THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF
BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
Ten years evolution decrypted
THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
Many economic and public stakeholders are questioning about the economic reality of bio-based
products. A number of studies published on this topic in recent years were about markets and
prospects for development, but only a few were intended to provide a report on the evolution of
technologies, stakeholders, various molecules developed and produced, pilots and industrial
units, production capacities, together with a dynamic analysis over the last decade.
This study, carried out by the IAR cluster's experts brings this decoding and this vision of
dynamics, which are essential for understanding this market.
“The international overview of bio-based chemical building blocks" (330 pages) presents over the last
ten years :
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•
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A comprehensive overview on the evolution of :
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biomass used
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technologies and transformation pathways
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number of pilot and industrial units, and their capacities
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strategic strengths
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52 analysed molecules
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300 identified stakeholders
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39 analyzed « joint-ventures »
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97 identified technology and business partnerships
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A complete file on 5 emerging molecules
This study, which is based on an analysis of the ten past years, answers the following questions:
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What are the new trends in the use of biomass?
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Which type of technology is emerging?
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Who are the stakeholders of bio-based chemistry and what are their dynamics?
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What are the industrial strategies?
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Which molecules will be emerging within the next five years?
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
Methodology
The study is based on an database established from information collected mainly on specialized sites
and TREMPLIN, the tool dedicated to the bioeconomy developed by the IAR cluster. This database
contains information on the raw materials used and the types of biomass, conversion processes,
stakeholders, their businesses, their nationalities, partnerships, joint-ventures, production (capacity,
geographical locations, starting dates, maturity stages, expected changes), targeted markets.
From these elements, graphic analyzes have been performed, putting into perspective the evolution of
plant-based chemistry chain over the past decade.
The selection of 52 studied molecules was determined by the amount of available information and
their representation in the sector of plant-based chemistry, estimated by TREMPLIN and reference
institutional studies. The study thus covers a wide range of types of produced biomolecules.
Within the study, five molecules have been identified as "promising" and deeply analyzed in folders
including: application markets, competing processing pathways and technologies, production
capacities and geographical positions, stakeholders’ strategies and their positioning on the value
chain.
With this scope of study and an exhaustive monitoring of producers and providers of technologies,
the international overview of bio-based chemical building blocks is a tool for strategic decisions.
This study confirms the macroeconomic evolution of this market, and makes the bio-economy a
reality.
A study by the IAR Cluster
The IAR Cluster is a biorefinery cluster, in the heart of bio-based chemistry
and industrial biotechnologies. The IAR cluster aims to enhance plant
innovation in favour of practical industrial applications. IAR has more than
280 members representing the entire industry value chain.
To fulfil its tasks, the IAR cluster has implemented a service of competitive
intelligence (CI) intended to identify, analyse and disseminate information
among the cluster's members. This service draws on a collaborative intelligence platform, dedicated to
bio-based chemistry. The tool includes more than 9,700 resources (patents, news, reports, and
projects).
Using its experience, the CI service of the IAR cluster, whose customers include large industrial
groups, proposes to carry out multi-client or customized and tailor-made studies (prior patent search,
state of the art, feasibility study) in the field of bioeconomy.
