Why negative interest rates are not a solution for Japan or

Why negative interest rates are not a solution for
Japan or the eurozone
16 May 2016
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John Greenwood
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Two types of quantitative easing (QE) implemented
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Two types of QE operation
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Spain: Composition of commercial bank assets (Eur bn)
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Summary and conclusion
Ÿ
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John Greenwood
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ƂƇÊ';SÊƃƁƂƇ
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Important information
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