AMERICAN HISTORY
CHAPTER 24
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
BOARD QUESTIONS
1) WHAT DOES CORE STAND FOR?
2) WHAT SUPREME COURT CASE SET UP
THE SEPARATE-BUT-EQUAL DOCTRINE?
3) WHAT DOES NAACP STAND FOR?
4)LIST 4 SUPREME COURT CASES THE
NAACP HELPED DEFEAT SEGREGATION?
5)WHERE DID THE BUS BOYCOTTS TAKE
PLACE?
BOARD QUESTIONS
1) WHERE DID MLK GET HIS IDEAS FOR NON
VIOLENCE?
2)WHAT DOES SCLC STAND FOR?
3)WHY WAS PRESIDENT EISENHOWER
PRIVATELY AGAINST BROWN V. BOARD OF
ED.?
4)WHO WAS THE GOVERNOR OF ARKANSAS
IN 1957?
5) WHY DID PRESIDENT EISENHOWER CALL
IN THE 101ST AIRBORNE?
BOARD QUESTIONS
1) WHICH U.S. PRESIDENT BELIEVED FIGHT
CIVIL RIGHTS IN COURTS WAS THE WRONG
APPROACH?
2) WHICH U.S. PRESIDENT BELIEVED
AMERICA NEEDED A COOLING OFF PERIOD
FROM THE FREEDOM RIDERS?
3) WHAT WAS JAMES FARMERS RESPONDS
TO A COOLING OFF PERIOD?
4) IN WHICH STATE DID THE FREEDOM
RIDERS CHALLENGE SEGREGATION?
5) WHO STARTED THE FREEDOM RIDERS?
SEPARATE-BUTEQUAL DOCTRINE
• PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896)
• THIS MONUMENTAL SUPREME COURT
CASE SET THE SEPARATE-BUT-EQUAL
DOCTRINE.
• IN PLESSY V. FERGUSON IT WAS
DECIDED THAT SEGREGATION WAS
LEGAL AS LONG AS EQUAL FACILITIES
WERE PROVIDED FOR THE RACES.
SEPARATE-BUTEQUAL DOCTRINE
• (JIM CROW LAWS) SEGREGATION
QUICKLY SPREAD ACROSS THE SOUTH,
SEGREGATING BUSES,RESTROOMS,
RESTAURANTS, SWIMMING POOLS,
PARKS, AND PUBLIC FACILITIES.
• THIS SEGREGATED TOWNS MANY
TIMES BY THE RAILROAD TRACK,
WHITES ON ONE SIDE BLACKS ON
OTHER SIDE.
NAACP
• (NAACP)NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR
THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED
PEOPLE.
• THIS GROUP SINCE 1909 TRIED TO
SUPPORT COURT CASES INTENDED TO
OVER TURN SEGREGATION.
NAACP
• MAJOR CASES THE NAACP SUPPORTED
AND WON.
• NORRIS V. ALABAMA 1935 -
EXCLUDING AFRICAN AMERICANS
FROM JURIES WAS
UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
• MORGAN V.VIRGINIA 1946 -
SEGREGATION OF INTERSTATE BUSES
WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
NAACP
• SWEATT V. PAINTER 1950 - STATE LAW
SCHOOLS HAD TO ADMIT QUALIFIED
AFRICAN AMERICAN APPLICANTS,
EVEN IF PARALLEL BLACK LAW
SCHOOLS EXISTED.
• BROWN V. THE BOARD OF ED. TOPEKA,
KANSAS 1954 - ENDED SEGREGATION
IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
CORE
• (CORE)CONGRESS OF RACIAL
EQUALITY.
• IN CHICAGO IN 1942 JAMES FARMER
AND GEORGE HOUSER WERE THE
FOUNDERS OF CORE.
• IN 1943 CORE BEGAN USING SIT-INS IN
RESTAURANTS TO SHAME OWNERS IN
TO INTEGRATING THEIR RESTAURANTS
SOUTHERN
MANIFESTO
• SENATOR HARRY F. BYRD OF VIRGINIA
CALLED ON SOUTHERNERS TO ADOPT
“MASSIVE RESISTANCE” AGAINST THE
RULING OF BROWN V. BOARD OF ED.
• HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
SOUTHERNERS PRESSURED THEIR
SCHOOL BOARDS TO RESIST
INTEGRATING SCHOOLS.
