G
Figure 1
Figure 2
21 May 1998 (Indonesia) at TSUM
( = 28 km; w = 6.6; Δ = 101.5°)
Data
PREM synthetic
Body waves
830
1330
1830
Surface waves
2330
2830
3330
Time since origin (s)
3830
4330
120 km
325 km
600 km
1100 km
Fundamental-mode
Rayleigh waves
Overtone
Rayleigh waves
Teleseismic
body waves
Shear velocity variation
–1.5%
+1.5%
2100 km
¼
ðrÞ
½ r
r
d
¼
d
Figure 3
d ðrÞ
½ R
SX +
XR –
SR =
/2
X
S
ð
Þ¼
½ ¼
ðrÞ
¼
ðrÞ ðrÞ
j j
½ ¼
ð Þ þ
¼ ½
ð Þ¼ ð
þ
þ
ð Þþ
Þ ½ ð
Þþ ð
½ Þ
½ o
o
ð
Þ¼
ð Þ
fð
ð ÞÞ þ ð Þg
½ o
o
o
ð Þ¼
ð Þ¼ ð Þþð
jð
¼
Þð
Þ
þ
Þ¼
ð Þ
fð
Þð
ð Þ Þ þ Þg
fð
Þg
½ o
o
o
o
ðÞ¼
o
oo
¼
o
ð Þ ð Þ
þ
½ ð Þþ
o
¼
o
ð
½
½ ½ m
ð
Þ¼
ð Þ
ðrÞ
ð
ðmÞ ¼
Þ
f ðÞ
ðm Þg
½ ¼
f
g
½ o
r
o
þ
o
o
þ
d
d
do
d þ
d þ
d
do
o
d ¼
ð
d Þ
½ o
m
d o
d ð Þ¼
Figure 1
d
d
ðrÞ
d ðrÞ
½ r
q ð Þ
d
q ðrÞ
ðrÞ
½ Figure 4 a
Figure 4 b
Figure 4 c
Figure 4 d
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Surface
A
Conrad
Moho
Pl
at
e
b
n
ou
da
ry
B
Figure 4 e
U V
V
¼ð Þ
¼ð Þ
þð Þ
þð Þ
½ þð Þ
½ d ¼ Gm
½ d
m
G
¼
½ð
Þ
½ ð
Þ ð
Þ
½ G
G
Gm ¼ d
G Gm ¼ G d
½ d
p
G G
d
m
Gm ¼ d
G
½ R
Gm ¼ d
¼ G Gm ¼ R m
m
ðGm
dÞ ðGm
C
½ dÞ
½ G C ðG Þ
½ C
R
C
R ¼ VFV
C ¼ VF
ðGm
dÞ ðGm
dÞ þ
½ m m
y
U C Uð
y
Þ F V
R
m m
C
m
W
m
W
m
m
¼ ½ðG G þ
m
½ IÞ G d
½ ¼G d
½ G
ðGm dÞ W ðGm dÞ þ
M M¼W
m W m
D D¼W
½ ½ U V
G
y
¼ VF
G
U
¼G
m
d
m ¼ Mm d ¼ Dd G ¼ DGM
½ ðG m
½ ½ y
¼
y
d Þ ðG m
dÞ þ
m m
F
¼
ð
þ
Þ
½ G
G
¼
U
¼
V
½ G
Gm ¼ d
Lm ¼
G
L
m¼
d
½ L
G
þ U
H
U
H
U
U H
C
hþ
U H
C
U S
s¼
U S
r
½ r
U0 H ¼
r ¼
ðGm dÞ ðC Þ ðGm dÞ þ m ðC Þ m
½ U H
hþ
0
m ¼ m þ C G ðC þ GðC Þ G Þ
f
gðmÞ þ Gðm m0 Þg
g
U S
s¼
U S
U
H hþU
½ r
S s¼
½ ½ m
U S s¼r
½ s
s
h
U S
U S
s¼
½ r
s
s
h
s
s
H hþS s¼r
H
S
r
½ h
h
s
H
H ¼ U V ¼ ½U jU V
½ Figure 5
s
True quake
location
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
–
–10 km
–5 km
0 km
–1
Fault
p = 5 km s
+
+12 km
+6 km
–1
p = 6 km s
¼
þ
H h þS s ¼r
H
½ S
h
U
s
U H¼
U H h þU S s ¼U r
S0 s ¼ r0
½ S S ¼S r
r¼H h
½ h
H
¼
¼
¼
¼
q
q
r
q
q
q
þ
¼
þ
þ
þ
q
½ q
d
¼
q
d
¼
¼
d
q
q
þ
þ
d
½ Figure 7
Figure 8
Figures 6 a
6b
Figure 6 c
(a)
(b)
3
0
5
4
0
4
3
5
4
5
4
6
8
4
6
Depth (km)
6
6
8
6
7
12
12
–4
0
4
–4
8
(c)
0
p
10
9.5
20
9
40
8.5
