How does ABC Work?
WhitePaper
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1Introduction _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4
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The Automated Border Control concept_ _
2.1 The E-gate_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2.2 Integrated two step_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2.3 Basic components_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2.4Process _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2.5 Monitoring work place_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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Using an eGate from the traveller’s perspective _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9
3.1 Stress free travel _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9
3.2 Good case_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11
3.3 Bad case _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14
4 Using an eGate from the border control officer’s perspective_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.1 Description of monitoring work place _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.2 Easy travel _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.3 Security evasion _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.3.1 Falsified ID document _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.3.2 Watch / black list hit_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.3.3 Biometric mismatch_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.3.4 Multiple use of travel documents _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.3.5 More than one traveller in the eGate _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.3.6 Manuel opening of the eGate exit door _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.4 Potential process layout_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.4.1 Two border control officers in the control box behind the eGates_
4.4.2 One border control officer in a central control room_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.4.3 One mobile border control officer with a tablet_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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5References_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5.1EasyGO _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5.2EasyPASS_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5.2.1 EasyPASS installations_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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6 Brief description of the companies involved_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24
6.1secunet _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24
6.2Bundesdruckerei _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24
7 Outlook and extensions _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7.1 Pre-check kiosk I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7.2 Pre-check kiosk II_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7.3 Additional biometrics _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7.4 Additional user groups_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7.4.1 Registered traveller _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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8 Conclusion and USPs_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.1 Advantages for the border police _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.2 Advantages for the traveller_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.3 Advantages for the airport_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.4 Advantages for the airline _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.5 Important features _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.5.1Security _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.5.2 Ease of use_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.5.3Speed _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.5.4Control_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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9Contact
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1.Introduction
We live in an increasingly interconnected world where citizens travel frequently for business
and pleasure. But whether it’s a flight to clinch a major deal, a trip to a coastal resort for a family
holiday or a jaunt to a low-cost destination for a stag weekend, the basic requirements of most
travellers are remarkably similar: security, speed and convenience at border control. Delivering
these basics is a complex task for border authorities, airports and airlines, which must
somehow navigate the challenges of ever-increasing passenger numbers, financial and staffing
constraints, the need to ensure a high security, coping with changes in demand, and increased
competition.
It’s a task that is getting tougher as increasing numbers of citizens take to the skies more often.
According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), some 3.1 billion passengers
made use of the global air transport network for business and tourism in 2013, an increase of
about 5% on 2012. The number of aircraft departures reached a record of 33 million globally
during 2013, surpassing the previous year’s figure by more than one million. The ICAO is bullish
about future growth, predicting that passenger numbers could reach more than 6.4 billion by
2030.
Region of airline
registration
Annual growth rates
History
Forecast
2011
(%)
2012
(%)
2013
(%)
2014
(%)
2015
(%)
Europe
9.5
3.9
4.4
5.5
6.2
Arica
0.9
4.2
5.2
5.7
6.0
Middle East
9.2
13.7
10.2
11.2
10.8
Asia/Pacific
6.8
6.4
5.5
6.4
6.8
North America
2.4
1.3
2.3
3.3
3.8
Latin America/
Carib bean
11.1
8.6
7.6
8.7
8.0
World
6.5
4.9
4.8
5.9
6.3
Medium-term Passenger
Traffic Forecasts Global
and Regional Scheduled
Passenger Traffic
(Source: ICAO), Passengerkilometres performed (PKP)
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Figures from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) also point to an upward trend. Its
passenger traffic numbers for May 2014 show that demand has increased by 6.2% since May
2013. It says: “The performance is indicative of improving demand drivers. May capacity rose
5.2% and load factor climbed 0.7 percentage points to 79.0%. All regions except Africa
experienced positive traffic growth.”
In addition to rising passenger numbers, the number of eTravel documents such as eID cards
and ePassports in circulation has increased significantly. According to the ICAO, there are now
more than 100 issuing authorities supplying ePassports with the Biometrics Research Group,
forecasting that the global ePassport market will be worth US$10.2 billion by 2015. These
documents are an important line of defence in ensuring border security. Introduced following
the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the technology is now being used by the most advanced G8 nations
as well as some of the least developed states in the world, such as Somalia.
These documents have come on stream at a time when resources are under pressure but
security requirements are getting ever more demanding. The documents use secure technology
at every level: from secure paper and secure printing techniques through to biometric and chip
card technologies. When used correctly, these technologies enable border control staff to
visually check the travelling public against their eDocuments and verify that they are not on a
security watch list. What’s more, the use of biometric and chip technology means that
processes can be automated, thereby freeing up staff to concentrate on just the few
passengers that are a cause for concern.
As anyone who has caught a flight after airport security has been ratcheted up a notch or two
knows, more precautions lead inevitably to slower throughput – whether it is because of stricter
baggage regulations and passenger monitoring, or more thorough checks of passports and
visas. Therefore, any process that can speed up border control without weakening security is
essential.
To achieve this, an increasing number of border authorities are using eGate systems to
accelerate throughput while at the same time maintaining a high level of security. For example,
Germany’s two-step EasyPASS process uses products and components from Bundesdruckerei
and secunet (1) to read, check and verify the eDocument before the passenger enters the eGate
and (2) to verify the passenger when they are in the eGate by capturing their face and
biometrically matching the live image against the image stored on the chip.
The solution currently being deployed at all major German airports is easy to use and combines
several hardware devices (including ePassport readers and biometric devices) to enable border
control processes to be carried out quickly and securely. Other components include monitoring
applications, complex border control solutions and a range of background information systems.
The solution’s Automated Border Control (ABC) system interfaces with the German border
police’s central database.
