),/2/2*,-$
,661;
(1*/,6+/,7+8$1,$1,17(535(7(5¶6)$/6()5,(1'6
36<&+2/,1*8,67,&,668(6
/$,087Ơ.$63$5Ơ
0LOLWDU\$FDGHP\RI/LWKXDQLD
ODLPXWH#VXOW
,WLVZHOONQRZQWKDWQRWZRODQJXDJHVGLYLGHWKHVHPDQWLFVSDFHLQWKHVDPH
ZD\WKDWLVZK\VHPDQWLFHTXLYDOHQFHEHWZHHQZRUGVRIGLIIHUHQWODQJXDJHVLVRQO\
UHODWLYH([WHUQDOO\VLPLODUZRUGVLQGLIIHUHQWODQJXDJHVDUHQRH[FHSWLRQWRWKLVLWLV
RQO\VRPHWLPHVWKDWWKH\DUHIXOOHTXLYDOHQWVYHU\RIWHQWKH\VKDUHRQO\RQHRUDIHZ
PHDQLQJVRUQRQHDWDOO,QSUDFWLFHWKH\FDQWKHUHIRUHEHHDVLO\FRQIXVHGQRWRQO\E\
IRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVDQGVSHDNHUVEXWDOVRE\WUDQVODWRUVDQGLQWHUSUHWHUV
([WHUQDOO\VLPLODUZRUGVKDYHEHHQSDUWRIWKHOH[LFDOV\VWHPVRIYDULRXVODQ
JXDJHV HLWKHU DV D UHVXOW RI PHDQLQJ GLYHUJHQFH RI FRJQDWH ZRUGV RU DQ LQGLUHFW
ERUURZLQJWKURXJKLQWHUPHGLDU\ODQJXDJHV,QOLQJXLVWLFVWXGLHVYDULRXVWHUPVKDYH
EHHQFRLQHGWRGH¿QHWKHPOH[LFDOSVHXGRHTXLYDOHQWVLQWHUOLQJXDOKRPRQ\PVDQD
ORJXHVGHFHSWLYHGRXEOHVGHFHSWLYHFRJQDWHVOH[LFDOSDUDOOHOVXQUHOLDEOHVORRNDOL
NHVWDXWRQ\PVHWFLQWUDQVODWLRQVWXGLHVWKHVHZRUGVDUHNQRZQDVLQWHUSUHWHU¶V
IDOVHIULHQGVIDX[DPLVWKHWHUPFRLQHGE\.RHVVOHUDQG'HURFTXLJQ\LQWKH
DXWKRUVRIWKH¿UVW'LFWLRQDU\RI(QJOLVK)UHQFK)DOVH)ULHQGV$OWKRXJKWKHWHUP
µIDOVH IULHQGV¶ KDV EHHQ FULWLFL]HG IRU EHLQJ ERWK WRR ORQJ DQG H[SOLFLW %XGDJRY
LWLVXVHIXOLQVRIDUDVLWUHPLQGVRISLWIDOOVWKDWDUHLQVWRUHIRUDQ\RQH
GHDOLQJZLWKGLIIHUHQWODQJXDJHVEHFDXVHWKHFDWHJRU\SRWHQWLDOO\LQFOXGHVOH[HPHV
WKHH[WHUQDOIRUPRIZKLFKPD\EHLQGLYLGXDOO\SHUFHLYHGDVIRUHLJQ7KHSUREDELOLW\
WKDWWKHVHZRUGVZLOOKDYHWKHVDPHVHPDQWLFVWUXFWXUHDVLQWKHLUQDWLYHODQJXDJHLV
XQUHOLDEOHWKHGHJUHHRIXQUHOLDELOLW\GHSHQGLQJRQGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWVRIWKHVHPDQWLF
VWUXFWXUHDQGSUHGLFWHGRUH[SHFWHGQRUPVRIXVDJH7KXVWKHWHUPµIDOVHIULHQGV¶LQ
IDFWGH¿QHVDSV\FKROLQJXLVWLFFDWHJRU\GHDOLQJZLWKIDOVHIULHQGVRQHFDQQRWLJQRUH
WKHIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVSHDNHUWUDQVODWRURULQWHUSUHWHU
Filologija 2011 (17)
.H\ZRUGV LQWHUSUHWHU¶VIDOVHIULHQGVSV\FKROLQJXLVWLFLVVXHVVHPDQWLFVWUXFWX
UHRIWKHZRUGLQWHUIHUHQFHIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVWUDQVODWRUVLQWHUSUHWHUV
7KHSKHQRPHQRQRIIDOVHIULHQGV))KDVUHFHLYHGDORWRIDWWHQWLRQIURPVFKR
ODUV1DOWKRXJK³WKH\QHYHUJUDQWHGLWWKHVWDWXVLWGHVHUYHVLQPDLQVWUHDPUHVHDUFK´
+D\ZDUGDQG0RXOLQ<HWWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIIDOVHIULHQGVLVFRQVLGHUDE
OHLIRQHWDNHVLQWRDFFRXQWQRWRQO\WKHKLJKIUHTXHQF\RIWKHZRUGVLQYROYHGEXW
DOVR WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI FOHDU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG H[DFW WUDQVODWLRQ LQ WKH VFLHQWL¿F
SROLWLFDOFRPPHUFLDO¿HOGVDVZHOODVLQPDQ\RWKHUV7KHSUHVHQWSDSHUIRFXVHVRQ
DQXPEHURISV\FKROLQJXLVWLFLVVXHVLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHSKHQRPHQRQRI(QJOLVK
/LWKXDQLDQ))%DVLQJLWV¿QGLQJVRQWKHVWXG\RIUHVHDUFKOLWHUDWXUHRQWKHTXHVWLRQ
DQGH[DPSOHVRIXVDJHLWDLPVDWGLVFXVVLQJWKHUHDVRQVRIWKHPEHLQJDVWXPEOLQJ
EORFNIRUWKHIRUHLJQODQJXDJHXVHUV
&RPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLVRIERWKUHODWHGDQGQRQUHODWHGODQJXDJHVSUHVHQWVDODUJH
FRUSXVRIIRUPDOO\VLPLODURULGHQWLFDOOH[HPHVHYHQLQPDQ\QRQUHODWHGODQJXDJHV
WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ ZRXOG UHDFK WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI WR 9HLVEHUJV $FRQVLGHUDEOHVKDUHRIWKHVHOH[HPHVKRZHYHUKDVGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHLUVHPDQWLF
VWUXFWXUHVHJ(QJOLVKGLVORFDWH³WRGLVWXUEWKHQRUPDOFRQQHFWLRQHVSLQDMRLQW
LQWKHERG\GLVUXSWSXWRXWRIRUGHU´/LWKGLVORNXRWL³WRGHSOR\WRVWDWLRQ´(a
FDELQ³DFRPSDUWPHQWLQDQDLUFUDIWRUVKLSIRUSDVVHQJHUV´DOVR³DVPDOOVKHOWHURU
DKRXVH´/LWKNDELQD±³DFRPSDUWPHQW´(career³RQH¶VDGYDQFHPHQWWKURXJK
OLIHDQGSURIHVVLRQ´/LWKkarjeraPHDQVRQO\SURIHVVLRQDODGYDQFHPHQW7KH¿UVW
