Entry into WWI - Review
• Long term causes of WWI
– Nationalism: *Serbian nationalist killed archduke Ferdinand.
Ethnic groups want their own countries (conflict). Competition
between nations (expansionist)
– Militarism: getting ready for war (building up military = arms
race)
– Imperialism: Competition between European states for colonies
and political power (pride in your countries colonies)
Short-Term Causes
Spark = The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (war between AH and Serbia but Alliance system turns this into a world war).
Austria’s response (demand that Serbia allow A-H to take over
country – ultimatum) Serbian’s response (give into some of the
demands… but not all) = A-H goes to war w/ Serbia
Britain (declares war b/c Germany invades France through
Belgium)
Immediate Effects
1. A generation of Europeans are
killed or wounded
2. Dynasties fall in Germany,
Austria- Hungary, and Russia
3. New Countries are Created
4. The League of Nations is
established to help promote peace
Long-Term Effects
1. Many nations feel bitter and betrayed by the peace
settlements
2. Problems that helped cause the war – nationalism,
competition - remain
Issues after WW1
Issue
Versailles Treaty Settlement
Problems
War Debt
Because of the treaty, the new
German Republic (Weimar Republic)
had to make large payments for
WW1
These payments would hurt an
already damaged German
economy. Creates Inflation &
government instability
Fear of German
Strength
The treaty limited the size of the
German military, blamed them for
war, restricted them economically…
Germans resented the treaty
demands. Believe their gov’t
betrayed them (stabbed in the
back theory)
(420 passages in the treaty – 414 deal with
punishing Germany)
Nationalism
The treaty created new states (many Some ethnic groups became
in Eastern Europe)
unwanted minorities in the new
states – led to ethnic conflict
Colonies and other
non-European
countries
The treaty created a system of
mandates - (victors govern former
German & Ottoman territories, goal
= eventual independence)
League of Nations
The treaty established the League of The United States did not join,
Nations
thereby weakening the League’s
power.
Resistance to colonial rule grows
when war service failed to
improve treatment of colonies
Russia
What are the causes of the Russian
Revolution?
Why was Russia such a hard country to rule in 1900?
Why did a series of Revolutions begin in Russia?
Russia 1900-1924
Russia:
•6.5 million sq mi. – 1.8 times the size of
the US
•11 different time zones.
•Beyond the Ural Mountains, Russia
was a wild place with frontier
settlements.
•150 million people but 50% were
not ethnic Russians, (Ukrainians,
Poles, Armenians, etc..)
•Petrograd and Moscow undergo
industrialization but majority of
country Rural farmland.
•The factory workers lived in
filthy, crowded, disease-ridden
dormitories near the cities.
•Peasants lived in wood and straw
houses, slept on beds of straw and
wore coarse woollen shirts. The
poorest had sandals made of tree
bark.
An overview
Population
-4 out of 5 Russians were
peasants. They had a hard
life and there was often
starvation and disease.
-Nobles made up 1% of the
population but owned
almost 25% of the land.
-If peasants protested
(for example during
famines), the Tsar would
use his feared Cossack
soldiers against them.
Siberia
Extremely cold (up to –60 degrees C). Very large.
Huge natural resources but very small population. The
rulers of Russia traditionally sent any person who
opposed them to Siberia.
How does WWI make it even harder to
Rule Russia?
Russia suffered over 9 million total casualties
during the war.
During the attempted invasion of Germany
early in the war Russia lost almost a quarter of
a million men. During one part of the battle the
Second Army was surrounded and only 10,000
of the 150,000 Russian soldiers managed to
escape. The General of the 2nd Army was so
shocked by the outcome he committed suicide.
Russia’s less developed industrial base and
ineffective military leadership led to defeat
after defeat causing the Russian army to
retreat into Russia territory by 1915. Russia's
poor roads and railways made the effective
deployment of these soldiers difficult.
Back to the
Russia map
What are the Attributes of a Great Tsar (Leader)
Was Nicholas II a good ruler of Russia?
Against
For
Sources:
Sources:
Russian Revolution
• How did World War 1 help cause the Russian
Revolution?
- Russia entered the WWI with the largest army in the world, when fully mobilized
the Russian army stood at over 5 million soldiers (though at the outset of war Russia
could not arm all its soldiers, having only 4.6 million rifles).
