Name: _________________
Biology – 1st Semester Review Guide
The 1st semester test will cover all information from the beginning of school up through and including
Mitosis & Meiosis (Units 1, 2, 3, 4, and part of 5). This includes: Characteristics of Life, The Scientific
Method, Classification, Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Cells, Biochemistry, Mitosis, and Meiosis.
The notecards that you created for each unit are a great way to review vocabulary from these units. You
should study your notes, old quizzes, separate answer sheets to old tests, and labs.
Unit 1
1. The independent variable in an experiment is –
2. The dependent variable in an experiment is –
3. What is a hypothesis?
4. What is a conclusion?
5. What are constants in an experiment?
Just like the quiz, you will have to be able to identify the parts of the scientific method.
6. What are the 8 characteristics of life?
1.
5.
7.
2.
6.
3.
7.
4.
8.
Six characteristics of viruses are:
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
4.
8.
Viruses are made of ______________ material surrounded by a ___________ ________.
9.
List 8 diseases that are caused by viruses:
1.
5.
2.
6.
3.
7.
4.
8.
10. List some ways in which viral diseases can be transmitted amongst people:
11. How is the treatment for a bacterial infection different from that of a viral infection?
12. Compare AND contrast the work of Edward Jenner to that of Jonas Salk.
13. How does a vaccine work?
14. Why is it difficult to make a vaccine for RNA viruses and not DNA viruses?
15. The two types of viral life cycles are the _____________ cycle and the ____________ cycle. You should
be familiar with both of these cycles!
16. Which of the two viral cycles leads to a rapid cell death? ___________
17. Which of the two viral cycles has a dormant period? ___________
18. What is a dichotomous key? (You will need to know how to use one)
19. The father of modern classification is _______________ ________________
20. The classification system from largest to smallest is:
__________ _________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________
21. What are some of the reasons for using Latin with classification?
22. What is binomial nomenclature?
23. A ____________ is a group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
24. Who was Francesco Redi and what did he do?
25. What is spontaneous generation?
26. To accurately measure liquid volume, a _____________ _________ is used.
27. Convert 1kg to grams: ________
Unit 2
26. ____________ lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
27. Bacteria used to be classified in the Kingdom Monera and are still sometimes referred to as
__________________.
28. Bacteria are now classified into the kingdoms _______________ and _______________.
29. Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?  Circle correct answer
30. Bacteria in the Kingdom _______________ are known for living in harsh environments.
31. Thermoacidophilic bacteria live in places with _________ temperatures and high __________.
32. ____________ ________________ like conditions that are 10 times saltier than seawater.
33. _____________________ bacteria are able to covert inorganic compounds (chemicals like H2S and
NH3) into energy.
34. List 4 ways by which bacteria can be classified:
35. List 5 diseases that are caused by bacteria:
36. How is treatment for a bacterial infection different from that of a viral infection?
37. Define the following:
Coccus
Bacillus
Spirillum
38. _____________ _____________ is when a strain of bacteria becomes immune to an antibiotic.
39. What are some things that can cause the answer to #38?
40. Define the following:
Binary Fission
Conjugation
Transduction
41. ________________ is when living bacteria will “pick up” DNA from dead bacteria.
42. Bacterial cell wall composition can be determined using a process called _________ ____________.
43. Gram ____________ bacteria have an extra layer of lipids in their cell membranes.
44. Is the disease caused by a Bacteria (B) a Protist (P) or a Fungus (F)
__TB
__ Malaria
__African Sleeping Sickness __Anthrax
__Strep Throat
__Athlete’s Foot
45.
__Thrush
__Amoebic Dysentery
__MRSA
__Giardia (we didn’t talk about, but what do you think?)
__Found in undercooked contaminated beef
__Found in 100% of poultry
__Found in soft cheeses and hot dogs
__Found on skin
__Commonly found on chicken, but can be on vegetables
46. The 3 categories of protist are:
47. The animal-like protists are the _______________.
48. Protozoans are classified by _________________.
49. Define:
Sarcodinians
Zooflagellates
Ciliaphorans
Sporozoans
You need to know the parts of a paramecium
50. The 3 types of plant-like protists are:
51. The prefix “rhodo” means?
__Botulism
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Listeria
Campylobacter
E. coli
Salmonella
Staph. aureus
52. The pigment in red algae allows them to do what?
53. An example of colonial green algae is ____________
54. Kelp is a type of __________ algae.
55. What unique ability do euglena possess?
56. Two examples of unicellular algae are ________________ and __________________.
57. What is a red tide and what causes it?
58. Plankton that carry out photosynthesis are called _______________________.
59. 3 types of fungus-like protists are:
60. Why are fungus-like protists not real fungus?
61. With plasmodial slime molds, the _________________ is known as the feeding stage.
62. A _________ _________ caused the Irish Potato Famine.
63. True fungi are in the Kingdom _________________.
64. An example of unicellular fungi is ______________.
65. True fungi contain __________ which is a carbohydrate also found in insects.
66. An example of club fungi is _______________.
67. Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes?  Circle
68. The type of fungi in which “puff balls” are classified is ________ ____________.
69. The thin filaments that make up fungi are called ____________.
70. Mushrooms fall under the category of ____________ fungi.
71. What is symbiosis?
72. Describe a symbiotic relationship involving bacteria and animals?
73. Describe a symbiotic relationship involving bacteria and plants?
74.Describe a symbiotic relationship involving protists and insects?
75. A symbiotic relationship involving algae and fungus forms a _______________.
76.Identify the following:
Unit 3
Unit 3
Note the geometric
shape
Green in color
The molecule below is glucose. The formula for glucose is ______________. Since glucose is a monomer or a
single molecule it is the type of carbohydrate known as a _______________________. Other examples of this type
of carbohydrate are ______________ and ____________________. These are used by living things as a source of
_______________.
When two of these molecules join together, what has to be removed? ______________
+
Since water has to be removed, this
type of reaction is called
_________________ synthesis
Since this type of sugar consists of two molecules, it is called a ___________________. Some specific sugars of
this type are ___________________ and __________________. The formula for this type of sugar molecule is
________________.
If three or more sugar monomers join together, they form a ____________________. Examples of these are
____________________ in plants and __________________ in animals.
What is the name of the molecule shown to the left? ____________
When this molecule combines with 3 fatty acids, a ______________ is formed. What 3
things must be removed from this molecule to join with the fatty acids? _____
When the 3 fatty acids shown below bind with …what must be removed from the fatty acids? ___________
Lipids are used to __________ energy. When lipids (also known as fats) have the maximum amount of hydrogen
atoms connected to each carbon atom, the molecule is said to be ____________________. These are also a solid at
room temperature. _____________________ fats are when they exist as a liquid at room temperature. This is
because the carbon atoms have a fewer number of hydrogen atoms attached to them.
In the fatty acid molecule to the left, the circled part is known as a
__________________ group. It is often written as COOH.
Other examples of fats include ________________, _______________.
Proteins are formed by the linking together of __________ __________. The covalent bonds binding these
molecules together are called ______________ bonds.
In the molecule to the left, the circled component is known as an
______________ group. Proteins serve a variety of functions in the
human body. An example of protein providing structure would be _____________.
Hemoglobin is a protein used for _____________. _______________ of the immune system are
also proteins. What elements are present in proteins that are not present in carbohydrates or
lipids? ____ and sometimes ____.
The fourth group of organic compounds is _______________ ___________. These were not investigated in any of
the labs that we performed on organic compounds.
When a chemical reaction occurs, there are the ingredients which are known as ______________. The result of a
chemical reaction produces _______________ which are found to the right of the arrow in a chemical equation.
When energy is released during a chemical reaction, it is referred to as a(n) ______________________ reaction.
When energy is absorbed it is called a(n) ____________________ reaction.
Enzymes are in the organic compound category of _____________ and they act as ______________ which means
that they increase the rate of a chemical reaction. An example of an enzyme that we worked with is
______________. What happened when hydrogen peroxide was exposed to the enzyme?
____________ and __________were produced and __________ was released.
The chemicals or compounds that bind to an enzyme are called __________________. The point at which these
bind to the enzyme is called the ___________ __________.
The property of water that allows plants to move water from their roots to their leaves is called _____________
_____________. The __________ property of water causes the molecules to stick to other molecules. The fact that
water requires a lot of energy to raise its temperature is because of its high ____________ ________. When water
freezes, it _____________. This causes ice to be less __________. Because of this property, ponds freeze from the
top/bottom first. The property that causes bodies of water to resist drying up in the heat
is water’s high ___________ ___ ________________. Water is a good _______________.
Why is this property important to living things?
Water also has high ____________ ____________. This allows some organisms to skim cross the surface of water.
The ____________ properties of water cause the molecules to stick together.
Define:
Covalent Bond:
Ionic Bond:
A charged particle is caused a(n) ____________.
When element with a different number of neutrons is a(n) _______________.
How many protons does the Carbon atom have? ___
How many electrons does a stable Carbon atom have? ____
What is the atomic number of oxygen? ___
If you add a proton to a carbon atom, what do you have? ___________________
What is the atomic mass of sodium? ______________
How many neutrons are in an atom of chlorine? ________________
What is pH?Define:
Acid:
Base:
What value is neutral on the pH scale? ____
How many times more acidic is a solution with a pH of 4 than a solution with a pH of 5? _____
You should be familiar with what happened in the labs:
What was Benedict Solution used for?
What was Biuret Solution used for?
What was Iodine used for?
How did we test for fat?
Explain what happened in the Enzyme Lab. What were the food items tested for and what were the products of a
reaction?
Unit 4
1. What are the three main points to the cell theory?
1)
2)
3)
2. How are animal cells and a plant cells different?
3. What are the functions of the following organelles?
Nucleus - __________________________________________________________________
Nucleolus - ________________________________________________________________
Nuclear Pore - ______________________________________________________________
Cytoplasm - _______________________________________________________________
Cell Membrane - ____________________________________________________________
Ribosomes - _______________________________________________________________
Golgi Apparatus - ___________________________________________________________
Endoplasmic Reticulum - _____________________________________________________
Lysosomes - _______________________________________________________________
Cell Wall - _________________________________________________________________
Chloroplasts - ______________________________________________________________
Vacuoles - _________________________________________________________________
4. How is a prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell?
5. What is the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes?
6. Define the following:
Diffusion - ______________________________________________________________
Osmosis - ______________________________________________________________
Facilitated Diffusion - _____________________________________________________
Bulk Transport - _________________________________________________________
7. Active __________________ requires the use of energy to cross a membrane.
8. What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?
9. The primary energy molecule for most living things is ____________.
10. Write the equation for photosynthesis:
11. What is cellular respiration?
12. Write the equation for cellular respiration:
13. Photosynthesis occurs in the _____________________ of plant cells.
14. Cellular respiration occurs in the ___________________________ of plant and animal cells.
Unit 5
1. Fill in and the label the different stages of The Cell Cycle.
2. How is mitosis in plant cells different from mitosis in animal cells?
3. Define the following terms:
haploid
diploid
centromere
chromatid
chromatin
centriole
gametes
fertilization
zygote
homologous pair
tetrad
crossing over
4. How is meiosis in males different from meiosis in females?