A Humanities guide to exam
success
Exam Format
Paper 1
In this Paper students are required to answer all questions.
 Culture & Beliefs
 Environmental Issues
This paper is marked out of 72 and accounts for 37.5% of your final grade.
Paper 2
Students choose TWO options from the five below. The THREE we have studied are
underlined. Ignore the other two sets of questions.





Family & Socialisation
Prejudice & Persecution
Conflict & Co-operation
Global Inequality
People & Work
This paper is marked out of 72 and accounts for 37.5% of your final grade.
Paper 3 -
Controlled assessment.
Completed under controlled conditions, this accounts for 25% of the overall grade.
Revision ideas
Design a revision
timetable
Condense your
notes onto cue
cards
Practice revision
questions
Get someone to
test you
Set up a study
group
Create a revision
poster for each
topic
Key to exam success
Good subject
knowledge
Good time
management skills
Read and
understand what
the question is
asking you
to do
Look at the mark
scheme to see how
much you need to
write
Make sure you
structure your
answers
Answering 12 mark questions
Three different types of essays:
 Conventional Essay – Given a list of things to include but only have to choose two
and explain them e.g. paragraph for each one.
 Comparative essay – Produce a paragraph for each side of the argument e.g. Nature
Vs Nurture; explaining two views about a moral issue (euthanasia, abortion); etc
 Source based essay – Ensure you use the sources to reach a Level 3/4 (7-12 marks)
e.g. ‘In Source A it says that….’
Golden Rules:
 Your opening sentence should be a reframing of the question e.g. ‘Nature is
important in shaping who we are because...’
 Remember to use the PEE chain! (Point, Evidence and Explanation).
 Your explanation at the end of each paragraph should always answer the question
e.g. ‘This shows that nurture is important in shaping who we are because humans
need to be socialised by other humans to learn correct norms of behaviour’.
 Use Humanities terminology in your answers to reach a Level 4 (10-12 marks).
 Use connectives to make your work flow better e.g. in addition; in contrast; as a
result; therefore; this shows that; etc.
Answering 4 mark Questions
There are three types of 4 mark questions which can arise in the exam:
 Source based response e.g. where you have to recall information from a particular Source.
Ensure you explain two points to achieve full marks.
 Recall questions asking for two ways e.g. ‘Briefly explain two ways in which a large-scale
ecosystem is being destroyed.’ One mark is given for identification of method and one mark
for example / explanation (Deforestation is one way that the Amazon Rainforest is being
destroyed, as mahogany trees are cut down to make furniture).
 4 mark recall questions e.g. where you have to provide a paragraph response showing you
understand terms and phrases (see example below).
Sample Answer
From your own studies, explain how the family influences a person’s identity. (4 marks)
A family influences a person’s identity in two ways. First, the person’s family name and the people
he/she is related to are part of someone’s identity. This is how they are known by other people.
The other way a person’s identity is influenced by the family is by the way they are brought up. The
family teaches them basic social skills, like language and how to eat, but also the person copies the
way the family behave and learns their attitudes and beliefs.
They will think that the family’s ideas and attitudes are normal. So if a person is brought up in a polite
family they will be polite, and if the family is argumentative and violent they are likely to be the same. A
person’s identity comes from the way they behave with others, so the family will be a big influence.
Explanation of
Socialisation
Socialisation
Links Socialisation
to identity
Example and explanation
of effects of Socialisation
Case Studies
Task 1
Make a mind map for each of the examples with as many points as you can remember.
Task 2
Make up a question where you would need that case study to be able to answer it.
Culture and Beliefs
 Yanomami Culture
 Amish Culture
 British Culture (multiculturalism)
 Nature-Nurture - Jim Twins, William from Child of Our Times, Oxana Malaya, The Gay
Gene
 Euthanasia case study – know an example
Environmental Issues
 Pressure Groups – WWF, Green Peace – indirect and direct
 Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest
 Impact of tourists on the environment
 Yanomami living a sustainable way of life
 Climate Change
 Renewable v non renewable
 Example of 2 endangered species.
 Examples of things that cause pollution.
Prejudice and Persecution
