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NaJa. Mie. Wdkntand ken kt.aiku itukdi.2005. Kii sanchi no reijo to sankeido
lsacred placesand rcadsol pilgrinase in the Kiimounlain ranse], Brriazdi,
1,26 39.
Nenzi, L. 2008.Lvcralorr i, /.1e,/iry.Honolulu: University ofHawai'i Press.
Sald.Y and Fujiwara.C.2000. Ukitae ninirl Edo n tdhi [Trarel Lringth?Edo
Kashulsushob{lshnrsha.
Ftunl thrcush Pt"nt.Iokyo:
Takagl. M.2010.,(,ndro
Kada Sdiseino chi,o ntnroku o sagdlu [The Ol.l
rcads al Kumana Loakns lar the Attt.lction ol a Lantt of Rehr'thl. To\'a:
Krkaugawa sholen.
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PrelccruresCouncil lo PromoteWorld HefitageRegistration.2005. Sd.,?/
Sitetdrd Pilgrinaae Rout?sinthe KiiMorntain Rangc.Tsu.Nara,Vhkayana:
Thrcc PrclicturesCouncil to PrcmoteWorld HeritageRegistmtioD.
L\JLSCO 2011. World Herilage Li$: sn./ed Sl/.r dkd Pilgrimage Routes in
uncsco.org,
cn/lisl/1142
the Kii MoMtutu Rrarge, Available at: htlp:i7s,hc.
s
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2
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frcccssed:
Yamamura.S.20A2. bisan no Krndtio kika L Kii ii Nakdhethi. iku [T' dw]
Stot),o, Kund,a br.nt ,,1ntI. Th.trau\l Kii Ndkdhe.,t. K)'oro: Nakanishiya.
Y . n a ll L s . 2 ' r 0 . t . , . . , 44 u ^ . n r r r A I n l l \ " t ' , ' t t . , . ' , i . . , l , , f J l \ t . , , 1 4
"
Kut"dno br d",,1nt . Thti Neb Ahechi Roddl. Kyoro: \akanlshiya.
ChaptcrI I
Narrativesand Counter-naffatives:
Contestinsa Tourist Site in Jerusalem
ChaimNoy
Introduction: The (Critic.l) N.trrrtivc Study ofTouri!m
In recenl years$erc has bccn a vibrant aDdgro\ring body offcscarch in kmrism
studiesthai ay be describedas thc 'r'-arat!c Study ofTou;sm'. approachnrg
the sNdy of collemporary lomN and pacrces ol lourism liom dre perspecli'e
of na.rative scholarship.The close relaiions that exist betweenthe lwo are rot
surprisin-q,since nr many ways conlemporaryforms oftourism resl on the wide
shouldersolthe Romanticand modern1|a\el narrative the experience.accounls.
and litefature of travel Nhich are both representativeand constitutiveof the
westem-colonial'nind. lb ful it differently. conlempomrytravrl is lcry much
about narativcsr about c(msumnrgand producing thcm. aboul nanalive idcnliry
and nanativc cDlillcmcnl.
Thc Darrlilc apprcachin lourivn srudiescnconrpasses
3 \adely ol issLres
and
topics.includiDs the conslructionolilnages ofcollective idenlities.oidestinalions,
silcs. ard places. 11also examinesthe chargedpersonal narrativesof tourists,
through {hiclr rndividual and collectile experiencesoltravel afe conveyedand
tourisLs'idenliriesafe perlbrmed.Structuralapproacheshave rl'!xys highlightcd
a 'conelalion berweerrroi'ic!. which elolve progfessivcly(r al lcastscemto do
so). nrd ,o'dl. uhich like$ise progressesthrough linrc as it ptugrcsscsthurgh
space.From this perspective,the nanative fornr is id.al fof thc orgrDisationald
fepresentatiorofexperiences.since it blendstenrpofalit];cacnls and pcBpcctilc/
subjeclivjly.while $o.ks. such as the nrany inspifedby Labo!'s (1972)origiml
stud),.havetendedto emphasisetempolal sequences.uakhtm (1981), spccilically
thfough the notion ofchronolope, de Clerteau(1984) and othcF havc hishlighrcd
ihe spatialdimensionsolrarrative and the interconnectionbetwcc. tcmporalxDd
It would be qrorg. however to view the Narratile StLrdyofTourism mcrcl)
ilr tcrms of slruchtresol social organisalionand acti!ily. fof this mighL redricl
our comprehcDsi{,rofho$ narratiresare enrployedpoliticxlly and mlrnipulalively
by agentsworkmg in, rDd shapiDs.lhc sphcrcsofrourism The critical Naralive
Study olTourisin emphasiseshow stories,above and beyond their fnnclions of
dcscribnrgand orgaDismgthc social \orld. arc ilso power slructur€s:lehicles
for lhe implenenration and performanceof social hicrafchics. cxclusions and
136
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lnuien
O l h e m e s sA. c r i t i c x l p e r s p e c t i ! eb r i n g s1 o t h c f t f c t h c i n r n r c n s ct c r l b m a l i ! o
(or enun.irtorl,) polver of narratiles in lhe l(rrisln lnftstrf rn(l niscs l scl ol'
'lh.
