NAME: ___________________________________
HOUR: ___________
DATE: _________
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NO: ______
Chapter 5: Natural Laws and Car Control
GRAVITY- Is the force that pulls all things to Earth.
UPHILL DRIVING- Gravity will decrease your car down when going uphill,
unless you use extra power.
DOWNHILL DRIVING- Gravity will increase your speed going downhill unless
you control it.
TREAD and TRACTION
Tread- The grooved surface of a tire that grips the road.
Allows water to flow through the grooves and away from the
tire.
This action allows the tire tread to cut through the water and
grip the road.
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CHAPTER 5, CHAPTER 6, CHAPTER 12
STOPPING DISTANCE
PERCEPTION TIME
2
TIME- The length of time you take to
identify, predict, and decide to slow
for hazard.
DISTANCE- Time will vary depending
on the visibility, the hazard, and your
ability at the time.
TIME-The length of time is takes for
you to execute your action
REACTION TIME
*Average person reaction time is
three- fourths of a second.
DISTANCE- How far your car travels
while you react
BREAKING DISTANCE
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CHAPTER 5, CHAPTER 6, CHAPTER 12
The distance your vehicle travels from
the time you apply the brake until
you stop
Chapter 6: Performing Basic Vehicle Maneuvers
STEERING YOUR VEHCILE
3
Steering Straight Backwards
When moving backward involves knowing where to look and how to
control direction and speed. Before backing, make sure your rear zones are clear.
Follow these steps:
1. Hold the brake pedal down and shift to REVERSE.
2. Turn your body to the right, and put your right arm over the back of
the passenger seat, Look back through the rear window.
3. Put your left hand at the top of the steering wheel at the 12 o’clock
position.
4. Release pressure on the brake just enough to allow the vehicle to
creep backward slowly.
5. While looking back through the rear window, move top of the
steering wheel toward the direction you want the back of the vehicle
to go.
6. Keep your foot over the brake pedal while your vehicle is moving
backward. Glance quickly to the front and sides to check traffic.
Continue to look back through the rear window as you brae and stop.
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CHAPTER 5, CHAPTER 6, CHAPTER 12
CHANGING LANES
4
*When might you change lanes when following another vehicle? Following a large truck on
a multilane highway.
Making Lane Changes
Before changing lanes, check all zones for possible hazards. Make sure you can
see far ahead in the lane of your intended path of travel and that there are no
obstructions in either lane.
Follow these steps when making a lane change to the left:
1. Check traffic in the front and left-front zones. Check rear zones through
the rearview mirrors.
2. Signal and make a blind-spot check over your left shoulder to see if any
vehicle is about to pass you.
3. Increase your speed slightly as you steer smoothly into the next lane if it is
clear.
4. Cancel your signal and adjust your speed.
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Making Left and Right Turns
5
Making Turns
Make sure to only make a left or right turn only after checking all traffic.
Take these precautions when executing turns:
Look for pedestrians and oncoming vehicles, Check rear zones for vehicles
about to pass you.
Plan turns well in advance. Be in the correct lane about a block before
your turn.
Obey all traffic signs, singles, and roadway markings. Remember you must
yield to oncoming traffic when you are turning left.
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Steps or making a right turn
Rewrite the steps for making a right turn below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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6
Steps for making a left turn:
Rewrite the steps for completing a left turn below:
1.
2.
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Backing Left and Right
LEFT
When backing left
you look over your
left shoulder
Look through the
left side windows
Allow a wide space
on the right side,
because the front
of your vehicle will
swing wide to the
right.
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CHAPTER 5, CHAPTER 6, CHAPTER 12
RIGHT
When backing
right you look over
your right
shoulder
Look through the
right side windows
Allow a wide space
on the left side.
8
BOTH
Use hand over
hand steering
The back of your
vehicle will go in
the direction you
turn the wheel
Back slowly as you
enter the turn.
Make quick
glances to the
front and sides to
be sure no one is
near.
Turning the Vehicle
Around
9
Turnabouts:
Turning your vehicle around to go in the opposite direction. This is a
high –risk maneuver.
Take these precautions when making a turnabout:
Be sure local laws permit the turnabout. ( legal)
Select a site with at least 500 feet of visibility in each direction.
Do not make a turnabout near hills or curves or within 200 feet of
intersections.
Never attempt a turnabout in heavy high-speed traffic.
Check continually with all zones for traffic and pedestrians.
Midblock U-Turn:
Make sure state laws permit this type of turn. You need a wide
space to make a U-Turn. This is risky because you have to cross several
lanes of traffic to execute it.
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CHAPTER 5, CHAPTER 6, CHAPTER 12
Take these precautions when making a midblock U-turn:
10
Check traffic to the rear, and then the right. Pull to the far right
of the road and stop.
