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Chapter Review
Earth and the Moon move in predictable ways
as they orbit the Sun.
CONTENT REVIEW
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KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
1
Earth rotates on a tilted axis and orbits the Sun.
VOCABULARY
axis of rotation p. 684
revolution p. 685
season p. 686
equinox p. 686
solstice p. 686
Earth’s rotation in
sunlight causes day
and night.
2
The changing angles of sunlight on
Earth cause seasons.
The Moon is Earth’s natural satellite.
VOCABULARY
mare p. 693
Dark-colored maria
formed from
lava-filled craters.
crust
mantle
Light-colored highlands
are old and cratered.
core
The Moon’s near side
always faces Earth.
3
Positions of the Sun and Moon affect Earth.
VOCABULARY
penumbra
Moon
umbra
Shadows cause eclipses.
Earth
The Moon’s gravity causes
tides as Earth turns.
Lunar phases are different views
of the Moon’s sunlit half.
708 Unit 5: Space Science
eclipse p. 703
umbra p. 703
penumbra p. 703
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Reviewing Vocabulary
Use words and diagrams to show the relationship between the terms in each the following
pairs. Underline the two terms in each answer.
1. revolution, rotation
2. revolution, season
3. solstice, equinox
4. mare, impact crater
5. eclipse, umbra
6. umbra, penumbra
Reviewing Key Concepts
Multiple Choice Choose the letter of the
best answer.
7. How long does it take Earth to turn once on
its axis of rotation?
a. an hour
c. a month
b. a day
d. a year
8. How long does it take Earth to orbit the Sun?
a. an hour
c. a month
b. a day
d. a year
9. About how long does it take the Moon to
revolve once around Earth?
a. an hour
c. a month
b. a day
d. a year
10. Why is it hotter in summer than in winter?
a. Earth gets closer to and farther from the Sun.
b. Sunlight strikes the ground at higher angles.
c. Earth turns faster in some seasons.
d. Earth revolves around the Sun more times
in some seasons.
11. The dark maria on the Moon formed from
a. dried-up seas
b. finely-broken rock
c. large shadows
d. lava-filled craters
12. The lunar highlands have more impact craters
than the maria, so scientists know that the
highlands
a. are older than the maria
b. are younger than the maria
c. are flatter than the maria
d. are darker than the maria
13. Why is just one side of the Moon visible from
Earth?
a. The Moon does not rotate on its axis as it
orbits Earth.
b. The Moon rotates once in the same amount
of time that it orbits.
c. Half of the Moon is always unlit by the Sun.
d. Half of the Moon does not reflect light.
14. Why does the Moon seem to change shape
from week to week?
a. Clouds block part of the Moon.
b. The Moon moves through Earth’s shadow.
c. The Moon is lit in different ways.
d. Different amounts of the dark-colored side
of the Moon face Earth.
15. Which words describe the different shapes that
the Moon appears to be?
a. waning and waxing
b. waning and crescent
c. waxing and gibbous
d. crescent and gibbous
16. During a total eclipse of the Moon,
the Moon is
a. in Earth’s umbra
b. in Earth’s penumbra
c. between Earth and the Sun
d. casting a shadow on Earth
Short Answer Write a short answer to
each question.
17. What motion produces two high tides in a
day? Explain your answer.
18. How are the structure of the Moon and the
structure of Earth similar?
Chapter 20: Earth, Moon, and Sun 709
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Thinking Critically
Use the lunar map below to answer the next
four questions.
Near Side
Far Side
A
C
D
B
19. APPLY Which points are at higher elevations?
Explain how you know.
29. PREDICT If Earth’s axis were not tilted with
respect to the orbit, would the seasons be different? Explain what you think would happen.
30. PROVIDE EXAMPLES How do the positions of
the Sun and the Moon affect what people do?
Give three examples of the ways that people’s
jobs or other activities are affected by the
positions of the Sun, the Moon, or both.
31. PREDICT Which shape of the Moon are
you most likely to see during the daytime?
Hint: Compare the directions of the Sun and
Moon from Earth in the diagram on page 701.
32. CLASSIFY What types of information have
scientists used to make inferences about
the Moon’s history?
20. COMPARE During a first-quarter moon, will
point A, point B, both, or neither be in sunlight? Hint: Use the diagram on page 701.
21. INFER During a total lunar eclipse, which
points will be in darkness?
22. INFER During a total solar eclipse, the Moon
is new. Which points will be in darkness?
23. CONNECT Use your knowledge of the motions of
Earth and the Moon to determine how long it
takes the Moon to travel once around the Sun.
South Pole
33. ANALYZE The photograph above shows the
side of Earth in sunlight at a particular time.
The location of the South Pole is indicated.
Was the photograph taken in March, in June,
in September, or in December?
24. ANALYZE Which two parts of the Moon have
important chemical elements in common?
Choose from the following: core, mantle,
crust, maria, highlands.
25. APPLY If it is noon for you, what time is it for
someone directly on the opposite side of Earth?
26. CLASSIFY On what part or parts of Earth are
winter and summer temperatures the most
different from each other?
27. APPLY If it is the winter solstice in New York,
what solstice or equinox is it in Sydney,
Australia, in the Southern Hemisphere?
28. PREDICT If Earth stayed exactly the same distance from the Sun throughout the year,
would the seasons be different? Explain what
you think would happen.
710 Unit 5: Space Science
34. APPLY Look again at the photograph on pages
680–681. Now that you have finished the
chapter, how would you change your response
to the question on the photograph?
35. SYNTHESIZE If you were an astronaut in the
middle of the near side of the Moon during a
full moon, how would the ground around you
look? How would Earth, high in your sky,
look? Describe what is in sunlight and what is
in darkness.
If you need to do an experiment for your unit project, gather the materials. Be sure to allow enough
time to observe results before the project is due.
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Standardized Test Practice
For practice on your
state test, go to . . .
TEST PRACTICE
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Analyzing a Diagram
The sketches show the phases of the Moon one week apart. The diagram
shows the Moon’s orbit around Earth. Use the diagram and the sketches to
answer the questions below.
May 1
May 8
May 15
3. Approximately when was the Moon full?
a. May 4
c. May 18
b. May 11
d. May 29
May 22
4. At which letter on the diagram might a solar
eclipse occur?
a. E
c. I
b. H
d. L
K
J
L
sunlight
Earth
E
I
F
H
G
1. At which letter on the diagram might a full moon
occur?
a. E
c. I
b. G
d. J
2. Which letter on the diagram shows the position of
the Moon on May 8?
a. E
c. G
b. F
d. H
5. How much of the sunlit part of the Moon was
visible from Earth on May 8?
a. None of the sunlit part was visible.
b. About one-quarter of the sunlit part was visible.
c. About three-quarters of the sunlit part
was visible.
d. All of the sunlit part was visible.
6. Which of these sketches show Earth’s shadow on
the Moon?
a. those for May 1 and May 22
b. those for May 8 and May 15
c. all 4 of them
d. none of them
7. Which factor is most directly responsible for
determining how often a full moon appears?
a. the size of the Moon
b. the size of Earth
c. how quickly the Moon orbits Earth
d. how quickly the Moon turns on its axis
Extended Response
Answer the two questions below in detail. A diagram
may help you to answer.
8. The Moon was once much closer to Earth. What
effect do you think that this distance had
on eclipses?
9. What do you think would happen to tides on
Earth if Earth stopped rotating? Why?
Chapter 20: Earth, Moon, and Sun 711