SDLURIOH[HPHVFDQEHDVFULEHGWRWKHFDWHJRU\RIDEVROXWHIDOVHIULHQGVZKHQQR
PHDQLQJVDUHVKDUHGWKHRWKHUWZRSDLUVDUHSDUWLDOIDOVHIULHQGVDVWKHZRUGVKDYH
VRPHFRPPRQPHDQLQJV8VHGDVHTXLYDOHQWVLQDQRWKHUODQJXDJH))OHDGWRIDOVH
DVVRFLDWLRQVZURQJXVHGLVWRUWLRQRIWH[WLPSUHFLVLRQPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJGLVUHJDUG
IRUWKHULJKWVW\OLVWLFFRORXULQJDQGRWKHUQXPHURXVWUDQVODWLRQSUREOHPV,QRUGHUWR
GHPRQVWUDWHWKDWWKHSUREOHPLVRILPSRUWDQFHWKHIROORZLQJH[WUDFWVIURPWUDQVOD
WLRQVFDQEHTXRWHG
7KHUHDGLQJKDOORI/6&VWRUHVSURVSHFWV/LWKprospektai =(SURVSHFWX
ses RUEURFKXUHVRIUHJLVWUDWLRQRIVHFXULWLHVDQGSHULRGLFDOO\UHFHLYHVFRSLHVRILV
VXHUV¶DQQXDODQGVHPLDQQXDOUHSRUWV«/LWKXDQLDQ6HFXULWLHV&RPPLVVLRQ
µ0HUU\&KULVWPDVHYHU\RQH¶,VDLGZLWKDJUDFLRXVVPLOHµ,H[SHFWZH¶OO
VHH\RXDOODWWKH7XUNH\&XUU\%XIIHW¶)LHOGLQJWUDQVODWHG
±9LVLHPVOLQNLXOLQNVPǐ.DOơGǐ±SDOLQNơMDXHOHJDQWLãNDLã\SVRGDPDVL±7L
NLXRVLVXVLWLNWLNDODNXWLHQRVWURãNLQLREXIHWHYDNDUơO\MHSREnjY\MH)LHOGLQJ
7KHFRZNLFNHGWKe PLQLVWHU¶V son WUDQVODWHG
Filologija 2012 (17)
1
%HKH\GW&ROVRQ%XGDJRY'RQ1LOVHQ*RUEDKQ2UPH+DXVPDQQ
*RWWOLHE*UDQJHU6ZDOORZ+DPPHU+DUWPDQQ+DUWPDQQ
-DPHV+D\ZDUG0RXOLQ/H+XFKH/LSF]XN0DORQH0DUNRY
0F&XOORFK0XUDY\HY1LFKROOV3DWHDX%DUULH3HUNLQV
6DQVRPH6KHHQ6SHQFH6SLOOQHU9HLVEHUJV9LEHUJ
:HEHURYi6NRFKRYi:LOF]\ĔVND:RXOIH,Q/LWKXDQLDQOLQJXLVWLFV
))KDYHEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHGE\$SULMDVN\Wơ3DUHLJ\Wơ$SULMDVN\Wơ/DSWơYDLWơ
*XGDYLþLXV*DLYHQLV
69
Filologija 2011 (17)
.DUYơ ƳVS\Uơ PLQLVWUR SDVWRULDXV VnjQXL DQ (QJOLVK ¿OP RQ WHOHYLVLRQ
([DPSOHVDERYHGHPRQVWUDWHWKDWIDOVHIULHQGVFDQEHIRXQGQRWRQO\LQRUDOLQ
WHUSUHWLQJZKLFKFDQEHDWWULEXWHGWRYDULRXVH[WHUQDOIDFWRUVVXFKDVKDVWHHWF
EXWDOVRLQSXEOLVKHGWH[WV:LWKWKHUHFHQWLQÀX[WR/LWKXDQLDRIPDVVPHGLD¿OPV
PXVLFDQGOLWHUDWXUHIURPWKH:HVWWUDQVODWLRQSUREOHPVFDXVHGE\IDOVHIULHQGVDUH
HYHQPRUHQXPHURXVWKDQEHIRUH
))FDQEHZRUGVZKRVHHW\PRQVLQDQRWKHUODQJXDJHGHYHORSHGGLIIHUHQWPHD
QLQJVEXWWKH\FDQDOVREHZRUGVGLUHFWO\RULQGLUHFWO\ERUURZHGIURPWKHODQJXDJH
XQGHUFRPSDULVRQRUHQWHUWKHYRFDEXODU\RIHDFKFRQWUDVWHGODQJXDJHE\ERUURZLQJ
IURPDWKLUGODQJXDJHGLUHFWO\RUWKURXJKDQLQWHUPHGLDU\ODQJXDJH:KHQHYHUDQ\
WZRODQJXDJHVDUHLQFRQWDFWORDQZRUGVSDUWLFXODUO\LQQRQVFLHQWL¿FQRQWHFKQR
ORJLFDOODQJXDJHWHQGWRWDNHRQWRYDU\LQJGHJUHHVOLYHVRIWKHLURZQWKHSKHQR
PHQRQGHVFULEHGDVDVHPDQWLFVKLIW±JHQHUDOL]DWLRQVSHFLDOL]DWLRQDPHOLRUDWLRQ
SHMRUDWLRQHWF%DNHUZULWHV³2QFHDZRUGRUH[SUHVVLRQLVERUURZHGLQWRDODQJXD
JHZHFDQQRWSUHGLFWRUFRQWUROLWVGHYHORSPHQWRUWKHDGGLWLRQDOPHDQLQJVLWPLJKW
RUPLJKWQRWWDNHRQ´*XGDYLþLXVDOVRHPSKDVLVHVWKHXQSUHGLFWDELOLW\
RIWKH³VHPDQWLFIDWH´RIWKHORDQZRUG7KHDSSHDUDQFHRI))FDQEHDW
WULEXWHGWRWKHSHFXOLDULWLHVRIWKHYRFDEXODU\RIHDFKODQJXDJHLHE\WKHSUHVVXUH
RIWKHV\VWHP,QWKHQHZODQJXDJHZLWKWKHORVVRIIRUPHUVHPDQWLFOLQNVERUURZHG
ZRUGVHDVLO\DFTXLUHQHZPHDQLQJVZKLFKGLIIHUIURPWKHHW\PRQ,WLVREYLRXVWKDW
WKHPRUHH[SRVHGDODQJXDJHKDVEHHQWRODQJXDJHFRQWDFWVHVSHFLDOO\WKURXJKLQWHU
PHGLDU\ODQJXDJHVWKHKLJKHUWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIIDOVHIULHQGV
,WLVQRWDOZD\VKRZHYHUWKDWVHPDQWLFGLIIHUHQFHVRIWKHORDQZRUGVDUHWKH
UHVXOWRIWKHLUGHYHORSPHQWXQGHUWKHLQÀXHQFHRIWKHODQJXDJHLQWRZKLFKWKH\KDYH
EHHQERUURZHG$V*RWWOLHEULJKWO\SRLQWVRXWYHU\RIWHQWKHZRUGEHFRPHV
DIDOVHIULHQGEHFDXVHRQO\RQHPHDQLQJRIDSRO\VHPRXVOH[LFDOXQLWLVERUURZHGDW
DWLPH/DWHUWKHVDPHZRUGPD\EHERUURZHGDJDLQIRUDGLIIHUHQWPHDQLQJ$VWKLV
XVXDOO\KDSSHQVGXULQJDORQJSHULRGRIWLPHWKHZRUGLQWKHRULJLQDOODQJXDJHPD\
KDYHFKDQJHGLWVPHDQLQJLQWKHSURFHVV7KHUHDUHFDVHVZKHQDERUURZHGZRUG
GRHVQRWFKDQJHLWVRULJLQDOPHDQLQJIRUFHQWXULHVZKLOHLQWKHVRXUFHODQJXDJHWKH
ZRUGLVHLWKHUVXEVWLWXWHGE\DQRWKHUZRUGRUFKDQJHVLWVPHDQLQJ2IWHQKRZHYHU
ORDQZRUGVDUHVHPDQWLFHTXLYDOHQWVHVSHFLDOO\LIERUURZHGGLUHFWO\IRUDVSHFL¿F