Signal left and move back out into the lane.
Check your front and left-rear zones. Check your left blind spot.
Turn sharply left while moving and do not stop if you can complete
the turn.
Straighten the wheel and accelerate slowly into the proper lane.
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Three- Point Turns
11
Backing Into Driveway on Right Side:
Check all traffic to the rear. Begin to slow as you proceed beyond the driveway.
Stop about three feet from the curb and with your rear bumper just beyond the
driveway. Check traffic and back slowly to the right. Stop when your vehicle is
completely off the street. Signal a left turn.
Pulling into driveway on the left side.
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12
Pull into Driveway on Left Side
Check in front and rear zones. Signal a left turn and stay close to the
right side as much as possible.
Check traffic again, especially from the right. Back slowly to the right.
Look to the right rear and side while backing up.
Accelerate gently, scanning all zones, as you drive forward.
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13
Parking
Fill in the vocabulary words below using your book. These words can be found on page 119
in your book.
VOCABULARY
DEFINITION
Reference Point
Standard Reference Point
Personal Reference Point
Part of the outside or inside of the
vehicle, as viewed from the driver’s seat
that relates to some part of the
roadway. Reference points help you
know where your vehicle is located in
the roadway.
Point on the vehicle that is typical for
most drivers. This could be a side view
mirror, a hood ornament, or the center
of the hood.
An adaptation of a standard reference
point for one’s own vehicle.
Angel Parking
Where do you think angle parking is
often used? In parking lots and
shopping centers
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Steps to follow in completing Angle Parking:
1. Check for traffic and pedestrians Position vehicle at least
six feet from the row of parked cars. Signal a right turn,
check traffic to the rear, and begin braking.
2. Check your right blind spot and continue braking.
3. Creep forward until you can see the center of the space
without your line of sight cutting across the parking line.
Turn your wheel sharply to the right and slowly enter the
parking spot.
4. Straighten the wheels when you are centered in the
space. Make sure your front bumper is even with the
curb or parking line.
Perpendicular Parking
You use this type of parking to
park your vehicle at a right angle
to the curb.
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14
15
Steps to follow when completing perpendicular parking:
1. Position your vehicle at least eight feet from the row of parked
vehicles, or as far left of the lane as possible.
2. Signal a right turn, check your right blind spot, and begin to brake.
3. Check traffic to the rear, and continue braking.
4. When your front bumper of your vehicle passes the left rear taillight
of the parking space turn your wheel sharply to the right.
5. Straighten your wheel when you are centered in the space.
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Parallel Parking
You use parallel parking to park your
vehicle parallel to the curb. You want
to select a space that is five to six
feet longer than your vehicle.
During your maneuver, the front of
your vehicle will swing far to the left.
Check over your left shoulder to be
sure this needed space is clear.
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CHAPTER 5, CHAPTER 6, CHAPTER 12
Parallel Parking
17
Steps to Follow When Completing Parallel Parking:
1. Flash brake lights, and signal a right turn. Stop two to three feet away
from the front of the vehicle with the two rear bumper even. Shift to
Reverse, look back over your right shoulder, and back slowly as you
turn right.
2. When the back of your seat is even with the rear bumper of the front
vehicle, straighten the wheels.
3. When your front bumper is even with the front vehicle’s back
bumper, turn your wheels sharply left.
4. When your vehicle is parallel to the curb, straighten wheels and stop.
Steps to Follow When Leaving a Parallel Parking Space:
1. Back straight slowly until your rear bumper almost touches the
vehicle behind. Turn wheel sharply to the left.
2. Signal left turn. Check your left blind spot.
3. Check the right-front corner of your vehicle for clearance.
4. Turn your wheels to the right when you are halfway out of the
parking space. Scan zones and then proceed into traffic lanes.
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Uphill Parking with a Curb
1. Position your vehicle close to the curb. Just before stopping, turn the steering
wheel to the left.
2. Shift to neutral; let the vehicle creep back until the back of the right-front tires
gently touches the curb.
3. Shift to park, and set the parking brake.
4. When leaving the parking space signal, check traffic, and accelerate into the lane
of traffic.
Uphill Parking With No Curb
1. Pull as far off the roadway as possible.
Turn the wheel to the right.
2. Shift to park, and set the parking brake.
3. When leaving the parking space, let the
vehicle creep backward while straightening
the wheels. Signal and check traffic. Shift to
drive, and accelerate into traffic.
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CHAPTER 5, CHAPTER 6, CHAPTER 12
Downhill Parking With a Curb
1. Position your vehicle close to the curb and stop.
19
2. Let the vehicle creep forward slowly while turning the steering wheel the
right. Let the front-right tire rest gently against the curb.