The two companies have deployed variations of this solution in other countries. Throughout this
white paper – which explores eGate technology and its impact on border control authorities,
passengers, airports and airlines – EasyPASS refers to the ABC system deployed in Germany.
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At the heart of all eGate systems is the ability to adjust the technology to cope with changing –
and growing – demand. Rule-based decision-making is applied to ensure the technology is fit for
purpose. This is essential because if security is too restricting you will end up with
unnecessarily long queues and frustrated travellers; if it is too weak you could end up letting in
criminals such as terrorists, people traffickers, drug smugglers and football hooligans. In short,
if your decision rules cannot be changed you end up with a system that will exclude the wrong
people. Application of these rules is best achieved by centrally administering and managing
automated border control gates that recognise that adaptability is king.
The approach is a sound one in an age when airports and airlines are competing against each
other to attract travellers. Having a reputation as a safe, secure but efficient and speedy
airport, airline or destination is becoming increasingly important in a world of passenger choice,
and a key reason why so many aviation industry stakeholders are now deploying solutions such
as EasyPASS.
2.The Automated Border Control
Concept
2.1 THE E-GATE
Automated Border Control (ABC) solutions, such as Bundesdruckerei and secunet’s EasyPASS
solution, offer an integrated two-step approach to eGates that combines document reading with
biometric verification.
The multi-technology approach of these systems enables them to provide far more than
evidence of an individual’s personal identity based on their eDocument. The holder’s biometric
data stored in the chip enables the automation of processes such as border control, making it
faster and more convenient. As a result, ABCs turn border control checks into a simple, intuitive
process that any passenger can carry out themselves in just a few seconds. Passenger
processing is significantly more efficient, waiting times are reduced, and more can be
processed, in parallel.
This section examines the two-step approach and looks at the components and the processes
involved.
2.2 INTEGR ATED T WO STEP
The basic components of an ABC system are the travel document reader, the physical eGate and
the biometric unit, which is primarily a face recognition device but may also include fingerprint
technology. The biometric unit is a highly complex and integrated piece of technology, which
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The EasyPASS eGate
includes illumination, a digital mirror – which acts as a feedback monitor for the person
standing in front of the unit – and a PAD (Presentation Attack Detection) sensor, which carries
out liveness and spoof detection.
These have formed the basis for ABC systems for the past few years. However, user guidance
and user interfaces, especially between traveller and document reader, have proven key
problem areas which result in sub-optimal processing times. eGate passenger flows also need
improvement.
The approach taken by the German EasyPASS eGates being installed in 2014 addresses these
issues. The system is easy to use for travellers – even if they’re inexperienced – due to the
deployment of feedback mechanisms and interactive guidance.
2.3 BASIC COMPONENTS
The first step in an ABC system is the use of the document reader outside the eGate entry door.
Germany’s EasyPASS system is capable of handling all ICAO Doc 9303-compliant eID documents,
but due to german border control policies, it can only read the ePassports of EU, EER and Swiss
citizens plus the new German eID card. It checks both the electronic and the optical security
elements of the identity document in detail during the document reading process.
The second step is a biometrics device – usually one using facial recognition technology –
within the eGate that checks that the person carrying the eDocument is who they claim to be.
EasyPASS uses facial recognition technology for 1:1 comparison. During this process the live
image captured at the eGate is compared to the image of the passport holder stored in the
ePassport’s RFID chip. Fingerprint scanners can also be added to an eGate system and may be a
general option for registered traveller schemes and third party nationals.
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2.4PROCESS
ABC systems are very simple to use and few instructions are needed. Currently, because
ePassports are still being phased in, travellers may need to be advised by an official whether
their passport is an ePassport (indicated by a chip symbol on the cover) or an ordinary
passport.
A passenger with an electronic travel document – such as an ePassport – simply goes to the
eGate and places their document on the document reader next to the entry door. At this point,
the document’s optical and electronic data is read and the eGate’s integrated inspection
software checks to see if it is genuine. The passport’s data is next sent to the background
system, known as the Border Control System (BCS). The BCS makes a rule-based decision about
whether the traveller can use the eGate. If it makes a positive decision, the entry door opens and
the traveller enters the eGate. If it makes a negative decision, the traveller is denied access to
the eGate and is referred to manual border control for additional checks. In most cases the
traveller is provided with feedback about their referral, such as not having the correct ID
document, being under 18 and so on.
The passenger process
Once the passenger has passed through the entrance door of the gate, a biometric camera
measures their height, automatically positioning itself at the optimum imaging level. Their face
is photographed and compared with the passport image already read from the chip, while the
BCS queries external databases to check if the traveller is allowed to cross the border. If the
biometric and database checks are o.k., the exit door opens, the traveller passes through the
ABC eGate and crosses the border. If these checks are negative, an alert is sent to border guards
at the monitoring station and the traveller is escorted to a secondary inspection point for
further checks. In this case the doors are opened manually by the border guard and the traveller
is escorted. The whole process using the EasyPASS system takes less than 18 seconds.
2.5 MONITORING WORK PL ACE
The key to successful eGate deployment is positioning border guards in the right location.
Rather than using the decades-long approach of a number of border guards sitting behind a row
of desks and passengers approaching them with their documents, it is best to provide facilities
that enable each border guard to supervise a number of eGates. This means using the latest
stationary and mobile monitoring and video surveillance techniques. Bundesdruckerei and
secunet offer a monitoring application that can control multiple eGates and includes a video
surveillance module, so each gate is equipped with a camera. There are also plans to offer
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mobile workplace monitoring. Although the technology is capable of enabling one operator to
control more than 10 eGates, it is being deployed in line with Frontex (European Agency for the
Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the
European Union) best practice operational guidelines. These state that one operator should not
monitor more than seven e-Gates on arrivals or more than 10 on departures. As a result, the
German Federal Police has decided that German border guards monitor a maximum of six eGates
within the EasyPASS system.