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
The 52 studied molecules
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1,2-Propanediol
1,3-Propanediol (complete file)
1,4-Butanediol (complete file)
2,5-Furanedicarboxylic acid (complete file)
3- Hydroxypropanoic acid
5-Hydroxy-methyl-furfural (complete file)
Acetic acid
Acrylic acid
Adipic acid
Aspartic acid
Azelaïc acid
Butadiene
Epichlorhydrin
Fumaric acid
Ethanol (2G)
Ethylene
Furfural
Glucaric acid
Glutamic acid
Glycerol
Glycolic acid
Isobutanol
Isocyanate
Isoprene
Isosorbide
Itaconic acid
Map of Production sites of levulinic acid
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Lactic acid
Levulinic acid (complete file)
Lysin
Malic acid
Methyl methacrylate
Methanol
Methionine
Monoethylene glycol
n-butanol
Paraxylene
Pelargonic acid
Polyamides
Polybutylene succinate
Polyethylene
Polyhydroxyalcanoates
Polylactic acid
Polyols (for PUs)
Polypropylene
Polytrimethylene terephthalate
Polyurethans
Propylene
Sebacic acid
Sorbitol
Succinic acid
Terephtalic acid
Xylitol
Fact sheet
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
Table of content
Part I – Ten years evolution decrypted
1
Introduction
1.1
Objectives of the study
1.2
Methodology
1.3
Studied molecules
1.4
Positioning of the study
2
Raw material in plant-based chemistry
2.1
Global context
2.2
Characterization of the various biomasses
2.2.1
The biomass sugar / starch
2.2.2
The lignocellulosic biomass
2.2.3
The biomass from oilseeds and protein crops
2.2.4
The other renewable raw materials
2.3
Diversification of the biomass
2.3.1
Case of 2G ethanol
2.3.2
Case of methanol
2.3.3
Type of biomass and evolution of the production capacities of the studied molecules
Synthesis on the biomass part
Fig. 17: Evolution of the use of types of biomass for production capacities of biomolecules (including 2G
ethanol and glycerol)
Production capacity (t/y)
2.4
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
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Conversion processes of biomass
3.1
Biorefinery concept
3.2
Conversion pathways specific to types of biomasses
3.2.1
Conversion of carbohydrates
3.2.2
Conversion of proteins
3.2.3
Conversion of triglycerides
3.2.4
Towards an optimal use of biomass
3.3
Global evolution of the transformation processes
3.3.1
Evolutions compared by the various conversion pathways
3.3.2
Both possible approaches for the transformation of the biomass
3.4
Processes and conversion pathways according to molecules
3.4.1
Overview of the transformation pathways used per molecules
3.4.2
Molecules obtained by biotechnological transformation
3.4.3
Molecules obtained by chemical transformation
3.4.4
Molecules obtained by biotechnological or chemical transformation
3.4.5
Molecules obtained by chemical or thermochemical transformation
3.4.6
Molecules obtained by biotechnological or chemical or thermochemical transformation
3.5
Synthesis on processes and conversion pathways
Number of units
Fig. 24: Stage of development of production units according to the types of transformation pathways
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
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Production capacities
4.1
Global evolution of production capacities
4.2
Geographical characterization of the global production
4.2.1
Asia, the manufacturing place of the mature molecules
4.2.2
North America, the place for emerging molecules
4.2.3
Europe, the laboratory for plant-based chimistry
4.3
Evolution of production capacities per molecule
Molecules historically produced from biomass
Emerging molecules with a possible maturation on the horizon 2020-2030
Molecules in development
4.4
Stage of development of the various production units
4.5
Summary of production capacity: positioning of molecules
4.5.1
Molecules with mature markets
4.5.2
Molecules being consolidated on the horizon 2020
4.5.3
Molecules with high potential emerging in 2020
4.5.4
Molecules with high potential emerging on the horizon 2020-2025
4.5.5
Molecules in development
Fig. 45: Compared commercial potentials of bio-based chemical building blocks
Succinic acid
Current addressable market
penetration of the molecule
Development stage
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
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Strategies of stakeholders
5.1
Different strategies according to the original activity of the stakeholders
5.1.1
Strategies of agribusiness companies
5.1.2
Strategies of chemists
5.1.3
Strategies of biotechnological companies