 Cases of Ageism, sexism (Laura Bates – Everyday Sexism)
 Disability – access to the 2016 Rio Olympics
 Stephen Lawrence
 Hereford based discrimination
 Sacco and Vanzetti
 Working Mothers
 Jewish people – Rudi O
 Genocides
Conflict and Cooperation
 Civil Rights USA
 Vietnam
 South Africa
 NGOs – Amnesty, Oxfam
 UN – resolving conflict
Family and Socialisation
 Changing nature of family
 Socialisation – feral children
 Economic impact
 Co-habitation/marriage/divorce
 Care of the Elderly
 UN Rights of the Child
Culture and Beliefs
Keywords
Culture
The accepted way of living in a society or nation; includes attitudes to
and preferences for food, work, education, family life, housing, etc.
Values
Principles or standards. Our judgements about what is right or wrong.
No culture is made up of people who think exactly the same, but in
most cultures there are some things that are generally agreed upon.
For example, in the UK, most people think it is wrong to kill or to
steal.
Ways of behaving which are expected by other members of a culture.
If people do not follow the norms they may be seen as strange,
threatening or mad. Examples of norms are wearing clothes in public
and saying thank you if someone does something for you.
Norms
Beliefs
Something we hold to be true; when we talk about beliefs we may be
referring to religion, values, morals, traditions or ambitions.
Attitudes
A settled way of thinking or a state of mind. For example, people
from one culture may think that the way other cultures live is less
good than their own; they may say others; lifestyles are stupid or
cruel
Customs and
traditions
Ways of behaving which have been handed down from generation to
generation for many years. These are accepted as being the right way
to behave within a culture. UK examples include eating Christmas
dinner, sending cards for birthdays, getting married following a set
ceremony.
Deviance
Not conforming to the norms of their culture.
Morals
Provide guidance on what is right and wrong.
religion
A system of beliefs about life, death and the mysteries of the physical
and spiritual world.
Ritual
An event that expresses some religious meaning.
Rites of passage
A ceremony or event that marks an important stage in a person’s life.
subculture
A culture that exists within the dominant culture and has many
similarities, but also significant differences.
Indoctrination
When someone attempts to make you accept certain facts and ideas
without question
Eugenics
The study of ways to improve human inheritance.
Identity-giving
An act or process that defines part of a person’s identity.
Gender identity
All of the attributes and characteristics that are associated with
belonging to one or the other of the sexes.
Ethnic group
A group with a distinct culture that can be traced through history to a
specific location.
Social Identity
When a person is identified or labelled as a specific type of person.
Multiple
Identities
When a person has a number of identities in different parts of their
life.
Nature
The influence of genetic inheritance on an individual e.g. someone’s
height is largely genetic.
when a person learns from their experiences, environment or training
Nurture
Issue
Perspective
Asylum seeker
Ethnic group
Integration
Assimilation
Multicultural
Feral child
Something about which people have different views
A viewpoint that a person or group has about an issue
A person classed as a refugee fleeing persecution. He or she is not an
economic migrant.
A group with a distinct culture that can be traced through history to s
specific location.
When two cultures combine and live alongside each other in
harmony.
When an ethnic group adopts the host culture as their own.
A society which consists of the culture of several different races.
A human child who has lived away from human contact or bought up
with little experience or very poor care.
Culture & Beliefs (Paper 1 Core)
Appearance
Aesthetics
Religious beliefs
What makes
up a person’s
culture?
Roles
Traditions/customs
Morals
Values
Language
Attitudes
Definitions
Culture – The shared way of life of a particular society
Norms – Ways of behaving which are expected by other members of a
culture e.g. men do not wear make up in the UK.
Customs/Traditions – Ways of behaving which have been passed down
from generation to generation e.g. Christmas dinner.
Primary Socialisation – First stage of teaching people how to fit into
society (usually done by parents)
Secondary Socialisation – Other agents involved in socialisation.
Education
Family
Laws
Mass media
Agents of
Socialisation
Peer groups
Religious
groups
Role models
Workplace
Nature vs. Nurture debate
Case Study:
Kamala & Amala,
the ‘wolf girls’
Case Study:
Oxana Malaya
Nature


