HOMER
ODYSSEUS
THIS IS THE PROPERTY OF: ………………………………………….………..
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 1:
ATHENE VISITS TELEMACHUS
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.

What is the point of the first 11 lines of the Odyssey?
Calliope, The Muse of Epic

The Odyssey begins (very properly) in heaven on Mt. Olympus, where
Athene, the patron goddess of Odysseus, gains Zeus’ consent for the
wheels to be set in motion for Odysseus to reach home at last. The gods
can do this because Poseidon, god of the sea and Odysseus’ arch-enemy,
happens to be away from Olympus at the time. Why did Poseidon have it
in for Odysseus? (You will find the answer a little later).
Poseidon by Bernini

What do we learn about Odysseus from Athene’s speech to Zeus? (45-63)

In the effort to get Odysseus’ house in order:
what role is Hermes to have?
what will Athene now do?

What problem is there in Odysseus’ palace? Write a brief detail or two.
1

What do you learn about hospitality (eating, drinking and manners) in these times from 114-157?

Examine 179-324 and write ways in which Athene helps to encourage and support Telemachus in
taking a stand against the Suitors.
Athene

At 328 we are introduced to Penelope, Telemachus’ mother. How does Homer show her to be a
devoted wife to Odysseus? (Read up to 364).
Telemachus and Penelope
2
Questions in boxes are designed to ask what your overview is after having read a sizeable amount of text.
What is your initial impression of Odysseus’ son, Telemachus, from Book 1? (Include his feelings,
behaviour and any developments that you see in him)
Telemachus & Mentor by
the Italian artistTiepolo
How good a start is Book 1 to the story? (Consider setting the scene, creating suspense, the introduction of
characters, etc.)
3
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 2:
THE DEBATE IN ITHACA
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
Telemachus:
Emphasis is placed on Telemachus’ new-found confidence and assertiveness:
It is Telemachus that has summoned the assembly: there has been none for 20 years
Athene has endowed him with supernatural grace: he is admired by all
He has the courage to publicly denounce the suitors
He says he will give his mother away in marriage, if his father is dead (219)

What impression do you form of him from what he says and the manner in which he says it? (4084; 130-145; 209-223)
Telemachus and Penelope at her loom
A further effect of Athene’s visit can be seen (215) when Telemachus declares his intention to visit Pylos
and Sparta to find news of his father: he is growing up fast.

Look at Athene’s encouragement to Telemachus on 285-296. Do you think that such help from
the goddess generally diminishes Telemachus’ stature or increases it?
The Suitors:
 Do you find Antinous’ defence of their actions acceptable? (85) To what extent do you think
Penelope can be blamed?

Note, from Antinous’ speech (106) how long the suitors have been in residence. You will find out
later how many suitors there are.
4

How is the omen of the two eagles interpreted, and how does Homer, for dramatic
reasons, manage to ensure that the suitors do not take proper heed of it? (146-193).
Note, too, that, when the people might be persuaded to stop the suitors’ bad behaviour (242-260), Homer,
again for dramatic reasons, contrives it that the people do nothing about it. Homer does not yet want any
settlement with the suitors.
Eurycleia:
 We first meet her here (346). Homer is generally very interested in non-noble, peasant characters.
What initial impression do you obtain here of this newly-introduced character?
Athene:
 She had urged Telemachus to collect a crew, but here (382), disguised as Telemachus, she does
the job herself. Be aware throughout of the help given by Athene to Odysseus’ family. List below
the help that she gives in 382-428
5
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 3:
TELEMACHUS WITH NESTOR
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
This book begins the “mini-odyssey” of Telemachus on the first leg of his trip to Nestor and Menelaus.
This is a long journey for a young man making his first solo overseas journey.
Ithaca
Telemachus:
 Athene is still giving encouragement and advice to Telemachus. Note how unsure Telemachus is
of approach so famous and revered a person as king Nestor of Pylos (22-24). Write a sentence.

