2015
Ibrahim Index of
African Governance
COUNTRY INSIGHTS
BOTSWANA
MO IBRAHIM FOUNDATION
Contents
What is the IIAG?
3
How does Botswana perform?
4
Data Table
8
Botswana within Southern Africa
10
Data Providers & IIAG Resources
11
All figures have been rounded to the nearest one decimal place.
This means that countries may appear to have the same score, or the
change over time may appear inaccurate, but this is not the case when
all decimal places are taken into account. Countries have been ranked
and trends have been described on the basis of full scores not the
rounded numbers that appear here.
Regional Economic Community (REC) averages are calculated by
applying the REC’s current membership configuration for all data years.
The Mo Ibrahim Foundation (MIF) is aware that some sources update their
data sets after our documentation is sent to print. IIAG raw data are correct
as per the date ‘last accessed’, which is stated for each indicator within
the Data Portal (www.moibrahimfoundation.org/iiag/downloads/).
South Sudan and Sudan are excluded from all group averages pre-2011
as neither country existed in their current configurations before the
secession of South Sudan in 2011.
What is the IIAG?
2015 IIAG: Country Insights
3
2015 OVERALL
GOVERNANCE SCORE
Categories
The Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) measures
the quality of governance in every African country on an
annual basis. It does this by compiling data from diverse
global sources to build an accurate and detailed picture of
governance performance in African countries.
The broad aim of the IIAG is to better inform and sustain the
debate on African governance by providing a transparent and
user-friendly resource to:
• support citizens, governments, institutions and the private sector to accurately assess the delivery of public goods and services, and policy outcomes.
• encourage data-driven narratives on governance issues.
• help determine, debate and strengthen government performance.
The IIAG was created in 2007 in recognition of the need
for a quantifiable tool to accurately measure and monitor
African governance performance, its progress over time
and across countries, and as a means of supporting effective
and responsive solutions to complex public policy challenges
in developing countries. Policies need to be evaluated by
their results, which can only be done if accompanied
by robust data.
2015 Ibrahim Index of African Governance
1
overall governance score is:
4
categories
sub-categories
14
93
indicators
Sub-categories
Health
Education
HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
Welfare
Rural Sector
Infrastructure
Business Environment
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITY
Public Management
Gender
Rights
Participation
PARTICIPATION
& HUMAN RIGHTS
National Security
Personal Safety
Accountability
Rule of Law
SAFETY
& RULE OF LAW
countries
54
15
years of data
data sources
33
How does Botswana perform?
4
BOTSWANA
Although Botswana continues to achieve widespread high scores across much of the IIAG, resulting in impressive rank
placements in many levels of the data set, its overall governance score in recent years has declined, with deterioration
in a broad range of governance measures.
Since 2008, when the current leader came to power, the country has changed from being one on a positive governance
trajectory to one on a negative trajectory, with particularly widespread deterioration within the last year.
Overall governance: consistent high scores and ranks mask underlying issues.
Botswana has continuously achieved top ten status in overall governance since 2000. In 2014, the country scored
74.2 (out of 100), ranking 3rd (out of 54) in Africa. But although still performing comparatively well, in recent years
Botswana has started to show some weakening of performance in a range of governance measures. It displayed its best
ever overall governance score in 2012, and has shown year-on-year deterioration ever since, with the most pronounced
fallback seen in the most recent year (-1.7).
Since 2011, Botswana has shown an overall governance deterioration of -1.8 points. This places the country within
the ten largest fallers of the continent over this time period. Apart from Cabo Verde, Botswana is the highest ranking
country to show such a decline. This weakening performance is driven by widespread deterioration in three of the four
categories: Safety & Rule of Law, Participation & Human Rights and Sustainable Economic Opportunity.
Safety & Rule of Law: large declines tip the balance.
Scoring 82.7 in Safety & Rule of Law, the country ranks 2nd on the continent, but registers the country’s second largest
deterioration of all the governance components (-2.4). The broad nature of the deterioration across the sub-categories
is conspicuous, as all four component sub-categories display the same trend. The country thus records its lowest score
since 2000 in 2014, one of only nine countries on the continent to do so.
National Security is Botswana’s best performing component of Safety & Rule of Law, scoring 99.9, and showing a very
slight deterioration visible only at the second decimal place (-0.04). This is the most positive story for Botswana within
this category, with no change in four of the five indicators in which the country scores 100.0. The only driver of this
slight deterioration is the indicator Political Refugees with a slight decline of -0.2 points.
