Nationalism Triumphs
1840-1900
Germany, Italy and
the Dual Monarchy
Steps Toward German Unity
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Between 1807 and 1812,
Napoleon made important
territorial changes in Germanspeaking lands.
Many Germans resented Napoleon
and his changes. As people fought
to free their lands from French
rule, they began to demand a
unified state: sparked nationalism
In the 1830s, Prussia created an
economic union called the
Zollverein. Revolutionary feelings
were mounting.
In 1848, liberals again demanded
German political unity. They
offered the throne of a united
German state to Frederick William
IV of Prussia, but he refused an
offer from the”gutter” (the
people). Same year a failed
revolution.
Prussia Begins to Industrialize
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The wealthy “junker”
class dominates
parliament and passes
government support of
industry.
They become the newly
emerging industrial
capitalists of Prussia.
Industry added to
Prussian wealth.
The Ruhr Valley in
Germany controlled by
Prussia rich in coal and
iron ore: key to success!
In the 1850s and 1860s,
Germans had founded
large companies and built
many railroads.
How Did Bismarck Unify Germany?
In 1862, Otto von Bismarck
was made chancellor, or „
prime minister, of Prussia. By
William I (1861-1887). Within
a decade, Bismarck had
united the German states „
under Prussia.
Bismarck was a master of
Realpolitik, or realistic politics
based on the needs of the state.
He valued power over principles.
Bismarck strengthened the army
in preparation for pursuing an
aggressive foreign policy.
“Germany does not look to Prussia’s
liberalism, but to her power… The
great questions of the day are not to
be decided by speeches and majority
resolutions-that was the mistake of
1848 and 1849-but by blood and
iron!”
---Otto Von Bismarck
The Iron Chancellor
Foreign policy goals:
„ Bismarck wanted to keep France
weak and isolated while building
strong links with Austria.
„ Later, Bismarck competed with
Britain for colonies to expand
Germany’s overseas empire.
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Massive military build-up
Domestic goals:
„ Bismarck sought to erase local
loyalties and crush all opposition
to the imperial state.
„ He targeted the Catholic Church
and the socialists, both of which
he saw as a threat to the new
German state.
„ Anti-Semitic propaganda
increases
„ Rapid Industrialization
Called the Iron Chancellor,
Bismarck applied ruthless
methods to achieve his goals.
„In
1864, Bismarck formed an
alliance with Austria. Together,
they seized the provinces of
Schleswig and Holstein from
Denmark and divided up the
spoils.
„In 1866, Bismarck attacked
and defeated Austria in the
Austro-Prussian War, and then
annexed, or took control of,
several north German states.
„Bismarck dissolved the
Austrian-led German
Confederation and created a
new confederation dominated
by Prussia.
„In 1870, Bismarck provoked
France into the Franco-Prussian
War and quickly claimed
victory.
Unification of Germany,1865–1871
Over a six year period, Bismarck created a united
Germany. Which areas were added to Germany in 1871?
What long-time enemy was made as a result?
The German Industrial Giant
By the late 1800s, German chemical and electrical industries
were setting the standard worldwide. German shipping was
second only to Britain’s among the European powers.
Germany possessed several
characteristics that made
industrialization possible:
„ Ample iron and coal
resources
„ Disciplined and
educated work force
„ Rapidly growing
population
German industrialists were the
first to see the value of applied
science
in
developing
new
products
such
as
synthetic
chemicals and dyes.
“For the state, in contrast to the individual,
self-preservation is the supreme law. The
state must survive at any price; it cannot go
into the poorhouse, it cannot beg, it cannot
commit suicide; in short, it must take
wherever it can find the essentials of life.”
--Otto von Bismarck
The Second Reich: 1871
Wilhelm I of Prussia was given the
title kaiser, or emperor. In 1871,
German nationalists proclaimed
the birth of the Second Reich, or
empire. The Holy Roman Empire
was the First Reich (German word
for empire).
Bismarck drafted a constitution
with a two-house legislature:
The Bundesrat, or upper house,
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was appointed by the rulers of
the German states.
The Reichstag, or lower house,
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was elected by universal male
suffrage.
Because the Bundesrat could veto
any decision of the Reichstag, real
power remained in the hands of
the emperor and his chancellor.
Wilhelm I of Prussia
Kaiser Wilhelm II
When Wilhelm II came to power, he wanted to put
his own stamp on Germany. During his reign, he
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asked Bismarck to resign, believing
that his right to rule came from God.
Most Germans were not happy about
his decision.
resisted efforts to introduce
democratic reforms.
expanded social welfare programs
started by Bismarck and his
grandfather: medical care,
inexpensive transportation, and
electricity.
spent heavily on the German military
machine.
launched an ambitious campaign to
expand the German navy and win an
overseas empire.
“There is only
one master in
the Reich, that
is I.”
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Building A Unified Germany
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What early changes promoted German unity?
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How did Bismarck unify Germany?
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What was the basic political organization of
the new German empire?
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What marked Germany as an industrial giant?
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Why was Bismarck called the Iron Chancellor?
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What policies did Kaiser William II follow?
Obstacles to Italian Unity
For centuries, Italy had
been a battleground for
ambitious foreign and local
princes. Frequent warfare
and foreign rule had led
people to identify with local
regions.
The Congress of Vienna
divided Italy up among
Austrian rulers, Hapsburg
monarchs, and a French
Bourbon king.
Nationalist attempts to
expel Austrian forces from
northern Italy were
repeatedly crushed.
19th Century Italian City
“Risorgimento” – Young Italy Movement
• Founded by Giuseppe Mazzini; a secret organization, formed in
the late 1820. Really begins to grow in the 1830s.
•Goal to achieve nationalistic ideals: self-government. But the
movement is toppled by French forces in 1848-1849. However, it
does not die even though Garibaldi and other leaders are in exile.