SXUSRVH,WZRXOGEHLQWHUHVWLQJWR¿QGRXWDERXWKRZZK\DQGZKHQGLYHUJHQFHV
RFFXUUHGLQWKHVHODQJXDJHVLHWRIROORZOH[LFDOSVHXGRHTXLYDOHQWVGLDFKURQLFDOO\
EXWWKLVLVEH\RQGWKHVFRSHDQGDLPRIRXUUHVHDUFK
$VKDVEHHQPHQWLRQHG))HYHQWKRXJKWKH\RIWHQDUHWKHUHVXOWRIFRPSOLFD
WHGSURFHVVHVRIERUURZLQJIURPGLIIHUHQWODQJXDJHVFDQQRWEHLGHQWL¿HGZLWKWKH
FRQFHSWRIORDQZRUGV/RDQZRUGVDUHWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIDODQJXDJHV\VWHPDQG
GRQRWFDXVHSDUWLFXODUSUREOHPVDIWHUWKH\KDYHEHHQDGDSWHGLQWRWKHV\VWHP))
KRZHYHUDUHXVXDOO\H[SODLQHGE\WKHSKHQRPHQRQRILQWHUIHUHQFHZKHQWKHVHPDQ
WLFVWUXFWXUHRIWKHZRUGLQWKHQDWLYHODQJXDJHLVLGHQWL¿HGZLWKWKDWRIWKHIRUPDOO\
VLPLODUZRUGLQDIRUHLJQODQJXDJH7KXVORDQZRUGVFDQEHFRPH))ZKHQWZRRU
Filologija 2012 (17)
PRUHODQJXDJHV\VWHPVDUHEHLQJXVHGLHLQWUDQVODWLRQLQWHUSUHWLQJDQGLQOHDUQLQJ
IRUHLJQODQJXDJHV7KXVDOPRVWDOO))DUHORDQZRUGVEXWORDQZRUGVDUHQRWQHFHV
VDULO\))7KHTXHVWLRQLVZKHWKHULWLVIRUPDORUVHPDQWLFVLPLODULW\RIWKHVHZRUGV
RUERWKWKDWFDXVHVZURQJDVVRFLDWLRQV$OOVRUWVRIGLGDFWLFLPSOLFDWLRQVGHSHQGRQ
WKHDQVZHUWRWKLVTXHVWLRQDQGUHVHDUFKHUVRIIHUGLIIHUHQWRSLQLRQV
0RVW/LWKXDQLDQDQGIRUHLJQDXWKRUV$SULMDVN\WơDQG3DUHLJ\Wơ$SUL
MDVN\Wơ *RWWOLHE /DSWơYDLWơ /LSF]XN 3LHVDUVNDV :LOF]LĔVND HWF DJUHH WKDW IDOVH IULHQGV DUH WKH UHVXOW RI WKH ZHOONQRZQ
SKHQRPHQRQRILQWHUIHUHQFH,QVFLHQFHVIURPZKLFKWKHWHUPKDVEHHQERUURZHG
LQWHUIHUHQFHPHDQVDFHUWDLQLPSDFWDPXWXDORURQHVLGHGLQÀXHQFH,QOLQJXLVWLFV
WKHWHUPLVXQGHUVWRRGDVWUDQVIHUULQJWKHUHODWLRQVRIRQHODQJXDJHV\VWHPLQWRDQRW
KHUODQJXDJHLQWKHFDVHRIDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJLWLVXVXDOO\IURPWKHQDWLYH
ODQJXDJHRUPRWKHUWRQJXHRQWRDIRUHLJQRUVHFRQGODQJXDJH
,QWHUIHUHQFHFDQEHJUDGHGLQWHUPVRILWVVWDELOLW\DQGSUHYHQWLRQSRVVLELOLWLHVLQ
WKHIROORZLQJZD\SKRQHWLFSURVRG\LQWHUIHUHQFHLVWKHVWURQJHVWIROORZHGE\VSHO
OLQJmortyr/LWKPRUW\UDLQVWHDGRImortarUDQJ/LWKUDQJDVLQVWHDGRIUDQN
JUDQDWH/LWKJUDQDWDLQVWHDGRIJUHQDGHSKUDVHRORJLFDODQGOH[LFDOVHPDQWLFDO
LQWHUIHUHQFHRQWKHOHYHORI¿JXUDWLYHPHDQLQJWKHQJRHVPRUSKRORJLFDORUV\QWDF
WLF LQWHUIHUHQFH DQG ¿QDOO\ OH[LFDOVHPDQWLFDO LQWHUIHUHQFH RQ WKH OHYHO RI OLWHUDO
PHDQLQJ.DUDOLnjQDV7KDWPHDQVWKDWSKRQHWLFSKRQRORJLFDOJUDPPDWL
FDOV\QWDFWLFDODQGOH[LFDOVHPDQWLFDOV\VWHPVRIWKHQDWLYH¿UVWODQJXDJHVHUYHOLNH
D¿OWHUWKURXJKZKLFKDIRUHLJQRUVHFRQGODQJXDJHLVµSRXUHG¶7KLVµ¿OWHU¶FDQEH
KHOSIXOEXWQH[WWRWKHSRVLWLYHUROHSOD\HGE\WKHQDWLYHODQJXDJHLQVHFRQGIRUHLJQ
ODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQLWVLQWHUIHUHQFHPD\EHDQREVWDFOHERWKLQSURQXQFLDWLRQDQG
YRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLWLRQ$SULMDVN\Wơ¶VUHVHDUFKSURYHVWKDWHYHQDGYDQFHG
OHYHOVWXGHQWVPDNHPLVWDNHVLQSURQRXQFLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDOZRUGVRUZRUGVVLPLODU
LQIRUPLQ/LWKXDQLDQDQG(QJOLVKEHFDXVHRIWKHLQWHUIHUHQFHRI/LWKXDQLDQ$SUL
MDVN\WơEDVHVKHUFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKH¿QGLQJVRIWKH6RYLHWVFKRODU8]QDG]HDQGKLV
IROORZHUVZKRLQYHVWLJDWHGUHVROXWLRQLHSV\FKRSK\VLFDOUHDGLQHVVRIDQLQGLYL
GXDOWRSHUIRUPDFHUWDLQDFWLRQDVDPDMRUIDFWRUSUHFHGLQJDQ\KXPDQEHKDYLRXU
VSHHFKLQFOXGHG7KHWUDQVIHURI/LWKXDQLDQSURQXQFLDWLRQUXOHVRQWR(QJOLVKZRUGV
RIDVLPLODUIRUPDOVRKROGVWUXHIRUWKHVHPDQWLFWUDQVIHU7KDWLVZK\WKHPRVWFRP
PRQPLVWDNHVRI/LWKXDQLDQVWXGHQWVLQZRUGXVDJHDUHDOVRFDXVHGE\LQWHUIHUHQFH
RIWKHLUPRWKHUWRQJXH0RVWHUURUVLQWKHYRFDEXODU\XVHDUHGXHWRWKHGLIIHUHQFHV
LQWKHVHPDQWLFVWUXFWXUHRIZRUGVDQGWKHLUGLIIHUHQWFRPELQDELOLW\LQERWKODQJXD
JHV0LVWDNHVGXHWRWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHVHPDQWLFVWUXFWXUHRFFXUHYHQZKHQWKHUH
LVQRIRUPDOVLPLODULW\(QJOLVKZRUGEHORQJLVXVHGLQVWHDGRIdepend EHFDXVHWKH
/LWKXDQLDQZRUGSULNODXV\WLKDVERWKPHDQLQJVWKHVDPHKDSSHQVZLWKcarryDQG
EHDU± SHUQHãWL OLVWHQ DQG REH\ ± NODXV\WL HWF /DSWơYDLWơ¶V UHVHDUFK