The most eye-catching of Botswana’s sub-category performances in Safety & Rule of Law is seen in Personal Safety,
showing both the weakest score (63.1) and the largest deterioration (-5.5). This is underpinned entirely by two of the
six indicators: Human Trafficking (-25.0) and Police Services (-7.8). Every other measure within Personal Safety shows
no change since 2011.
Participation & Human Rights: Botswana’s largest category deterioration.
Botswana scores 68.7 in Participation & Human Rights, making it the country’s second lowest performing category,
and achieving a continental rank placement of 8th on the continent. The category shows Botswana’s largest category
deterioration since 2011 (-4.4), making it one of the ten biggest deteriorations on the continent.
All three component sub-categories show deteriorating performance, even though they still show relatively high scores
in 2014. Botswana ranks 19th in Gender, and it is this sub-category that shows the largest decline in this category (-9.9),
due to a noticeable deterioration within the measures of women in senior public positions: Women in the Judiciary
(-50.0) and Women in Politics (-11.2), as well as, to a lesser extent, in Legislation on Violence against Women (-8.3).
2015 IIAG: Country Insights
5
Sustainable Economic Opportunity: negative trend despite some positive stories.
Botswana scores 66.1 in Sustainable Economic Opportunity, ranking 4th on the continent. It ranks in the top ten
performers in Africa in every underlying sub-category, albeit with a less positive story in its trajectory.
Botswana’s Sustainable Economic Opportunity category score has declined by -2.2 score points since 2011. This is fueled
by deterioration in three of the four sub-categories: Business Environment (-4.7), Infrastructure (-4.6) and Rural Sector
(-1.2). Public Management is the only aspect in which Botswana shows strengthening performance (+1.8). Within the
three declining sub-categories, there are some dramatic negative trends in certain indicators, such as Electricity Supply
(-24.3), Customs Procedures (-14.1) and Agricultural Policy Costs (-9.6).
Although the overall picture is more positive in Public Management (+1.8), this masks a mixed landscape within the
indicators. Impressive gains in the measure of Ratio of Total Revenue to Total Expenditure (+32.4) are balanced by
concerning deterioration in Statistical Capacity (-16.4).
Human Development: high scoring and still improving.
This category is the only one to show both improvement overall and strengthening performance in all underlying
sub-categories. Botswana scores 79.5 in Human Development, ranking 3rd on the continent, which is an improvement
of two rank places since 2011. Five of the ten most improved indicators within Botswana sit within the Human
Development category.
Botswana’s best sub-category performance is seen in Health, scoring 85.3. It is in this sub-category that the country
shows its most improvement in recent years too, demonstrating gains in every indicator, bar two remaining static
since 2011.
Botswana’s weakest sub-category performance in this category is seen in Education, scoring 74.0, even though the
country shows impressive gains in many Education measures. One cause for concern is the indicator Education System
Quality, which shows a deterioration of -10.2 score points since 2011, the only weakening performance of any of
Botswana’s indicators within Human Development.
All trends referred to are calculated since 2011, unless otherwise specified.
How does Botswana perform?
