Name _____________________________________________________ Class Period _________________
Biology I Fall Semester Exam Review
Published online: 11/28/16
Directions: Answer the following on your own paper for extra credit on your exam.
I. Scientific Method/Process of Science and Graphing
1. Define the following terms:
a. Controlled experiment
d. Independent variable
b. Control group
e. Dependent variable
c. Experimental group
2. What variable is always graphed on the X axis? What variable is graphed on the Y axis?
3. When is a bar graph used? When is a line graph used?
4. List the steps of the scientific method and briefly describe each.
5. Define the following terms:
a. reproduction
c. metabolism
e. development
b. evolution
d. homeostasis
6. List the characteristics of living things.
7. Define the following and place in order from smallest to largest:
a. biosphere
c. community
e. species
b. ecosystem
d. population
8. Define the following and place in order from smallest to largest:
a. cell
c. organism
e. tissue
b. organ system
d. organ
II. The Cell
1. Describe the following scientists’ contributions to cellular biology:
a. Virchow
c. Schwann
b. Hooke
d. Schleidan
2. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
3. For the following, write a “P” if it belongs to a plant; write an “A” if it belongs to an animal; write “B” if
it applies to BOTH a plant and animal cells; write “N” if it applies to neither:
 Cell membrane
 Golgi body
 Ribosomes
 Cytoplasm
 Chloroplast
 Large vacuole
 Cell wall
 Mitochondria
 Small vacuole
 Nucleus
 SER
 Prokaryotic
 Nucleolus
 RER
 Eukaryotic
4. Copy the following chart. Place an “X” in the box if the characteristic applies to the type of cell.
membranecell
cell wall
DNA cytoplasm
nucleus
bound
membrane
chloroplasts
organelles
Bacteria
Plants
Animals
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5. Copy and fill in the following chart:
Organelle and
Sketch
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosome
Rough ER
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Centrioles
Golgi Apparatus
Function
Plasma Membrane
Cell Wall
Lysosome
Smooth ER
Cytoplasm
6. Give the main function of each of the following organic macromolecules:
a. Lipid
c. Carbohydrate
b. Nucleic Acid
d. Protein
7. Give the monomer (building block) of each of the above next to its description.
8. Draw and label plasma membrane with the following components/labels:
a. embedded proteins
e. fatty acids
b. lipid bilayer
f. head
c. phospholipids
g. hydrophilic
d. cholesterol
h. hydrophobic
9. What is passive transport? What are the 3 types?
10. Describe each of the 3 types listed above.
11. Describe what happens to a cell placed in the following solutions and what happens to the net
movement of water:
a. isotonic
b. hypertonic
c. hypertonic
12. What is active transport?
13. Compare and contrast exocytosis and endocytosis.
14. Suppose a certain protein is needed outside of the cell. Describe the pathway of the protein from its
synthesis to its exit from the cell. The involved organelles are listed. Please give the correct order in
which the organelles would be used and briefly explain how each is involved.
a. Plasma Membrane
b. Ribosomes
c. Nucleus
d. Vacuoles
e. Golgi Apparatus
f. Rough E. R.
g. Nuclear Membrane
h. Nucleous
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III. Photosynthesis
1. Define autotroph and give an example of an organism that is an autotroph.
2. Define heterotroph and give an example of an organism that is a heterotroph.
3. Copy the following chart. Place an X in the appropriate boxes.
ATP
ADP
Contains Adenine
Contains Ribose
Contains 3 phosphates
Contains 2 phosphates
“fully charged battery”
“partially charged battery”
4. Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis.
a. Label the reactants.
b. Label the products.
c. Label the reactants and products in the LDR.
d. Label the reactants and products in the LIR.
5. What is the function of a pigment?
6. What main pigment do chloroplasts contain? Describe the colors that this pigment absorbs and the
main colors that it reflects.