- Russia suffered over 9 million casualties during the war. Nearly 4 million Russian
soldiers were held as POWs
-Economically Russia was 8 Trillion Rubles in debt and inflation soared.
- In 1916, food prices accelerated and many workers could no longer afford grain for
bread.
Quick Review of Marx & Communism
• Goals of Marxism – a society in which all people are
socially and economically equal
• Why is there a struggle? –
– The Proletariat (workers) want more money
– The Bourgeoisie (owners) want more money
• Result of struggle? – The Proletariat will rise up and
overthrow the Bourgeoisie to create a Communist
society…. But does this happen?
1922 – Lenin
established the Union
of Soviet Socialist
Republics under the
control of the
Communist Party
1929 – Stalin
became the
sole ruler
of the USSR
and created a
totalitarian state
1900 – Tsar
Nicholas II
ruled over the
Russian
Empire with
absolute power
1904 – Russia suffered
humiliating defeats
in a war against Japan
which led to protests and
calls for reform
1918 - 1921 –
Bolsheviks (Reds)
fought and won a civil
war against the White
armies
Nov 1917 – Lenin
and the Bolsheviks
took control in
Petrograd and
ended the republic
1905 – After Bloody
Sunday, Nicholas II
agreed to allow a
Duma, or legislature
for the people
March 1917 –
Revolts in Petrograd
forced the Tsar
to abdicate and a
provisional republic
was established
1914 – Russia entered
WWI and quickly
suffered heavy losses
in major defeats to
Germany along the
Eastern Front.
Street demonstration, Petrograd, 18 June 1917. The banner in the foreground
reads "Down With The 10 Capitalist Ministers/ All Power To The Soviets Of
Workers', Soldiers', And Peasants' Deputies/ And To The Socialist Ministers/
[We Demand That Nicholas II Be Transferred To The Peter-Paul Fortress."
Petrograd, 4 July 1917. Street demonstration on Nevsky Prospekt just after
troops of the Provisional Government have opened fire with machine guns.
Do Pictures Always Tell the Truth?
What are the characteristics of Stalin’s
Autocratic State?
Stalin’s Autocratic state is
NOT Communism.
• He creates what he
calls a “Dictatorship of
the Proletariat” in
which violence is
needed to put down
the enemies of the new
state.
• Watch the video and
take notes on what
Stalin’s USSR was like.
Joseph Stalin
The man and the myth
The Myth
Reality
• http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=gSW2sRKgLwo
Russia under Communism
• 1918 onwards: The
Communists change
Russia. For example,
some Russians get
electricity for the 1st
time.
• 1926: Stalin comes to
power. Huge statues of
him are put up, leading
his people to victory!
Summarizing Russia to the USSR
Ch 26, Sec 5 and Ch 28, Sec 4
1. Russia under the Tsar (during WWI) –
2. Russia under Communist Rule –
Terms: (28/4)
• Command Economy
• Kulaks
• Gulag
• Russification
28-4: Russia Under Stalin
Five Year Plans
Stalin ended Lenin’s
compromise with
capitalism and created a
command economy
Industrial growth
increased dramatically
but did not reach Stalin’s
high goals
Stalin’s agricultural
collectivization did not
improve production, led
to famine and an
estimated 10 million
deaths
Methods of Control
Daily Life
Stalin terrorized his
people and eliminated his
enemies with the Cheka,
the Gulags in Siberia, and
the purges of the
Communist Party
Leaders of the Communist
Party were part of the
new elite social class
Provided free services
such as free schools, job
training, and medical care
Propaganda created a cult
of personality for Stalin
Standard of living was low
but unemployment
Russification of other
problems of the Great
nations in the Soviet
Depression were avoided
Union
Women gained equal
State suppression of and rights under the law and
attacks on religions
helped the economy grow
Interwar Years
1919 - 1939
The Interwar Years 1918 - 1939
• "It was an age of miracles, it was an age of
art, it was an age of excess and it was an age
of satire."
• "Echoes of the Jazz Age" an article written by
F. Scott Fitzgerald published in Scribner's
Magazine in November 1931
When we discuss Social History, What
do we talk about?
• Population, culture, family
organization and family life,
migration and immigration,
entertainment, humor, art,
architecture,
fashion, style, philosophy, etc…
Social
Economic
Political
Demographics
Social
1. More people
move from
rural to urban
areas
What’s demographics?
- The characteristics of a population group
- Changes in Demographics sets the stage for social
change in the 1920’s
Economic
1. Rural – urban
economic gap
widens
(Reactions against the
Jazz Age: In US Christian
fundamentalism sweeps
through rural areas)
• More people move from rural to
urban areas
– Why? (What are in the cities?)
Changes- Examine the consequences of WWI
Before the War
Social
2. Many young people
rejected traditional values
3. Popular culture spreads
Changes in fashion women began to wear
more comfortable clothes
(such as short skirts or
trousers).
- Men likewise abandoned
overly formal clothes and
began to wear sport
clothes for the first time.
The suits men wear today
are still based on those of
the 1920s
After the War
Change in the Interwar Years
Economic
2. New products
developed that
change daily life
and create a
consumer culture
– Zippers, flavored yogurts, Push-button
elevators, Dry Ice, Electric Razors, Water
Skiing, Oven thermostats, Neon Signs,
Pop-up toasters, Car radios, Tissues,
Food disposals, Spiral notebooks,
Adhesive tape…
Changes in Women’s Roles
Social
3. Flappers influence
women’s fashion and
behavior
Economic
3. More women enter
the work force. WHY?
a. Needed the money
(consumer culture
b. Wanted to establish
financial
independence
Political
1. Women’s gain the
vote (1920 US, 1921
England, not till
1944! In France) and
gradually influenced
politics
Changes in Lifestyle
Refrigerators,
washing
machines, and
vacuums appear
in 1920s
households
Social
Economic
4. New inventions and
technology Changes:
a. Household daily life
b. Increased access to
news/ info
c. A “national culture”
emerges.
Motion pictures were popular,
radio played music and
“shows”
Automobiles increase
people’s mobility
How do you think the
automobile changes
youth culture? What
did it allow people to
do?
Changes in Art
Social
5. Artists move away from
Realism to more abstract
forms
6. Architecture blends
technology with design (art
deco)
7. Artists experiment with
new types of literature (Lost
Generation)
8. Jazz Emerges
9. African American literature
flowers in Harlem
Renaissance
Changes in Art and Music
• ‘Jazz’ emerges
 Blending of Western harmonies
with African rhythms
• Many young people reject
traditional values and
embrace the ‘Jazz Culture’
– Rebellion against tradition
– establishment of a youth
culture
• Harlem Renaissance
– African Americans cultural
movement that spanned the
1920s and 1930s
Consequences of Social Changes
New Art Forms and the Lost Generation
“We are the hollow men
We are the stuffed men
Leaning together
Headpiece filled with straw. Alas!
Our dried voices, when
We whisper together
Are quiet and meaningless
As wind in dry grass
Or rats’ feet over broken glass
In our dry cellar
Shape without form, shade without colour,
Paralysed force, gesture without motion;
Those who have crossed
With direct eyes, to death’s other
Kingdom
Remember us—if at all—not as lost
Violent souls, but only
As the hollow men
The stuffed men.”
Excerpt from “The Hollow Men”
by T.S. Eliot (1925)
What effect did World
War I have on art
movements?
The Lost Generation – After the War
“Every man becomes civilized
between the ages of 18 and 23.
If he does not go through a
civilizing experience at that time
of his life, he will not become a
civilized man. The men who
went to war at 18 missed the
civilizing…All you young people
who served in the war are a lost
generation. You have no respect
for anything. You drink
yourselves to death.”
– Gertrude Stein on the American
expatriate writers living in Paris
after World War I
- Members of the Lost Generation writers include:
T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, e.e. cummings, John Dos
Passos, William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and
Ernest Hemingway. Many left the US & moved to
Paris. Exposed the Horrors of War, the
disillusionment & moral breakdown of scoeity
- Art and writing took on more modern attributes
(ie: Cubism, abstract, Dada, Surrealism)
Prohibition and the Law
Social
Economic
Political
2. In US – Prohibition
(18th amendment
1920-33) helps create
organized crime
Changes in Science
Social
Economic
4. New Scientific Theories
a. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity (discovery of
atomic fission  atomic bomb)
b. Discovery of Penicillin
c. Sigmund Freud studied how the mind works
1. Many young people rejected
traditional values
2. Popular culture spreads
3. Flappers influence women’s fashion
and behavior
4. Artists move away from Realism to
more abstract forms
Social
5. Architecture blends technology with
design (art deco)
6. Artists experiment with new types
of literature
7. Jazz Emerges
8. African American literature flowers
in Harlem Renaissance
Political
Economic
1. New products developed that change daily life
and create a consumer culture
2. More women enter the work force. WHY?
a. Needed the money (consumer culture
b. Wanted to establish financial independence
1. Women’s gain the vote
(1920 US, 1921 England, not
till 1944! In France) and
gradually influences politics
2. In US – Prohibition (18th
amendment 1920-33) helps
create organized crime
Postwar Issues
Country
Politics
Foreign Policy
Economics
Britain
France
United States
As a Group: Examine the postwar issues that Britain, France, and the United States faced.
Tasks –
1. Each member of your group is responsible for one of the countries. Read the excerpt
on your country and analysis what issues your assigned country struggled with.
2. As a group discuss what you have found and complete your tables
Examine the Post War Challenges of
Britain, France and the United States
Tasks:
1. Get into your assigned groups and read the excerpt on either Britain, France or the United States.
2. Summarize the main points of each paragraph and determine the Political, Foreign Policy and Economic Issues that each nation was facing.
3. As a group fill in your notes chart in your packet on page 9 (Postwar Issues)
Country
Politics
Foreign Policy
Economic
Britain
Labor party
surpassed liberal
party
Conservative party
held power during
1920
Wanted to change
the treaty (too harsh
on Germany)
Workers strike and
Britain goes in to
debt
France
Many political
Parties
Secure borders
against Germany
Improved and low
unemployment
United States
“The Red Scare”
People rounded up
people who were
not born in the US.
Kellog Brand Pact–
‘outlaw’ war
Unemployment rates
go up, by 1938 it was
at 17%
The Great Depression – the Stock Market Crash
Stock market crash of 1929
• Stocks were growing in cost, even though their value didn’t
– (No one really looked at what the companies were earning, just
stock prices)
– Speculation was more important – people were caught up in quick
profits
• Many began to sell of stocks when they realized stocks weren’t
actually valuable
– Richest investors (who also owned companies) lost most money
•
Companies suffered
– Rich owners were pinched and had to cut back costs (jobs)
– Working class people lost jobs & could no longer buy any goods
• Banks closed
– Working class people could not repay for goods bought on credit
– Farmers went into foreclosure when they couldn’t pay mortgages
– Loans taken to buy stocks on margin could not be repaid
• What would happen in Europe if US banks and industries failed?
The Great Depression
Causes
• Unequal distribution
of wealth
• most wealth held by 1%
• Overproduction –
Effects
• Owners lost $ in
the Crash =
Unemployment
rises
• Workers can’t afford goods
• Buying goods on credit
+Financial crisis
• Stock prices crash
• Loss of faith in
capitalism and
democracy
Reactions
• High tariffs
(taxes on trade
goods)
• Radical Ideas
take hold in
countries
hardest hit by
the depression
• Fascism and
Communism
spreads…
Explain the conditions, economic, social, and
political, that made Italians and Germans look
for strong leadership.
The Great Depression
Major causes
• America was wealthier than Europe
– Dawes Plan: America lent money to Europe to rebuild
• Helped Germany afford reparations
– Tariffs
• America blocked European goods from being bought
• Europeans bought cheap, mass produced American goods
• What would happen if the rich decided to stop
investing in businesses?
• What would happen if America could no longer lend
money to Europe?
Heinrich Hauser ‘With Germany’s Unemployed’ 1932
“An almost unbroken chain of homeless men extends the whole length of the great HamburgBerlin highway. It is the same scene for the entire 200 miles. I saw them, in groups of 50 to 100,
attacking field of potatoes, & staggering towards the lights of the city. I know what cold &hunger
are. I know what it is to spend the night outdoors or behind the thin walls a of a shack through
which the wind whistles. I have slept in holes, in haystacks, under bridges, and in the forest.”