When Telemachus speaks with Nestor, he says: “Do not soften your account out of pity or
concern for my feeling …” (96). What quality is he showing here?
The inhabitants of Pylos: mentally note the following about them:
their outright hospitality
their politeness and good manners
their respect for elders
Nestor:
He talks a lot! You must remember that the ancients, especially the upper class, had far more time than we
do: they enjoyed stories and could listen to lengthy tales, recollections, family trees, and the like.
Why might the ancient audience have found this speech interesting?
it gives the story of the departure from Troy, with references to some of the famous
heroes, such as Nestor, Diomedes, Menelaus and Agamemnon
the reference to Orestes’ revenge for the death of his father, Agamemnon, is to be an
example for Telemachus to follow
he likens Telemachus to Odysseus (34): an encouragement to Telemachus
Nestor gives Telemachus some advice: to go and visit Menelaus (which Telemachus had
intended doing, in any case!)
6
A palace has been found at Pylos. Was it Nestor’s? Here are some reconstructions of the
building.
The Throne Room in the palace at Pylos
Open courtyard in the palace
Customs:
You can read in detail the ritual of a sacrifice (444-463)
Note, too, the custom that they had for a princess to bathe visiting male guests (464-469)
In this book, and throughout Homer, you will see the respect held for the father of a family and for older
people in general.
Athene and Telemachus by the French artist Marc Chagal
7
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 4:
MENELAUS AND HELEN
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
The title “Odyssey” means the story of Odysseus. The word “odyssey” has come into the English
language as meaning a long journey (e.g. “2001: A Space Odyssey”). Homer’s book, apart from
describing the journey of Odysseus, also includes the journey of Telemachus as well as the recounted
journeys of Nestor (Book 3) and of Menelaus (Book 4).
Telemachus:
 When he visited Nestor, Telemachus was accompanied by Athene in disguise. Athene is not
present when he visits Menelaus. Is this significant?
Telemachus’ self-confidence is no doubt boosted by the close similarities with his father, which are
pointed out by Menelaus and Helen, and by the reference to Odysseus’ exploits inside Troy (244-289).

Peisistratus says of Telemachus (158):he is modest, and on a first visit like this, he is too
bashful to speak uninvited in front of you”. How does Telemachus appear more confident at
the end of his stay (593-608)? Answer briefly.
Customs:
There is much emphasis in the Odyssey on entertainment and feasting. Observe that the visitors here are
admitted, bathed and offered food, even before they are asked their identity! They are given parting
presents of considerable value.
 Men weep in public without shame or embarrassment (185). How do you think this contrasts with
today?
Odysseus:
 Briefly list qualities of Odysseus’ that we see in Book 4, prior to meeting the man himself in Bk 5.
8
Homer’s style:
There is irony in that Menelaus, without yet knowing Telemachus’ identity, speaks of Odysseus and his
family (100). It is Telemachus’ tears that cause Menelaus to recognise him, but Helen, perhaps with
womanly awareness, recognises him instantly.

Helen was the most beautiful woman in the world. Why does Homer not give a detailed
description of her looks? In what manner does he describe her?

The story of Eidothoë and Proteus (351f.) is a story-within -a-story. It serves to give variety to the
epic, as well as providing useful information for Telemachus. What exactly does Telemachus
learn from this tale about his father’s fate (though the news is hardly recent!)? What does the
reader learn from the tale of Ajax? (499-512).
Homer switches scenes (625) from Sparta to Ithaca: a further means of introducing variety. The whole
family is re-introduced: news of the Telemachus’ journey revealed, Penelope and her reaction to it,
references to the kindness of Odysseus, Laërtes is referred to, as well as the caring servant Eurycleia. This
is a good introduction to Book 5, where we meet Odysseus himself.
 Suspense: look at the reference to Mentor (653-657). Should the suitors take the hint?
Penelope:
Briefly summarise the picture of Penelope which is presented in this book.
9
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 5:
CALYPSO
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
Although Odysseus has been much referred to in Books 1-4, it is not until Book 5 that he makes his first
appearance. When Homer refers to Odysseus the epithet he uses most is “polymetis” (“of the many
schemes”). No other character in the Odyssey or the Iliad has so many facets. At different times Odysseus
exhibits nearly kinds and degrees of human behaviour, and, without seeming inconsistent, can, according
to circumstances, be brave or cowardly, wise or foolish, cautious or reckless, and so on. Try to be aware of
this wide range of qualities as you read through the book.

