Accumulative coast dynamics estimation by satellite camera records
Marina Krylenko*a, Viacheslav Krylenkoa, Ruben Kosyana
a
Southern Branch of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, 1g Prostornaya, Gelendzhik,
Russia, +78614128069
ABSTRACT
We present the methods and results of investigation of the Anapa bay-bar shoreline dynamics, obtained from the analysis
of historical and recent data of satellite imaging and aerial survey. It was revealed that several erosion regions exist along
the Anapa bay-bar shore (the revealed retreat of the water edge is greater than 70 m over 50 years). A relatively stable
region was also found there. In addition, the analysis of short-period dynamics of the water edge location revealed that
the short-term displacement of the water edge relative to its mean position is as high as 30 m. These data clarified the
dynamics of the Anapa bay-bar shoreline, which is important for the understanding of lithodynamic processes in the
coastal zone and developing the forecast of the further evolution of the bay-bar geosystem.
Keywords: Coastal zone, bay-bar, remote methods, water edge, Black Sea
1. INTRODUCTION
The Anapa bay-bar is an accumulative sand body approximately 47 km long, located in the northwestern part of the
Russian coast of the Black Sea. The bay-bar is a narrow spit (its width ranges from 80 m in the northern part to 1.5 km in
the south) separating a system of lagoons from the Black Sea (Fig. 1). The entire bay-bar and especially its southern part
with sand beaches 50--200 m wide is intensely used in recreation.
The Anapa bay-bar is a polygenetic accumulative coastal form (combining in its development the properties of an
accumulative body of the barrier type with the transversal motion of deposits and longitudinal type with alongshore
displacement). The configuration of the shore and topography of the shelf actually formed a closed lithodynamic system
of the Anapa bay-bar (Fig. 1), which has a form of a concave arc [1, 2].
The first scientific data on the geological and geomorphological structure of the Anapa bay-bar appeared in the 19th
century. In 1838-1865, E. Verneil and I. Guyo, and others considered the problems of the geological structure and
topography forms of the Anapa region [3]. Beginning from 1948, V.V. Longinov, A.A. Popov, and E.N. Nevessky
carried out scientific research in the region of the Anapa bay-bar. A publication by V.P. Zenkovich [4] is one of the most
complete descriptions of the Anapa bay-bar. N.A. Aibulatov repeatedly addressed the Anapa bay-bar as an object of the
scientific research. The monograph by Ya.A. Izmailov published in 2005 [3] presents a paleo-geographical
reconstruction of the history of Anapa bay-bar formation based on the analysis of the geological and geomorphological
data. The authors of [5] present the results of their determination of long-term variations in the coastline using the aerial
photography data in 1948, 1972, 1992, and 2000. In all research works the authors noted recessing of the coastline of the
Anapa bay-bar. However, the exact data on the coastal erosion and its rate were lacking. The main disadvantages of the
previous researches of the coastline dynamics were long time gaps between the surveys and a small number of gauge
lines. In addition, the previously existing methods of mutual spatial referencing of aerial photos did not make possible to
exactly match the water edge of different surveys along the entire length of the bay-bar. This paper is dedicated to the
investigation of the water edge dynamics in different times and tendencies of its variation using the modern methods of
research.
* [email protected]; phone +7-9184567976
Third International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment (RSCy2015),
edited by Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis, Kyriacos Themistocleous, Silas Michaelides, Giorgos Papadavid,
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9535, 95351K · © 2015 SPIE · CCC code: 0277-786X/15/$18 · doi: 10.1117/12.2192495
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9535 95351K-1
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/03/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms
ti
.?°e
iedr
-*OP 7.,
Q.
Figure 1. A scheme of the Anapa bay-bar.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
/
Since 2010, the scientists of the Southern Branch of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the RAS have been
conducting annual multidisciplinary investigations of the Anapa bay-bar [6]. The goal of their work is researching of the
dynamics of the bay-bar topography and estimation of its stability related to the variations in the external conditions.
Since the study region of the shore has no clearly pronounced reference points, we selected “virtual” points located at a
distance of 1 km from each other (Fig. 1). Transversal profiles, which are used in the research, cross these points. Along
with the field studies we analyzed historical archive data in the literature and cartographic sources. One of the main roles
belongs to the analysis of the photographic materials: satellite images, aerial photos, and amateur photographs [7]. This
material, precisely, that allows us to reveal the dynamics of the coastline of the Anapa bay-bar became the basis for this
publication.