Nurture
What you inherit e.g.
Genetic information such
as IQ, hair/eye colour.
Jim Twins Case Study


What you learn through
experiences (Agents of
Socialisation)
Oxana Malaya/ Wolf
Children Case Study
Importance of beliefs to a culture
Case Study - Amish



Do not wear buttons because they are seen as proud and they
want to remain humble.
Some Amish men grow beards as a sign that they are married
They do not join the army as they believe in peace
Beliefs and Practices
Case Study - Christianity


Believe in God (practice) to attend church on Sunday.
Believe Jesus born on 25th Dec (practice) to celebrate Christmas.
Moral Issues
Other Examples
Case Study - Euthanasia
Abortion
Capital Punishment
War
Poverty
Global Warming
Human Cloning
Divorce
Plastic Surgery
Immigration
1.) Pro-life alliance (against)
- Life is a gift from god
- Change the role of a doctor
2.) Voluntary Euthanasia Society (for)
- People should have the right to decide
when and how they die
- It can quickly and humanely end a
patient’s suffering.
Diffusion of
ideas
Inventions &
new
technology
Wars &
revolutions
How do
Cultures
change?
Globalisation
Monarchy &
Governments
Multiculturalism
Environment
Migrants
Migration to the UK
Why come to the UK? (Immigration)
 Jobs / opportunities / better life
 Company relocated to the UK
 To seek asylum (maybe harmed in own Country)
 Marriage
 Entitle to e.g. Part of the EU and Commonwealth
Effects of Immigration
 May work for less money
 Put increased pressure on demand for jobs
 Put increased pressure on the demand for housing
 Increase of multiculturalism e.g. new foods, music, fashion,
religion and clothing.
Culture & Beliefs
Exam Questions

From your own studies, name two religions. (2)

How may religious beliefs influence a person’s behaviour? Briefly explain, using your own studies.
(2)

What do you understand by ‘the media’? Use your own studies to answer. (2)

Give the meaning of the term ‘culture’. (2)

Give an example of two different cultures. (2)

Explain one way in which a person’s beliefs may influence how they behave. (2)

Explain two ways in which the media may influence a person’s behaviour. Use your own studies to
answer. (4)

Explain why mutual respect and understanding are important in multicultural societies. (4)

Explain two effects of immigration. (4)

Choose a moral or a social issue. Write a short essay to explain at least two different views on the
issue. In your answer you should: Name the issue; describe the different views; explain why people
hold these views. (12)

People have different views about the importance of nature and nurture in shaping who we are.
Describe and explain the different views; use examples from your studies; give your own conclusion
on the debate. (12)

Describe and explain why Britain might be described as a multicultural society. Use information
from your own studies in your answer. You could include: Language; art; music; signs and symbols;
religions. (12)
Environmental Issues Keywords
Key word
Natural resources
Renewable
resources
Non-renewable
resources
Minerals
Definition
Raw materials found within or on the earth which can be used by
humans.
Will not run out, or can be replaced, provided they are not over
used.
Can only be used once and can never be replaced.
Any rock which is mined, drilled or quarried, for example coal,
gold.
Fossil fuel
Fuel formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals.
Nuclear power
Energy produced from uranium atoms.
Power station
Place where electricity is generated.
Renewable energy Energy from natural resources that are infinite or can be re-used,
for example hydro-electricity.
Alternative energy Does not deplete natural resources and does not harm the
environment, for example solar power.
Wind power
Energy generated from wind.
Solar power
Energy generated from sunlight.
Geothermal
Energy obtained from rock heated by the earth’s core.
energy
Hydro-electric
Energy generated by water spinning a turbine.
power (HEP)
Wave power
Energy generated by waves in the sea.
Tidal power
Energy generated as the tide goes in or out of a coastal area or
estuary.
Biofuels
Energy generated from organic matter (biomass), including wood
and crops.
Ecosystem
All living and non-living things in a particular environment and the
way they work together.
Sustainable
Methods that preserve and maintain rather than destroy.
Deforestation
Loss of forests due to climate change or the use of trees without
replacing them.
Extinct
The total disappearance of a particular type of living organism.
Coral bleaching
When sea temperatures rise, the coral die and lose their colour.
Urbanisation
The movement of people from the countryside to live in towns and
cities.
Industrialisation
The change from a farming society to a society based around
production of goods in factories.
Pollution
Something that poisons or damages air, water or land.
Acid rain
Rain, snow, fog or dust with a pH below 5.
Greenhouse gases Gases such as carbon dioxide that trap heat in the earth’s
atmosphere.
Global warming
A warming of the climate in recent decades, due to human
influences.
Environmental
People displaced by environmental disasters caused by climate
refugees
change.
Biodiversity
The variety of species found in a particular area.
Endangered
When the numbers of a species are so low or it is facing such
severe threats it may become extinct.
Habitat
The natural environment of an animal or plant.
Poaching
Catching or killing animals illegally.
Alien species
A plant or animal that moves from its original habitat to a new
area.
Tourism
A trip made for pleasure, usually including at least one night away.
Honey pot
An area of attractive scenery or historic interest visited by large
numbers of tourists.
Leisure
Free time to do whatever you want subject to finance and ability.
Global
Individuals and businesses making choices that affect the world in
responsibility
a positive way.
Direct action
The use of violent or non-violent methods to influence a political
decision.
Stewardship
Looking after something so it can be passed on to the next
generation.
Pressure groups
Organised groups that attempt to influence policy or business
decisions on a particular issue.
Lobbying
Individuals or groups attempting to influence the opinions of MPs
to vote a certain way on a specific subject.
Recycling
Turning used products into new products in order to prevent
waste, reduce pollution and lower greenhouse gases.
Protocol
A written record of an agreement between two or more countries.
International
Agreements between two or more countries.
agreements
Sustainable
Economic and social development that meets the needs of current
development
and future generations.
Agenda 21
A commitment to move towards sustainable development at
government and local level.
Global citizen
Thinks about their effect on the world by preserving the
environment and keeping natural resources for others to use in the
future.
Government
Laws or incentives introduced by a government to reduce global
action
warming.
Carbon footprint
The impact of human activity measured in carbon dioxide units.
Carbon offsetting Removing the same amount of carbon from the atmosphere as
National parks
Ecotourism
Sustainable
tourism
Conservation
produced by an activity such as air travel.
A reserve of land usually declared by national government to be
protected from human development and pollution.
Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the
environment and the well-being of the local people.
Has a low impact on the environment and local culture and
contributes to biodiversity.
Protection of the environment and natural resources of the earth
including plant and animal life.
Environmental Issues (Paper 1 Core)
Environmental issues





Pollution (air, water and noise)
Global warming
Deforestation
Recycling
Coral Reefs
Key Words
Renewable / Alternative Resource - energy that occurs naturally and is always
available e.g. Sun; Wind; Wave; Tidal; Biofuels; Geothermal).
Non-renewable resource - once used there will be no more created e.g. fossil fuels,
(such as coal, oil, gas) and minerals, such as uranium (used for Nuclear Power).
Deforestation – Cutting down and the burning of trees over a large area
Stewardship – People using the land understand how to treat it with respect and
concern for the future e.g. ARPA (created 80 reserves and parks in the Amazon).
Sustainable Development – Making use of resources but in a way that does not
eventually destroy it.
Desertification – Where an area becomes very dry due to low rainfall.
Pollution – Something that poisons or damages the air, water or land.
Acid Rain – Rain, snow, fog or dust with a PH below 5.
Ecosystem Case Study:
The Brazilian Rainforest
Extraction of
minerals
Small-scale
farming
Logging
Problems with
the Brazilian
Rainforest
Major
engineering
projects
Cattle
Ranching
Ecosystem Case Study: Coral
Reefs, Ahus in Papua New
Guinea
Fishing
Global
Warming
Nuclear
Testing
Pollution
Threats to
Coral Reefs
Mining
Tourism
Ecosystem
Definition – All living and non-living things in a
particular environment and the way they work
together.
Examples – Sea e.g. Coral Reefs; Atmosphere;
Tropical Rainforest; Antarctica; Wetlands; etc
Methods to reduce pollution






Burn less fossil fuels
Use more renewable sources of energy
Recycling of waste products
Stop dumping waste
Green taxes e.g. companies which pollute the most pay more tax
Encourage more people to use public transport
Advantages & Disadvantages of tourism
Advantages
Develops the economy e.g.
more industry and more jobs, etc.
Improves lifestyle of locals e.g.
more money to develop local
services
Protection of places of beauty
and interest
Disadvantages
Transport e.g. Airports, roads, docks need to be
built/extended resulting in more noise and air
pollution.
Accommodation & use of resources e.g. more
hotels built in nice coastal areas, taking resources
away from locals.
Leisure activities & changes in land use
Changes in lifestyle for local people.
Pressure Groups
Case Study:
Greenpeace
Aims of Greenpeace






Climate change - Promote the use of clean and renewable fuels
Forests - End illegal and destructive logging of ancient forests and protect
inhabitants
Oceans - Defend the world’s oceans and the life that depends on them
Nuclear Power - Bring an end to nuclear power
Peace – End the storage of nuclear weapons
Toxics – End the use of toxic chemicals
Methods used by Greenpeace
Direct Action - Protest; Lobbying; Criminal Damage (sabotage)
Indirect Action – Petitions; Campaigns; Press Releases; Research





Scientific Research – Investigate potential environmental threats and try to
provide permanent solutions to them.
Political work – Lobby political parties to try and influence environmental issues;
carry out campaigns/demonstrations about issues
Greenpeace business – Offer lectures / newsletters to businesses explaining how
environmental problems link to business
Greenpeace environmental trust – Registered charity which aims to improve
public understanding of environmental issues
Greenpeace ships – 3 ships e.g. Rainbow Warrior, which allow them to witness
events in far off places. They pursue and film whalers and blockade other ships
carrying toxic materials.
Businesses and the Environment