What is odd about the inclusion of the council of the gods at the
beginning of Book 5?

In what ways does Homer convey an idyllic picture of Calypso’s isle of
Ogygia? Why do you think he makes it so beautiful?
Odysseus & Calypso
By Beckman

What are the attractions that might tempt Odysseus to spend the rest of his life on Ogygia? You
can see his reaction to this paradise in line 83, where he is sitting on the shore, gazing across the
barren sea “in his accustomed place”. This is what he is always doing there. Why does he not fall
for these temptations?
Calypso:
 What overall impression do you have of her character? Note, in particular, feelings of jealousy
and anger, promises she made to Odysseus and sympathy for his plight.
10
Odysseus:
He wants to get home to his son and wife, Penelope. “I know that my wise Penelope’s looks and stature
are insignificant compared with yours. For she is a mortal while you have immortality and unfading
youth. Nevertheless,”
He is bored. Life on Ogygia does not suit him. When he begins building his boat, we can feel something
of his relief now that he is engaged in action.
Homer’s style:
 Write a few examples of the enthusiasm and detail of description that Homer employs when
Odysseus builds his boat.
The gods:
 What rôles are played by:
Athene?
Hermes?
Poseidon?
What help does Odysseus receive from Ino / Leucothoe and the river god?
11
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 6:
NAUSICAA
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
Nausicaa:
 What qualities of Nausicaa’s does Homer emphasise in her first
encounter with Odysseus?

Note her feelings towards Odysseus when he has been transformed by
Athene.
Samuel Butler, the Victorian author and translator of Homer, once attempted to
prove that Nausicaa was the real writer of the Odyssey, and Robert Graves has
written a novel based on this idea, called “Homer’s Daughter”.
Odysseus:
 He meets the Phaeacian girls in peculiar circumstances. In what
manner does he first approach Nausicaa? (139-186)
Nausicaa by Leighton

What other evidence is there in his behaviour that shows his tactful and diplomatic approach to
people?
The gods:
 Note the help given to Odysseus by Athene: for example, she provides a mist, background
information and directions. Do you think that this help detracts from his heroic image?
12
Generally in this book, how does Homer convey Nausicaa’s charm and maturity?
Odysseus meets Nausicaa
(Detail of picture below)
Odysseus meets Nausicaa
(from a Greek pot)
13
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 7:
THE PALACE OF ALCINOUS
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
Phaeacia:
This country (also called Scherie) has been identified by some with
the ancient Kerkyra (modern Corfu). It has been said that it is
represented in the Odyssey as a human paradise.

What aspects of Phaeacian life or character, as described by Homer, can be found to
substantiate this view? Examine, for example, some of the following:
Homer’s description of Alcinous’ palace, orchard, vineyard, garden (82-132)
Aretê: how does Homer elevate her status?
Odysseus’ reception: Echeneus’ speech (153-171) and Alcinous’ reactions
Homer’s style:
Apart from Homer’s use of description (Alcinous’ palace, orchard, vineyard, garden, etc.), note, too, his
use of flashback (Calypso – 243f.) and of similes. In an epic of this dimension the author needs to use a
number of techniques to introduce variety.
Odysseus:
 Do you find Odysseus self-pitying, or otherwise, in his reply to Alcinous? (207-225)
14

Note how he refers to Nausicaa when talking to her parents (302-308). Why does he lie
to them?
“His petition made, he sat down in the ashes by
the hearth, close to the fire” (153).
You can see how this is possible from the picture
of the fireplace found in the palace at Pylos.
The fire was here
Note the flame-like pattern painted on
the edge
15
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 8:
THE PHAEACIAN GAMES
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
Homer’s style:
Note the irony in that Demodocus sings of Odysseus (73), whose identity is, as yet, unknown.