It was mentioned above that the coast of the bay-bar is in strong motion, and if we wish to determine its long-term
tendencies of development it is necessary to analyze the data over the maximum possible time. With the goal in mind to
determine the long-term dynamics of the Anapa bay-bar we analyzed archive aerial and space photos. We used the
materials of the aerial photography in 1941 (carried out by the German Luftwaffe during the Second World War) (Table
1) and satellite images of the 1960s (taken by the US Geological Service within the CORONA Program (Table 2).
The rapid development of many available cartographic services in the last decade (Google Earth, Yandex Maps, Nokia,
Bing Maps, maps. Kosmosnimki.ru, etc.) allowed us to apply a large number of satellite images in our scientific
research. The Google Earth service is especially convenient for these purposes; it makes possible analysis of satellite
images taken in different time. A total of approximately 40 satellite images of the different parts of the Anapa bay-bar
were found from 2003 to the present time. The series of images with a time difference between the imaging from a few
weeks to a few months allowed us to change significantly our concepts about the velocities and direction of the changes
in the location of water edge.
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9535 95351K-2
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/03/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms
Table 1. The data on the Luftwaffe aerial photos used in the research [8]
Image code
DT/TM5 - Nr. 185
DT/TM5 - Nr. 199
DT/TM5 - Nr. 203
Survey data
24.10.1941.
17.11.1941.
09.01.1944
Approximate scale
1:43000
1:25000
1:9700
Table 2. The data on the CORONA satellite images used in the research [9]
DS1009-2056DF113
Coordinates:
45.09, 38.147
Camera Resolution:
Stereo Medium
Acquisition Date:
09-SEP-64
Product Description:
High Resolution Scanned
70MM X 29.8 in.
DS1022-1056DA137
Coordinates:
45.09, 38.27
Camera Resolution:
Stereo Medium
Acquisition Date:
23-JUL-65
Product Description:
High Resolution Scanned
70MM X 29.8 in.
DS1036-2187DA112
Coordinates:
45.03, 37.027
Camera Resolution:
Stereo Medium
Acquisition Date:
21-AUG-66
Product Description:
High Resolution Scanned
70MM X 29.8 in.
The methods and quality of the spatial referencing of the satellite images presented at the available cartographic services
are unknown to us. The geometrical model of the sensor and the results of calibration are not available. The Rational
Polynomial Coefficients (RPC) are lacking. These are the polynomial coefficients of the rational functions that set
relations between the coordinates of the terrain points with the coordinates of their images at specific images. In order to
eliminate the possible errors we performed additional geometrical correction of the images or the vector data obtained
from these images using a set of reference points: Ground Control Points (GCP). We used the tools provided by the
cartographic services to digitize the water edge. Simultaneously, we digitized a set of reference points or poly-lines,
which were later used for the clarification of the spatial location of obtained water edge.
Parameters of the strict model of cameras do not exist for the Corona satellite images in 1964-1966 and military aerial
photos in 1941. The initial spatial referencing of aerial photos was performed using the OziExplorer programming code.
The main difficulty in the spatial referencing was a small number of visually determined reference points. We used the
buildings, linear objects (roads), topographic forms that remained up to the present time (Fig. 2, 3). Another difficulty
was the configuration of the bay-bar, which did not allow us to locate uniformly the reference points within the images
(large sea basins and firths completely cover the opposite diagonal angles of the image). Nevertheless, we reduced to the
minimum the spatial distortions of the images of the entire coastal zone of the bay-bar (Fig. 4). The estimated accuracy
of the spatial referencing is within 5 m.
!
,
o s`''itior
,
_
.
.41.
.
.
Figure 2. Application of the elements of the old fortifications as the reference points: the left image is related to 1965 and
the right image was taken in 2013.
;.
.-
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9535 95351K-3
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/03/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms
t;r77-1'
.
tii,,,..:,
.....1.
-. it....
-
,
.
'
t
t
at
A
e.
P
6
Figure 3. Application of the elements of terrain topography as the reference points (they are seen on the digital model but
hardly readable in the optical range): the photo on the left was made in 1966. A digital model of terrain topography (DMTT)
is in the middle; and an orthophotoplan map of 2013 in on the right.
1P
`;'
,41
--
_
'
Í!T.. ,.r
S
:.
__ _ .
j.,*..a .' ` .'.':_.
.
c
Figure 4. Validation of the quality of spatial referencing of the images using reference points (denoted with pink color):
from left to right 1941, 1965, and 2013.