q u c s t i o n sr e g a f d i n gl h e c o n s l i t L r l i oonl s ) c i r l r g c n c ) r
shilt lionrstruclufLrl
and tunctionalcerrlredapproachcsLomorc critic.l Nfpro,rchesif\olvcs nol only
changein the inlerprelalionand rnalysis ofnanative conleIis nrrdlhcnrcs.brLtll*)
a shift ir ibcus lowardsthc quenion olwho hasthe fighls d rcs(Jurccs
lo rccounl
n a m t i v e sp u b l i c l ya o dw l b o r w h N ti s i n r p l i c a r ebdy l h e n r :r ! h o h i r sL r$ c l l i n d e f c d
and aesrhelicnamrli!c lo rcll dnd $lro hls a trnunralic( on-) tirrlrtire, prLnctullcd
by sllencesand stuttcring.
In this chaprerI prcscnrfindingsofa reierrch projccrlhiu lddrcsscsrnnollri\e
a n ds u b ! e r s i \ en a m t i v c si n t { i s D rT h e r e s e a r cdho e sn o l r n c r c l ys . c k r o ! l } s e
c o u n t e ro r n o n h c g e m o n i cn x r a t i ! e s - b u t c r L r c i a l l l\o e r i i r m i n ct h . n l r f u t i \ c t e l l e r si t h e i n d i ! i d u a l s .o r o r g r n i s a t i o nasr d i f s l i l u t 1 ( r n(su s ( i r l l I s m x l L - s c r l c ) .
t h a l p r o j e c t h e s es u b l e r s i \ cn d r a t i \ e s i n - a n d i n t o .l h e s p h c r c so l c o n l c n o f t r )
tourisnr.I employ the temrs hcg.monic and coLrnler-hcscrrroIic
. hoft^!cd lionl
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t o l h e t u b l i c s l a g e so f r o u r i s r l .T h c l t ] o n i n l l u c n l i . l p l . \ c r s o f t h . \ t . , r c s o l
i n t c n r a t i ( m .tld d s n r . r e . o l c o u . s e . n o n n r l h s l o h a lc o n g l o n r . r . l c sr.a t h . r r h r n
l o c a l .s u b \ e r s i \ .a c r o r ib u t .\ h e ns u b \e r s i \ r r s e n t ru c lN i t h i nl ( u i i n . c m f k ) \ i r q
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m'crophone. nrcrrphoricrllt. bur also quite lrlcri .l\. lo pasl ii.d pr(scrn
I n h a b i t a n l sT.h c s p r r i r l l n ( l r r r o b i l en a r r a r i \ e so r j \ g b x r i r r D d E m \ 1 o r r . c b o r h
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and the difficullies thoy crNricnce in rarrollng ngrinsr hcgenuric percctrrions.
b u l S d l a - N h n cdx i d n o t s l r r c! p f . l i f e n c e1 _ oorn en l l r r l i \ c o \ e r t h c o L h e r? \ 1l h e
P a s t o r a l p r o j c tcht c n x r r l ( r s l a l k c dr D d i h . ! i s i n ) N$ . l l { c d . l h c r c b }a l l o $ i n g n c \ !
rncaninSs1()e!ol\c. bc crrrbixliedirnd ncgotirlcd
148
Natotir.:
ofTruwl a"d Tou4,n
Acknowledgemetrt
I am indebtedto Lea Mauas,Diego Rotrnaq and Noa Guez of th€ Sala-Manca
Collective for their time andassistance.
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