6
BOTSWANA
2014 SCORES & RANKS
OVERALL
GOVERNANCE
SCORE/100
AFRICAN AVERAGE
CHANGE SINCE 2011
RANK/54
74.2
50.1
-1.8
3
Head of State
President Seretse Khama Ian Khama
Date came to power
1 April 2008
Head of Government
President Seretse Khama Ian Khama
Date came to power
1 April 2008
Region
Southern Africa
REC Membership(s)
SADC
Population (total m)
2.0
Urban population
(% of total population)
57.2
African Peer Review Mechanism
Not member
African Charter on Democracy,
Elections and Governance
Not signed, Not ratified
African Charter on Statistics
Not signed, Not ratified
82.7
79.5
68.7
66.1
Information correct at 23 July 2015
Safety & Rule of Law
Sustainable Economic Opportunity
Participation & Human Rights
Human Development
SAFETY &
RULE OF LAW
PARTICIPATION
& HUMAN RIGHTS
SUSTAINABLE
ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITY
HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
SCORE/100
SCORE/100
SCORE/100
SCORE/100
82.7
68.7
66.1
79.5
AFRICAN AVERAGE
AFRICAN AVERAGE
AFRICAN AVERAGE
AFRICAN AVERAGE
51.3
49.3
43.2
56.4
CHANGE SINCE 2011
CHANGE SINCE 2011
CHANGE SINCE 2011
CHANGE SINCE 2011
-2.4
-4.4
-2.2
+1.7
RANK/54
RANK/54
RANK/54
RANK/54
2
8
4
3
2015 IIAG: Country Insights
7
2014 SUB-CATEGORY SCORES & RANKS
SAFETY &
RULE OF LAW
AFRICAN AVERAGE
RULE OF LAW
95.5
50.8
1
PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
67.6
46.0
2
ACCOUNTABILITY
72.1
35.5
1
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
75.3
40.7
4
PERSONAL SAFETY
63.1
44.0
5
INFRASTRUCTURE
55.0
36.5
8
NATIONAL SECURITY
99.9
74.8
3
RURAL SECTOR
66.7
50.5
7
SCORE/100
AFRICAN AVERAGE
SCORE/100
AFRICAN AVERAGE
PARTICIPATION
77.1
45.9
7
WELFARE
79.2
50.9
2
RIGHTS
66.2
47.3
9
EDUCATION
74.0
48.8
4
GENDER
62.8
54.8
19
HEALTH
85.3
69.9
6
PARTICIPATION
& HUMAN RIGHTS
RANK/54
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITY
SCORE/100
SCORE/100
RANK/54
HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
TRENDS SINCE 2011, OVERALL GOVERNANCE
& CATEGORY LEVELS
OVERALL
GOVERNANCE
SAFETY &
RULE OF LAW
AFRICAN AVERAGE
2011-2014
PARTICIPATION
& HUMAN RIGHTS
+1.7
-2.2
-2.4
-4.4
RANK/54
African average
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC HUMAN
OPPORTUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
-1.8
RANK/54
Data Table
8
BOTSWANA
Score/100; 100 = best
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Change
20112014
OVERALL SCORE
71.1
72.2
71.8
72.4
72.8
74.0
74.4
74.8
75.6
75.4
75.4
76.1
76.2
76.0
74.2
-1.8
SAFETY & RULE OF LAW
84.3
84.1
82.8
83.2
83.2
83.8
83.2
83.4
83.9
83.6
84.7
85.1
84.1
84.4
82.7
-2.4
RULE OF LAW
95.6
95.6
95.6
95.6
95.6
95.6
95.6
95.3
96.2
96.0
95.7
95.8
95.7
95.5
95.5
-0.2
Property Rights (AfDB/WB/BS/HER/WEF)
89.2
89.2
89.2
89.2
89.2
89.2
89.2
88.3
92.2
91.0
90.9
89.8
88.2
88.7
88.4
-1.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
88.8
88.8
88.8
88.8
88.8
88.8
88.8
88.2
88.9
88.9
87.8
89.1
90.4
88.6
89.3
+0.1
Judicial Process (EIU/GI)
Judicial Independence (BS/GI/WEF)
Sanctions (CDD)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
Transfers of Power (EIU)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
-3.9
ACCOUNTABILITY
Accountability, Transparency & Corruption in the Public Sector (AfDB/WB)
Access to Information (GI)
74.3
73.5
72.7
74.3
74.3
76.6
74.2
75.2
75.3
73.9
74.5
76.1
76.1
74.5
72.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
25.0
-12.5
+3.9
Online Services (UNDESA)
32.1
32.1
32.1
32.1
42.3
53.3
46.0
38.7
31.4
30.1
28.9
40.4
51.9
48.1
44.3