We performed the further processing of rasters and vector data from the satellite images by means of the Scanex Image
Processor programming package. Depending on the number of reference points, the transformation of the raster or vector
was made according to a polynomial model of the second or third degree. A mosaic of aerial photo map images of
November 21, 2013 with a space resolution of 10 cm was taken as the basic image. It was superimposed on a highresolution digital model of terrain topography (DMTT) obtained from the data of aerial laser scanning (ALS).
After the final spatial referencing of the images and vector data we collected the quantitative information on the
dynamics of the water edge. It was already mentioned that strictly fixed terrain landmarks are lacking; therefore, it was
necessary to form a reference basis, from which the distance to the water edge could be calculated. A virtual basic
polyline was used as such a basis, which spatially repeated the contour line of the bay-bar. The measuring of the distance
from the basic line to the water edge was performed along the normal that crosses the standard reference point (with a
distance interval of 1 km) and additional lines with a step of 0.25 km. The further processing and visualization of the data
was performed using the Microsoft Excel 2007; Golden Software (Grapher and Surfer) programming packages.
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9535 95351K-4
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/03/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms
3. DISCUSSION
Analysis of the data of remote sensing and field observations demonstrated that depending on the current and previous
hydro-lithodynamic situation, the configuration of the shoreline can vary practically from a rectilinear to sinusoidal
forms (Figs. 5, 6). One-time measurements on specific profiles can result in very significant deviations from the mean
position. Therefore, before analyzing the new data on the long-term coastal dynamics it was necessary to estimate the
available information on the short-term dynamics of the water edge. With this in mind we used the images with a time
interval that ranged from one month to one year.
Alternating regions of local erosion or accumulation whose formation is related to the alongshore motion of deposits and
dynamics of underwater ridges are found in many photos. Most frequently such a configuration is observed in the central
part of the bay-bar. In the adjacent regions of erosion and accumulation, the amplitude of the variation in the location of
the water edge reaches 20-30 m, while the wavelength is within 300-500 m. The horizontal forelands formed here have
usually an asymmetric (drop-shaped) form with a steeper bending of the shoreline on the leeward side of the wind. The
forelands are gradually smoothed, and the shoreline aligns. If one observes the aligning process it may seem that the
shore forelands displace in the direction of the dominating flux of deposits. Nevertheless, it is seen in Fig. 8 that the
windward part of the foreland almost does not change its location, while the downwind edge displaces along the shore
over tens of meters. The total rate of shoreline aligning depends significantly on the current hydro-lithological situation.
The total process continues from a few months to one year. Table 3 presents the distance from the water edge to the basis
line averaged over the regions between several profiles (Fig. 6). One can see that in the course of the water edge
alignment the shoreline gradually displaces in the seaward direction.
Table 3. Mean distance from the water edge to the basic reference line (m)
Averaging step (m)
250
100
250
Averaging region
(profiles, km)
22.0 - 24.5
22.0 - 24.5
20.25 - 30.75
12.08.2011
13.09.2011
17.12.2012
192,3
196,0
162,3
194,2
196,6
163,1
196,9
197,4
166,3
tOOw
Figure 5. Dynamics of the water edge. The color lines indicate the location of the water edge: green on 12.08.2011, pink on
13.09.2011; red on 17.12.2012. The basis line is denoted with the blue color. The image was taken on 11.08.2011.
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9535 95351K-5
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/03/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms
Goos le earth
Coos le earth
Figure 6. Dynamics of the water edge: the pink line is related to 12.08.2011, the red line refers to 13.09.2011, the blue line
refers to 17.12.2012. The upper image was taken on 13.09.2011, the lower one on 17.12.2012.
Investigations of the long-term dynamics of the Anapa bay-bar shoreline were based on the comparison of aerial photos
in 1941 (at the sixth kilometer of the southern edge of the bar), a series of space images in 1964-1966 (central part of the
bay-bar in 1964, southern part of the bay-bar in 1965, and the entire bay-bar in 1966), aerophotoplan map in 2013, and a
series of satellite images of the period 2011-2014. It is seen from the data presented above that in the analysis of the
long-term variations in the water edge one has to take into account the following:
1. Configuration of the shoreline at the moment of each survey. The measurements of the distance to the basic line in the
test region was performed with a step of 100 m and 250 m to estimate the possible error of calculations related to the
distinguished linear characteristics of the alongshore erosion-accumulation wave (Fig. 6). Comparison of the results of
measurements (Table 3) demonstrated that averaging with different spatial steps results in a difference of 0.5-3.7 m. This
difference is minimal for the aligned shoreline. Thus, the error related to the variation in the configuration of the water
edge reaches a few meters but can be decreased by increasing the frequency of the measuring profiles.