VHHPVWRSURYHWKDWLQWHUIHUHQFHLVPRUHOLNHO\WRRFFXUZKHUHWKHUHLVDIRUPDOVLPL
ODULW\EHWZHHQWKHHOHPHQWVRIWKHWZRODQJXDJHV'LIIHUHQFHVLQPHDQLQJRUHYHQ
WKHDEVHQFHRIDQ\FRPPRQVHPDQWLFFRPSRQHQWVGRQRWSUHYHQWLQWHUIHUHQFHHJ
WKHVWXGHQWVVSHOOJRXULODVµJXHUULOODV¶LQ(QJOLVKEHFDXVHRILWVVLPLODULW\ZLWK
Filologija 2011 (17)
WKH /LWKXDQLDQ ZRUG JRULOD µJRULOOD¶$LWFKLVRQ DOVR VXSSRUWV WKH LGHD RI
WKHLPSRUWDQFHRIIRUPDOVLPLODULW\IRULQWHUIHUHQFHRUWUDQVIHU,QKHUERRN³:RUGV
LQWKH0LQG´VKHDWWHPSWVDW¿QGLQJRXWLQZKDWPRUSKRORJLFDODQGSKRQHWLFIRUP
ZRUGVDUHVWRUHGLQWKHKXPDQEUDLQ%DVLQJKHU¿QGLQJVRQWKHUHVXOWVRIZLGHUHVH
DUFKVKHDUULYHVDWDFRQFOXVLRQWKDWRXUPHQWDOOH[LFRQFRQWDLQVFRPSOHWHZRUGV
3KRQHWLFDOO\ZRUGVDUHJURXSHGWRJHWKHUE\VLPLODUVRXQGSDWWHUQVLQSDUWLFXODUDW
WKHEHJLQQLQJDQGHQGRIZRUGV7KDWLVZK\VKHWKLQNVWKDWPLVWDNHVLQZRUGFKRLFH
FDQEHFDXVHGQRWRQO\E\VHPDQWLFVLPLODULW\EXWDOVRE\SKRQHWLFVWUXFWXUHRUE\
ERWK+HUHLWLVGLI¿FXOWQRWWRTXRWH.DUDOLnjQDVZKRVDLGWKDW³WKHIRUPDOGLIIHUHQFH
RIZRUGVGRHVQRWDIIHFWVHPDQWLFLQWHUIHUHQFHEXWVLPLODULW\RIH[SUHVVLRQGH¿QLWHO\
VWLPXODWHVLW´RXUWUDQVODWLRQ7KXVYHU\RIWHQWKHVWXGHQWHQGRZVDQ
(QJOLVKZRUGZKLFKKDVDVLPLODUIRUPLQ/LWKXDQLDQZLWKWKHPHDQLQJSHFXOLDURQO\
WRLWVHW\PRORJLFDOHTXLYDOHQWLQ/LWKXDQLDQHJ/LWKNDELQHWDV³DURRPVWXG\´LV
ZURQJO\WUDQVODWHGLQWR(QJOLVKDVa FDELQHWscena³VWDJH´LVWUDQVODWHGsceneDQG
komanda ³WHDP´ LVWUDQVODWHGFRPPDQG
*RWWOLHERQWKHRWKHUKDQGDUJXHVWKDWLQWHUIHUHQFHLVQRWFDXVHGE\WKHIRUPDO
VLPLODULW\+HZULWHV³,WZRXOGEHZURQJWREHOLHYHWKDWH[WHUQDOVLPLODULW\SKRQH
WLFDORUPRUSKRORJLFDOEHWZHHQWKHZRUGSDLUVLVWKHPDLQIDFWRUGHWHUPLQLQJIDOVH
VHPDQWLFFRUUHVSRQGHQFHRIWKHVHZRUGV0RVWIDOVHIULHQGVDUHSRO\VHPRXVZRUGV
ZKLFKFRXOGEHDVFULEHGWRWKHJURXSRISDUWLDOIDOVHIULHQGV7KLVFDQEHH[SODLQHG
E\WKHIDFWWKDWWKHH[LVWHQFHRIRQHRUPRUHFRPPRQPHDQLQJVEHWZHHQIRUPDOO\VL
PLODUZRUGVOHDGVWRDPHFKDQLFDOWUDQVIHUHQFHRIRWKHUPHDQLQJVRIWKHZRUGLQWKH
QDWLYHODQJXDJHWRWKHZRUGLQDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHLQZKLFKLWODFNVWKHVHPHDQLQJV´
RXUWUDQVODWLRQ0RUHWKDQWKDWLQKLVRSLQLRQLQWHUIHUHQFHGRHVQRW
HYHQUHTXLUHWKHH[LVWHQFHRIRQHRUWZRFRPPRQPHDQLQJVVRPHFRPPRQFRPSR
QHQWVRIPHDQLQJVHPHVDUHHQRXJK([WHUQDOVLPLODULW\LQKLVRSLQLRQLVUDWKHUDQ
LPSXOVHDQGLVLPSRUWDQWRQO\ZKHQERWKIRUHLJQODQJXDJHNQRZOHGJHDQGUHFHSWLYH
VNLOOVDUHYHU\ZHDN
7KHDSSHDUDQFHRI))WKXVFDQEHDVFULEHGWRWKHXQUHOLDELOLW\RIWKHDVVXPSWLRQ
RIFRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQH[WHUQDOO\VLPLODUZRUGVLQWKHQDWLYHDQGIRUHLJQODQJX
DJHV8QUHOLDELOLW\FDQEHRIYDULRXVGHJUHHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWVRI
IRUPDODQGVHPDQWLFVWUXFWXUHDQGXVDJHRIWKHH[SHFWHGHTXLYDOHQW7RTXRWH:LOF
]\ĔVND ZKR ZULWHV ³7KH VRXUFHV RI WKH PHFKDQLVPV RI LQWHUIHUHQFH DUH OLNHO\ WR
H[LVWLQJHQHUDOOHDUQLQJDQGFRPPXQLFDWLYHVWUDWHJ\EDVHGPRVWRIWHQLPSOLFLWO\
RQWKHSULQFLSOHRIVWUXFWXUDOVHPDQWLFFRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQWKHODQJXDJHV7KLV
QDwYHEXWSRSXODUEHOLHILVIXUWKHUVXSSRUWHGE\ELOLQJXDOGLFWLRQDULHVDQGODQJXDJH
WHDFKLQJVWUDWHJLHVEDVHGRQH[SODLQLQJIRUHLJQODQJXDJHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDVGLIIHUHQ
FHVZLWKRXWWU\LQJWRUHYHDOWKHLULQWHUQDOOLQNVHVSHFLDOO\FRQFHSWVDQGV\PEROVLQ
FXOWXUDOVSKHUH7KHQDOLVWRI))VHHPVWREHDQXQLPSRUWDQWVHJPHQWRIWKHJHQHUDO
SDWWHUQRISULQFLSDOFRUUHVSRQGHQFHZKLOHWKHPDLQZD\WRXQGHUVWDQGWKHSKHQRPH
QRQLVWRPHPRUL]HWKHGLIIHUHQFHV´:LOF]\ĔVNDRXUWUDQVODWLRQ6KH
EHOLHYHVWKDWQH[WWRLQWHUIHUHQFHVXFKIDFWRUVDVXVXDOFDUHOHVVQHVVFRQYHQLHQFH
DQGVHDUFKIRUSV\FKLFDOFRPIRUWFDXVHXVLQJIDOVHIULHQGV$OOWKLVH[SODLQVWKHLUDS
Filologija 2012 (17)
SHDUDQFHLQERWKVSRNHQDQGZULWWHQWH[WVWKHVWXGHQWVHHVKHDUVWKHZRUGVKHKDV
DOUHDG\NQRZQIRUDORQJWLPHDQGHQGRZVLWZLWKWKHVDPHPHDQLQJDVLQKLVKHU
PRWKHUWRQJXH7KLVVHHPVWREHWKHHDVLHVWDQGPRVWHFRQRPLFDOZD\XQOHVVVKH