In addition to monitoring individual eGates, it is essential to have a clear overview of the entire
border control system. This is best achieved with a central control capable of covering one or
more airports. It plays an important role in the ABC system, providing data mining technologies
that assess passenger flow and generate eGate status reports as well as carrying out early
attack detection. The central administration and management of decision strategies (or rules)
within the border control system (both in eGates, mobile border control and stationary border
control) means that the ABC can be dialed up to ‘extremely highly secure’ at times when security
alerts are high and dialed down to ‘very secure’ when the focus switches to speeding up
passenger throughput.
3.Using an eGate from the traveller’s
perspective
3.1 STRESS FREE TR AVEL
Airports can be stressful locations for many travellers, whether they are seasoned frequent
flyers or flying for the first time. It’s not really a surprise: for a short period of time, everything is
out of their control. Even people who have meticulously planned, packed their luggage in good
time, checked – and re-checked – they have their passports, and arrived at the airport in plenty
of time, can be caught out.
The list of traveller grievances includes queues at security, ever-changing security regulations,
having to unpack – and repack – luggage for inspection at security-checkpoints, flight delays,
children kicking the back of their seat for the duration of a flight, being sneezed over, officious
border guards and unfriendly airport staff.
It is therefore essential to
operate a border control
system that doesn’t add to
this stress, is quick and
easy to use, and maintains
robust levels of security.
The EasyPASS eGate
solution
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The EasyPASS eGate solution builds on the knowledge gained from the introduction of document
readers in the private sector, where totally inexperienced and untrained users and operators
have been enabled to quickly and successfully navigate the system. The key is to use a
consistent set of graphical elements, icons and animations to ensure a uniform and satisfying
user experience. When applied to the border control process, this approach enables a speedy
and secure throughput of travellers. As a result, using these easy-to-use procedures, secunet
and Bundesdruckerei’s EasyPASS eGate solution takes less than 18 seconds to process each
traveller.
The EasyPASS system is easy to use – even by inexperienced travellers – thanks to the
deployment of new feedback mechanisms and interactive user guidance, which will be explored
in more detail over the next few pages.
The process for the traveller can be summarised as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
identifying the border crossing point
waiting in position in front of the eGate
interacting with the document reader in front of the entry door
interacting with the biometric unit within the eGate
leaving the eGate via (i) direct border crossing or (ii) a manual control/entry stamp
Travellers will first be informed about the eGate border control system before arriving at the
airport, though channels such as inflight magazines, videos, emails and texts. Communicating
this information is very important, so secunet and Bundesdruckerei strongly recommend close
cooperation between all stakeholders (airlines, airports, border control authorities and eGate
system integrators). In the airport itself, signage needs to be clear to direct passengers to the
relevant control (e.g. all domestic travellers in one lane; all EU/EER travellers in another and
non-EU travellers in another). Airports that have deployed Automated Border Control (ABC) also
need to provide clear information about who is eligible to use the eGate and which documents
they need to proceed through it.
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3.2 GOOD CASE
When the traveller gets to the eGate, they first need to check its status by looking at the ‘bridge’
over the entrance (see image below). If it is ready, a green light will be illuminated; if it is not, a
red cross will be lit up. Other symbols on the bridge provide essential information, such as the
eGate’s logo (e.g. EasyPASS or EasyGO), which is easily identifiable by the passenger who can
decide whether they are eligible to use the gate. There is also a series of symbols that indicate
who is allowed to use the system (e.g. ICAO ePassport symbol, age 18+ and EU flag). Other
symbols may include a national ID logo or a symbol indicating that the eGate is wheelchair
accessible.
Interaction with the arc
Once the green light comes on, the traveller steps forward and stands in the correct position in
front of the gate. Here, there will be interactive graphics that they can read and understand
regardless of the languages they speak. These graphics include information about where to
place their ePassport; a scanner icon to show that reading is taking place; an incorrect operation
notice that warns, for example, that the document has been taken away too early or put in the
wrong position on the reader; and a notice indicating insufficient permission, such as the
document not being an EU passport.
Placing the passport on the document reader
Warning messages for incorrectly placing the passport on the document reader
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The process is similar for those using an eID card, such as the German national ID (nPA). In this
case, the images show the correct position for the document; a scanner logo indicates the
ongoing reading process, and there is an incorrect operation warning, such as the document
being taken away too early.
Placing the German ID card on the document reader
Having read the traveller’s document, the EasyPASS system’s integrated VISOCORE Verify
software quickly detects whether it is genuine. At this point, the traveller sees an icon indicating
that document reading has been successful. There will be a symbol on the entrance display
telling them to wait if the eGate is still occupied by the passenger in front.
Message: „Please wait“
Once the person in front has left the eGate, the entrance animation turns into a green arrow
indicating that it is now ready, and the entrance door opens. The traveller then walks through
the gate and positions themselves ready to interact with the biometrics unit.
Message: „Please enter the eGate“
Unlike other eGate systems, the EasyPASS solution is designed so that when the passenger
passes the front door of the eGate, they will automatically look at the biometric unit in the exit
door. This ‘face biometrics on the move’ process is simple, intuitive and quick to use. The
traveller needs to look straight ahead so the biometrics unit can automatically adjust itself to
the optimum height to examine their face. The traveller can see their image in a digital mirror,
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so they know instantly if they are standing in the correct position for biometric verification to
take place. If there are any problems with verification, various symbols will be displayed that
indicate the particular issue, such as the traveller being in the wrong position; leaving their
passport on the document reader; or two people entering the eGate together.