Supermarkets – Charge for carrier bags or offer reward points for using own bags.
Energy Companies – Send out energy efficient light bulbs and team up with local
councils to offer discounted loft insulation.
Triple Velvet – Plant trees to replace rolls of toilet paper used.
Global Warming
Causes
Burning of fossil fuels
Methane gas from cattle
F-gases
(fridges/aerosols)
Nitrous Oxide (fertilisers)
Effects
Changes in climate
Increase of droughts
Increase risk of forest fires
More severe storms
Melting ice caps
Flooding/loss of coastal areas
Extinction of species
Resolutions
Switch to renewable energy
sources
More Recycling
Public transport / walking
Reduce air travel (business
use video conferencing)
Shop locally
Carbon offsetting
Definitions linked to Global Warming
Carbon Footprint – The impact of human activity measured in Carbon dioxide units.
Carbon Offsetting – Removing the same amount of carbon from the atmosphere as
produced by an activity such as air travel e.g. tree planting scheme by businesses or
investment in renewable energy.
Habitat
Destruction
Biodiversity
Climate Change
Pollution
Loss of
Biodiversity
Invasive
Alien Species
Exploitation
Definitions: Biodiversity and National Parks
Biodiversity – The variety of species found in a particular area.
Poaching – Catching or killing animals illegally.
Endangered – When the numbers in a species are so low they face the threat of
extinction.
Conservation – Protection of the environment and natural resources of the earth
including plant and animal life e.g. National parks.
Ecotourism – Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and the
well-being of the local people e.g. National Parks in Kenya (stay at eco-lodges using solar
power).
Solutions to Environmental Issues
Agenda 21
Kyoto Protocol
Protocols
Sustainable
Development
Global Citizen
International
Agreements
Solutions to Environmental Issues
Recycling
Government action
Carbon footprints
National Parks
Carbon offsetting
Renewable resources
Environmental Issues
Exam Questions

Name two environmental issues. (2)

Name two causes of pollution. (2)

Name two effects of pollution. (2)

Name two renewable resources. (2)

Name two non-renewable resources. (2)

Give the meaning of the term ‘conservation’. (2)

Give the meaning of the term ‘pollution’. (2)

Name two methods used by environmental pressure groups to change people’s attitudes on an
environmental issue. (4)

Explain the terms Urbanisation and Industrialisation. (4)

From your own studies, explain how natural resources can be conserved. (4)

Briefly explain how pollution levels can be reduced. (4)

Briefly explain two ways in which a large-scale ecosystem is being destroyed. (4)

Using an example from your own studies, describe and explain how successful one environmental
pressure group has been in influencing people’s attitudes and behaviour. (12)

From your studies, describe and explain the methods used by a group or organisation to influence
attitudes on an environmental issue. (12)

From your studies, show how people interact with a large-scale ecosystem. Examples include a
tropical rainforest and a marine ecosystem. In your answer you should: identify the large-scale
ecosystem you have chosen; describe that ecosystem; explain how people interact with that
ecosystem in different ways. (12)

Describe and explain why some believe it is important to conserve the natural environment. Use
your own studies to answer. (12)

From your own studies, describe and explain why pollution is a global issue. (12)

Describe and explain how business organisations and environmental pressure groups try to
influence attitudes towards environmental issues. (12)
Family & Socialisation (Paper 2 Options)
Definitions
Family
The family is a group of persons directly linked by kin connections, the
adult members of which assume responsibility for caring for children.
Household
A group of people who live together in shared accommodation.
Different Family Types
Extended Family – Three or more generations e.g. grandparents, Aunts
and Uncles, etc.
Nuclear Family – Consists of parents and children.
Single (lone) parents – Caused by an increase in marital breakdown &
a rise in births to unmarried mothers
Reconstituted – Family made up from people who have divorced or
separated from an earlier partnership and formed another family, bringing
up children from one or both previous relationships.
Civil Partnership – Same sex couples
Cohabiting – Where a couple lives together but they are not married.
Divorce & Marriage
Divorce – Legal separation of a married couple
Marriage – Legal joining of a couple (due to love; Arranged in some
cultures)
Problems caused by divorce




Disruption to children - Effects self-confidence/school work suffers
Difficult for single-parents to earn a living and look after children
Cost of break-up is both distressing and costly
Culture – Divorce seen as shameful in some cultures
Benefits of divorce



Now an alternative for unhappy couples
Prevents unhappy couples living together and reduces arguments
in the home.
No children involved then best for both husband and wife.
Family Size
Media
Religion
What are the
influences on
family life?
Health
Government
& Law
Social Class
Environment
Lifestyle
Changes to Family Life

Changing attitudes as people become less religious and more
tolerant of divorce and cohabitation.
 Changing opportunities for women such as women such as
women going to work and having equal rights.
 Legal changes such as Divorce Reform Act and Civil
Partnerships.
 Economic changes such as increased cost of weddings,
decreased cost of divorces and financial support for single
parents.
Changes in gender roles in the Family