LVZDUQHGWRZDWFKRXW+RZHYHUVKHSRLQWVRXWWRDFRPPRQWHQGHQF\WKHPRUH
HGXFDWHGSHRSOHDUHRUWKHPRUHDGYDQFHGWKH\DUHLQDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHVWXGLHV
WKHOHVVWKH\WUXVWGLUHFWLQWHUOLQJXDODQDORJLHVWKHPRUHWKH\WHQGWRFKHFNWKH¿UVW
HTXLYDOHQWWKDWDXWRPDWLFDOO\FRPHVWRPLQG
2WKHU DXWKRUV DOVR GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW VLPSOL¿FDWLRQ XQGHUVWRRG LQ LWV EURDGHVW
WHUPVUDWKHUWKDQLQWHUIHUHQFHLVWKHPRVWFRPPRQVFHQDULRGXULQJELOLQJXDOFRQ
WDFW)RUH[DPSOH6\OYD&RUYDODQZULWHV³7KHJHQHUDOK\SRWKHVLVLVWKDWELOLQJXDOV
GHYHORSVWUDWHJLHVDLPHGDWOLJKWHQLQJFRJQLWLYHORDGRIKDYLQJWRUHPHPEHUDQGXVH
WZROLQJXLVWLFV\VWHPV´7KDWLVZK\FRJQLWLYHVLPSOL¿FDWLRQPD\EHDQ
DFFXUDWHDVVHVVPHQWLQWKHFDVHRIIDOVHIULHQGV(YHQWKRXJKVKHVSHDNVDERXWVLP
SOL¿FDWLRQDQGQRWLQWHUIHUHQFHVKHDGPLWVWKDW³«LWPRVWHDVLO\OHDGVWRWUDQVIHU
ZKHQSDUDOOHOVWUXFWXUHVDOUHDG\H[LVWEHWZHHQWKHWZRODQJXDJHV´6\OYD&RUYDODQ
7KXVLWFDQEHVXPPHGXSWKDWWKHVRXUFHRILQWHUSUHWHU¶VIDOVHIULHQGVLVZRUGV
RIFRPPRQHW\PRORJ\LQGLIIHUHQWODQJXDJHVWKDWGHYHORSHGGLIIHUHQWPHDQLQJVVKD
GHV RI PHDQLQJV RU XVDJH DOVR ORDQ ZRUGV ERUURZHG HLWKHU IURP WKH FRQWUDVWHG
ODQJXDJHRUIURPDWKLUGODQJXDJHGLUHFWO\RUWKURXJKDQLQWHUPHGLDU\ODQJXDJH2Q
WKHOHYHORIVSHHFKHVSHFLDOO\ODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJWUDQVODWLRQDQGLQWHUSUHWLQJWKH
DSSHDUDQFHRI))VHHPVWREHH[SODLQDEOHE\YDULRXVSKHQRPHQDLQWHUIHUHQFHRIWKH
QDWLYHODQJXDJHXVXDOFDUHOHVVQHVVFRQYHQLHQFHVHDUFKIRUSV\FKLFDOFRPIRUWDQG
FRJQLWLYHVLPSOL¿FDWLRQ
$OWKRXJKIDOVHIULHQGVKDYHEHHQUHFRJQLVHGLQOLQJXLVWLFVDVRQHRIWKHPRVW
H[SUHVVHGIRUPVRILQWHUOLQJXDOLQWHUIHUHQFH\HWQRIDOVHIULHQGFRPSRQHQWVHHPVWR
EHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQIRUHLJQODQJXDJHFRXUVHVWH[WERRNDQGRWKHUWHDFKLQJPDWHULDOV
ZLWKWKHUHVXOWWKDWDVLJQL¿FDQWQXPEHURIHUURUVFDQEHEODPHGRQPHWKRGRORJ\
7KLVKDVEHFRPHHVSHFLDOO\FRPPRQZLWKDXGLRYLVXDODQGFRPPXQLFDWLYHDSSURD
FKHVZKLFKWRRRIWHQWHQGWRSUHVHQWDQRYHUVLPSOL¿HGSLFWXUHRIZRUGEHKDYLRXU
DQGFDQGRZQJUDGHDFFXUDF\LQIDYRXURIRWKHUIDFWRUV7KHSUREOHPZRXOGEHHDVLHU
WRVROYHLIDOOIDOVHIULHQGVZHUHWRWDORUDEVROXWHSVHXGRHTXLYDOHQWV$VWKHZRUGV
DVVRFLDWHGKDYHQRWKLQJLQFRPPRQH[FHSWWKHLUJUDSKLFDODSSHDUDQFHDQGSHUKDSV
WKHLUHW\PRORJ\LWLVFRPSDUDWLYHO\HDV\IRUWKHOHDUQHUWRNHHSWKHPDSDUWDQGDVF
ULEHWRWKHPWKHFRUUHFWPHDQLQJLQWKHULJKWODQJXDJHDOWKRXJKLWVHHPVWKDWDGXOW
OHDUQHUVRIWHQWKLQNWKDWHW\PRORJ\RIDZRUGLVLWVRQO\DQGSHUPDQHQWPHDQLQJ
7KHGLI¿FXOW\OLHVZLWKWKHQXPHURXVSDUWLDOIDOVHIULHQGVSDLUVRIZRUGVZKLFKDUH
YHU\FORVHWRHDFKRWKHUDQGRIWHQVKDUHVRPHVHQVHVZKLOHWKH\GLIIHULQRWKHUV2Q
WKH RWKHU KDQG ZLWK SDUWLDOIDOVH IULHQGV VWXGHQWV PD\ VRPHWLPHV JHW E\ ZLWK DQ
DVVXPSWLRQRIDVHPDQWLFLGHQWLW\EHWZHHQWKHQDWLYHDQGIRUHLJQOH[HPHEHFDXVH
SDUWLDOIDOVHIULHQGVVKDUHDWOHDVWRQHPHDQLQJDQGWKHPLVWDNHPD\HLWKHUSDVVE\
XQQRWLFHGRUFDXVHRQO\PLQRUGLVWRUWLRQRIWKHWH[W:LWKDEVROXWHIDOVHIULHQGVWKLV
Filologija 2011 (17)
LVQRWWKHFDVHWKHVHZRUGVFDQQHYHUEHXVHGDVWUDQVODWLRQHTXLYDOHQWVZLWKRXWFDX
VLQJDPDMRUPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
7RH[SDQGRQWKHODVWSRLQWZHKDYHWRJREDFNWRWKHQRWLRQVRILQWHUIHUHQFH
$VKDVEHHQPHQWLRQHG))VLQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJDUHWKHUHVXOWRIDQLQWHUIHUHQFHRI
WKHPRWKHUWRQJXHRU/RQDIRUHLJQODQJXDJH±/,QWHUIHUHQFHFDQEHFODVVL¿HG
LQWRGLUHFWDQGLQGLUHFW$SULMDVN\Wơ3DUHLJ\Wơ,QRXUFDVHLQWHUIHUHQFH
RIWKHPRWKHUWRQJXHPD\EHFRQVLGHUHGGLUHFWZKHQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH/ZRUGLV
WUDQVIHUUHGRQWRWKH/ZRUG,QWHUIHUHQFHLVLQGLUHFWZKHQZLWKWKHUDQJHRIPH
DQLQJVRIWKH/ZRUGEHLQJQDUURZHUWKDQWKDWRIWKH/FRXQWHUSDUWWKHSHFXOLDU
PHDQLQJVRIWKHODWWHUDUHQHJOHFWHGE\WKHOHDUQHU$VDUHVXOWWKHVWXGHQWDEVWDLQV
IURPXVLQJWKH/FRXQWHUSDUWLQWKHPHDQLQJVQRWSHFXOLDUWR/,QFRPSUHKHQ
VLRQLQWHUIHUHQFHRIWKHPRWKHUWRQJXHLVIHOWWRRLWUHVXOWVLQWKHIDXOW\LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ
RI(QJOLVKZRUGV
,QWKHFDVHRIDEVROXWHIDOVHIULHQGVWKHGLI¿FXOWLHVIRUWKHVWXGHQWWRRYHUFRPH
DUHERWKLQXVDJHDQGLQFRPSUHKHQVLRQ,QXVDJHLHLQSURGXFWLRQRIWKH(QJOLVK
WH[WWKHGLUHFWLQWHUIHUHQFH¿QGVLWVH[SUHVVLRQLQWKHVWXGHQW¶VHQGRZLQJWKH(QJOLVK
ZRUGZLWKWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH/LWKXDQLDQZRUGHJinstance LVXVHGIRU /LWKLQVWDQ
cija ³LQVWLWXWLRQRUJDQL]DWLRQ´7KHLQGLUHFWLQWHUIHUHQFHLQXVDJHLVIHOWZKHQWKH
VWXGHQWGRHVQRWXVHWKH(QJOLVKFRXQWHUSDUWDWDOOUHSODFLQJLWE\VRPHRWKHUZRUG
)RULQVWDQFHZKHQWKHVWXGHQWLVWRXVHDQHTXLYDOHQWRIWKH/LWKXDQLDQVSRUWRVDOơ
VKHZLOOUDWKHUXVHVSRUWVKDOOIDFLOLWLHVWKDQJ\PQDVLXPEHFDXVHWKHODWWHULVDVVR
FLDWHGLQKLVKHUPLQGZLWKDFODVVLFDOJUDPPDUVFKRRO,QFRPSUHKHQVLRQWKH/LWKX
DQLDQVWXGHQWZLOOIDFHGLUHFWLQWHUIHUHQFH,QFDVHVZKHQWKH(QJOLVKZRUGKDVPRUH
WKDQ RQH PHDQLQJ DOO RI WKHP GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH /LWKXDQLDQ ZRUG RSSRUWXQLWLHV
IRUPLVLQWHUSUHWLQJWKH(QJOLVKZRUGJURZLQQXPEHUDFFRUGLQJO\7KXVFRQIURQWHG
ZLWKWKH(QJOLVKdecorationWKHOHDUQHUZLOOKDYHWRRYHUFRPHQRWRQO\WKHGLI¿FXO
W\RIQRWDVVRFLDWLQJLWZLWKdekoracijos³VFHQHU\´EXWDOVRWROHDUQWRDVVRFLDWHLW
ZLWKWZRREMHFWVRUGHUVPHGDOVDQG&KULVWPDVWUHHGHFRUDWLRQV
,QWKHFDVHRISDUWLDOIDOVHIULHQGVWKHODQJXDJHOHDUQHUDOVRIDFHVGLI¿FXOWLHVLQ
ERWKXVDJHDQGFRPSUHKHQVLRQ$VWKH/LWKXDQLDQZRUGSRVVHVVHVPHDQLQJVQRWSH
FXOLDUWRWKH(QJOLVKFRXQWHUSDUWWKHVWXGHQWZLOOHUURQHRXVO\XVHWKH(QJOLVKZRUG
LQDQRQH[LVWLQJPHDQLQJHJcamera LVOLNHO\WREHXVHGLQVWHDGRIFORDNURRPRU
EDJJDJHFRPSDUWPHQWIUHH]HULQQHUWXEHRIWKHWLUHHWFEHFDXVHRIWKHPHDQLQJV
RIWKH/LWKXDQLDQZRUGkameraDQGFDELQHWLQVWHDGRIRI¿FHURRPHWF/LWKNDELQH
tas7KHJUHDWHUWKHQXPEHURIPHDQLQJVSHFXOLDUWRWKH/LWKXDQLDQZRUGWKHPRUH
RFFDVLRQVIRUWKHVWXGHQWVWRXVHWKH(QJOLVKFRXQWHUSDUWLQDQRQH[LVWLQJPHDQLQJ
7KHVWXGHQWZLOOH[SHULHQFHVRPHGLI¿FXOW\LQOHDUQLQJWRXVHWKH(QJOLVKZRUGVRI
WKLVJURXSLQPHDQLQJVSHFXOLDURQO\WRWKH(QJOLVKFRXQWHUSDUW)XUWKHUPRUHVKH
ZLOODEVWDLQIURPXVLQJWKHZRUGVFDQGDOWKDWWKH/LWKXDQLDQZRUGGRHVQRWKDYHDQG
ZLOOVRRQHUXVHKDUPIXOJRVVLS$SULMDVN\Wơ3DUHLJ\WơDVDUHVXOWRIWKH
LQGLUHFWLQWHUIHUHQFH7KHGLI¿FXOW\ZLOODOVRDULVHZKLOHOLVWHQLQJDQGUHDGLQJLHLQ
FRPSUHKHQVLRQWKHVWXGHQWLVOLNHO\WRRYHUORRNWKHVSHFL¿FPHDQLQJVRIWKH(Q
JOLVKFRXQWHUSDUWZKLFKUHVXOWVLQHLWKHUPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRUDPLVWUDQVODWLRQ,IWKH
OHDUQHUKDVWR¿QGDQHTXLYDOHQWIRUWKH/LWKXDQLDQZRUGVLQWHUHVDVUHNRUGDVLQWHUYD
ODVVKHZLOOPDNHQRPLVWDNHVLQXVLQJZRUGVRIWKHVDPHIRUPLQ(QJOLVKLQWHUHVW
UHFRUGDQGLQWHUYDO+HUHWKHIRUPDOVLPLODULW\LVKHOSIXORUZHFDQVD\WKDWZHKDYH
DFDVHRIDµSRVLWLYH¶LQWHUIHUHQFH+RZHYHUWKHVWXGHQWIDLOLQJWRUHDOL]HWKHJUHDWHU
SRO\VHP\RIWKH(QJOLVKZRUGZLOOWHQGWRDEVWDLQIURPXVLQJWKH(QJOLVKZRUGLQLWV
SHFXOLDU(QJOLVKPHDQLQJVWKXVIDOOLQJSUH\WRWKHLQGLUHFWLQWHUIHUHQFH7KHKDUP
GRQHKHUHE\WKHLQWHUIHUHQFHZLOOUHVXOWQRWLQDPLVWDNHEXWLQWKHVWXGHQW¶VSRRUHU
YRFDEXODU\7KHVWXGHQWZLOODOVRH[SHULHQFHGLI¿FXOW\LQFRPSUHKHQVLRQDQGLQWHU
SUHWLQJWKH(QJOLVKWH[WLIWKH(QJOLVKZRUGLVXVHGLQWKHPHDQLQJLWGRHVQRWKDYH
LQ/LWKXDQLDQ7KHVWXGHQWLVOLNHO\WRXVHWKHZRUGWHFKQLTXHLQWKHPHDQLQJRIµPD
FKLQHU\¶µHTXLSPHQW¶/LWKWHFKQLNDDQGFRFNWDLO/LWKNRNWHLOLVLQWKHPHDQLQJ
RIDQRQDOFRKROLFGULQNWKRXJKVKHNQRZVWKHZRUGVHTXLSPHQW DQGPLONVKDNH
7KHWHPSWDWLRQLVDOOWKHJUHDWHUDVDOOWKHPHDQLQJVRIWKH(QJOLVKZRUGWHFKQLTXH
FRFNWDLOFRLQFLGHZLWKWKH/LWKXDQLDQWHFKQLNDDQGNRNWHLOLV+HUHZHKDYHDFDVHRI
GLUHFWLQWHUIHUHQFH$VFDQEHVHHQWKHGLI¿FXOWLHVFDXVHGE\HLWKHUGLUHFWRULQGLUHFW
LQWHUIHUHQFHRIWKH/PD\UHVXOWLQPLVWDNHVLQERWKLQWHUSUHWLQJXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQG
VSHDNLQJLHERWKLQFRPSUHKHQVLRQDQGXVDJH
9HU\PXFKGHSHQGVRQWKHDJHDQGWKHOHYHORIWKHODQJXDJHNQRZOHGJHRIWKH
VWXGHQWVEXWLQWKHVSHFLDOLVWOLWHUDWXUHLWKDVEHHQSRLQWHGRXWWKDWIDOVHIULHQGVDUHD