How good a digression do you consider the story of Ares and Aphrodite? (267-367) Do you think
that the story has any moral?

Demodocus sings of the Wooden Horse and the
Fall of Troy (497-520). Note that these events are
not described in the Iliad, a work which
concentrates on a brief period of 52 days from the
ninth year of the fighting around Troy.
A Greek version of the horse (7th century BC)
The Homeric Hero:
The education of a hero in “Homeric” times is worth noting. Heroes were expected to be physically
strong and fit and to be good athletes -- note the reference on 134 to Odysseus’ thighs, etc! They had to be
good hunters and warriors, be prepared to help their friends and harm their enemies (see 6.184 and
footnote), and had to be able to sing and accompany themselves on the lyre. They had to be good
speakers, too, in debates. They derived their standing in society from the esteem in which their peers held
them, and much of this depended on their material wealth (for example, see parting gifts: 389-405). This
may help us to understand the reactions of Odysseus, both in content and length, to Laodamas, whose
comments (159-164) were a distinct insult to a Homeric hero.
For more information see Thorpe, Menelaus., Homer (Macmillan)
16
The Gods:
 Note in what ways Athene continues to help her favourite.
Hospitality and Entertainment:
The bard: Demodocus is blind. Some say that this Homer’s portrayal of himself. The bard (rhapsode)
sings or chants the story to his own accompaniment on the lyre: his song is, literally, “lyrical”. Prior to
Homer all of these stories were transmitted orally and were memorised and extemporised upon by the next
generation of rhapsodes.
The games: The events are a foot-race, wrestling, jumping, throwing the discus and boxing.
Odysseus has already (Book 7) received hospitality from the Phaeacians (clothing, food, sympathy, a bed
for the night, etc.). Even at the end of Book 8 Alcinous still does not know his identity (549).
Phaeacia:
What regard for others is shown in Book 8? (You could consider: the sensitivity shown by Alcinous for
Odysseus’ feelings, the feelings mutually expressed by Nausicaa and Odysseus, or between Odysseus and
Euryalus, or others Include some comments on Phaeacian hospitality.)
17
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 9:
THE CYCLOPS
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
The Cicones:
The raid on the Cicones’ city of Ismarus is accepted by many scholars
as representing a true picture of the way of life of the chieftains of the
Homeric period, who apparently engaged in acts of brigandage and
piracy.
The Lotus-eaters:
 In what way is Odysseus
put to the test in his
encounter with the Lotuseaters?

Do you think that this story, as well as that of the Cicones, is insufficiently developed by Homer?
The Cyclopes:
Note that “Cyclopes” is the plural of this race of giants; “Cyclops” is
the singular. Polyphemus is the personal name of the best known
Cyclops. Many scholars have identified the island home of the
Cyclopes as being Sicily.

For what reasons would the Greeks/Achaeans have regarded
the Cyclopes as “uncivilised”?
18

Examine Homer’s skill in story telling and write down some points that are evidence for his skill.
You should consider how the men are trapped and how they can escape without being caught by
Polyphemus or having the other Cyclopes come to the attack; consider the suspense in the way
events evolve, Homer’s powers of graphic description and so on.

Briefly contrast briefly Odysseus’ experiences with the Phaeacians and with Polyphemus.