SOUTHERN
MANIFESTO
• MANY STATES ADOPTED PUPIL
ASSIGNMENT LAWS.THESE LAWS
CREATED AN ELABORATE SET OF
REQUIREMENTS OTHER THAN RACE
THAT SCHOOLS COULD USE TO
PREVENT AFRICAN AMERICAN FROM
ATTENDING WHITE SCHOOLS.101
SOUTHERN SENATORS SIGN A
DOCUMENT CALLED THE SOUTHERN
MANIFESTO STATING ABUSE OF
JUDICAL POWER
THE MONTGOMERY
BUS BOYCOTT
• ROSA PARKS REFUSED TO GIVE UP HER
SEAT TO A WHITE MALE ON A BUS IN
MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA.
• PARKS WAS ARRESTED FOR HER
ACTION. THIS OUTRAGED AFRICAN
AMERICANS IN MONTGOMERY AND
LEAD TO BUS BOYCOTT.
MONTGOMERY BUS
BOYCOTT
• AFRICAN AMERICAN LEADERS
FORMED THE MONTGOMERY
IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION.
• 26 YEAR OLD MARTIN LUTHER KING
JR. WAS ELECTED TO LEAD THE GROUP.
• KING ENCOURAGED THE PEOPLE TO
KEEP PROTESTING SEGREGATION.
DR.MARTIN LUTHER
KING JR.
• DR. KING EARNED HIS PH.D. IN
THEOLOGY FROM BOSTON
UNIVERSITY.
• HE WAS A MAJOR INFLUENCE ON THE
NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE
MOVEMENT.
• HE STUDIED THE BIBLE AND
MOHANDAS GANDHI, BOTH TEACH
NON-VIOLENCE.
SCLC
• (SCLC) SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN
LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE. (EST 1957)
• THE SCLC SET OUT TO ELIMINATE
SEGREGATION FROM AMERICAN
SOCIETY AND TO ENCOURAGE
AFRICAN AMERICANS TO REGISTER TO
VOTE. DR. KING WAS THE SCLC’S FIRST
PRESIDENT. HE CHALLENGED
SEGREGATION WHERE EVER POSSIBLE.
EISENHOWER
• DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER THOUGHT
SEGREGATION WAS WRONG, BUT HE
THOUGHT FIGHTING SEGREGATION
THROUGH PROTEST AND COURT
RULINGS WOULD ONLY LEAD TO
MORE VIOLENCE IN THE SOUTH.
• HE HAD THE NAVY YARDS AND
VETRAN’S HOSPITALS DESEGREGATED.
EISENHOWER
• EISENHOWER BELIEVED PRIVATELY
THAT BROWN V. THE BOARD OF ED.
WAS A BAD DECISION BY THE
COURTS. THAT WOULD LEAD TO MORE
PROBLEMS.
• BUT PUBLICLY HE SUPPORTED THE
SUPREME COURT AND BECAME THE
FIRST PRESIDENT SINCE
RECONSTRUCTION TO SEND TROOPS
TO THE SOUTH TO UP HOLD THE LAW.
THE LITTLE ROCK
NINE
• IN SEPTEMBER 1957, THE LITTLE ROCK,
ARKANSAS SCHOOL BOARD VOTED TO
ALLOW 9 AFRICAN AMERICAN
STUDENTS INTO THEIR SCHOOL
DISTRICT OF 2,000 WHITE STUDENTS.
• SOME ARKANSAS SCHOOLS HAD
AREADY BEEN INTEGRATED AND THE
UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS WAS
INTEGRATED. ARKANSAS WAS
RACIALLY MODERATE.
THE LITTLE ROCK
NINE
• ORVAL FABUS GOVERNOR OF
ARKANSAS WAS FOR INTEGRATION,
BUT WAS UP FOR REELECTION AND
FEARED HOW THE PUBLIC WOULD
REACT TO INTEGRATION IN LITTLE
ROCK. HE BEGAN TO CAMPAIGN AS A
DEFENDER OF WHITE SUPREMACY. HE
SENT NATIONAL GUARD TROOPS TO
PREVENT THE 9 AFRICAN AMERICAN
STUDENTS FROM ENTERING THE
SCHOOL.
THE LITTLE ROCK
NINE
• AN ANGRY WHITE MOB JOINED THE
NATIONAL GUARD IN STOPPING THE
STUDENTS FROM ENTERING THE
SCHOOL.
• TELEVISION COVERAGE PUT LITTLE
ROCK ON THE NATIONAL SCENE FOR
SEGREGATION.