FDXVHRIPLVWDNHVQRWRQO\IRUWKHEHJLQQHUVEXWDOVRIRUELOLQJXDOVSHDNHUVDQGH[SH
ULHQFHGWUDQVODWRUVLQWHUSUHWHUV9HLVEHUJV%DNHU.DUDOLnjQDVHWF
$VWXG\RIIDOVHIULHQGVZLOOVKDUSHQWKHVWXGHQWV¶SUHFLVLRQLQWKHXVHRIYRFDEXODU\
DVZHOODVKHOSWKHPWRDYRLGPLVWDNHVWKDWDWZRUVWPD\VHULRXVO\KDPSHUHIIHFWLYH
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ,WDOVRSURYLGHVDPRWLYDWLRQIRUWKHOHDUQHUWRSD\PRUHDWWHQWLRQWR
WKHFRQWH[WIRUIXUWKHULQGLFDWLRQRUFRQ¿UPDWLRQRIZKDWVKHKDVGLVFRYHUHG7KLV
ZD\IDOVHIULHQGVEHLQJSRWHQWLDOHQHPLHVFRXOGEHWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRDOOLHV
Filologija 2012 (17)
5HIHUHQFHV
$LWFKLVRQ - :RUGV LQ WKH 0LQG$Q ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR WKH 0HQWDO /H[LFRQ %DVLO %ODFNZHOO
$SULMDVN\Wơ53DUHLJ\Wơ(/LHWXYLDPVEnjGLQJRVOHNVLQơVDQJOǐNDOERVNODLGRV.DOERW\UD
;;,,,±
$SULMDVN\Wơ53DUHLJ\Wơ(%HZDUHRI3LWIDOOV9LOQLXV9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
$SULMDVN\Wơ 5 ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɨɜ ɥɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɯɫɥɨɜɥɢɬɨɜɰɚɦɢ.DOERW\UD;;;,,,±
%DNHU0,Q2WKHU:RUGV5RXWOHGJH
%DNHU0.DSODQ57UDQVODWHG$QHZEUHHGRIELOLQJXDOGLFWLRQDULHV%DEHOYRO
QR±
%XGDJRY%ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤɢɟɝɨɹɡɵɤ0RVNYD
*RWWOLHE.*0*HUPDQ5XVVLDQ5XVVLDQ*HUPDQ'LFWLRQDU\RI)DOVH)ULHQGV0RVFRZ
6RYLHWVND\DHQF\NORSHGL\D
*RWWOLHE+5HYHDOLQJ)DOVH)ULHQGV&UHDWLQJD7UXWKIXO'LFWLRQDU\RI'DQLVK(QJOLVK3VHX
GR(TXLYDOHQWV$EVWUDFWVRIWKHWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ/H[LFRJUDSK\8QLYHU
VLW\RI&RSHQKDJHQ0D\S
*XGDYLþLXV$ɅɨɠɧɵɟɞɪɭɡɶɹɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚɜɥɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɞɜɭɹɡɵɱɢɢɆɟɬɨɞɵɢ
ɮɨɪɦɵɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭɹɡɵɤɭɜɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ9LOQLXV±
+D\ZDUG70RXOLQ$)DOVH)ULHQGV,QYLJRUDWHG/(;HWHU¶SURFHHGLQJV3DSHUVIURP
WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ/H[LFRJUDSK\LQ([HWHU6HSWSS±(GE\
+DUWPDQQ7XELQJHQ
+DUWPDQQ55.&RQWUDVWLYH/LQJXLVWLFVDQG%LOLQJXDO/H[LFRJUDSK\$Q,QWHUQDWLRQDO(Q
F\FORSHGLDRI/H[LFRJUDSK\9RO'H*UX\WHU
.DUDOLnjQDV6.DOEDLUYLVXRPHQơ9LOQLXV
/DSWơYDLWơ , %njGLQJL DQJOǐ NDOERV OHNVLNRV ƳVLVDYLQLPR LQWHUIHUHQFLMRV DWYHMDL .DOERW\UD
;;,;±
/LSF]XN 5 ,QWHUQDFMRQDOL]P\ D ³IDáV]\ZL SU]\MDFLHOH WáXPDF]D´ -Ċ]\N D NXOWXUD
YRO±
3HUNLQV&K7KH³(QJOLVK6LFNQHVV´D&RQWULEXWLRQWRZDUGV%HWWHU8QGHUVWDQGLQJRI,QWHUOLQ
JXDO,QWHUIHUHQFH'LH1HXHUHQ6SUDFKHQ'16±
3LHVDUVNDV % 6LVWHPLQLDL åRGåLǐ U\ãLDL PRNRPDMDPH GYLNDOELDPH åRG\QH .DOERW\UD
;;;9,,±
6DQVRPH5$SSO\LQJ/H[LFDO5HVHDUFKWRWKH7HDFKLQJRI3KUDVDO9HUEV,5$/YRO
QR±
6KHHQ5(QJOLVKIDX[DPLVIRU)UDQFRSKRQHV/HDUQLQJ(QJOLVK(QJOLVKDQG)UHQFKODQJXD
JHUHVRXUFHV9ROWHUUH)UGDWDEDVH
6\OYD&RUYDODQ&/DQJXDJHFRQWDFWDQGFKDQJH6SDQLVKLQ/RV$QJHOHV2[IRUG&ODUHQ
GRQ3UHVV
9HLVEHUJV$µ)DOVH)ULHQG¶VLQ/DWYLDQ'LFWLRQDULHV&XUUHQW3UREOHPV/LQJXLVWLFD/HWWLFD
YRO±
:LOF]\ĔVND: ³)DX[$PLV´ F]\ ³DPLV LQ¿GqOHV´ ± GH¿QLFMD D SUDNW\ND -Ċ]\N D NXOWXUD
YRO±
%HQGRULHQơ$%RJXãLHQơ9'DJ\Wơ(HWF7DUSWDXWLQLǐåRGåLǐåRG\QDV'LFWLRQDU\RI,Q
WHUQDWLRQDO:RUGV',:9LOQLXV$OPDOLWWHUD
.HLQ\V6HGLWRULQFKLHI'DEDUWLQơVOLHWXYLǐNDOERVåRG\QDV'LFWLRQDU\RI&XUUHQW/LWKX
DQLDQ'&/9LOQLXV0RNVORLUHQFLNORSHGLMǐOHLG\ERVLQVWLWXWDV
3LHVDUVNDV%6YHFHYLþLXV%/LWKXDQLDQ(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\/('9LOQLXV0RNVODV
7KRPSVRQ'HG7KH&RQFLVH2[IRUG'LFWLRQDU\RI&XUUHQW(QJOLVK&2'WKHGLWLRQ
2[IRUG&ODUHQGRQ3UHVV
)LHOGLQJ +%ULGJHW-RQHV¶V'LDU\3LFDGRU
)LHOGLQJ+%ULGåLWRV'åRXQVGLHQRUDãWLV9LOQLXV
/LWKXDQLDQ6HFXULWLHV&RPPLVVLRQ$QQXDO5HSRUW9LOQLXV
Filologija 2011 (17)
6RXUFHV
/DLPXWơ.DVSDUơ
$1*/Ǐ/,(789,Ǐ.$/%Ǐ1(7,.5,9(57Ơ-2'5$8*$,
36,&+2/,1*9,67,1,6$63(.7$6
6DQWUDXND