Women have greater equality at home and in work
Women are a major part of the workforce
More expensive to bring up children
 Money, so people can have a better quality of life.
 More Househusbands
Different attitudes to the care of the Elderly
Family responsibility




Moral duty
Care in nursing homes not always as good e.g. neglect
Deserve to be repaid for looking after children
Family will provide better care than strangers.
Government Responsibility



Elderly have paid taxes all their life.
Many people don’t have resources to look after their parents.
Skills and facilities to do a better job.
Is there an Ideal Family?
Arguments for



Majority of people believe in marriage & children
People who divorce often remarry
Media – Soap stories / adverts / magazines based around family
life e.g. Jordan & Peter.
Arguments Against



Changes in society are more accepting of different family types.
Different religious beliefs & family traditions.
Decline in religion leads to less marriage / increases in divorce.
Nuclear
Family
Family & Socialisation
Exam Questions

Name two family types. (2)

Give the meaning of the term nuclear family. (2)

Give the meaning of the term divorce. (2)

Give the meaning of the term marriage. (2)

Give the meaning of the term extended family. (2)

Give the meaning of the term civil partnership. (2)

Give the meaning of the term reconstituted family. (2)

Give the meaning of the term household. (2)

Give the meaning of the term gender roles in the home. (2)

Describe one way that the media can influence our views about the family. (2)

Give two reasons why gender roles within the family are changing. (4)

Explain two ways of caring for the elderly. (4)

Explain one argument for and one argument against divorce. (4)

Explain two reasons why people get divorced. (4)

Describe and explain two ways the media can influence our views of an “ideal family”.(12)

Describe and explain how gender roles within the family are changing. (12)

Describe and explain why there are different types of family in the UK. (12)

Describe and explain why there are different attitudes towards marriage and divorce in the UK. (12)

Describe and explain the main influences on family life. You could include any of the following:
Income; the law; religious beliefs; family size; traditions (12)

Describe and explain why there are different family types in the UK. Use examples and information
from your own studies. You could include any of the following: Culture; religion; law; wealth. (12)
Conflict and Cooperation (Paper 2 – Options)
Key words
Genocide – The deliberate killing of a whole nation of people e.g. Nazis killing Jews.
Pacifism – Peace e.g. belief that violence and war is wrong on moral or religious grounds.
Economic – Wealth of a country (money).
Sanctions – An economic or military action taken against another country to stop aggression or
simply detention at school.
Refugee – Where a person is made homeless, usually by conflict or persecution.
Intolerance – To not put up with something.
There are different types of rights
Right to free speech
Right to an education
Right to travel
Right and
Freedoms
Right to vote
Right to
choose
Right to fair treatment
Right to safety
Right to express
your sexuality
Right to work
Right to choose
your own religion
Rights ALWAYS have responsibilities
Right
Responsibility
Right to free speech
To not harm or hurt anyone, to not lie.
Right to an education
To make the most of your education
Right to choose your own religion
To not force your religion on anyone else, to
accept/respect other religions.
To use your vote
Right to vote
Types of Conflict
Small-scale – E.g. bullying; neighbourhood disputes; Divorce
National – E.g. Civil Rights Movements in the USA; Conflict in Northern Ireland; Apartheid in South
Africa; Minors strike in Britain
International – Two world wars; Cold war; Vietnam; Iraq; Afghanistan
Causes of Conflict
Religious – E.g. Recent case of British Woman allowing pupils in Sudan to name a teddy bear
Mohammed; Jews and Arabs in Palestine-Israel.
Political – E.g. Nazi hatred of Jews led to the persecution and mass murder; Family politics may mean
one partner is more overpowering.
Economic – E.g. Nazis blamed Jews for the failure of WWI and the resulting economic problems
which happened afterwards; Money worries in families’ cause conflict.
Social – E.g. Partners from backgrounds (class, upbringing, culture) might have conflict of values; ‘Jim
Crow’ laws in the USA causing racial segregation e.g. black only schools, entrances to cinemas, etc.
Moral – E.g. Divorce due to one partner committing adultery; US entered Vietnam War to protect the
freedom of the South Vietnamese.
Small & large-scale effects of Conflict
Persecution
Death
Destruction of property
Refugees
Famine
Division e.g. Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland
Divorce
Ostracism (left out)
Lack of self-esteem
Effect educational progress
How can we resolve Conflict?
Force – E.g. War on terror by USA in Iraq and Afghanistan to try and end terrorism.
Protest – E.g. Martin Luther King used this method in the Civil Rights Movement
Sanctions – E.g. Used in South Africa and resulted in the end of Apartheid (white rule over black
people).
Deterrent – E.g. Building Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) during the Cold War (USSR vs.
USA). No side would attack for fear of being destroyed themselves.
Improving Links – E.g. Agreement made in 2004 between India and Pakistan after 50 years of
non-contact. Now play test cricket in an attempt to ease tension.
International Co-operation – E.g. Setting up of the UN in 1945 in an attempt to resolve conflict
and problems throughout the world.
Case Study: Bullying (small-scale conflict)
Causes
Poor discipline at home
Abuse or lack of love
A sense of failure at school
Power over others
Peer pressure
Effects
Injury to a person
Destruction of property
Lack of self-esteem
Educational progress
Reputation of community
Encourage others to bully
Resolution
Exclusion
Assertiveness training
Surveillance
Behaviour management
Peer mentors
Student mediators
Case Study: Vietnam War (International Conflict)
Causes
Domino Effect – E.g. USA
wanted to stop the spread of
communism.
Civil War – North Vietnam
invades South Vietnam to
try and make it communist.
Gulf of Tonkin – US ship
attacked by the Vietnamese
(later found out to be a lie by
the US to justify conflict).
Effects
Political – US lost its first
war; the domino theory was
proved wrong;
Social – 2m people killed &
many more injured; US
soldiers suffered back at
home.
Economic – Cost the US
£120 billion; Vietnam was
reduced to a very poor
country.
Resolution
Force – Both sides used
this but didn’t work as the
conflict increased.
Deterrent – showed that the
US & USSR couldn’t use
nuclear weapons.
Protest – Peace movement
started in the US with antiwar rallies.
International Co-operation
– Peace talks took place
after US withdrew troops.
Led to peace 5 years later.
Conflict & Cooperation
Exam Questions
Briefly explain one economic effect of a conflict. Use your own studies to answer (2)
What are sanctions? Briefly explain, using your own studies (2)
From your own studies, describe two causes of conflict at an individual level (4)
From your studies, describe two effects of conflict at an individual level (4)
From your studies, describe what is meant by the terms „pacifism‟ and „force‟. Give an example of each.
(4)
From your studies, briefly explain two basic rights and freedoms people should have (4)
From your studies, describe two ways in which individuals or groups may resolve conflict (4)
From your studies, explain what methods might be successful in resolving a conflict within the community
(12)
Name a national or international conflict you have studied and explain its causes (12)
Name a national or international conflict you have studied. Describe and explain the economic and political
factors that caused the conflict? (12)
Describe and explain the outcomes and effects of a national or international conflict you have studied.
Start your answer by naming the conflict (12)
From your own studies, describe and explain how conflicts can be resolved. You could include: Pacifism
and non-violence; negotiation and arbitration; force and sanctions (12)
Describe and explain why it is important to have rights and freedoms. Use your own studies to answer. You
could write about any of the following:
Peace;
Work;
Freedom of Speech;
Religious Beliefs;
Education; Rights of the Child. (12)
Prejudice & Persecution (Paper 2)
Key Terms
Prejudice – Attitude about a person or group that is formed without having all the facts. Usual causes
are Gender, Ethnicity, Sexuality & Religion. We develop prejudice through Socialisation e.g. Nazis
teaching children to hate the Jews.