2. The estimated accuracy of the spatial referencing is within 5 m for the modern images (after 2003) and within 10 m for
the images in 1941 and 1964-1966. As a rule, this distortion is linear; therefore it differently affects the data on
differently oriented regions of the bay-bar with respect to the direction of the maximum distortion. In the worst version,
“systematic” spatial displacement of the mean water edge location up to 10 m is possible over individual regions of the
bay-bar. Therefore, in order to gain the maximum detailed results it is desirable to perform separate referencing for small
image fragments.
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9535 95351K-6
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/03/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms
3. It was shown above that each individual part of the bay-bar is characterized by its own regime of the short-term water
edge dynamics. Figure 7 shows the amount of the mentioned variability in the configuration of the water edge based on
the data of surveys carried out within a comparatively short time period (5-10 years). The actual variability can be even
greater. In this relation comparison of two one-time surveys can result in significant distortions of the real dynamics
(when the regions of the short-term erosion or accumulation intersect or overlap). In the ideal case when the shoreline is
aligned over the entire length of the bay-bar it is possible to use a one-time image. It was already noted that this state
corresponds to the maximum intrusion of the shoreline into the sea. In the other cases if more or less pronounced
erosion-accumulation “waves” exist, averaging of the water edge location data on the water edge over a specific period
for individual regions of the bay-bar would be appropriate.
50 Y
i
i
Figure 7. Variations in the location of water edge line in the region of profile 27 (based on the data of surveys in 2007-2014).
A small region of the bay-bar covered with the survey in 1941 does not allow us to estimate the shore dynamics of the
entire Anapa bay-bar since that time. However, this image gives us important information about the possible variations in
the rate of shore dynamics after 1966. It is seen in Fig. 8 that during the period 1941-1966, shore erosion occurred not
over the entire length and did not exceed 15 m on the average. In the period 1941-2013, erosion occurred almost over the
entire length of the region and its mean value exceeded 37 m. High accumulation south of the modern mouth of the
Anapka River can be possibly explained by the technogenic displacement of the river mouth to the north in the beginning
of the 1960s. In the period 1966-2013, small erosion was observed in this region despite artificial sand dumping.
A similar comparison of the data on 21.08.1966 and 21.11.2013 (Fig. 9) demonstrated that erosion dominated (in
individual regions, the erosion was as high as 70 m) but accumulation was also revealed (greater than 20 m). The average
value of the water edge displacement over 47 years and 3 months was 23.3 m in the direction to the coast.
Comparison of the photos on 23.07.1965 and 21.08.1966 demonstrated that the variation in the position of the water edge
exceeded 20 m to either side on the individual profiles. Such variations are characteristic of the inter-storm dynamics of
the water edge. They do not indicate that either erosion or accumulation of the shore occurred. The mean displacement
of the water edge line over the entire region over a period of 13 months was only 0.8 m (in the direction of erosion); thus
it is within the errors of measurements.
Data averaging over the location of water edge in 1964-1966 (three surveys) and in 2011-2013 (six surveys) was
performed to clarify the results. It is well seen in Fig. 10 that the general distribution of the erosion and accumulation
regions is similar to the comparison of one-time surveys on 21.08.1966 and 21.11.2013. We can note a slight increase in
erosion at the southern edge of Vityazevskaya bay-bar. The mean displacement of the water edge over a period of 47
years was 23.0 m in the direction to the coast. This value knowingly exceeds the limits of possible errors of
measurements; therefore we can speak about the actual existence of the regions within the entire Anapa bay-bar, which
differ significantly in the lithodynamic conditions. It is possible to distinguish the regions of strong erosion in Fig. 10.
The central part of the Anapa bay-bar can be called relatively stable. Regions of comparable erosion and accumulation
alternate here. The mean displacement of the water edge over the entire region is 2.1 m (in the direction to the coast),
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9535 95351K-7
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/03/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms
which is within the errors of measurements. We separately note the region south of the Anapka River mouth (6 m of
erosion), in which significant recesses of the shore were repeatedly observed during the storms and artificial dumping of
sand was organized here.
E
60
ó
40
.
t
.c
cs3:- 20
0
o
' ,7, -20
i
0
w
-40
E 40
-6
.2 20
c
' Ç -20
o
c7,
ó -40
L
it
blagvesnerlsKy
>,
o CO
-60
Bugazskaya bay -bar
CI)
Vityazevskaya bay -bar
butte
Anapa accumulative terrace
45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
6
54
3
2
1
0
-1
Profiles
Figure 8. Shoreline dynamics over a period greater than 70 years (based on the data of surveys in 1941, 1964-1966, 20112013).