Is Odysseus clever or stupid in his encounter with the Cyclopes?
Two scenes from the story of Polyphemus (from Greek vase paintings)
19
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 10:
CIRCE
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
Again there is the pattern of two short stories [Aeolia and Telepylus] followed by a long one [Circe].
Compare this to Book 9: Cicones and Lotus-eaters, followed by Polyphemus.
After his victory over Polyphemus, a portent of his forthcoming victory over Poseidon and nature, it is
necessary for Odysseus to receive a reminder that human power over the forces of nature is limited. The
story of the adverse winds in the bag demonstrates man’s capacity to control his environment, but also that
human weaknesses, symbolised by Odysseus’ crew, will always make man’s relationship with nature an
uncertain and tenuous one.
Note Odysseus’ endurance: he is awake for 9 days and sleeps only when home is in sight.
Telepylus and the Laestrygonians:
Note: natural harbour -- a trap for boats. The lack of
agriculture was ominous, too.

Is Odysseus’ escape cowardly? Give a quick
response.
Laestrygonians’ attack (Pompeian wall painting)
Circe:
Note the fairy-tale setting: a lonely house, with a wisp of smoke, in
the middle of a wood on Aeaea.

What is odd about the behaviour of the animals that greet
the first group of men? What removes their suspicions
[except Eurylochus]?

Is Odysseus’ stature diminished by the help given to him
by Hermes?
20
Circe gives out the potion
Homer’s Style:
 Is the Circe story a good one? Where does
its special power and interest lie?
A comic version of Circe and Odysseus

Briefly, how does Circe compare and contrast with Calypso?
What qualities of leadership does Odysseus show in this book as a whole? How does his behaviour
compare to that of Eurylochus and the rest of his men? Consider all three stories in Book 10.
21
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 11:
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD, “THE NEKUIA”
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
Visits to the underworld are common in mythology and
epic. Such a visit by a mortal elevates his status. In this
book Odysseus undergoes a symbolic death and rebirth
before taking up a new life. Odysseus’ attention is
redirected from his wanderings to his home. His
experiences with the dead in the underworld prepare him to
deal with things that are important for his people back in
Ithaca. Note that Homer’s topography is vague: it is not
possible to make sense of it.
Odysseus slays sheep in Hades
Teiresias’ prophecy [100-136.]: Note what he says:

the type of journey he will have

warning about the Sun-god’s cattle

the situation that he will find at home

his relationship with Poseidon

his death
The Catalogue of Heroines and Heroes
 Anticleia:
what does Odysseus learn from her?
note the condition in which Laertes lives
from what cause did Anticleia die?
Odysseus meets many other women:
Tyro, Antiope, Alcmene, Epicaste, Chloris, Leda, Iphimedia,,
Phaedra, Procris, Ariadne, Maera, Clymene, Eriphyle. Mentally note the various liaisons with gods.

Why do you think Homer includes this list?
22
Agamemnon:
 In what way is it useful for Odysseus to hear Agamemnon’s story?

What is Agamemnon’s general view on women?
Achilles:
 What is his relationship with both his father and his son, Neoptolemus?
Ajax:

What is Ajax’s attitude towards Odysseus, and why?
Further men:
Orion, Tityus, Tantalus, Sisyphus, Heracles. Here you will see that there is a judge (Minos) and there are
characters who are being punished.
 In what way could some of these crimes be thought of as crimes against the family?

What would be the relevance of introducing the idea of the family just here?
Homer’s style
 “Odysseus stopped speaking” (333). Why does Homer make him do this?