Discrimination – Treating someone differently, usually less well, because they belong to a particular
group e.g. disability; Race; Religion; Sex; Age.
Institutional Discrimination – Existence of prejudice in the way an organisation works and delivers
its services e.g. Police Force.
Persecution – Mistreatment of an individual or a group e.g. Murder of black boy, Stephen
Lawrence, by gang of white youths.
Stereotyping – Labelling a group of people with the same characteristics e.g. French people eat
garlic.
Scapegoat – Group blamed for something because of the stereotypes attached to them e.g. blaming
immigrants for high unemployment.
Tribalism – Existence of people who share a strong group identity.
Nationalism – Belief that one’s country is superior to other countries.
Imperialism – Act of creating an empire by invading other countries.
Insider Group – People who hold most power and influence in a society.
Outsider Group – People whose culture is new or different to those who hold most power in society
e.g. ethnic minorities; travellers; etc.
Propaganda – Information which is used to influence others’ opinions. It may ‘bend’ the facts or not
tell the whole story.
How do Prejudices lead to Discrimination?
Racial Discrimination – Belief that black people commit more crime so the police force stop and
search a higher percentage of them.
Gender Discrimination – Belief that women may be a distraction in the armed forces, so they are not
allowed to serve on the front line.
Class Discrimination – State school pupils are being ignored by top universities e.g. the 7% of
privately educated students fill 25% of university places.
Disability – Terms like ‘retard’ and ‘spaz’ are insults which reflect deeply held prejudices and this
could lead to not employing disabled people.
Youth Discrimination – Belief that ‘Hoodies’ commit crime so shopping centres like Lakeside ban
people from wearing them around shops.
How can Prejudice and Discrimination lead to Persecution?
Case Study: Nazi persecution of the Jews
Prejudice belief in Germany under Hitler that all Jews were ‘inferior’ (lesser race). They had been
blamed for all Germany’s problems, including mass unemployment and the defeat of WWI. This led
Hitler to pass laws which discriminated against them. Within 12 years 5.5 million Jews were
murdered through a process of systematic persecution.
Methods used:
Law e.g. The Nuremberg Laws (1935) banned marriages & sexual relations between Jews and nonJews; Stopped Jews using facilities like swimming pools; Stopped Jews from being German citizens;
Stopped Jews working for the government or as doctors, lawyers and teachers.
Media e.g. used Propaganda to portray Jews as bad people
.
Education e.g. Hitler Youth camps set up, which taught children to hate Jewish people.
Violence e.g. Night of the Broken Glass (1938), in which Nazis attacked around 8,000 Jewish
businesses.
Boycotts e.g. Nazis called on Germans to boycott Jewish businesses
Concentration Camps e.g. Auschwitz where Jews were imprisoned. These later turned into Death
camps, in which around 6 million Jews lost their lives.
Challenging and Reducing Prejudice & Persecution
Individual / Community Level – Auschwitz trip; Campaign to Kick Racism out of Football.
National Level – Equal Rights legislation in the UK e.g. Disabilities Discrimination Act (1999); Equal
Pay Act (1970); Race Relations Act (2000); Criminal Justice and Immigration Act (2008).
International – UN promotes justice and equality for all; European Union Truck Tour for Diversity
Against Discrimination.
Global – The International criminal Court (ICC) e.g. puts war criminals on trial for acts of genocide and
persecution.
Campaign
European wide scheme to unite peoples of all races through football. Use
pitch side messages like ‘No to Racism.’
Individual Level e.g. School trip to Auschwitz to increase understanding of
how the Jews were poorly treated by the Nazis.
Prejudice & Persecution
Exam Questions
Give two examples of stereotyping (2)
Name two forms of prejudice (2)
Give the meaning of the term scapegoat (2)
Give the meaning of the term genocide (2)
Give the meaning of the term discrimination. (2)
Give the meaning of the term stereotype (2)
Give the meaning of the term persecution (2)
Give the meaning of the term intolerance (2)
Describe one effect of prejudice (2)
Give the meaning of the term scapegoat? (2)
Give two reasons why some people are prejudice (4)
Explain two forms of action that can help to reduce prejudice (4)
Explain two forms of discrimination (4)
Explain two examples that show stereotyping is a form of prejudice (4)
Explain two ways in which stereotyping can be reduced (4)
Briefly explain two examples which show how some people have been used as scapegoats (4)
Describe and explain how individuals or groups can cause prejudice and discrimination (12)
Explain the causes of prejudice and discrimination in the UK (12)
Describe and explain how prejudice can lead to discrimination. Use examples and information from your
own studies. You could include any of the following levels: Personal; local; national; international (12)
Describe and explain how prejudice and discrimination can be reduced? (12)
Describe and explain how persecution can affect an individual or a group. You could include any of the
following effects: Physical; social; economic; psychological; legal
Describe and explain the causes of prejudice and persecution? (12)
Describe and explain how conflicts caused by discrimination can be resolved. You could use conflict at any
of the following levels: individual, family, community, national. (12)
Useful Websites
Humanities Exam Board - http://www.aqa.org.uk/
Culture & Beliefs
1.) www.abortionrights.org.uk
2.) www.dignityindying.org.uk
3.) www.amnesty.org.uk
Environmental Issues
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
www.cat.org.uk (Centre for Alternative Energy)
www.btcv.org.uk (Conservation Volunteers (British Trust for))
www.foe.co.uk (Friends of the Earth)
www.greenparty.org.uk
www.greenpeace.org
www.rainforestconcern.org
www.tourismconcern.org.uk
Conflict & Cooperation
1.) www.bullying.co.uk
2.) www.cnduk.org (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament)
Prejudice & Persecution
1.) www.annefrank.org.uk
2.) www.equalityhumanrights.com
3.) www.minorityrights.org
4.) www.irr.org.uk (Race Relations)
5.) www.cre.gov.uk (Commission for Racial Equality)
Family & Socialisation
1.) www.ace.org.uk (Age Concern)
2.) www.helptheaged.org.uk
3.) www.shelter.org.uk