3DJULQGLQLDL åRGåLDL QHWLNUL YHUWơMR GUDXJDL SVLFKROLQJYLVWLQLV DVSHNWDV VHPDQWLQơ
åRGåLRVWUXNWnjUDLQWHUIHUHQFLMDXåVLHQLRNDOEǐVWXGHQWDLYHUWơMDL
*UHWLQDPRML JLPLQLQJǐ LU QHJLPLQLQJǐ NDOEǐ DQDOL]ơ URGR MRVH HVDQW GDXJ LãRULãNDL
SDQDãLǐDUQHWLGHQWLãNǐåRGåLǐ7DþLDXGLGåLRMLWRNLǐåRGåLǐGDOLVVNLULDVLVDYRVHPDQWLQH
VWUXNWnjUDSY]DQJOGLVORFDWHÄLãVLQDULQWL³ÄVXWULNG\WL³ÄVXWUXNG\WL³OLHWGLVORNXRWL
ÄLãVLGơVW\WL³WRNLRVåRGåLǐSRURVYHUWLPRWHRULMRMH\UDYDGLQDPRVQHWLNUDLVYHUWơMRGUDX
JDLV19'3DYDUWRWLNDLSYHUWLPRHNYLYDOHQWDLYHUWLPRNDOERMH19'VXNHOLDNODLGLQJDV
DVRFLDFLMDV YDUWRMLPR WUnjNXPXV WHNVWR LãNUDLS\PXV QHWLNVOXPXV QHVXVLSUDWLPXV VWLOLDXV
NODLGDVLUGDXJ\EĊNLWǐYHUWLPRSUREOHPǐ
3DWV WHUPLQDV QHWLNUL GUDXJDL DSLEnjGLQD SVLFKROLQJYLVWLQĊ NDWHJRULMą QDJULQơGDPL ãƳ
NODXVLPąQHJDOLPHLJQRUXRWLXåVLHQLRNDOERVVWXGHQWǐNDOEDQþLǐMǐXåVLHQLRNDOEDWDLSSDW
YHUWơMǐUDãWXLUåRGåLX7RGơOãLDPHVWUDLSVQ\MHQDJULQơMDPLNDLNXULHSVLFKROLQJYLVWLQLDLOLH
WXYLǐDQJOǐNDOEǐQHWLNUǐYHUWơMRGUDXJǐDVSHNWDL5HPLDQWLVPRNVOLQơVOLWHUDWnjURVDQDOL]HLU
YDUWRMLPRSDY\]GåLDLVDQDOL]XRMDPRVSULHåDVW\VGơONXULǐãLRVåRGåLǐSRURVWDPSDNOLnjWLPL
XåVLHQLRNDOERVYDUWRWRMDPV5H]LXPXRMDPDNDGEHWLHVLRJLQơVLUQHWLHVLRJLQơVJLPWRVLRV
NDOERVLQWHUIHUHQFLMRVDWVLUDQGDQþLRVGơOãLǐåRGåLǐLãRULQLRLUNDUWDLVVHPDQWLQLRSDQDãXPR
WRNLHYHLNVQLDLNDLSNRJQLW\YLQLVVXSDSUDVWLQLPDVQHUnjSHVWLQJXPDVQHDWLGXPDVSDWRJXPR
LU¿]LQLRNRPIRUWRVLHNLPDVJDOLEnjWL19'SULHåDVWLV*DOLPDPDQ\WLNDGNODLGDVVXVLMXVLDV
VX19'YDUWRMLPXVąO\JRMDEHVLPRNDQþLǐMǐDPåLXVLUåHPDVXåVLHQLRNDOERVPRNơMLPRO\
JLVWDþLDXPRNVOLQơMHOLWHUDWnjURMHWHLJLDPDNDG19'VXNHOLDSUREOHPǐQHWLNSUDGHGDQWLH
VLHPVEHWLUGYLNDOELDPVYDUWRWRMDPVLUQHWSDW\UXVLHPVYHUWơMDPV
/DLPXWơ.DVSDUơ
(1*/,6+/,7+8$1,$1,17(535(7(5¶6)$/6()5,(1'6
36<&+2/,1*8,67,&,668(6
6XPPDU\
Filologija 2012 (17)
.H\ZRUGVLQWHUSUHWHU¶VIDOVHIULHQGVSV\FKROLQJXLVWLFLVVXHVVHPDQWLFVWUXFWXUHRIWKH
ZRUGLQWHUIHUHQFHIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVWUDQVODWRUVLQWHUSUHWHUV
&RPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLVRIERWKUHODWHGDQGQRQUHODWHGODQJXDJHVSUHVHQWVDODUJHFRUSXV
RIIRUPDOO\VLPLODURULGHQWLFDOOH[HPHV$FRQVLGHUDEOHVKDUHRIWKHVHOH[HPHVKRZHYHUKDV
GLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHLUVHPDQWLFVWUXFWXUHVHJ(QJOLVKGLVORFDWH³WRGLVWXUEWKHQRUPDOFRQQHF
WLRQHVSLQDMRLQWLQWKHERG\GLVUXSWSXWRXWRIRUGHU´/LWKGLVORNXRWL³WRGHSOR\WRVWD
WLRQ´VXFKSDLUVRIZRUGVDUHNQRZQLQWUDQVODWLRQVWXGLHVDVLQWHUSUHWHU¶VIDOVHIULHQGV))
Filologija 2011 (17)
8VHGDVHTXLYDOHQWVLQDQRWKHUODQJXDJH))OHDGWRIDOVHDVVRFLDWLRQVZURQJXVHGLVWRUWLRQ
RIWH[WLPSUHFLVLRQPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJGLVUHJDUGIRUWKHULJKWVW\OLVWLFFRORXULQJDQGRWKHU
QXPHURXVWUDQVODWLRQSUREOHPV
7KHWHUPµIDOVHIULHQGV¶LQIDFWGH¿QHVDSV\FKROLQJXLVWLFFDWHJRU\GHDOLQJZLWKIDOVH
IULHQGVRQHFDQQRWLJQRUHWKHIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVSHDNHUWUDQVODWRURULQWHUSUHWHU7KDW
LVZK\WKHSUHVHQWSDSHUIRFXVHVRQDQXPEHURISV\FKROLQJXLVWLFLVVXHVLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWK
WKHSKHQRPHQRQRI(QJOLVK/LWKXDQLDQ))%DVLQJLWV¿QGLQJVRQWKHVWXG\RIUHVHDUFKOLWHUD
WXUHRQWKHTXHVWLRQDQGH[DPSOHVRIXVDJHLWDLPVDWGLVFXVVLQJWKHUHDVRQVRIWKHPEHLQJD
VWXPEOLQJEORFNIRUWKHIRUHLJQODQJXDJHXVHUV,WLVFRQFOXGHGWKDWQH[WWRGLUHFWDQGLQGLUHFW
PRWKHUWRQJXHLQWHUIHUHQFHGXHWRWKHH[WHUQDODQGLQVRPHFDVHVVHPDQWLFVLPLODULW\VXFK
IDFWRUVDVFRJQLWLYHVLPSOL¿FDWLRQXVXDOFDUHOHVVQHVVFRQYHQLHQFHDQGVHDUFKIRUSV\FKLFDO
FRPIRUWRQWKHSDUWRIIRUHLJQODQJXDJHVSHDNHUVFDXVHWKHDSSHDUDQFHRI))
,WFRXOGEHDVVXPHGWKDWWKHDSSHDUDQFHRI))YHU\PXFKGHSHQGVRQWKHDJHDQGWKH
OHYHORIWKHODQJXDJHNQRZOHGJHRIWKHVWXGHQWVKRZHYHUVSHFLDOLVWOLWHUDWXUHSRLQWVRXWWKDW
))DUHDFDXVHRIPLVWDNHVQRWRQO\IRUWKHEHJLQQHUVEXWDOVRIRUELOLQJXDOVSHDNHUVDQGH[
SHULHQFHGWUDQVODWRUVLQWHUSUHWHUV