Interaction with
the biometric unit
If there are no problems, the exit door opens as the traveller approaches the biometrics unit
that’s fully integrated into the exit door.
Once the biometric system has checked the traveller’s identity, it makes a decision: (i) the
traveller has passed all the tests so they can cross the border; or (ii) the traveller needs further
checks.
In the case of decision (i), a green arrow appears on the display and the exit doors open,
enabling the traveller to walk through the gate and continue their journey. If the eGate detects
baggage interfering with its operation, a symbol indicating that it needs to be moved appears.
If this happens, there is a delay in the exit doors opening. If the traveller has walked out of the
eGate but left their luggage there, the exit doors will stay open.
Leaving the eGate
In the case of decision (ii), an animation telling the traveller that they need to wait lights up on
the eGate until a border guard grants approval. Once approval is given, a green arrow indicates
that the traveller is free to pass through the eGate.
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3.3 BAD CASE
There may be instances when a traveller is refused entry or use of the eGate. This could be
because of problems reading a damaged ePassport chip, poor placement of the document on
the reader, or an assessment by the system that the document is a fake or has been tampered
with. In such circumstances, the traveller will be asked to present themselves to a border guard
for further inspection.
4.Using an eGate from the border
control officer’s perspective
The key to successful deployment of an eGate is to combine a simple and intuitive passport
scanner with intelligent biometrics capture that requires no interaction with the user. The
system must fully check the electronic security features of the document – including the
biometrics. Additionally, border authorities need clearly to define and evaluate an acceptable
False Acceptance Rate (FAR). For example, in both Germany and the Czech Republic an FAR of
0.1% has been defined as acceptable by the authorities
From a commercial point of view, the most important feature of an eGate system is its efficiency
and the throughput it can achieve in relation to the money invested. The EasyPASS solution is
based on a new two-step eGate concept. Both steps – document verification and biometric face
recognition – can be performed simultaneously by two different travellers. This approach can
increase throughput by 50% compared with other eGate solutions.
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF MONITORING WORK PL ACE
The beauty of eGate technology is that border control officers can move to the areas where they
are most needed and carry out tasks such as doing more thorough checks of certain
passengers on watch lists.
The automated approach of eGates such as EasyPASS mean that several control gates can be
overseen simultaneously. For example, in Germany one officer oversees four to six eGates while
another takes care of any travellers who get stuck in the eGate. The system is always the same:
one officer does the supervision; the other officer does the control and passenger handling, so
it is easy to plan staff responsibilities accordingly.
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The monitoring graphical
user interface (GUI)
4.2 EASY TR AVEL
The simple approach of the EasyPASS system means a traveller can be verified in as little as
18 seconds with limited interaction with a border official. When they place their ePassport on
the reader, the system checks both the optical and the electronic security elements of the
document. At the same time, it sends an enquiry to official background systems to check
whether the passport has been reported lost or stolen. Once it has completed this check, the
border control gate opens. As the traveller enters the gate, a biometric camera measures their
height, automatically positioning itself at the optimum imaging level.
A photo of their face is then taken and compared with the passport image already read from the
chip. If the biometric data matches and the system determines that the passenger is entitled to
cross the border, they are allowed to do so. Border guards follow the process on monitors and
can step in when necessary. They can use the results of the check to decide whether additional
police measures are necessary.
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4.3 SECURIT Y EVASION
Because security threats at our borders are constantly changing, the EasyPASS system offers
a host of techniques designed to combat various security evasion methods.
For example, EasyPASS has a raft of anti-evasion measures including a video control camera;
a biometrics unit with liveness and spoof detection; a document reader; and check routines.
It also deploys a number of techniques for separate monitoring to ensure that only one person
passes through the control at a time. These include a horizontal light barrier rod in the interior to
detect the presence of objects or people and a 3D stereo camera above the entrance door that
counts people entering the eGate.
The EasyPASS system combines a number of different mechanisms and technologies to get the
right mixture of traditional ‘strong’ and modern ‘smart’ security techniques. It can be configured
to the appropriate security level without impairing its usability, and it can be supported by the
border guard. The system’s architecture and design means it is expandable and it can integrate
the best possible technologies.
Security components of the eGate
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4.3.1 FALSIFIED ID DOCUMENT
The EasyPASS system checks documents according to BSI TR-03135 (the German Federal Office
for Security in Information Technology’s technical guidelines created in collaboration with the
Federal Police and the Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt). These set out the
requirements and procedures for machine-assisted document reading, including examining the
electronic components of the eID document as well as the optical-physical security features.
The VISOCORE Inspect technology, which forms the backbone of the document checking
system, is quick and efficient. It offers:
•Outstanding verification quality, which is continuously updated and regularly
tested to ensure the most accurate results
•Intuitive handling, with the results displayed in a clear, easy to read format
for swift verification
•Easy integration via a platform-independent web interface for processing
data and verification results
•Excellent product service via the VISOCORE Update Service which ensures
regular updates of the verification software and the document database
Having checked the optical security features, the traveler will be trapped inside
the eGate if the system suspects that the document has been tampered with.
The results of these tests will be signalled to the border official on a screen via
the Monitoring Graphical User Interface (GUI).
Failure of optical and electronic document checks
shown in the monitoring
GUI
4.3.2 WATCH / BL ACK LIST HIT
When a passenger places their document on the ePassport reader, it is checked against a watch
list of travellers. If this check reveals the document is on a blacklist, the border official will be
alerted and the traveller will have to undergo further manual checks and be refused access to
the eGate.