60
8
80
7.5
100
7
120
6.5
6
140
5.5
160
–80 –60 –40 –20
Figure 9
4
8
Distance NE/SW from SAFOD (km)
Horizontal distance (km)
Depth (km)
Depth (km)
5
0
20
40
60
5
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
8
9
r
10 rde
11 r o
la
gu
An
12
7
6
0
5
0
4
0
3
2
1
0
0
700
0 1/12 1/6
240
180
100
2
150
900
600
300
120
km)
th (
Dep
2
2/6
3/6
rms amplitude
¼
4/6
5/6
1
Figure 10
Figure 8
Figure 8
SAW24B16
TXBW
SB4L18
S20RTS
P-MIT
125 km ( = 7%)
( = 3.5%)
600 km ( = 2%)
( = 1%)
1350 km ( = 1%)
( = 0.5%)
2750 km ( = 2%)
( = 1%)
Velocity variation
– %
+ %
þ
FF-PRI
Fundamental mode
1st overtone
Path density (per 3° × 3° degree) at
50 150 300
500
1000
Gi
= 100 s
2000
G
U V
U
V
U U ¼ UU ¼ I
V V ¼ VV ¼ I
G
R
R ¼V V
R
I
C
C ¼
V
y
ð
y
Þ V
½ y
C
V
Rrr
mðr Þ ¼
Rðr r Þ mðrÞ
½ Figure 8
Rrr
mr
r
170–510 km
850–1190 km
1360–1700 km
1870–2210 km
2380–2720 km
Path density (per 3° × 3° degree)
25 50
100
175
250
500
Figure 11
Figure 11 b
Figure 11 a
(a)
(b)
0 0.5 1.0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Depth (km)
150 km
(c)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Depth (km)
Depth (km)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 0.5 1.0
350 km
(d)
0 0.5 1.0
Depth (km)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 0.5 1.0
575 km
1075 km
Figure 11 c
Figure 11 d
R
m
R
m
m
¼R m
½ m
m
m
m
m
m
Figures 12
m
m
m
m
Figure 12
G
Figure 12 a
m
m
Figure 12 b
m
Figure 12
m
m
Figure 12 a
m
m
Figure 12
Figure 13
m
Figure 13
m
m
R
V
13
(a)
North American Shield
Iceland
Baltic Shield
Depth (km)
200
400
600
800
Shear velocity variation from 1-D
–3%
1000
+3%
–50
–40
–30
–20
–10
0
10
Distance (deg)
(b)
20
30
40
50
Depth (km)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0–200 km
0–300 km
0–400 km
0–500 km
Depth (km)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
660–860 km
–20 –10 0 10 20
Distance (deg)
660–960 km
–20 –10 0
10 20
Distance (deg)
660–1060 km
–20 –10 0 10 20
Distance (deg)
660–1160 km
–20 –10 0
10 20
Distance (deg)
Tomographic model
‘Trial’ model
INPUT
= 7%
= 1.5%
–
+
Shear velocity perturbation from 1-D
m
m
R
Figure 12
OUTPUT
in
= 3.5%
out