Unit 4 The Earth’s Crust Specific Curriculum Outcomes •  In this unit, students will… •  analyze and compare data to determine pa;erns and trends on some catastrophic events that occur on or near Earth’s surface •  describe theories from the past to present plate tectonics, including Canadian examples Specific Curriculum Outcomes •  organize and develop a chronological model or geological Cme scale of major events in Earth’s history •  classify minerals and rocks on the basis of their characterisCcs and method of formaCon, and compare with classificaCon keys •  collaboraCvely plan and construct a geological land mass profile using simulated core sampling Specific Curriculum Outcomes •  explore and describe the composiCon of Earth’s crust, using common samples, scienCfic studies, and society’s needs •  invesCgate and explain various ways in which rocks can be weathered and explain the rock cycle Specific Curriculum Outcomes •  relate various meteorological, geological, and biological processes to the formaCon of soils •  invesCgate and discuss procedures and expenditures for enriching soils, providing science and technology examples Energy •  We all use energy every day of our lives. •  Energy is all around us. We see it as movement, heat, light, sound, and more. •  Energy makes electricity so that we can turn on lights, watch TV, listen to the radio and run fridges, stoves, other appliances and electrical gadgets. •  Energy can heat or cool our homes and schools. Energy moves our cars, buses, motorcycles, trucks, planes and trains. Energy lets us make all kinds of things like shoes, CDs, books, computers and scooters. •  People using energy to do work for them (and to play) is nothing new. Energy has been used for heat and to cook food for thousands of years. Since the Stone Age, fire has been used to provide heat and light. •  In ancient Cmes people used wind to sail their ships and grind grain. A hundred years ago falling water was used to make electricity. Over Cme we have learned to get energy from a number of different sources and use it in new and different ways. •  Today we get the majority of our energy from fossil fuels Fossil Fuels In fact fossil fuels supply more than 90% of the world's energy. Why do you think they are called fossil fuels? Fossil Fuels •  Fossil fuels are so called because they were formed by the remains of plants and animals millions of years ago. •  There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many hundreds of millions of years ago before the Cme of the dinosaurs – hence the name fossil fuels. CreaCng Fossil Fuels •  As the trees and plants died, they sank to the bo;om of the swamps of oceans. They formed layers of a spongy material called peat. Over many hundreds of years, the peat was covered by sand and clay and other minerals, which turned into a type of rock called sedimentary. CreaCng Fossil Fuels •  More and more rock piled on top of more rock, and it weighed more and more. It began to press down on the peat. The peat was squeezed and squeezed unCl the water came out of it and it eventually, over millions of years, it turned into coal, oil or petroleum, and natural gas. Did you know… •  The United Arab Emirates is one of the 10 largest oil and natural gas producers in the world •  In 2012, the country produced an average of 2.8 million barrels of crude oil per day, the eighth highest total in the world. •  Oil exports now account for about 30 percent of total UAE gross domesCc product. Did you know… •  UAE conCnue to idenCfy new projects aimed at boosCng the naCon’s crude oil producCon capacity to nearly 4 million barrels per day by 2020 •  The UAE has invested roughly $7 billion in upstream producCon infrastructure since 2004 and anCcipates invesCng some $43 billion more in the coming years. Did you know… •  The UAE’s proven oil reserves were 97.6 billion barrels as of January 2007. Abu Dhabi holds 92.2 billion barrels, followed by Dubai with 4 billion barrels, Sharjah with 1.5 billion barrels, and Ras al Khaimah with 500 million barrels. A Layered Planet •  Name the layers of the earth & how are they different from one another? •  Why is the inner core of the Earth solid even though it is so hot? •  What two metals are found in large quanCCes at the center of the earth? •  Why is there so much more of these metals at the core than in the earths crust Crust •  The crust is the first layer of the earth. It is split up into two parts the conCnental crust, and the oceanic crust. •  The oceanic crust takes up 71% of the earths crust, and the other 29% of the crust is conCnental. Crust •  The crust is about 60 km thick under a conCnent and 5 km thick under the ocean. The crust is constantly moving. •  The crust doesn't even make up 1% of the earth! •  The crust is the layer were tectonic plates can be found. Mantle •  The mantle is the second layer of the earth. It is split up into two different parts, the lithosphere (which is the top part) and the asthenosphere (which is the bo;om part). •  The temperature of the lithosphere is around 300 to 500 degrees Celsius, and the asthenosphere is around 4500 degrees Celsius. The mantle •  The mantle has the biggest volume of all the layers, the volume of it is 84% of the earth Lithosphere •  The lithosphere is the top layer of the mantle. •  The lithosphere includes having the crust in it. •  It is a cooler layer because it is farther from the inner core. •  The lithosphere is a dense rock made out of iron and nickel. Asthenosphere •  The asthenosphere is the bo;om layer of the mantle. •  It is a plasCc like liquid made up of iron and nickel. •  The temperature of the asthenospere is 4500 degrees Celsius. •  It is ho;er than the lithosphere because it is closer to the inner core. Outer Core •  The outer core is a liquid made up of iron and nickel •  It is the second ho;est layer, because it is the layer above the inner core, and it is the second farthest from the surface of the earth Solid Inner Core •  The Inner crust is the second thinnest layer. •  The inner core is ho;er than the surface of the sun. The inner core is made out of iron and nickel. •  It is a solid because of all the pressure from the other layers pukng there weight onto this layer. What are minerals? •  In this lesson, you will learn about minerals and their proper@es. You will also understand the importance and everyday use of different types of minerals found on Earth. Can you name some minerals? •  If so, You likely came up with things like gold, silver, copper and coal. •  These are all correct, but there are many more minerals on Earth -­‐ over 4,000 in fact! •  To understand what makes a mineral a mineral, we need to understand the basic requirements that categorize them, as well as their properCes. What makes a mineral a mineral? #1 •  In order for something to be a mineral, it must first meet four criteria: •  First, all minerals are solid. So, while water may contain minerals, water itself can't be a mineral because it's liquid. What makes a mineral a mineral? #2 •  #2 -­‐ Minerals are all naturally formed. This means they can't be manufactured in a lab. SyntheCc gems, like cubic zirconia, are therefore not minerals. What makes a mineral a mineral? #3 •  All minerals have a unique and specific chemical composi?on. •  This is like the DNA of the mineral -­‐ it's what makes the mineral different from other minerals. What makes a mineral a mineral? #4 •  Lastly, all minerals have a crystalline structure. •  Minerals are some of the most beauCful substances on Earth, because they are always arranged in an orderly geometric pa;ern. •  Minerals of the same type always have the same geometric arrangement of their atoms. Proper?es Of Minerals •  Minerals are classified by their chemical composiCon and crystal structure. These two features occur on a microscopic level, but we can see them in other ways because they determine a mineral's observable physical proper?es. •  In other words, what appears to us on the outside is determined by what's on the inside. The seven physical properCes of minerals are… 1. 
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Crystals structure Hardness Cleavage & Fracture Luster Color Streak Density or Specific Gravity Crystal Structure •  Some minerals form crystals, if there is Cme and room for the crystals to form. •  The crystal pa;ern of a mineral is controlled by the internal arrangement of the atoms that make up the mineral. •  Examples include amethyst Fun Fact •  Amethyst is a well known mineral and gemstone. It is the purple variety of the mineral Quartz, and its most valuable and prized variety. Its name derives from the Greek "amethystos", which means "not drunken", as Amethyst in ancient Cmes was thought to ward off drunkenness. Hardness •  Hardness of a mineral is its ability to resist scratching. •  The Hardness Scale ranks the order of hardness of minerals and some common objects. For example, your fingernail can scratch the minerals talc and gypsum, with a hardness of 2 or lower. A copper penny can scratch calcite, gypsum, and talc. What is streak? •  The streak of a mineral is the color of the powder les on a streak plate (piece of unglazed porcelain) when the mineral is scraped across it. •  Nonmetallic minerals usually give a white streak because they are very light-­‐colored. What is a streak? What causes color in minerals? •  Minerals are colored because certain wave lengths of light are absorbed, and the color results from a combinaCon of these wave lengths that reach the eye. Color •  The most easily observed property, but usually the least useful. A mineral's color can be changed by the impuriCes that are found in the mineral. What is Cleavage? •  Cleavage and fracture are descripCons of how a mineral breaks into pieces. •  Cleavage describes how a mineral breaks into flat surfaces (usually one, two, three or four surfaces). •  Fracture describes how a mineral breaks into forms or shapes other than flat surfaces. Minerals that have "perfect" cleavage almost always break in a preferred direcCon. What is Luster? •  Luster refers to how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral. The two main types of luster are metallic and nonmetallic. •  Minerals exhibiCng metallic luster look like metal, such as a silvery appearance or that of a flat piece of steel. Luster: Metallic VS Nonmetallic What is specific gravity? •  Specific gravity is the "heaviness" of a mineral. •  The specific gravity depends on…The kind of atoms that comprise the mineral and how the atoms are packed together. Miscellaneous ProperCes •  Several properCes can be used to idenCfy parCcular minerals. •  The mineral magneCte for example is a natural magnet. Miscellaneous ProperCes •  The mineral graphite has a greasy feel. You use this mineral everyday at school. It is “pencil lead.” •  The mineral sulfur has a specific smell. It smells like ro;en eggs when streaked or scratched.