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4.3.3 BIOMETRIC MISMATCH
Today’s eGate systems are operated by only a few border officers, and it is very important for
them to detect fake biometric features. A modern eGate applies liveness and spoof detection
tests and it will also detect any attacks in which photos, videos or masks are used for facial
biometrics.
In the case of EasyPASS, the system checks for fake faces using the biometric panel. The
solution has a Presentation Attack Detection (PAD) sensor, which checks the area of the
detected face to verify it is living flesh.
If the system suspects that facial attributes have been manipulated, the eGate door stays
closed and the monitor highlights clearly that there has been an evasion attempt. It also
provides additional information indicating that the traveller has failed the liveness and spoof
detection tests.
4.3.4 MULTIPLE USE OF TR AVEL DOCUMENTS
EasyPASS can recognise if an attempt is made to use a genuine travel document for several
border control processes – that is, person one allows their document to be read and then gives
it to person two when entering the gate. Person two then tries to use the same document to
pass through border control. The system combats this type of fraud by use of a Central Border
Control System (BCS), which temporarily stores an identifier for each tested document. The
basis of this identifier is the configurable fields of the Machine Readable Zone (MRZ). This
information is stored anonymously via a hash value through MRZ fields, so it is not traceable
and privacy is protected.
If the system detects two people trying to use the same travel document, it keeps both eGate
doors closed and alerts the border official. It also sounds an audible alarm and provides border
officials with additional information about the attempted multiple use.
Alarm raised through multiple use of the same travel document
Presentation attack
detection raises an alarm
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4.3.5 MORE THAN ONE TR AVELLER IN THE EGATE
EasyPASS offers a number of countermeasures to prevent travellers from circumventing the
system by putting more than one person through the gate at the same time. These include a
horizontal barrier rod that lights up inside the gate to detect objects and a 3D camera above the
entrance that counts the number of people entering.
The light barriers can be adjusted so that they stand at hip height (around 1 metre from the
floor) at the top end of the eGate’s side walls. They can also be operated at foot height at the
lower end of the side wall. The status of each light barrier is requested around five times per
second. The system relies on pattern detection to check for the presence of two people.
The 3D camera is an established product for counting the number of people in entrance, exit and
passage areas. It has a 98% accuracy rate, and can detect more than one person and measure
directional movement. It can be used in a host of environments including stores and shopping
centres, airports and rail stations, and for monitoring access to storage areas, so it is
particularly well suited to the eGate environment. In the EasyPASS system, the camera is
mounted above the gate entrance door so it captures the traveller’s image before they enter.
The system then carries out 3D detection in the visible lit area.
Anti-Tailgating 3D camera
looking from above
4.3.6 MANUEL OPENING OF THE EGATE EXIT DOOR
The EasyPASS system has a number of countermeasures to combat people trying to force open
the eGate doors. The system can detect even the slightest deviation from the normal movement
profile of the doors, such as an external force, even when the system is in idle state. This also
helps to avoid injuries during the doors’ normal operation. Plus they have safety brakes to prevent them from flying open and can withstand the force of a sudden holdup.
Border officials are immediately alerted to any attempted forcing of the doors. If an attempt is
made, the gate locks and an alarm sounds. Information about the security breach also appears
on the monitor.
The system has been designed to combat any attempts to climb over, or crawl under, the doors,
which are tall with a very low ground clearance. They are constructed of robust stainless steel
and toughened safety glass, and can detect being hit as well as any problems with the state of
the doors (such as not shutting properly after a traveller has passed through).
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4.4 POTENTIAL PROCESS L AYOUT
The approach taken by Germany’s EasyPASS system, of one officer overseeing four to six eGates
while another takes care of travellers that get stuck in the eGate, enables border control to
adopt a flexible and scalable solution that uses both stationary and mobile solutions to verify
the integrity of travel documents.
The background system is capable of linking and analysing information from many different
sources, including INTERPOL’s international wanted lists.
There are a number of different configurations for deploying EasyPASS technology, which are
outlined below.
4.4.1T WO BORDER CONTROL OFFICERS IN THE CONTROL BOX
BEHIND THE EGATES
EasyPASS can be used by two border control officers in a control box behind the eGate where
they can monitor and react to any potential security breaches.
4.4.2 ONE BORDER CONTROL OFFICER IN A CENTR AL CONTROL ROOM
The system uses an innovative background management system which enables all eGates at an
airport to be controlled and configured centrally. This approach means that border control
officers have a good overview of queues and security, and can set control rules that can be
easily adapted for each gate, gate group, airport and even nationally.
4.4.3 ONE MOBILE BORDER CONTROL OFFICER WITH A TABLET
Using mobile technologies, border authorities can respond to on-going security requirements
directly at the eGate. The border control officer can see the same information as they would on
their PC, the only difference being that images and information is optimised for viewing on the
smaller screen of a tablet. Once the border official has accessed a traveller’s data and
authorised them to pass through the ABC, nearby border control officers receive both visual and
audio notifications.
The tablet also connects directly to the control centre, keeping officers up to date with the latest
security information. It means border police nationwide can co-operate and deliver fast and
flexible responses to the latest security situations.
The border control solution ensures 24/7 security because all stakeholders – from the control
centre to the officer on site – are always up to date and able to respond. All travellers will be
aware of is how much faster, more secure and simpler crossing the border has become.
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5.References
5.1EASYGO
The pilot of the EasyGO system in Prague in the Czech Republic has led to significantly shorter
waiting times for passengers arriving at the city’s airport. In turn, this has increased the number
of border crossings, while at the same time reducing the pressure on border guards. In fact,
more than 440,000 passengers from throughout Europe were processed between December
2011 and April 2014.