3. Shift to park, and set the parking brake.
4. When leaving check traffic and back short distance while straightening the
wheels. Signal, check traffic again, and shift into drive.
Downhill Parking Without a Curb
You follow the same procedures as
downhill parking with a curb. Turn
the wheels sharply to the right when
parking.
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Chapter 12: Driving in Adverse Conditions
Reduced Visibility
Whenever visibility is reduced drivers need more time to use the IPDE
Process. You can maintain a safe intend path or travel by
o Slowing down to give yourself more time.
o Scanning in and around your path of travel to the target area to
identify hazards
o Predicting others will make maneuvers into your intended path of
travel.
o Deciding to position your vehicle ahead of time with extra space around
it.
o Executing driving actions gently to maintain control so others know
what you are doing.
Moisture
Can form in the inside of your windshield and cause you to collide with
other drivers. Take these steps when moistures start to build up:
Turn on front window defrosters.
Switch on your rear defogger.
Use air conditioning and/or heat if it will help.
Open window as needed and clean all windows and lights.
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Can create severe and
blinding conditions.
Sun glasses and
a sun visor can
help.
Sun Glare
The brightest day will
create the darkest
shadow, with severe
glare situations behind
you, so be prepared for
other drivers to miss
seeing your signal or even
seeing your vehicle.
Driving with lowbeam head lights
on all the time
will help other
drivers see you.
Headlights
Use high beam headlights to look beyond your headlights for important
information.
Only use high beam headlights when vehicles are more than one-half mile
in front of you.
Use low-beam headlights in snow, heavy rain, or fog.
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Using high-beam headlights will reflect more light back into your eyes, as a
result, you will see less.
Make sure to use your low-beam headlight when you are driving in the
rain. (Most states require your low-bema headlights to be when on using
your wipers).
During snow use your low-beam headlights day or night.
Reduced Traction
RAIN WHILE DRIVING:
When rain starts to fall, it mixes with dust and oil on the road. This mix can make the
road very slippery.
HYDROPLANING: When a tire loses road contact by rising
up on top of water and no longer had contact with the road.
How to Avoid Hydroplaning
Reduce Speed
Use properly inflated tires with good tread.
When driving at a low speed through water,
apply a light brake pressure with your left
foot to build friction and create heat on your
brake pads.
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CHAPTER 5, CHAPTER 6, CHAPTER 12
SNOW and ICE
SNOW
23
Rocking a Vehicle
Often you can move your vehicle out of deep snow,
mud, or sand by driving forward a little and then back a
little. By doing this sequence, you can work your way out.
This is called Rocking a Vehicle.
1. Straighten front wheels.
2. Gently accelerate forward. Do not spin your wheels.
3. Let up on your accelerator. Shift to reverse and
gently move backwards. Let up on your accelerator
and shift into drive.
4. Continue backward-and-forward movement until your
vehicle has cleared long enough to drive out.
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ICE
Ice on Bridges:
Bridge roadways tend to freeze before other
roadways surfaces. Cold air circulates above and
below the roadway on bridges and overpasses.
Black ice
This forms in thin sheets. Be extra careful for this
type of ice in winter situations.
Ice in tire tracks
Snow can pack down into ice in the normal driving
tracks. Avoid this by moving a little to the right in
lane position
Remember breaking distance will
always increase in low-traction
situations. Slow early and then be
ready to slow even more.
Can you think of other road types that might
interfere with traction while driving?
Gravel Roads
Leaves
Construction areas
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SKIDDING
In extreme traction situations, your tires may lose all or part of their grip on
the road.
Over- Braking Skid
If your vehicle doesn’t have an antilock brake
system (ABS) and your over-brake the wheels
may stop while you are still moving. To
correct this release your brake pedal enough
to get your wheels rolling.
Front-Wheel Skid
When your steering wheel and your vehicle want
to slide straight ahead. To correct this you need
to regain traction for steering. You do this by:
1. Releasing the accelerator or brake pedal
pressure
2. Quickly apply and release the brake pedal to
slow if your vehicle does not have ABS
3. Continue to look and steer at the path of
travel you want to follow.
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OTHER ADVERSE WEATHER CONDISTIONS
HOT WEATHER
Your temperature light gauge
Never remove the
indicates when your engine is too
radiator cap on a
hot. When this happens turn off
your air conditioner. You can also
cool your engine by turning on
your heater.
hot engine
because the hot
liquid inside can
scald you.
COLD WEATHER
Carbon monoxide gas is
created when your
engine runs.
If you are stuck in
snow with your
engine running,
make sure your
exhaust pipe is not
Ice or slush stuck to the underside
of your vehicle can freeze your
parking brake when you park your
vehicle.
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blocked.