7. What is the organ of photosynthesis? What organelle is found in the cells of this organ?
8. Draw the organelle of photosynthesis and include the following:
a. Thylakoids
b. Stroma
9. Sketch the light dependent reactions (LDR) that occur along the thylakoid membrane of the
chloroplast. Include the following AND label:
a. light
h. electrons
m. ADP + P
b. chlorophyll
i. light
n. ATP
c. Photosystem II
j. electron
o. NADP+
d. Photosystem I
transport chain
p. NADPH
e. Water
k. NADP+
f. Oxygen
reductase
g. H+ ions
l. ATP synthase
10. Draw a chloroplast and sketch the Calvin Cycle (LIR). Include the following (label):
a. Stroma
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Glucose
d. NAPDH
e. ATP
11. Describe how the Calvin Cycle depends on the Light Dependent reactions.
IV. Cellular Respiration
1. Write the balanced equation for cellular respiration.
a. Label the reactants.
b. Label the products.
2. What is the organelle of cellular respiration? What other part of the cell is involved?
3. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Which types of organisms
perform each?
4. What is the first step of cellular respiration? What is broken down in this step? What is produced?
5. If there is no oxygen present, what happens after glycolysis?
6. What is fermentation? Describe the two types of fermentation and give an example of an organism
that performs each.
7. Draw cell with the organelle involved in cellular respiration. Show where glycolysis, the Krebs cycle,
and the electron transport chain all occur. Indicate what goes in and comes out of each step.
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V. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration:
8. How are NADPH (in photosynthesis) and NADH (in cellular respiration) similar?
9. How are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar?
10. Describe the role of ATP in photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration.
11. Copy the following and mark an “X” in the appropriate spaces (one, both, or neither):
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Stores Energy as glucose
Releases Energy in glucose
Occurs in Living Cells
Uses an Electron Transport Chain
Uses electron carrier molecules
Occurs in Plant Cells
Occurs in Animal Cells
Releases Oxygen
Releases Carbon Dioxide
Uses Oxygen
Creates Energy
Water is released
Water is consumed
The number of ATP produced is higher in
Occurs during the day
Occurs at night
VI. DNA Structure and Replication
1. Describe the experiments/major contributions of the following scientists:
a. Griffith
d. Rosalind Franklin
b. Avery
e. Chargaff
c. Watson and Crick
f. Hershey and Chase
2. What is the monomer of DNA? What are the 3 parts that make up this monomer?
3. What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
4. Explain the base paring rules of DNA.
5. Which bases are purines? Which are pyrimidines?
6. What type of bonds hold nitrogenous bases together?
7. What is represented by the “rungs of the ladder” of DNA? What is represented by the “backbone” of
DNA?
8. Write the correct complementary sequence of the following. Draw and label deoxyribose,
phosphate, hydrogen bonds, 3’ and 5’ ends to make a complete strand.
5’ A A T C G C G T T 3’
9. Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?
10. What is the end result of DNA replication?
11. Describe the steps in DNA Replication. Be sure to include the following:
a. Helicase
d. Okazaki
g. 5’ end
b. DNA
fragments
h. 3’ end
polymerase
e. Leading strand
i. Template
c. Ligase
f. Lagging strand
strand
12. What is the direction of new strand elongation during replication?
13. Describe how DNA replication “checks” itself.
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VII. Protein Synthesis
1. Transcribe the following sequence: T G A C G G A C T T G G A A C T A A T A G T C C
a. What did you create after transcribing the sequence?
b. How many codons does the sequence have?
2. Where does transcription occur?
3. Describe the function of RNA polymerase in transcription.
4. Describe IN DETAIL the process of transcription beginning with DNA and ending with mature RNA
that will leave the nucleus.
5. What do we get from transcription that is used in translation?
6. Sketch each of the following and write its function.
a. mRNA
b. rRNA
c. tRNA
7. What is a codon? Where is it found? What purpose does it serve?
8. Using the RNA from #1, write the sequence of amino acids that will be put together in translation.
a. What tool did you use to figure out the sequence of amino acids?
b. Describe how to use the Codon Wheel.
9. Where does translation occur?
10. What is an anticodon? Where is it found? What purpose does it serve?
11. What is the “Genetic Code”?
12. What is a polypeptide?
13. What is a peptide bond and where is it found?
14. What is a protein? What is its purpose?
15. Describe IN DETAIL the entire process of translation.
16. Explain the terms protein synthesis and gene expression.
17. What is a mutation? How are mutations caused?
18. Describe a point mutation.
a. Transcribe the following DNA sequence: A T G C A C A C G C G T
b. Re-write the DNA sequence, substituting the 3rd “A” for a “T”. Transcribe the mutated
sequence.
c. Translate the amino acid sequence of
i. The original DNA sequence (a)
ii. The mutated DNA sequence (b)
d. Describe the difference between the amino acid sequences.
19. Describe a frameshift mutation and the two types.
VIII. The Cell Cycle
1. Draw and label a chromosome. Be sure to include labels for the centromere and sister chromatids.
2. Describe the contents of the chromosome drawn.
3. Diagram the cell cycle. Place the following labels on your diagram in the appropriate places:
a. Interphase
k. Anaphase
b. G1 phase
l. Metaphase
c. S phase
m. Cell growth
d. G2 phase
n. Preparation for mitosis/organelles
e. M phase
are copied
f. Cell division
o. DNA replication
g. Mitosis
p. Chromosomes are visible
h. Cytokinesis
q. DNA is in the form of chromatin
i. Prophase
r. Longest phase of mitosis
j. Telophase
s. Longest phase of the cell cycle
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4. What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
a. Is cytokinesis a part of mitosis?
b. Is cytokinesis a part of cell division?
c. Is cytokinesis a part of the M phase?
d. What is the result of mitosis?
e. What is the result of cytokinesis
f. What happens to the two cells produced after cell division?
g. Describe the daughter cells – compare them to each other and the parent.
5. Draw, label, and briefly summarize the events occurring during each phase of mitosis in an animal
cell. Label each phase. You must include the following labels in EACH phase:
a. Centrioles
e. Chromosomes
b. Nuclear envelope (if applicable)
f. Sister chromatids
c. Nucleolus (if applicable)
g. Centromere
d. Cell membrane
h. Spindle fibers
6. How would the diagrams from #5 differ in a plant cell?
7. Name and describe the process of cell division in prokaryotic cells.
8. Describe 3 reasons why cells divide that were discussed in class.
9. Is it more efficient for a cell to have a large surface area to volume ratio or a small one? Explain.
10. Explain what happens to the functionality of DNA in a cell that gets too large.
11. What proteins regulate the cell cycle?
12. What happens when cells do not properly respond to their regulators?
IX. Meiosis
1. Define the following terms:
a. meiosis
e. diploid
b. gamete
f. homologous chromosomes
c. zygote
g. crossing-over
d. haploid
h. tetrad
2. Describe the major differences between meiosis I and meiosis II.
3. Describe the main results of meiosis.
4. What are the principal differences between mitosis and meiosis?
5. In human cells, 2N = 46. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in a sperm cell? In an egg
cell? In a skin cell? Explain.
6. If we begin with a diploid cell with 8 chromosomes, describe the products of each of the following
(tell whether it is diploid or haploid and how many):
a. mitosis:
b. meiosis I:
c. meiosis II:
7. In asexual reproduction, mitosis occurs, but not meiosis. Which type of reproduction- sexual or
asexual- results in offspring with greater genetic variation? Explain.
8. What is non-disjunction? In which phase(s) does it occur?
9. Define the following terms:
a. karyotype
b. sex chromosome
c. autosome
10. Sketch an original chromosome and sketch chromosomes with the following chromosomal
mutations:
a. Deletion
c. Inversion
b. Duplication
d. translocation
11. Know how to read a karyotype! (p. 341)
12. Describe the characteristics of a karyotype for the following individuals:
a. normal female
d. male with Down Syndrome
b. normal male
e. female with Turner’s Syndrome
c. female with Down Syndrome
13. What is polyploidy?
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