When it was introduced, the pioneering EasyGO system was the first of its kind in Central and
Eastern Europe. The initial secunet EasyGO easygate started operating at terminal one of
Prague’s Ruzyne Airport (now Václav Havel International) at the end of 2011. In 2012, the
project was awarded IT Project of the Year by the Czech Association of Chief Information Officers
(CACIO). As a result of its success in cutting waiting times, it was extended to include another
two secunet easygates, bringing the total to three ABC gates and one monitoring station.
Czech Association of Chief Information Officers (CACIO): “The EasyGO project is a practical
example of how biometric IDs can be used. The highly developed solution offers self-service for
crossing the border with a high level of security and saves passengers’ time.”
Any traveller aged over 15 with an EU/EER or Swiss ePassport can use Prague’s EasyGO
biometric control gate to enter the country. The system verifies the authenticity of each travel
document based on optical and electronic security features. A camera in the gate records live
images of the traveller and the system compares these to the photograph electronically stored
in the passport. If this data matches and none of the additional checks reveal complications, the
gate opens and the traveller is allowed to cross the border in a process that takes less than 15
seconds.
The EasyGO system at
Prague’s Václav Havel
International Airport,
arrivals
secunet delivered the turnkey eGate solution, which includes process control of the gates and
secunet’s biomiddle software. This software combines individual biometric components such as
passport readers or cameras with client applications and background systems, thus forming
the core of the secunet border control gate.
Central to the success of Prague’s EasyGO
system has been the collaboration of some of
the most highly respected names in border
control. secunet’s expertise, especially in the
area of ABCs, was pivotal in the Czech
government’s decision to opt for its
technology. During this project it acted as a
subcontractor to VÍTKOVICE IT Solutions.
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5.2EASYPASS
Today’s Automated Border Control system EasyPASS has its roots in a pilot project launched by
the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) in 2009, under which the BSI worked
closely with the German Federal Police, secunet and Bundesdruckerei to develop the world’s
most secure and user-friendly border control technology. Following the successful completion
of the pilot project and small-scale regular operation at Frankfurt Airport, the Federal Ministry of
the Interior put out a call for tender in 2013 for the installation of the so-called eGate at
Germany’s busiest airports. A consortium of secunet and Bundesdruckerei has now been
working to implement the strategy since the beginning of 2014.
From the start of the trial period in February up to February 2015, around 2.5000.000 travellers
have crossed the German border quickly, securely, and without assistance via the 83 eGates
currently operated by the German Federal Police. In February 2015 those 83 gates processed
about 100.000 travellers per week. 140 eGates are to be installed at Germany’s busiest airports
by mid-2015.
Every EU, EEC and Swiss citizen can now see for themselves how quick, easy and secure modern
border control can be at the Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, and Munich airports, and the
system will also soon be extended to the Köln/Bonn and Berlin-Tegel airports.
Users of the eGate must be over eighteen and hold an electronic passport, while German
citizens will also have the option of using the new German ID card. After a person’s document
has been read and authenticated at the gate’s entrance, the system will compare a live
recording of the passenger with the passport photograph stored on the document chip.
Once the person’s identity is confirmed – and if no information is flagged as being of interest to
the police – the gate will open. The border control process is then complete, and the EasyPASS
user can continue on their way in under eighteen seconds.
5.2.1 EASYPASS INSTALL ATIONS
EasyPASS at Munich
Airport, Terminal 2,
Departures
23
EasyPASS at Frankfurt
Airport, Terminal 2, Arrivals
EasyPASS at Düsseldorf
Airport, Terminal C, Arrivals
EasyPASS at Hamburg
Airport, Terminal 2, Arrivals
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6.Brief description of the companies
involved
6.1SECUNET
secunet is one of Germany‘s leading providers of superior IT security. In close dialogue with its
customers – enterprises, public authorities and international organisations – secunet develops
and implements high-performance products and state-of-the-art IT security solutions. Thus,
secunet not only keeps IT infrastructures secure for its customers, but also achieves intelligent
process optimisation and creates sustainable added value.
At secunet, more than 360 experts focus on issues such as cryptography (SINA), e-government,
business security and automotive security aiming always to be one step ahead of competitors
in terms of quality and technology. secunet emphasises on long-term relationships with its
customers in an atmosphere based on partnership, as demonstrated by our successful security
relationship with the Federal Republic of Germany which has been active since 2004.
6.2BUNDESDRUCKEREI
Secure ID is a key topic in the 21st century. In the age of the Internet and global mobility, protecting personal data and reliably verifying IDs have become demanding tasks. Bundesdruckerei is
now firmly established as a widely recognised pioneer in this future field. In addition to its leading position in security and banknote printing, the company is a leading supplier of innovative
solutions for Secure ID.
Bundesdruckerei is a company with one of the longest histories in the business, dating as far
back as the 18th century. For more than 250 years, printing on behalf of the state has been carried out in Berlin and in 2009, the German government once again took over Bundesdruckerei as
a wholly state-owned company. In recent years, however, the company has been transformed
into a leading international Full ID | Management supplier. With its solutions and products,
Bundesdruckerei not only offers traditional security and banknote printing, the company also
covers the entire Secure ID process chain: from the capture and administration of biographical
and biometric data to the production and personalisation of state-of-the-art ID documents right
through to systems for issuing and verifying these documents. Bundesdruckerei also develops
the technical infrastructure that enables citizens, public authorities and private companies to
use the electronic components featured in the documents in the digital world.