•Giuseppe Garibaldi one of Mazzini’s “students” is forced out of Italy in
1849 but not before his wife Anita a companion at arms dies in his arms
during a retreat.
“Ideas grown quickly
when watered by the
blood of martyrs.”
--Mazzini
The Struggle for Italy
CAVOUR
Prime minister who believed in
Realpolitik = real political gains
for the state.
„Worked as a political operative
to help the unification. Coming
from the noble class, he had
connections and education.
„Led Sardinia to provoke a war
with Austria. With help from
France, Sardinia defeated Austria
and annexed Lombardy. Wins
support of Napoleon III.
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First
Italian
Premier
GARIBALDI
Long-time nationalist leader
who wanted to create an
Italian republic.
„While in exile after the defeat
of 1849, he fought in Brazil,
Uruguay and Argentina.
„ He would return to Italy in
the mid 1850s and raise an
army called the “Red Shirts.”
He would continue to fight for
unification.
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Great
Guerrilla
Fighter!
Unification of Italy, 1858–1870
Garibaldi's Red Shirts
in 1860 fighting to
unite Italy! Mission
accomplished in 1870!
A gifted leader and a
man of the people.
A Unified Italy, 1870!
It has been said that Cavour was the head of the
Italian unification movement, while Mazzini was
the heart and Garibaldi was the sword!
What Challenges Faced
the New Nation of Italy?
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Italy had no tradition of unity. Strong regional ties left
Italy unable to solve critical national issues.
An enormous gap existed between the north, which was
richer and had more cities, and the south, which was
poor and rural.
Hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church
further divided the nation.
In the late 1800s, unrest increased as radicals on the
left struggled against a conservative right.
Unifying Italy
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What were the key obstacles to
Italian unity?
What roles did Count Camillo
Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi play
in the struggle for Italy?
What challenges faced the new
nation of Italy?
Decline of the Austrian Empire
Hapsburgs oldest ruling family in Europe.
Austrian rulers upheld conservative goals
against liberal forces.
It was against the law to use the word
constitution in the newspapers!
After Austria was defeated by France and
Sardinia in 1859, Emperor Francis Joseph
made some limited reforms.
The reforms failed to satisfy the many
nationalist groups that wanted self-rule.
Clemens Metternich
Foreign Minister that set
the conservative tone of
Austria in the early 1800s
Austria’s defeat in the 1866 war with
Prussia brought renewed pressure for
He created the Congress
change from Hungarians within the empire. of Vienna plans.
This pressure led to the creation of a new
political power known as the Dual Monarchy
of Austria-Hungary.
Dual Monarchy
Under the Dual Monarchy:
„ Austria and Hungary were
separate states.
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Francis Joseph ruled both, as
emperor of Austria and king of
Hungary.
The two states shared ministries
of finance, defense, and foreign
affairs, but were independent of
each other in all other areas.
The emperor/king presided over
a multinational empire:
Germans, Magyars, Czechs,
Slovaks Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs,
Croatians, Slovenes, and
Romanians.
Yet the monarchy continued to
ignore the urgent demands of
nationalists.
Franz Joseph
Ruled 68 years!
1848-1916
“My people are strangers to one another. And yet it is for the best.
They never have the same ills at the same time… Each is suspicious of
the other, and because they cannot understand one another, it is
easier to keep the peace.”
--Franz Joseph, Emperor and King
What do
these facts
tell you?
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200 noble families owned
half the land
Over a million peasants
existed on seven acres or
less per person
Government was
controlled by the
aristocrats (nobles)
Austria-Hungary gave
universal male suffrage in
1907
Both Austrians and
Magyars (Hungarians)
were minorities in their
own land.
A complex web of competing interests
contributed to a series of crises and
wars in the Balkans.
Serbia and Greece had won
independence in the early 1800s.
However, there were still many Serbs
and Greeks living in the Balkans under
Ottoman rule.
Balkan
Nationalism vs.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman empire was home to other
national groups, such as Bulgarians and
Romanians.
During the 1800s, various subject
people staged revolts against the
Ottomans, hoping to set up their own
independent states.
European powers stepped in to divide
up Ottoman lands, ignoring the
nationalist goals of various Balkan
peoples.
Created a powder keg ready to
explode!
The Balkans - 1878
Can you see why there were desires for selfrule? What about today?
Nationalism Threatens Old
Empires
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How did nationalism contribute to the decline
of the Austrian empire?
What were the main characteristics of the Dual
Monarchy?
How did the growth of nationalism affect the
Balkans?
What Were Sources of Stress in
the Muslim World?
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By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires were in
decline.
In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements
sprang up across the Muslim world. Most
stressed religious piety and strict rules of
behavior.
The old Muslim empires faced western
imperialism.
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The Ottoman Empire
By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges.
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Ambitious pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their power.
As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal
revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire.
European states sought to benefit from the weakening of the
Ottoman empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control.
Attempts at westernization by several Ottoman rulers increased
tensions. Many officials objected to changes that were inspired by
foreign cultures.
A reform group called the Young Turks overthrew the sultan.
Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a
Christian people in the eastern mountains of the empire.
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The Modernization of Egypt
Called the “father of modern Egypt,” Muhammad Ali introduced
political and economic reforms. Before he died in 1849, he had
set Egypt on the road to becoming a major Middle Eastern power.
During his reign, Muhammad Ali:
„ improved tax collection
„ reorganized the landholding system
„ backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output
„ expanded cotton production and encouraged local industry,
thereby increasing Egyptian participation in world trade
„ brought in western military experts to modernize the army
„ conquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan
European Challenges to the
Muslim World
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What were sources of stress in the Muslim
world?
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What problems did the Ottoman empire face?
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How did Egypt seek to modernize?