Hotspots, Mantle Plumes and Core Heat Loss
Stéphane Labrosse
To cite this version:
Stéphane Labrosse. Hotspots, Mantle Plumes and Core Heat Loss. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, Elsevier, 2002, 199 (1-2), pp.147-156. .
HAL Id: hal-00599647
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00599647
Submitted on 10 Jun 2011
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x
0.0
Depth
0.2
Min.
Avg.
Max.
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Temperature
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y
1.0
1.0
Height (d)
Depth (d)
Maximum reached
0.8
0.6
Maximum reached
0.8
0.6
Averaged
0.4
0.2
Averaged
15
12
Branches
25
Branches
20
Plumes
9
15
6
10
3
0
0.000
Plumes
Reaching top
5
Reaching bottom
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
2
0.005
0.006
0.007
0
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
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Time (d2/κ)
Time (d /κ)
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43?~?[4@,([4GMN:;4+],5F)([R<MF)OH3:\4ER,-!S:;?(+?[4+(+:H4@!a4@f4+^;M(#,\$$
4@V?eR"?e4@'T
Q¤Oª"IDª©¤O¦§¨¤O©
26
12
24
10
22
8
6
20
4
2
Hot plumes
0
0.000
1.0
Qbottom
Cold plumes
14
18
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.002
0.004
2
0.006
0.5
0.0
0.000
Time, d /κ
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0.0
tal
plu
ld
To
Co
0.4
me
s
Hot plumes
Depth
0.2
0.6
Threshold %
Hot
40
45
50
55
60
0.8
1.0
Cold
0
10
20
30
40
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