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7. Outlook and extensions
eGates such as EasyPASS play a vital role in making border control processes more secure and
more efficient. Successful deployment of an eGate system means defining and planning how it
will be used in the future. Will it be used by all travellers with an ePassport? Will it be used only
by those who have pre-registered? Which biometric technologies will be used? How can the
system be future-proofed to cope with new security and throughput requirements? How can
throughput and process automation be improved? How can the biometrics used improve attack
detection? This section examines how the eGate of the future could look.
7.1 PRE-CHECK KIOSK I
As the number of travellers increases and new security rules are implemented, it is going to be
even more important to have simple, streamlined border controls. However, procedures need to
be implemented to deal with the many passengers of various nationalities and languages who
may not be entitled to use an eGate. They can significantly reduce the efficiency of the system
if they end up in an eGate lane by mistake. To speed up processes, the eGate of the future will
see travellers initially approaching a pre-check kiosk right at the start of the lane so their ID
documents can quickly be checked to confirm that they are entitled to use it.
This new approach means the border control process will consist of three steps:
•Step one – pre-check (system checks MRZ passports and directs travellers to correct
queue);
•Step two – eGate document check (system checks MRZ passports and carries out database
search);
• Step three – eGate identity check (system uses biometrics for identity check).
7.2 PRE-CHECK KIOSK II
The second of the pre-check kiosk models sees one located at the beginning of the eGate lane
with the other positioned anywhere in the airport. Using this approach, the traveller initially
places their passport on the pre-check reading device. Within a matter of seconds, the
integrated document verification system checks whether the travel document is genuine and
performs a background query in official databases. This procedure allows border guards and
eGates to be assigned to travellers based on security profiles, their country of origin and
available resources. The system is highly flexible and can be quickly reconfigured when the
security situation changes or at times of peak passenger flow, such as during big sporting
events, where certain passenger groups can be diverted to manned border control desks.
This pre-check system indicates clearly whether the passenger should go to the manual border
control or to an eGate.
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Step-by-step approach for pre-checks:
• Step one: Place passport on pre-check reading device
• Step two: Device checks travel document is genuine
• Step three: Device carries out background checks on official database
• Step four: System assigns an eGate to the traveller
•Step five: Token or paper sheet with bar code is handed to passenger informing
them of their eGate lane assignment
Passenger flow when using a pre-check kiosk
7.3 ADDITIONAL BIOMETRICS
Biometric face recognition is a key component of Automated Border Systems (ABCs). However,
some authorities may decide to implement additional or alternative security elements. For
example, if an eGate system has been extended to be used by third country nationals, visa
holders and registered travellers, some authorities may wish to recognise travellers by their
fingerprint or iris in addition to their face. Iris technology is becoming a popular choice for
eGates, particularly in the Middle East, where a passenger’s iris scan is matched with a preregistered template.
Before deciding to opt for additional biometric types, it is important that a border authority
considers their pros and cons.
Fingerprint technology has the advantage of being very accurate, economical, the most
developed and easy to use, and requires little memory for template storage. However, some
citizens are uncomfortable with using it because they associate it with the identification of
criminals; it also is less accurate if fingers are dry or dirty and with recognising children’s
fingerprints. Furthermore, a system that uses this biometric must take into account the
percentage of the population that has one or more fingers missing, so may have difficulties
registering a template.
27
Iris technology enjoys a high degree of accuracy and can be verified in less than five seconds. It
also fares well in liveness detection tests, because a dead person’s eyes deteriorate too quickly
to be useful. However, the technology is more expensive than other biometric types.
The approach taken by the EasyPASS solution makes it easy to accommodate these additional
biometric types. The secunet biomiddle BioAPI 2.0-compliant middleware is an integral part of
the EasyPASS eGate system. It ensures that it is simple and cost-effective to use additional
biometric types.
7.4 ADDITIONAL USER GROUPS
eGates can be about a lot more than simply granting entry to a country’s nationals. If they are to
be exploited to their full extent they can also be used for registered traveller programmes
(RTPs), enabling airlines and airport authorities to fast track pre-registered passengers through
immigration. In fact, RTPs are about putting the right policies in place and are not a technical
issue. They are an important advance when you consider the economic worth of international
travel. According to EU estimates, in 2011 alone, foreign travellers contributed 271 billion euros
to the European economy.
The EC’s Smart Borders Study, which was published in October 2014, examined issues such as
technical, operational and cost concerns related to border control processes, RTP tokens, data
retention and choice of biometric identifiers. It also looked at the extent to which national entry/
exit systems can be integrated into an existing system and revealed how important it is to have
a system that fights irregular immigration and provides information on overstayers, as well as
facilitating border crossings for pre-vetted frequent third country national (TCN) travellers. The
EasyPASS eGate solution is completely in line with the findings of this study.
The importance of deploying a solution that can be used by an ever-increasing number of
passengers is also reflected in statistics published in the study. For example, it estimates that
by 2025 there will be 887 million border crossings annually. Of these, 605 million (68%) will be
made by people travelling by air. EU citizens are expected to account for 417 million (69%) of
these air travel-based border crossings, with visa-exempt travellers and visa holders making up
the remaining 31% (see table below).
Visa exempt
Visa holders
Summary of estimates of
the size of the individual
file database (in millions)
2014
2020
2025
Border crossings
(entry & exit)
81
104
127
Number of travellers
30
39
47
Border crossings
(entry & exit)
110
141
175
Number of travellers
19
24
29
Border crossings total
191
145
302
Travellers total
49
63
76
28
7.4.1 REGISTERED TR AVELLER
The EU is at the forefront of developing RTPs. Its focus is on moving towards more modern and
efficient border management with a ‘smart border package’ to speed up, facilitate and reinforce
border check procedures for foreigners travelling to the EU. This package consists of an RTP that
uses ABC systems at major border crossing points to allow certain groups of frequent travellers
from third countries to enter the Schengen external borders using simplified border checks,
subject to pre-screening and vetting. It also includes an Entry/Exit System (EES) to record the
time and place of entry and exit of third country nationals. Modernising these systems also
ensures greater security, by preventing irregular border crossings and detecting those who
overstay.
An estimated 5 million legitimate non-EU travellers will make use of this system each year.
8.Conclusion and USPs
eGate technology, such as the EasyPASS system, offers all stakeholders benefits, including
speed, security and cost effectiveness. Because everyone stands to benefit, the number of ABC
systems is expected to increase dramatically over the next decade.
8.1 ADVANTAGES FOR THE BORDER POLICE
Border police need to ensure a nation’s borders are secure while enabling passengers to travel
quickly through checkpoints. With its reliance on a multitude of technologies including
biometrics, smart cards and secure printing, the EasyPASS system offers superior levels of
security that can be easily and quickly ramped up – or turned down – to cope with changing
security situations and throughput requirements. What’s more, it can be easily adapted to cope
with peak periods – such as during international sports events, particularly football
tournaments, where authorities may prefer to process suspected hooligans manually. This
enables them to handle increased passenger numbers, deal with travellers who may be of
interest to the authorities, and not have to spend time and money training more border guards
who would be required for only a short period of time.
To achieve this superior level of security, the system doesn’t take any short cuts. It fully
examines each passport to see whether it is genuine and to verify that the person holding the
document is who they claim to be. Unlike manual border control, the system doesn’t get bored or
distracted, so the 50th document in a morning will be examined as carefully as the first. This
gives border control officials the chance to focus on identity theft, document fraud and the
associated risk of terrorist attacks, and much greater control over who crosses the border.
29
In turn this leads to significant advantages for border guards:
•
•
•
•
Improved throughput
Tightened security
A system that is adaptable to changing needs
The deployment of personnel that can be focused on examination and not on waiting
for document readers and background systems to work.
8.2 ADVANTAGES FOR THE TR AVELLER
The last thing that a traveller wants to do when they arrive at an airport is join a long queue to
get their documents checked. Any system that speeds up their border crossing experience, is
easy and convenient to use, is less stressful, gives them more time to use airport services, and
leads to shorter queues and transfer times is going to get their thumbs up. And as the popularity
of air travel increases – and passenger numbers grow – it is becoming increasingly important
to aim for faster processing and keep such queues in check.
What is equally important is that travellers’ legitimate concerns about security and privacy
protection are taken seriously. The EasyPASS solution has been designed so that no
unnecessary data is generated and/or processed, providing travellers with the confidence that
their privacy is being respected.
8.3 ADVANTAGES FOR THE AIRPORT
Airports look for many ways to stay competitive: top class facilities, great retail outlets and fast
security control procedure are all factors that influence a passenger’s decision of which one to
choose. Faster processing times improve throughput and can make the airport more
competitive. Additionally, shorter queues make travellers happier and the airport more
attractive. Plus smaller queues mean more space for retail outlets and greater revenue for the
airport.
8.4 ADVANTAGES FOR THE AIRLINE
The hugely competitive airline industry recognises that having dropped prices as low as
possible, another way that they can attract customers is to fly to destinations that offer
quick and convenient processes that make journeys easier. Passengers don’t want to travel to
airports that have reputations for long queues at border control that snake out through the
arrivals halls. What’s more, airlines want to do everything they can to ensure their passengers
can easily connect between flights. Faster processing is an important tool in reducing the risk
of missing connecting flights.
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8.5 IMPORTANT FEATURES
8.5.1SECURIT Y
Governments, airports, airline operators, border control officials and passengers are more
confident if there are high levels of security at border control. The EasyPASS system has been
designed to major on security and privacy without forgetting some of the other important
attributes that are required for a successful border control system. It offers automatic
verification of optical security features, electronic security chips, MRZ checks, pattern checking
under different types of light and security paper checks. It also supports the latest security
standards for chip reading, including BAC, EAC and SAC, and offers a continuously updated back
document database.
8.5.2 EASE OF USE
eGate systems such as EasyPASS make use of innovative user interface concepts that are
designed to make it easier and more convenient for travellers to use the system – regardless
of what language they speak, their nationality, age or educational background. In fact, detailed
graphical feedback at the document reader makes the most complicated task easy. This ease
of use helps ensure that the system offers a speedy border experience for travellers.
8.5.3SPEED
The EasyPASS system is based on a new two-step eGate concept. Both steps – document
verification and biometric face recognition – can be performed simultaneously by two different
travellers. This approach can increase throughput by 50% compared with other eGate solutions.
The EasyPASS system’s focus on optimal passenger flow has resulted in an impressive average
pass-through time of less than 18 seconds.
8.5.4CONTROL
EasyPASS can be controlled centrally. This means that border authorities retain autonomy over
the whole process and have a good overview at all times. The system’s decision rules can be
changed according to the situation in hand, and the centralised background system can be
easily adapted to changing needs. This means that the traditional, more basic fixed set of rules
no longer needs to be applied to ABC systems. As a result, control rules can be easily adapted for
each gate, gate group, airport and even nationally.
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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT:
Frank Steffens
Senior Product Manager
secunet Security Networks AG
Kronprinzenstraße 30
D-45128 Essen
Phone: +49 (0) 201-54 54-30 14
E-mail:[email protected]
Christoph Maggioni
Senior Dircector Marketing Verification
Bundesdruckerei GmbH
Kommandantenstraße 18
D-10969 Berlin
Phone: + 49 (0) 30-25 98-033 76
E-mail:[email protected]
www.secunet.com
www.bundesdruckerei.de
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