Corruption & Bureaucracy (WB)
85.7
78.6
71.4
85.7
75.4
85.7
71.4
85.7
85.7
71.4
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
-12.5
Corruption in Government & Public Officials (EIU)
Diversion of Public Funds (WEF)
71.7
71.7
71.7
71.7
71.7
71.7
71.7
73.2
81.2
84.8
77.1
79.4
75.7
72.0
66.9
Accountability of Public Officials (EIU)
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
0.0
Public Sector Corruption Investigation (GI)
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.9
85.7
85.7
-14.3
PERSONAL SAFETY
Prosecution of Abuse of Office (BS)
67.2
67.2
63.0
63.0
63.0
63.0
63.0
63.2
64.1
64.5
68.5
68.6
64.6
67.7
63.1
-5.5
Safety of the Person (EIU)
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
0.0
Police Services (GI/WEF)
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
29.3
34.7
37.2
35.8
36.5
37.7
31.1
28.7
-7.8
Social Unrest (EIU)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
Violent Crime (EIU)
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
25.0
-25.0
-0.0
Political Violence (ACLED/PTS)
Human Trafficking (USDS)
NATIONAL SECURITY
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
Government Involvement in Armed Conflict (UCDP)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
Domestic Armed Conflict (EIU)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
Cross-border Tensions (EIU)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
Internally Displaced People (IDMC)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
Political Refugees (UNHCR)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
99.9
99.8
99.8
99.7
-0.2
71.1
71.0
71.3
72.0
72.4
73.5
73.8
73.8
73.8
72.5
72.9
73.1
73.6
72.8
68.7
-4.4
-0.8
PARTICIPATION & HUMAN RIGHTS
PARTICIPATION
78.9
78.9
78.9
78.9
79.8
79.8
79.8
79.8
79.8
77.1
77.9
77.9
79.6
78.5
77.1
Political Rights (FH)
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
0.0
Political Participation (EIU)
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
67.7
71.2
71.2
85.5
85.5
78.3
+7.1
-11.1
Free & Fair Elections (BS)
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
83.3
77.8
77.8
Free & Fair Executive Elections (IREEP)
58.3
58.3
58.3
58.3
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
Effective Power to Govern (BS)
RIGHTS
64.1
63.9
64.9
66.9
67.9
67.6
68.6
68.6
68.6
67.6
68.1
68.8
69.0
68.2
66.2
-2.6
Freedom of Expression (BS/FH/GI/RSF)
78.3
77.4
77.4
77.4
77.4
75.8
75.8
75.5
73.8
71.7
71.4
71.4
72.5
73.9
63.6
-7.9
Freedom of Association & Assembly (BS/GI)
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
0.0
Civil Liberties (BS/FH)
85.4
85.4
85.4
85.4
85.4
85.4
85.4
85.4
82.3
79.2
82.3
85.4
85.4
85.4
85.4
0.0
-5.0
International Human Rights Conventions (OHCHR/UNOLA)
25.0
25.0
30.0
40.0
45.0
45.0
50.0
50.0
55.0
55.0
55.0
55.0
55.0
50.0
50.0
Human Rights (EIU)
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
GENDER
70.1
70.1
70.1
70.2
69.4
73.1
73.0
72.9
73.1
72.7
72.7
72.7
72.1
71.7
62.8
-9.9
Gender Equality (AfDB/WB)
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
Gender Balance in Education (WB)
85.5
85.1
84.7
84.7
83.7
83.8
83.4
82.5
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
0.0
+0.1
Women's Participation in the Labour Force (WB)
Gender Equality in the Workplace (GI)
Legislation on Violence against Women (OECD)
75.0
75.4
75.8
76.2
76.6
77.0
77.1
77.4
77.5
77.6
77.8
77.9
77.9
78.0
78.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
67.0
67.0
67.0
67.0
67.0
67.0
67.0
67.0
67.0
66.9
66.8
66.7
62.5
58.3
58.3
-8.3
Women in Politics (GI/IPU)
38.3
38.3
38.3
38.3
33.7
33.7
33.7
33.7
33.7
31.2
31.2
31.2
31.2
32.4
19.9
-11.2
Women in the Judiciary (GI)
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
-50.0
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY
63.1
64.4
63.5
63.7
64.1
66.2
66.6
67.6
69.0
68.9
68.1
68.3
68.1
67.0
66.1
-2.2
PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
66.5
67.2
63.5
63.8
65.0
69.1
70.3
71.9
69.8
66.9
64.7
65.7
68.0
66.5
67.6
+1.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
74.6
74.6
74.6
74.6
74.6
74.6
61.2
61.2
64.2
59.7
58.2
62.7
62.7
50.7
46.3
-16.4
Public Administration (AfDB/WB)
Statistical Capacity (WB)
2015 IIAG: Country Insights
9
Score/100; 100 = best
2000
Diversification (AfDB/OECD/UNDP)
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Change
20112014
-0.1
7.4
7.4
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.9
1.9
3.4
7.1
4.3
0.9
1.2
0.8
0.8
Budget Management (AfDB/WB)
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
0.0
Ratio of Total Revenue to Total Expenditure (AfDB/AU/UNECA)
71.2
78.5
50.7
48.9
57.8
60.4
82.2
94.0
71.8
44.7
34.6
41.3
56.9
59.5
73.7
+32.4
Fiscal Policy (AfDB/WB)
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
0.0
Ratio of External Debt Service to Exports (EIU)
94.6
95.4
94.8
96.8
97.5
97.7
97.6
98.3
96.7
96.9
96.2
97.4
98.0
94.0
93.8
-3.6
+4.1
Revenue Mobilisation (AfDB/WB/ICTD)
44.7
43.6
45.7
47.6
49.1
60.8
62.9
64.1
64.4
66.1
61.5
61.5
65.7
65.7
65.7
Access to Financial Records of State-owned Companies (GI)
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
69.4
73.8
73.8
73.8
73.8
73.8
73.8
74.1
76.9
79.0
79.1
80.0
75.7
75.8
75.3
-4.7
Competitive Environment (AfDB/WB/BS/GI)
91.4
91.4
91.4
91.4
91.4
91.4
91.4
91.4
96.7
97.8
96.7
95.6
95.6
95.6
95.6
0.0
Customs Procedures (WEF)
47.7
47.7
47.7
47.7
47.7
47.7
47.7
47.7
56.5
69.0
76.5
77.3
67.4
62.1
63.2
-14.1
-5.6
Investment Climate (HER)
55.6
77.8
77.8
77.8
77.8
77.8
77.8
77.8
77.8
88.9
83.3
83.3
77.8
83.3
77.8
Bureaucracy & Red Tape (EIU)
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
0.0
Soundness of Banks (WEF)
85.5
85.5
85.5
85.5
85.5
85.5
85.5
86.8
87.0
72.6
72.6
77.1
71.2
71.4
73.3
-3.8
INFRASTRUCTURE
56.1
56.3
56.5
56.8
57.0
57.3
57.8
60.0
59.7
59.5
60.4
59.6
60.1
58.3
55.0
-4.6
Road Network (WEF)
52.5
52.5
52.5
52.5
52.5
52.5
52.5
63.5
69.3
69.3
71.8
68.6
67.9
64.9
58.6
-10.1
Rail Network (EIU)
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
Air Transport (GI/WEF)
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
45.4
46.2
46.1
48.0
49.7
49.6
48.6
45.3
-4.4
Access to Water (WHO/UNICEF)
69.2
70.5
71.7
72.9
74.0
75.2
76.4
77.5
78.7
79.9
81.1
82.3
82.3
82.4
82.5
+0.2
Electricity Supply (WEF)
79.3
79.3
79.3
79.3
79.3
79.3
79.3
82.6
70.5
64.4
60.2
49.0
50.2
39.9
24.8
-24.3
Telephone & IT Infrastructure (EIU)
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
0.0
Digital Connectivity (ITU)
10.1
10.7
10.4
11.3
12.1
12.7
15.1
17.4
19.8
23.5
28.4
34.1
37.0
38.8
40.5
+6.4
RURAL SECTOR
60.4
60.4
60.4
60.4
60.4
64.5
64.5
64.4
69.7
70.3
68.0
67.9
68.5
67.5
66.7
-1.2
Public Resources for Rural Development (IFAD)
70.8
70.8
70.8
70.8
70.8
75.0
75.0
75.0
87.5
87.5
87.5
87.5
87.5
87.5
87.5
0.0
Accountability, Transparency & Corruption in Rural Areas (IFAD)
63.2
63.2
63.2
63.2
63.2
71.2
71.2
71.2
81.8
81.8
78.7
72.6
72.6
72.6
72.6
0.0
Land & Water for Low-income Rural Populations (IFAD)
53.9
53.9
53.9
53.9
53.9
65.4
65.4
65.4
61.2
61.2
61.0
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
0.0
Rural Business Climate (IFAD)
55.6
55.6
55.6
55.6
55.6
55.6
55.6
55.6
61.0
61.0
58.9
55.3
55.3
55.3
55.3
0.0
Agricultural Research & Extension Services (IFAD)
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
30.2
30.2
30.2
55.9
55.9
46.4
46.4
46.4
46.4
46.4
0.0
-9.6
Agricultural Policy Costs (WEF)
57.6
57.6
57.6
57.6
57.6
57.6
57.6
56.7
67.5
72.1
69.2
71.9
76.7
68.9
62.3
Engagement with Low-income Rural Populations (IFAD)
71.2
71.2
71.2
71.2
71.2
73.5
73.5
73.5
67.6
67.6
67.6
70.6
70.6
70.6
70.6
0.0
Equal Representation in Rural Areas (IFAD)
87.5
87.5
87.5
87.5
87.5
87.5
87.5
87.5
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
0.0
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
66.1
69.3
69.7
70.7
71.7
72.7
74.1
74.3
75.6
76.5
76.0
77.8
79.0
79.7
79.5
+1.7
WELFARE
64.6
64.6
64.6
66.0
67.4
68.9
72.5
73.0
73.0
73.0
72.5
77.2
78.2
79.2
79.2
+2.0
Welfare Regime (BS)
76.9
76.9
76.9
82.1
87.2
92.3
88.5
84.6
84.6
84.6
88.5
92.3
92.3
92.3
92.3
0.0
Welfare Services (Health & Education) (AfDB/WB)
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
87.5
87.5
87.5
87.5
0.0
Social Protection & Labour (AfDB/WB)
44.4
44.4
44.4
44.4
44.4
44.4
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
77.8
77.8
77.8
77.8
0.0
Social Exclusion (BS)
42.9
42.9
42.9
47.6
52.4
57.1
57.1
57.1
57.1
57.1
50.0
42.9
50.0
57.1
57.1
+14.3
Equity of Public Resource Use (AfDB/WB)
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
87.5
87.5
87.5
87.5
0.0
Environmental Policy (BS)
71.4
71.4
71.4
71.4
71.4
71.4
78.6
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
0.0
Environmental Sustainability (AfDB/WB)
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
0.0
EDUCATION
66.5
66.9
67.4
68.2
68.4
68.9
68.5
68.1
71.7
73.6
73.5
73.1
74.7
74.8
74.0
+0.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.7
83.3
91.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
56.3
56.3
56.3
56.3
56.3
56.3
56.3
56.5
58.0
65.6
65.8
59.1
61.7
55.5
48.9
-10.2
Education Provision & Quality (BS)
Education System Quality (WEF)
Ratio of Pupils to Teachers in Primary School (UNESCO)
83.8
83.9
84.1
84.5
84.8
85.1
85.3
85.5
85.6
85.2
86.0
86.8
87.5
87.5
87.5
+0.8
Literacy (UNESCO)
82.6
82.6
82.6
82.6
83.4
84.1
84.9
85.7
86.4
87.2
87.9
88.7
89.5
90.5
91.6
+2.9
+1.0
Primary School Completion (WB)
70.0
72.3
73.5
73.6
73.7
74.0
77.0
73.4
74.2
75.3
76.3
77.2
78.2
78.2
78.2
Secondary School Enrolment (UNESCO)
64.4
63.9
64.6
65.1
65.9
66.5
67.9
69.2
71.0
71.0
71.0
71.0
71.0
71.0
71.0
0.0
Tertiary Education Enrolment (UNESCO)
8.8
9.5
10.3
15.4
14.8
16.2
16.4
22.9
35.2
31.0
27.6
29.1
34.8
40.5
40.5
+11.4
HEALTH
67.1
76.3
77.0
77.8
79.2
80.4
81.2
81.8
82.2
82.9
82.1
83.0
84.2
85.2
85.3
+2.2
Access to Sanitation (WHO/UNICEF)
60.9
62.1
63.0
63.9
64.7
65.6
66.5
67.4
68.3
69.2
70.0
70.9
71.0
71.1
71.2
+0.3
Child Mortality (IGME)
67.4
66.9
67.2
69.0
73.4
77.3
79.3
79.8
80.0
81.0
82.4
83.2
84.5
85.1
85.1
+1.9
Maternal Mortality (WHO)
82.8
83.3
83.8
84.2
84.7
85.1
86.3
87.5
88.7
89.9
91.1
91.7
92.3
92.9
92.9
+1.2
Undernourishment (WB)
45.0
44.2
45.1
45.9
47.8
50.0
51.1
50.7
50.5
51.8
54.3
57.2
59.7
61.2
61.2
+4.0
Disease (Malaria & TB) (WHO)
84.1
85.6
87.7
88.9
89.9
90.7
90.3
92.0
92.6
92.7
92.9
93.5
93.9
94.1
94.1
+0.7
Immunisation (Measles, DPT & Hepatitis B) (WB/WHO)
91.2
91.6
92.4
92.8
93.6
93.9
94.7
95.1
95.1
95.5
95.5
95.8
95.8
95.8
95.8
0.0
5.7
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
70.5
72.0
76.5
81.0
81.8
+9.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) Provision (UNAIDS)