Unemployment During the Depression
35
US
UK
Germ
Fra
30
Percent Unemployed
25
20
15
10
5
0
1926 27
28
29
30
31
32
Year
33
34
35
36
37 1938
Questions:
1. Which country had more
than 25%
unemployment during
the Great Depression?
2. Hypothesize at least two
possible reasons that
explain why Germany had
the highest
unemployment rate.
3. What sort of conditions
does the Great
Depression cause in
Germany? (use the quote
to help explain your
answer).
China and Japan…
The Interwar Years of China and Japan
How did the governments of China and Japan Change
between WWI and WWII?
• Upheaval in China
– Qing Dynasty Falls -
• Upheaval in Japan
– Hirohito becomes emperor of a more liberal
Japanese Government -
Qing Dynasty Falls
Brief History
Republic of China (1912-1949)
KMT (Kuomintang) or Nationalist Party
Chinese Civil War 1927 – 1949
Nationalist vs. Communists
(Kuomintang) vs. (Mao Zedong)
The Communist Party in control of mainland
China, The Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan
People's Republic of China (1949–present)
Attempt to modernize and impose communist
values into Chinese society
Rise of Fascists and a Totalitarian State
• Fascism: centralized,
authoritarian state that
glorifies the state and does
not value the individual
human rights
• Totalitarian state: a one
party dictatorship in which
the state controls all
aspects of society (Total
control)
The Rise of Hitler
• Why would the German people accept and
support a Fascist and Totalitarian leader like
Adolf Hitler?
Rise of Hitler
Germany (the Interwar Years)
1. Immediately after WWI,
Germany faced major
problems: political
parties argued, many
Germans disliked the
government for signing
the Treaty, need to pay
reparations drove
inflation and high
unemployment.
•
This young woman is
burning German Marks
because the paper burned
longer than the wood you
could buy with the money.
2. Hitler joined the Nazi Party
in 1919, eventually becoming
its leader. He used his own
personal fighting squad, the
Brown Shirts, to intimidate
his opponents.
3. In 1923, inspired by
Mussolini, Hitler tried to
lead an uprising in Munich
against the Weimar
government. He failed and
was sent to jail.
4. While in jail, Hitler
wrote Mein Kampf, a book
that became the basis for
Nazi Party ideas. He
blamed Jews, communists,
and businessmen for
losing WWI.
5. Hitler was released from
jail and continued to rally
supporters. Many people
joined Hitler at the beginning
of the Great Depression
because he promised jobs
and to end the Treaty.
Nazi Party Election Results
Date
Votes
Percentage Seats in
Background
of Votes
Reichstag
May 1924
1, 918,300
6.5
32 Hitler in prison
December
1924
907,300
3.0
14
May 1928
810,100
2.6
12
6,409,600
18.3
107
September
1930
Hitler is released
from prison
After the financial
crisis
July 1932
13,745,800
37.4
After Hitler was
230 candidate for
presidency
November
1932
11,737,000
33.1
196
March 1933
17,277,000
43.9
288
During Hitler's term as
Chancellor of Germany
“Our Last Hope”
6. The German government gave Hitler
the title of chancellor in 1933 because
it was thought that he could end the
fighting between parties in the
government.
7. Hitler became a dictator by
suspending rights, censoring the press,
disbanding opposition political parties,
and to killing any Nazis that may have
been disloyal. His secret police –
Gestapo – and elite troops – SS –
terrorized any opposition.
8. Hitler launched major public works projects
to put people to work making highways,
houses, or to plant forests. He also built up
weapons (against Treaty).
9. The Nazi Party and Hitler’s
government tried to bring unity in
Germany through hatred of Jews.
The Nuremberg Laws were passed to
limit the rights of Jews and Jews
were attacked during the
Kristallnacht
Nazi Propaganda
• Nazi propaganda was crucial
for their rise to power and for
the implementation of their
policies. For example:
– pursuit of total war
– the extermination of millions of
people in the Holocaust.
• Hitler wrote 2 chapters on the
necessity of propaganda in
Mein Kampf
• Propaganda messages became
the ‘official truth’ under Nazi
government
Tasks
1. Read the quote from Hitler’s Mein Kampf
and answer the questions
– Questions:
– What does Hitler believe are the essentials to
Propaganda?
– According to Hitler, why is Propaganda
necessary?
– When is Propaganda not effective?
2. Analyze the Propaganda poster using the
Analysis Worksheet
3. Once you have analyzed the posters write a
paragraph explaining how these posters
represent how Hitler used Propaganda.
– (use details from the posters and quotes from
Mein Kampf to explain your answer)
Rise of Dictators
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
On a word document, please type out the following:
Where each was from
Character traits
A picture
A quote or example of propaganda used
How did each rise to power?
What was their ideology/philosophy?
What actions did each take once in power?
Rise of Mussolini
•
When Mussolini arrived in Rome, the king of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, gave Mussolini the
job of prime minister out of fear.
•
Mussolini organized a group of followers – veterans and other angry Italians – into the
Fascist Party in 1919.
•
Italy faced numerous problems: unemployment for returning soldiers, worker strikes,
peasants seized lands, hatred for Treaty of Versailles
•
In 1929, Mussolini made a deal with the pope, Pius XI, to get support of the Catholics. The
Church would get an independent Vatican in return for supporting Mussolini.
•
Black Shirts attacked peasants, broke up strikes, smashed printing presses of opposition,
broke up socialist meetings.
Mussolini took complete control of the economy: put Fascist Party in control of trade,
industry, farming. Rich benefited, poor still had low wages
The Fascists rallied at Naples and announced they would demand changes from the
government. Mussolini then led tens of thousands of Fascists in the March on Rome in
1922.
Mussolini organized his followers into a person army called the Black Shirts. They believed
violence was better than voting.
Mussolini used his new power in Italy to strengthen his own party. By 1925 he was rigging
elections, censoring the press, and jailing anyone who opposed the Fascists.
•
•
•
•
When Mussolini
arrived in Rome, the
king of Italy gives
Mussolini the job of
prime minister out
of fear
Mussolini used his
new power in Italy to
strengthen his own
party. By 1925 he was
rigging elections,
censoring the press,
jailing opposition
Mussolini organized a
group of followers veterans and other
angry Italians – into
the Fascist Party in
1919.
The Fascists rallied at
Naples and announced
they would demand
changes from the
government.
Mussolini’s March on
Rome - 1922
In 1929, Mussolini
made a deal with the
pope, Pius XI, to get
the support of the
Catholics. Church gets
independent Vatican
Mussolini organized his
followers into a
personal army called
the Black Shirts. They
believed violence better
than voting
Black Shirts attack
peasants, broke up
strikes, smashed
printing presses of
opposition, broke up
socialist meetings
Compare and contrast the actions, philosophies, and
character traits of Mussolini and Hitler
Nazi Party Under Hitler
Italian Fascists Under Mussolini
Philosophies-
PhilosophiesPhilosophies-
Actions –
Actions –
Character Traits -
Character Traits -
Actions –
Character Traits -
Ideologies
Nazi Ideology
Fascist Italy
• Authoritarian, Totalitarian system
• Variety of fascism includes racism
and anti-Semitism (prejudiced
against Jews)
• Promised to rescue Germany
from the Depression
• Authoritarian, Totalitarian
system
– Works programs, social welfare…
• Argued that Germany's survival
required a ‘New Order’
– Wanted a German empire in
Europe
– Need land mass, resources, and
expansion of population to
compete with other powers
– supports the state over the
individual
– Human rights not valued
• Expansionist
– (wanted to create a “New
Roman Empire”)
• Anti-Communists
– Favors businesses over workers
• Favors violence and force to
change governments
Compare and contrast the actions, philosophies, and
character traits of Mussolini and Hitler
Nazi Party Under Hitler
Philosophies-Variety of fascism includes
racism and anti-Semitism
(prejudiced against Jews)
-Wanted a German empire in
Europe (3rd Reich)
Actions –
- Originally tried force
but fails
- Gained power
through elections
(43% of vote in 1933)
Character Traits -
Italian Fascists Under Mussolini
Philosophies-wanted to create a “New
Roman Empire”
-Favors violence and force
to change governments
PhilosophiesFascists / Totalitarian
*State over the
Individual (glorification
of the State)
Actions –
-Use of Violence (Black/
Brown Shirts) to squash
opposition and spread fear
-Dictators who limit the
rights of their people
Character Traits -
Actions –
- Gained power by
force (March on Rome
1922)
- King gives Mussolini
job out of fear
Character Traits -