• THE COURTS RULED ARKANSAS MUST
ALLOW THE STUDENTS TO ENTER THE
SCHOOL.
THE LITTLE ROCK
NINE
• GOVERNOR FAUBUS REMOVED THE
NATIONAL GUARD BUT DID
NOTHING WITH THE WHITE MOB.
• THE MOB BEAT AFRICAN AMERICAN
REPORTERS, DESTROYED PROPERTY,
SMASHED WINDOWS, AND COME
CLOSE TO CAPTURING THE NINE
STUDENTS.THIS FORCED PRESIDENT
EISENHOWER TO SEND IN FEDERAL
TROOPS. ELITE 101ST AIRBORNE.
THE CIVIL RIGHTS
ACT OF 1957
• THIS WAS THE FIRST CIVIL RIGHTS LAW
PASSED SINCE RECONSTRUCTION. IT
WAS INTENDED TO PROTECT AFRICAN
AMERICAN’S RIGHT TO VOTE.
EISENHOWER WAS AFRAID THIS BILL
WOULD NOT PASS CONGRESS, BUT
WITH THE HELP OF SENATE MAJORITY
LEADER LYDON B. JOHNSON THE ACT
PASSED. CREATING A CIVIL RIGHTS
DIVISION IN THE DEPARTMENT OF
JUSTICE.
SIT-INS
•
WHEN WORD SPREAD OF 4
STUDENTS HELD A SIT-IN AT
WOOLWORTH’S STORE IN
GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA AND
BYTHE END OF THE WEEK MORE THAN
300 STUDENTS HELD SIT-INS IN 54
CITIES ACROSS 9 STATES IN JUST 2
MONTHS.
SIT-INS
• THE NAACP AND THE SCLC WERE
WORRIED THE STUDENTS WOULD
NOT BE DISCIPLINED ENOUGH AND
FIGHT BACK.
• THE STUDENTS PROVED THEM
WRONG BY 1961 SIT-INS HAD BEEN
HELD IN OVER 100 CITIES AT
SEGREGATED STORES, RESTAURANTS,
HOTELS, MOVIE THEATERS, AND
SWIMMING POOLS.
SNCC
• (SNCC) STUDENT NONVIOLENT
COORDINATING COMMITTEE. EST 1960
• ELLA BAKER ESTABLISHED THE SNCC.
WITH SO MANY SIT-INS TAKING PLACE
BAKER AND OTHERS BELIEVED THEY
WOULD WORK MUCH BETTER IF THEY
COORDINATED THEIR EFFORTS.
FREEDOM RIDERS
• CORE LEADER JAMES FARMER ASKED
TEAMS OF AFRICAN AMERICANS AND
WHITES TO TRAVEL TO THE SOUTH
AND BRING AWARENESS TO THE FACT
THAT SOUTHERN STATES REFUSED TO
INTEGRATE BUS TERMINALS.
• THESE TEAMS BECAME KNOWN AS THE
FREEDOM RIDERS.
FREEDOM RIDERS
• MAY 1961, THE FIRST FREEDOM RIDERS
BOARDED SEVERAL SOUTH BOUND
BUSSES.
• WHEN THE BUSES ARRIVED AT
ANNISTON, BIRMINGHAM, AND
MONTGOMERY. ANGRY WHITE MOBS
ATTACKED THEM. THE MOB SLIT THE
BUSES TIRES, BROKE OUT WINDOWS,
ONE MOB EVEN THREW FIRE BOMBS,
NO ONE WAS KILLED.
FREEDOM RIDERS
• THE VIOLENCE IN ALABAMA ON THE
FREEDOM RIDERS BECAME NATIONAL
NEWS AND BEGAN TO WEIGH ON
NEWLY ELECTED PRESIDENT KENNEDY.
• KENNEDY AT FIRST WAS VERY
CAUTIOUS IN CIVIL RIGHTS MATTERS
KNOWING HE NEEDED SOUTHERN
SENATORS VOTES.
JFK
• KENNEDY DID NAME 40 AFRICAN
AMERICANS TO HIGH LEVEL JOBS IN
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. HE ALSO
CREATED THE (CEEO) COMMITTEE ON
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY.
HE ASKED THE FREEDOM RIDERS TO
STOP AND TAKE A COOLING OFF
PERIOD. JAMES FARMER REPLIED
AFRICAN AMERICANS HAD BEEN
COOLING OFF FOR OVER 350 YEARS, IF
WE COOL OFF ANYMORE WE WILL BE
IN THE DEEP FREEZE!