EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL FROM BLACK
WALNUT (Jug/ans nigra) SEED
BY
ADEYEMO ADETOlA OlAOlUWA
97/S905EH
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,
~"
"
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,
MINNA, NIGER STATE
NIGERIA.
OCTOBER 2003.
EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZA T/ON OF OIL FROM BLACK
WALNUT (Jug/ans nigra) SEED
BY
ADEYEMO ADETOlA OlAOlUWA
97/S90SEH
A
PROJECT
SUBMITTED
TO
THE
DEPARTMENT
OF
CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGERIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A
BACHELOR
OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE
OCTOBER, 2003
ii
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project titled Extraction and characterization of
Oil from Black Walnut Seed was fully carried out by Adeyemo, Adetola under the
supervision of Engr. M.A. Olutoye and submitted to Chemical Engineering
Department of the Federal University of Technology, Minna in partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng.) Degree in
Chemical Engineering.
-~
Project Supervisor
Date
Head of Department
Date
External Examiner
Date
iii
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project work is wholly and solely conducted by
me under the supervision of Engr M. A. Olutoye in the Department of Chemical
Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna during 2001/2002
Academic Session.
~ IOCltO~
DATE
IV
~'~ ....
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to God, the most gracious Lord whose guidance
and protection made, my academic pursuit a reality and also to the entire
ADEBAYO ADEYEMO's family for prayers and supports throughout the program.
v
AC'C(NOVVt,EDGEMENTS
Except 'the lord bUilds Ihe house, they labour in vain that build it, Ihe love
!
that stems froin the heart is the love thai God is. I give thanks and glory to God
Almighty for his merCies over me throughout my university education.
'M,"",
M:~to¥e
i appreciate the effort of my able SUpervisor &It:I<.
1M!: 'T/'"",
I slnce(ely
fot taking IiltUme,
detailed stUdy,
I
.seeing me thr6ugh sUccessful
~oPinions
comple~M:.t'!iiie~~ork.
I appretiate the aSSistance of
~Jor
-
and all efforts that "'''''has put to
~Iaeacla"-ef~tw:alc&"~",aej;j,,g
his encourage'!'ent and advice on my
y~~q~~
~
work and _""
jt::ovocc,.,cI ~"
0{ ~
~rofound gratitude to &alil;,..,,{eel!lferS--_#nembers
extracurricular activities. MyA.. " CL""L
r:
'b9cllf:::Q
of staff 9f the i Departmenl, Who at one lime or the other has been of tremendous
'"
\
help to ma. I pray
that God mercy will be on eaCh and every one of you. Amen.
i
,
My thanks
also go to other lecturers in the School Of Agric and
i
Agricultural Technology. "1 appreciate their combined effort in making me What I
am today, may God bless you all.
I Could not reached this level If not for the unquanflfiedable aSSistance
given to me by my loving and caring parents, Mr. and Mrs. Adebayo Adeyemo for
their fihancial sUPPOt! throUghout my education career. t cannot but also thank
. Mr.
your
~,
Adeola Shogunle for his multi-dimension suppdlt. I profoundly appreciate
~fforts a~d may God almighty continue to Shower hl~ blessing Upon you.
Also,
and my
, heartfelt thanks also goes to my sisters (beola, Dayo and Ronke)
rr\y
broth~t ( 1unji) Who has been all in all to me throughout the COutse of
vi
my study. My prayer is that as sun never ceases to shine so shall be their light,
for it shall no bound in Jesus name.
However, this project will be in complete without mentioning certain people
that God has elevated to be good friends indeed who in one way supported
ourselves in our academic pursuit Adeniyi Omolade Onasanya thanks for being
my very good friend I appreciate your presence in my life. Wunmi
0,
Nike A, Nike
0, Tope,Ajibola, Niyi 8, Sunday A, Ezekiel E and Dapo 0, Funmi, Toyin ,Adeola
,Oyewole and finally Seyi 4 life and those whose name are not mentiond here.
appreciate all your aSSistance, co-operation and above all your companionship.
also appreciate the assistance of Seun 0, who typed the project.
Finally, my appreciation goes to all my colleagues in the Dept of chemical
Engineering, and also to all my friends in other Dept hitherto the Lord has helped
us we shall live to fulfill our destiny (Amen)
ABSTRACT
The research work on extraction of black walnut oil, its characterization
and application of 23 full factorial design and mathematical model to the
extraction process was carried out by solvent extraction method. To achieve this
water was used as solvent.
Between 1000ml-500ml of distilled water and a mass of 100g and 40g of
black walnut seed was weighed into a reactor (pressurized cooking pot) and was, "
heated for several hours. The result of the extraction experiment confirms that
time (x1); volume of solvent (x2) and mass of feed (x3) have a positive effect on
the yield of oil.
,
~,
For 100g mass of feed using 1000ml of water for 3hours the oil yield
increases, for 40g mass of feed using 500ml of water for 2hours, the oil yield
The extracted oil is light greenish- yellow in color with a characteristic odor
of the extract and has a melting point of 34°C.The extract has a refractive index
of 1.543 and a boiling point of 155°C.The specific gravity, density and viscosity
was found to be 0.932, 932kg/m3 and 0.05022kg/m sec respectively. A 23 full
T~"Tnrl·
I design and mathematical model was applied to the extraction process
d a first order regression equation of the form.
y= 8.796+0.971x1+0.421x2+4.529x3+0.042x12+0.658x13+0.404x23
+0.033x123
obtained showing the individual effect of weight and concentration as
meter and their interaction as in the entire extraction process.
Vlll
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ii
Title page
iii
Certification
iv
Declaration
v
Dedication
vi
Acknowledgements
viii
Abstract
ix
Table of contents
xii
List of tables
CHAPTER ONE
1
Introduction
Historical background of black walnut (J.nigra)
2
Aims and Objectives
5
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
6
Origin of walnut
6
Black Walnu.t (J. nigra)
6
How biack walnut are grown
9
Black walnut varieties
10
Uses of black walnut
11
Walnuts seed oil fats
11
.2 Economic importance of black walnuts oil
ix
12