Public Health Campaigns (GI)
Botswana within Southern Africa
10
SOUTHERN AFRICA
OVERALL GOVERNANCE
58.9
2014 SCORE/100
2014 RANK/12; 1=BEST
SAFETY & RULE OF LAW
PARTICIPATION
& HUMAN RIGHTS
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITY
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
63.4
59.2
51.5
61.6
ANGOLA
BOTSWANA
LESOTHO
MADAGASCAR
40.8
11
74.2
2
61.1
5
49.1
10
43.8
11
82.7
2
66.7
6
57.7
9
40.2
11
68.7
5
70.9
4
53.0
9
31.6
11
66.1
3
50.5
6
39.3
10
47.6
11
79.5
2
56.4
7
46.3
12
MALAWI
MAURITIUS
MOZAMBIQUE
NAMIBIA
56.7
7
79.9
1
52.3
8
70.4
4
64.0
7
82.7
1
54.0
10
74.3
3
63.0
6
73.8
3
59.9
7
76.1
1
45.6
8
77.5
1
45.4
9
64.0
4
54.2
8
85.7
1
49.8
10
67.1
4
SOUTH AFRICA
SWAZILAND
ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE
73.0
3
49.6
9
59.5
6
40.4
12
68.4
4
59.2
8
66.7
5
41.0
12
73.9
2
29.5
12
59.1
8
41.9
10
72.3
2
50.3
7
50.7
5
24.6
12
77.3
3
59.6
6
61.5
5
54.2
9
Data Providers & IIAG Resources
2015 IIAG: Country Insights
11
The 2015 IIAG was calculated using data from 33
independent institutions.
African Development Bank (AfDB)
African Union Commission (AUC)
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)
Bertelsmann Stiftung (BS)
To explore the 2015 IIAG further, including information on
the IIAG methodology and data sources, download the IIAG
Data Portal, Executive Summary or Sub-category Insights
from www.moibrahimfoundation.org/iiag/downloads/.
DATA
PORTAL
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)
Freedom House (FH)
Ghana Center for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana)
Global Integrity (GI)
Institut de Recherche Empirique en Economie Politique (IREEP)
Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME)
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC)
International Centre for Tax and Development (ICTD)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
The IIAG Data Portal is an interactive Excel-based application, available
for in-depth analysis of the results of the IIAG, in English or French.
EXPLORE KEY FINDINGS
EXPLORE BY COUNTRY
EXPLORE BY REGION, REC OR GEOGRAPHICAL GROUPING
EXPLORE BY INDICATOR
COMPARE COUNTRIES OR GROUPS
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR)
52.5
44.5
58.7
77.6
53.0
43.8
47.0
76.7
61.0 43.9 25.6 54.2 65.1 88.5 52.5 61.0 43.9 25.6 54.2
75.0 63.8 21.7 37.6 49.3 70.5 44.5 75.0 63.8 21.7 37.6
EXECUTIVE
48.0 48.2 36.5 48.0 49.7 50.5 58.7 48.0 48.2 36.5 48.0
SUMMARY
38.0 48.4 47.8 64.5 35.4 67.5 77.6 38.0 48.4 47.8 64.5
71.3
50.8
56.9
45.8
86.8
60.7
57.8
76.3
35.7
68.1
45.9
38.5
34.7
33.0
27.4
38.5
65.8
51.8
52.7
25.5
47.0
52.7
67.8
66.8
53.0
43.8
47.0
76.7
71.3
50.8
56.9
45.8
86.8
60.7
57.8
76.3
35.7
68.1
45.9
38.5
34.7
33.0
27.4
38.5
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Political Terror Scale (PTS)
Reporters sans frontières (RSF)
The Heritage Foundation (HER)
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
SUB-CATEGORY
INSIGHTS
14
One for each IIAG Sub-category
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
(UNDESA)
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)
United Nations Office of Legal Affairs (UNOLA)
United States Department of State - Office to Monitor and Combat
Trafficking in Persons (USDS)
Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Conflict Research Uppsala Conflict Data Programme (UCDP)
World Bank (WB)
World Economic Forum (WEF)
World Health Organization (WHO)
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