80
E
-o
60
o
a
40
MN
1
a)
1
20
21.08. i 966 - 21 11.2013
11 1
1
IN"
T vI
III_
._
0
Ñ
° -20
.
r1-
I
A
r
r
_
-40
60
o
a
40
a)
20
A
'
M
T 1 1111r MI
Y
1
1 I_
l
.ÿ
...
'
WY =
\ I
.
N
/11-
Q
411WW6
l
'
Blagveshe sky
W
-40
R 1964-1966 - AV :0101115,113R
'
Bugazskaya bay -bar
'
Ì
accum lation
I
80
MI
i r"IMM
1ry'D
-
A
w
E
erosion
11
.
erosion
I ' 1Irr
f
V1I
ln
a...,
1
-I
W
y
s
111u1QL11111
Vityazevskaya bay -bar
butte
.
Anapa accumulative terrace
45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
6
54
Profiles
Figure 9. Shoreline dynamics over a period of 49 years (based on the data of surveys in 1964-1966, 2011-2013)
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9535 95351K-8
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/03/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms
3
2
1
0
-1
4. CONCLUSION
Comparison of our data and materials of the previous researches demonstrated that recessing of the coastline actually
occurs over the major part of the bay-bar. However, the calculated rates of the water edge recess are somewhat different.
According to our data the maximum mean erosion rate does not exceed 1.6 m per year, whereas the data in [5] indicate
that in some regions of the bar it exceeded 3 m. The new data clarified and gave a more detailed estimate of the evolution
of the coastline dynamics of the Anapa bay-bar. It is important for the study of lithodynamic processes in the coastal
zone and developing the forecast of the further evolution of the geosystem of the bay-bar.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work could not have been completed without the data of remote sensing archived in the different state and private
organizations of many countries, which is in the free access for the scientific research.
The field studies in 2014 were carried out with the support of the Russian Scientific Foundation (grant no. 14-17-00547).
The office data processing, collection, and analysis of the literature and archive data were supported by the Russian
Scientific Foundation (grant no. 14-50-00095). Aerial laser scanning (ALS) and aerial photography in 2013 was
performed with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant no. 13-05-00466). Processing of the
ALS data and their geodesic referencing with the preparation of the orthophotoplan maps and a digital model of the
terrain was performed with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant no. 15-05-02654). We also
used the data on the landscape morphological structure of the Anapa bay-bar obtained with the financial support of the
Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant nos. 13-05-96510, 13-05-96506).
REFERENCES
[1] Krylenko, V. V., Kos’yan, R. D., Kochergin, A. D., "Regularities of the Formation of the Granulometric
Composition of the Bottom and Beach Deposits of the Anapa Bay-Bar" Oceanology 51(1), 1061–1071 (2011).
[2] Kosyan, R. D., Kuklev, S. B., Krylenko, V. V., "Brittle equilibrium of the Anapa bay-bar" Priroda 2, 19-28
(2012).
[3] Izmailov, Ya. A., "Evolutionary Geography of the Azov and Black Sea Coasts. Anapa Bay-Bar", 1-174 (2005).
[4] Zenkovich, V. P., "Coasts of the Black and Azov Seas", 1-150 (1958).
[5] Izmailov, Ya. A., Izmailov, M. Ya., Sidorenko, L. A., "Report on the investigations of the Anapa beach sand
body dynamics" Black Sea Department of the State Enterprise Kubangeologiya, Lazarevskoye, November, 1
(2005).
[6] Kosyan, R. D., Goryachkin, Yu. N., Krylenko, V. V., Dolotov, V. V., Krylenko, M. V., Godin, E. A., "Crimea
and Caucasus Accumulative Coasts Dynamics Estimation using Satellite Pictures" Turkish Journal of Fisheries
and Aquatic Sciences 12, 385-390 (2012).
[7] Krylenko, V. V., Krylenko, M. V., "Retrospective analysis of the cartographic and illustration material as means
to estimate the state of the natural objects" Geosystems: Development Factors, Rational Nature Management,
Methods of Managing, 294-296 (2011).
[8] WWII Aerial Photos and Maps, "Series: Captured War Documents", http://www.wwii-photos-maps.com (29
December 2014).
[9] U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey, "CORONa Program" 11/03/2014
http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ (19 February 2015).
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9535 95351K-9
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 07/03/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms