Final Exam Study Guide English 235 Literature Terms •  Protagonist-­‐ The central character in a literary work, around whom the main conflict revolves. •  Antagonist-­‐ A person or force that opposes the protagonist, or central character, in a story or drama. •  Archetype-­‐ A character type, descripGve detail, image, or story paHern that recurs frequently in the literature of a culture. (like a super hero or the maiden in distress) Literature Terms •  NarraGve-­‐ WriGng or speech that tells a story •  Allusion-­‐ A reference to a well-­‐known character, place, or situaGon from history, art, music or another work of literature (Family Guy) •  Theme-­‐ The central message of a work of literature, oNen expressed as a general statement about life. Literature Terms •  ConnotaGon-­‐ The suggested or implied meanings associated with a word beyond its dicGonary definiGon. •  Bias-­‐ An inclinaGon toward a certain opinion or posiGon on a topic. •  Imagery-­‐ The “word pictures” that writers create to evoke an emoGonal response. •  DicGon-­‐A writer’s choice of words Literary Terms •  Voice-­‐The disGncGve use of language that conveys the author’s or narrator’s personality to the reader. •  Tone-­‐ An author’s aYtude toward his or her subject maHer or the audience. •  QuesGoning-­‐ Asking yourself what are the character’s moGves. •  Summarizing-­‐ Taking what you have read and condensing it Literary Terms •  Main Idea-­‐ The most important thing that the writer wants you to know. •  Inference-­‐ Figuring out what is going on without actually being told. “Reading between the lines” •  Author’s purpose-­‐ An author’s intent in wriGng a literary work. •  Persuasion-­‐ WriGng, usually nonficGon, that aHempts to move readers to a parGcular viewpoint. Literature Terms •  NarraGve Poem (poetry)-­‐ A verse that tells a story •  AlliteraGon-­‐ The repeGGon of consonant sounds at the beginnings of words (tongue twisters) •  Assonance-­‐ The repeGGon of the same or similar vowel sounds •  Internal Rhyme-­‐ Rhyme that occurs within a single line of poetry Literary Terms •  Sequence-­‐ The logical order of ideas or events •  Refrain-­‐ A line or lines repeated regularly •  Autobiography-­‐ The story of a person’s life wriHen by that person •  Journal-­‐ A daily record of events kept by a parGcipant in those events or a witness to them •  Fact/opinion-­‐ The difference between what is real and what a person thinks •  American RomanGcism/Transcendentalism-­‐ An movement that valued imaginaGon and feeling over intellect and reason Of Plymouth Planta.on Why did the Pilgrims seHle in Cape Cod? It was a safe harbor When did the Pilgrims face their greatest difficulty? First winter in the new land Who does Bradford give the most credit for saving the Pilgrims during the “starVing Gme”? Squanto Life of Olaudah Equiano What does Equiano first assume the white slave traders are when he first sees them? Evil Spirits What is the main cause of sickness Equiano feels the first Gme he’s forced to go below deck? The smell What concept is Equiano the most unfamiliar with? Slavery The Crucible Act 1 •  What does Rev. Parris conclude when he sees his daughter and the other girls dancing in the forest? They are engaging in witchcraN Why is Rev. Parris concerned with the villagers’ response to the rumor that his daughter has come under a spell? He knew it would cost him his ministry and his daughter her life The Crucible Act 1 Why does Rev. Parris send for Rev. John Hale? Hale is an authority on witchcraN. Why was Abigail fired from the Proctor house? Elizabeth Proctor suspected the relaGonship between her husband and Abigail. The Crucible Act 2 Why does Elizabeth want Proctor to go to Salem? To find out about the trial proceedings What is the real reason Proctor avoids going to Salem? He fears Abigail will reveal their affair The Crucible Act 3 What does Dep. Gov. Danforth represent or symbolize in court? All-­‐powerful authority Why does Proctor reject the compromise that would grant his wife freedom for one year? He realizes he must stand up for his friends and their accused wives. Why is Mary Warren’s accusaGon against Proctor considered the climax of the play? It creates the point of the greatest emoGonal intensity The Crucible Act 4 Why does Proctor retract his confession? It also condemns his friends as witches. Why won’t Elizabeth plead with her husband in the final scene? She doesn’t want to take away her husband’s chance for salvaGon. The DeclaraGon of Independence What is the purpose of The DeclaraGon of Independence as stated in the beginning? Explain the colonists’ acGons to the world According to Jefferson, what is the source of the government’s power? Its ciGzens According the to the DeclaraGon, what is the main purpose of government? Protect its ciGzens rights According to the DeclaraGon, what was the main purpose of the king’s recent acGons? To establish his total authority over the colonies Nature In “Nature”, what element of nature does Emerson find parGcularly effecGve in inspiring deep respect and a sense of solitude? The stars What does Emerson say would happen if stars appeared only one night in a thousand years? Men would believe and adore Nature According to Emerson, when does nature appear sad? When viewed by a sad person Emerson said that humans can own land, but what can none own? landscape Civil Disobedience What did Thoreau believe was the most immediate need of the government? Improve the government When does Thoreau think the government is the most helpful? When the government does the least What did Thoreau leave the jail with? His village and its inhabitants The Raven At first, where does the speaker assume that the raven come from? The underworld Who/What does the speaker long for the most? The lost Lenore What was the raven’s main purpose in this poem? Keep watch over the speaker Three Spirituals What is the chariot a symbol of in Swing Low, Sweet Chariot? Freedom In Swing Low, Sweet Chariot, what is meant by home? Heaven What is Moses viewed as in Go Down, Moses? A leader, messenger and leader of the people What does the plow represent in Keep Your Hand on the Plow? faith And Ain’t I a Woman? What were the reasons men gave to defend their superior rights? Christ was a man, women need to be protected and men have a greater intellectual ability What is the deep grief Truth refers to in the speech? Being separated from her children My Bondage and My Freedom According to Douglass, how are slave owners and slaves alike? Both exist in an unnatural state What does Douglass credit as the cause of happiness that originally existed in the Auld household? Mrs. Auld’s aYtude and behavior Why does Douglass say Mr. Auld wanted to keep him in mental darkness? EducaGon could no coexist with slavery What does Douglass see as the main cause of his increasing desire for freedom? His increasing knowledge An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge What is the soldiers’ aYtude as they prepare to execute the prisoner? Formality Why was Peyton Farquhar at Owl Creek Bridge? His devoGon to the Southern cause Why is Farquhar being hanged? He tried to burn down the bridge When does Farquhar realize his survival is likely? When he reaches the river bank In real Gme, how long is the period between Farquhar’s drop from the bridge and the end of the story? Only an instant GeOysburg Address Who/What does Lincoln refer to in the first sentence of the GeOysburg Address? The creaGon of the United States Why have Lincoln and the people come to the baHlefield? Dedicate a cemetery there According to Lincoln, how should the people respond to the deaths at GeHysburg? DevoGon to the Union cause I Hear America Singing/When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer How does Whitman feel about the Americans “singing” in the poem? He likes that they work with their hands. What do the songs and carols that Whitman hears a symbol of? The joy of people living their lives How does the speaker in “When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer” react to the lecture? Dismay and sadness How do the others in the audience react to it? Amusement I heard a Fly buzz when I died/Because I could not stop for Death In the poem, what happens before the speaker dies? The windows fail In Because I could not stop for Death, who is riding in the carriage? Death, the speaker, immortality What does the “house” refer to in the poem? A grave About the exam… It will be scan-­‐tron. Please bring a pencil. You will have two hours for the exam. Please take your Gme and work diligently (don’t just come in to draw me a preHy design). About the exam… •  Obviously, I’m not going to give you all of the answers. The study guide contains the majority of the answers. Be prepared to answer some quesGons you didn’t see on the study guide.