters and
sections are labeled and titled individually. For example, Chapter 1 is titled “The World of Homer,”
and section 7 within it, labeled 1.7, is titled “Household and Community.” For the sake of clarity,
cross-references to documents outside the chapter include the section title where appropriate, for
example, “see 1.7 (‘Household and Community’).”
The book is accompanied by a website available at www.wiley.com/go/AncientGreece that includes
supplementary written and electronic material. The labeling of the documents on the web corresponds
to as well as complements that of the book. To facilitate the identification of web documents and
links, every web section or chapter is accompanied by the icon . In the contents list, this icon
distinguishes items on the web from items in the book. For example, the web section “ 1.10 A Trial
Scene” follows “1.9 Kings, Council, and Assembly,” which appears in the book. Cross-references in
the book to items on the web identify them using the term “WEB” followed, where appropriate, by the
section title, for example, “see WEB 9.2 (‘Draco’s Harsh Laws’).” Cross-references on the web to
sections in the book are prefixed by the label “BOOK.”
Abbreviations
AJA
American Journal of Archaeology
AJP
American Journal of Philology
Ath. Pol.
Aristotle (?), Athenaion Politeia (“The Constitution of the Athenians”)
CAH
Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd and 3rd eds.
Campbell
Campbell, D.A., ed. 1989–1993. Greek Lyric (Loeb Classical Library). 5 vols. Cambridge, MA
CJ
Classical Journal
ClAnt
Classical Antiquity
CPh
Classical Philology
CQ
Classical Quarterly
DK
Diels, H. and W. Kranz. 1960–1961. Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker 10 (Diels-Kranz). Berlin
F, FF, fr., frs. fragment(s)
FGrHist
Jacoby, F., ed. 1957–1969. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. 18 vols. Leiden
Fornara
Fornara, C.W., ed. 1983. Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War. 2nd ed. Cambridge
G&R
Greece & Rome
Gerber
Gerber, D.E., trans. 1999. Greek Elegiac Poetry: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC (Loeb Classical Library). Cambridge, MA
GRBS
Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
Harding
Harding, P., ed. 1985. From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus. Cambridge
HSCP
Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
IG
Inscriptiones Graecae
Jensen
Jensen, Chr. 1963. Hyperides: Orationes. Stuttgart
JHS
Journal of Hellenic Studies
LP
Lobel, E. and D.L. Page, eds. 1955. Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta. Oxford
ML
Meiggs, R. and D. Lewis, eds. 1988. A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century. Rev. ed. Oxford
Page
Page, D., ed. 1962. Poetae Melici Graeci. Oxford
R&O
Rhodes, P.J. and R. Osborne, eds. 2003. Greek Historical Inscriptions: 404–323
Radt
Radt, S., ed., 1977. Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, vol. 4: Sophocles. Gottingen
SEG
Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
TAPhA
Transactions of the American Philological Association
Tod
Tod, M.N., ed. 1985. Greek Historical Inscriptions: From the Sixth Century BC to the Death of Alexander the Great in 323
West
West, M.L. 1989–1992. Iambi et Elegi Graeci ante Alexandrum Cantati. 2 vols. Oxford
YCS
Yale Classical Studies
ZPE
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
BC.
Oxford
BC
. 2 vols. Reprint. Chicago
Glossary
Agon
Contest
Antidosis
Group of states that supervised Apollo’s sanctuary at Delphi
Apoikia
“Giving in exchange”: a legal procedure aiming to transfer a costly public duty (liturgy) to an allegedly richer man
Apoikia
Independent settlement abroad
Archon
Chief Athenian official
Areopagus
Athenian council of former archons that served as a homicide court and, up to the 460s, supervised public officials
Aretê
Excellence; valor
Basileus
King; chieftain; Athenian archon who managed religious affairs
Boeotarch
Senior magistrate in the Boeotian League
Boulê
Council
Choregy
Public service by rich citizens that involved producing and financing performances in Athenian festivals
Cleruchy
Athenian colony
Common Peace
Peace agreement among Greeks imposed by hegem-onic power(s)
Decarchy
Government of ten men supported by the Spartans
Demagogue
Popular leader; leader of the people
Demos
The people; commoners; democracy; township (deme)
Dikasterion
Jury court
Dikê
Justice; private legal action
Dionysia
Athenian festival in honor of Dionysus that included dramatic performances
Dokimasia
Examination of an individual’s eligibility for office or Citizenship
Eisangelia
Legal procedure of impeachment against officials or leaders
Eisphora
Property tax designed to finance military projects
Ekklesia
Popular citizens’ assembly
Eleutheria
Freedom
Ephebes
Young adults trained by the state in the military and good citizenship
Ephors
Annual magistrates in Sparta
Erastês
“Lover,” the elder partner in a homosexual relationship
Eromenos
“Beloved,” the younger partner in a homosexual relationship
Ethnos
People, tribal state
Eunomia
Good order
Euthynai (pl.)
Giving of accounts by officials at the end of their term in office
Gerousia
Spartan council of elders
Graphê
Public legal action
Graphê paranomon Legal action against decrees that allegedly contradicted existing laws
Harmost
Spartan governor and commander of a garrison
Heliaea
“People’s Court,” the largest court in Athens under the presidency of the Thesmothetae (“Lawgivers”)
Hellenotamiai (pl.) Treasurers of the Greeks: Athenian officials who collected the allies’ tributes
Helots
People of servile status in Sparta
Hetaira
“Female companion,” courtesan
Hetaireia
Companionship
Hetairoi (pl.)
Companions of Homeric and Macedonian kings
Hippeis
Cavalry; the second richest class in Solon’s system
Homoioi (pl.)
“Similar ones,” Spartan full citizens
Hoplites
Heavy infantrymen
Isegoria
The equal right to speak in public
Isonomia
Equality before the law
Kaloi k’agathoi
(pl.)
“The beautiful and good,” description of the elite
Kleros
Plot of land
Koinon
League, federation
Krypteia
Killing of helots by stealth
Kyrios
Head of household; husband; male guardian