5.2
Trends and developments in partnerships
5.2.1
A majority of partnerships dedicated to the production
5.2.2
Partnerships for the development of new processes
5.2.3
Supply partnerships to overcome the drawbacks of an emerging market
5.2.4
Seeking opportunities through the development of application products
5.2.5
Partnerships increasingly turned to markets
Fig. 46: Distribution of types of partnerships
5.3
Positioning of stakeholders
5.3.1
Amino acids
5.3.2
Organic acids
5.3.3
Alkenes
5.3.4
Alcohols
5.3.5
Aldehydes
5.3.6
Aromatics
5.3.7
Esters
5.3.8
Polyurethane chemistry
5.3.9
Organochlorinated molecules
5.3.9
Triglycerides / Fatty acids
Fig 55: Stakeholders positioned on the studied organic acids with the
associated cumulative production capacities (tonnes per year)
Information sheet on joint-ventures
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
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Molecules and polymers considered to be of interest in the coming years
6.1
1,4-Butanediol
6.1.1
Application markets
6.1.2
Technologies and processes in competition
6.1.3
Production capacities
6.1.4
Positioning and strategies of stakeholders
6.2
Levulinic acid
6.2.1
Application markets
6.2.2
Technologies and processes in competition
6.2.3
Production capacities
6.2.4
Positioning and strategies of stakeholders
6.3
1,3-Propanediol
6.3.1
Application markets
6.3.2
Technologies and processes in competition
6.3.3
Production capacities
6.3.4
Positioning and strategies of stakeholders
6.4
2,5-Furanedicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA)
6.4.1
Application markets
6.4.2
Technologies and processes in competition
6.4.3
Production capacities
6.4.4
Positioning and strategies of stakeholders
6.5
5-Hydroxy-methyl-furfural (5-HMF)
6.5.1
Application markets
6.5.2
Technologies and processes in competition
6.5.3
Production capacities
6.5.4
Positioning and strategies of stakeholders
7
General conclusion
8
Appendices
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
Part II – Descriptive sheets of studied molecules
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
Tables and figures
Number
Title
Fig. 1
Study methodology
Fig. 2
List of studied molecules
Fig. 3
Molecules retained in the DOE and GREEN CHEMISTRY reports
Fig. 4
Distribution in the use of forestry and agricultural biomass worldwide
Fig. 5
Percentage of non-food use of biomass in the EU 27
Fig. 6
Categorization of biomass
Fig. 7
Share of carbohydrate utilization in industry (EU 27-2007)
Fig. 8
Origin of biomass sugar / starch in industry (EU 27-2007)
Fig. 9
Evolution of production capacities for molecules produced exclusively from carbohydrate sources
Fig. 10
Composition of lignocellulosic biomass
Fig. 11
Evolution of production capacities for molecules produced exclusively from lignocellulosic sources
Fig. 12
Industrial use of biomass from oilseeds and protein crops EU 27-2007
Fig. 13
Evolution of production capacities for molecules produced exclusively from oilseeds
Fig. 14
Evolution of production capacities for molecules produced from oilseeds or carbohydrate sources
Fig. 15
Evolution of 2G ethanol production capacities depending on the type of biomass used
Fig. 16
Evolution of methanol production capacities depending on the type of biomass used
Fig. 17
Evolution of the use of types of biomass for production capacities of biomolecules (including 2G ethanol
and glycerol)
Fig. 18
Evolution of the use of types of biomass for production capacities of biomolecules (excluding 2G ethanol
and glycerol)
Fig. 19
Value chain of biomass
Fig. 20
Value chain of biorefinery
Fig. 21
Detailed representation of the value chain of biomass conversion into an integrated biorefinery
Fig. 22
Biomass components
Fig. 23
Example of primary processing methods for each type of biomass
Fig. 24
Stage of development of production units according to the types of transformation pathways
Fig. 25
List of molecules and the corresponding transformation pathways
Fig. 26
Evolution of the production capacities for molecules produced exclusively by biotechnology conversion
Fig. 27
Details of the processes used for molecules produced exclusively by biotechnology conversion
Fig. 28
Evolution of the production capacities for molecules produced exclusively by chemical conversion
Fig. 29
Details of the processes used for molecules produced exclusively by chemical conversion
Fig. 30
Evolution of the production capacities for molecules produced exclusively by biotechnological or
chemical conversions
Fig. 31
Details of the processes used for molecules produced exclusively by biotechnological or chemical
conversions
Fig. 32
Evolution of the production capacities for molecules produced exclusively by chemical or
thermochemical conversions
Fig. 33
Details of the processes used for molecules produced exclusively by chemical or thermochemical
conversions
Fig. 34
Details of the processes used for molecules produced exclusively by biotechnological or chemical or
thermochemical conversions
Fig. 35
Evolution of production capacities of bio-based molecules over 20 years
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
Fig. 36
Number of new commercial production units in 2020
Fig. 37
New pilot and demonstration units to 2020
Fig. 38
Geographical distribution of production capacities for the period 2001-2010
Fig. 39
Geographical distribution of production capacities for the period 2011-2014
Fig. 40
Distribution of pilot / demonstrator / commercial units in North America and Europe
Fig. 41
Production capacities per molecules to 2020
Fig. 42
Classification of emerging molecules
Fig. 43
Current stage of development of production units per molecules
Fig. 44
Stage of development of production units per molecules to 2020
Fig. 45
Compared commercial potentials of bio-based chemical building blocks
Fig. 46
Distribution of types of partnerships
Fig. 47
Number and type of partnerships by year
Fig. 48
Number and type of partnerships by year (period 2007-2014)
Fig. 49
Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the studied amino acids
Fig. 50
Stakeholders positioned on the studied amino acids with the associated cumulative production
capacities (tonnes per year)
Fig. 51
Partnerships on the studied amino acids
Fig. 52
Joint-ventures on the studied amino acids
Fig. 53
Details on joint-ventures on the studied amino acids
Fig. 54
Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the studied organic acids
Fig. 55
Stakeholders positioned on the studied organic acids with the associated cumulative production
capacities (tonnes per year)
Fig. 56
Partnerships on the studied organic acids
Fig. 57
Joint-ventures on the studied amino acids and associated polymers
Fig. 58
Details on joint-ventures on the studied amino acids and associated polymers
Fig. 59
Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the studied alkenes
Fig. 60
Stakeholders positioned on the studied alkenes with the associated cumulative production capacities
(tonnes per year)
Fig. 61
Partnerships on the studied alkenes
Fig. 62
Joint-ventures on the studied alkenes
Fig. 63
Details on joint-ventures on the studied alkenes
Fig. 64
Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the studied alcohols
Fig. 65
Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the studied alcohols (excluding 2G ethanol)
Fig. 66
Stakeholders positioned on the studied alcohols with the associated cumulative production capacities
(tonnes per year)
Fig. 67
Partnerships on the studied alcohols
Fig. 68
Joint-ventures on the studied alcohols
Fig. 69
Details on joint-ventures on the studied alcohols
Fig. 70
Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the studied aldehydes
Fig. 71
Stakeholders positioned on the studied aldehydes with the associated cumulative production capacities
(tonnes per year)
Fig. 72
Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the studied aromatics
Fig. 73
Stakeholders positioned on the studied aromatics with the associated cumulative production capacities
(tonnes per year)
Fig. 74
Partnerships on the studied aromatics
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
Fig. 75
Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the studied esters
Fig. 76
Stakeholders positioned on the studied esters with the associated cumulative production capacities
(tonnes per year)
Fig. 77
Stakeholders positioned on the polyurethane chemistry with the associated cumulative production
capacities (tonnes per year)
Fig. 78
Partnerships on the studied polymers
Fig. 79
Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the studied organochlorinated molecules
Fig. 80
Stakeholders positioned on the studied organochlorinated molecules with the associated cumulative
production capacities (tonnes per year)
Fig. 81
Partnerships on the studied organochlorinated molecules
Fig. 82
Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the studied triglycerides / fatty acids
Fig. 83
Stakeholders positioned on the studied triglycerides / fatty acids with the associated cumulative
production capacities (tonnes per year)
Fig. 84
Partnerships on the studied polymers
Fig. 85
Joint-ventures on the studied triglycerides / fatty acids
Fig. 86
Details on joint-ventures on the studied triglycerides / fatty acids
Fig. 87
Addressable market of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol in value
Fig. 88
Addressable market of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol in volume
Fig. 89
Distribution of 1,4-Butanediol market by application
Fig. 90
Producers of PBT
Fig. 91
Production pathways of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol
Fig. 92
Map of production units of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol
Fig. 93
Positioning of the stakeholders on the value chain of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol
Fig. 94
Highlights for the company Myriant concerning the 1,4-butanediol
Fig. 95
Highlights for the company BioAmber concerning the 1,4-butanediol
Fig. 96
Highlights for the company Genomatica concerning the 1,4-butanediol
Fig. 97
Firms filing patent(s) for the production of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol the last ten years
Fig. 98
Levulinic acid market in volume
Fig. 99
Derivatives of levulinic acid and corresponding markets
Fig. 100
Indirect pathways for the synthesis of levulinic acid
Fig. 101
Production pathways of bio-based levulinic acid
Fig. 102
Map of production units of bio-based levulinic acid
Fig. 103
Positioning of the stakeholders on the value chain of bio-based levulinic acid
Fig. 104
Highlights for the company Segetis concerning the levulinic acid
Fig. 105
Highlights for the company Biofine concerning the levulinic acid
Fig. 106
Highlights for the company DSM concerning the levulinic acid
Fig. 107
Firms filing patent(s) for the production of bio-based levulinic acid the last ten years
Fig. 108
Cost and demand (fossil-based and bio-based) of 1,3-Propanediol
Fig. 109
Consumption of 1,3-Propanediol by applications for the period 2012-2019 (tons)
Fig. 110
Production processes for 1,3-Propanediol
Fig. 111
Production process cost of 1,3-Propanediol in 2010
Fig. 112
Map of production units of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol
Fig. 113
Positioning of the stakeholders on the value chain of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol
Fig. 114
Highlights for the company Dupont Tate & Lyle concerning the 1,3-Propanediol
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
Fig. 115
Highlights for the company Metabolic Explorer concerning the 1,3-Propanediol
Fig. 116
Highlights for the company Zhangjiagang Glory Biomaterial concerning the 1,3-Propanediol
Fig. 117
Firms filing patent(s) for the production of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol the last ten years
Fig. 118
Volumes of addressable markets 2,5-FDCA based on the 2011 market size
Fig. 119
Map of production units of 2,5-Furanedicarboxylic acid
Fig. 120
Positioning of the stakeholders on the value chain of 2,5-Furanedicarboxylic acid
Fig. 121
Firms filing patent(s) for the production of bio-based 2,5-Furanedicarboxylic acid the last ten years
Fig. 122
Number of publications on 5-Hydroxy-methyl-furfural
Fig. 123
Details on production processes for 5-Hydroxy-methyl-furfural
Fig. 124
Map of production units of 5-Hydroxy-methyl-furfural
Fig. 125
Firms filing patent(s) for the production of bio-based 5-Hydroxy-methyl-furfural the last ten years
Fig. 126
Ways of valuation of lignocellulose
Fig. 127
Conversion of lignocellulose
Fig. 128
Strategy of triglycerides conversion into commodities chemical molecules
Fig. 129
Production of chemical intermediates from glycerol
Fig. 130
Production of commodities chemical intermediates from glutamic acid and from lysin
Fig. 131
Stages of valuation of the biomass
Fig. 132
Details on current pretreatment methodes
Fig. 133
From biomass to fossil-based hydrocarbons
Fig. 134
Bio-based commodities chemical intermediates produced by fermentation
Fig. 135
Bio-based production of furfural and 5-HMF
Fig. 136
Catalytic conversion of 5-HMF in many chemical intermediates
Fig. 137
The chloromethylfurfural forming reactions
Fig. 138
Hydrogenation of levulinic acid into valerolactone
Fig. 139
Oxidation of glucose into glucaric acid
Fig. 140
Production of isosorbide from glucose
Fig. 141
Production pathways for bio-based PET
Fig. 142
Production pathways for bio-based PEF
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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
« Specimen » - December 2014
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