What impression do you have of the Homer’s view of the underworld? Use the following page
references to help: 210ff., 390ff., 474ff. and 487ff.
Persephone & Hades
23
THE CHIEF CHARACTERS OF ODYSSEY 11, THE NEKUIA, THE BOOK OF THE DEAD
Elpenor:
Teiresias:
Anticleia:
The Women:
Tyro:
Antiope:
Alcmene:
Megare:
Epicaste:
Chloris:
Leda:
Iphimedeia:
Phaedra:
He could speak to Odysseus without drinking blood because he was not yet cremated.
Odysseus had apparently thought he had left Elpenor behind alive (cf. Virgil: Aeneas
and Palinurus in Aeneid, 6.).
The most famous seer (prophet) of Greek mythology. Being privileged, he can speak
without drinking blood, but prefers to drink some as a strengthening tonic.
Wife of Laërtes, mother of Odysseus, Telemachus’ grandmother.
To Poseidon she bore twins: Pelias and Neleus. After the death of Tyro’s husband,
Cretheus, the twins seized Iolcus and excluded Aeson, the son of Tyro and Cretheus.
Later, Aeson’s son, Jason, claimed the throne, but Pelias, in order to be rid of him, sent
him to fetch the “golden fleece” from Colchis. On his return Jason’s “wife”, Medea,
caused Pelias to be killed by fooling the man’s daughters into thinking that they could
rejuvenate him by boiling him up in a cauldron (cf. Euripides’ Medea). Tyro’s other
son, Neleus, married Chloris and became father of Nestor of Pylos.
Mother, by Zeus, of the twins Zethus and Amphion. The latter married Niobe who
boasted that she had given birth to more children than had Leto, the mother of Apollo
and Artemis: these two killed Niobe for her arrogance.
Mother, by Zeus, of Heracles
Heracles’ first wife
Elsewhere known as Jocasta. She had been told that if she and her husband, Laius,
king of Thebes, had a son, he would grow up to kill his father and marry his mother. A
boy was born -- Oedipus --and exposed on the mountainside, but secretly rescued and
taken to Corinth where he was brought up as the king and queen’s son. When he
learned of the oracle he fled from his “homeland” and his “mother” and “father” and
fled to Thebes. On the way he killed a man, and on arriving in Thebes was offered the
throne and married the widow of the recently murdered king -- thus fulfilling the god’s
oracle. When he relised he had committed parricide and incest, he blinded himself and
went into exile. (cf. Sophocles’ Oedipus the King).
Renowned for her beauty. Note that Zeus’ will was accomplished. (For the
sequel to this story of Melampus, see Odyssey, 15.225)
Wife of Tydareus, but she was seduced by Zeus in the guise of a swan and gave birth
to the twins Castor and Polydeuces (Roman: Pollux), known as the Dioscuri (= “the
sons of Zeus”). She also bore Zeus a daughter, Helen, the most beautiful woman in the
world. To her husband Leda bore Clytemnestra (cf. Aeschylus’ Agamemnon).
By Poseidon she was the mother of the giants Otus and Ephialtes, who posed a threat to
the Olympian gods.
Daughter of Minos and young wife to the older Theseus. She fell into an incestuous
love with Hippolytus, Theseus’ son by a former marriage. Hippolytus had taken a vow
of chastity and so rejected Phaedra’s advances. She then hanged herself, leaving a note
accusing him of rape. Theseus caused his son to be killed for this offence, but later
discovered the truth (cf. Euripides’ Hippolytus).
continued
24
Procris:
Ariadne:
Maera:
Clymene:
Eriphyle:
Daughter of Erechtheus (cf. Erechtheum) and wife of Cephalus, who
accidentally killed one day while hunting with his spear that could not fail to miss.
Daughter of Minos and sister of Phaedra. She fell in love with Theseus and offered to
help him kill her monstrous half-brother, the Minotaur. Theseus had promised to take
her back to Athens with him, but left her on the island of Naxos, or Dia.
A nymph of Artemis, who broke her vow of chastity and was killed by Artemis.
The Clmene here is probably the mother of Iphiclus, one of the Argonauts, but her
crime is not known.
She was bribed with a golden necklace by Polyneices, son of Oedipus, to persuade her
husband to take part in the expedition of the Seven Against Thebes, although she knew
that he would be killed in it.
In brief:
These are tales which would have interested an ancient Greek audience. There may be a lesson in the
references to gods having power over mortals’ lives. There may, too, be an indirect warning to Odysseus
in that some of the women displayed characteristics of treachery. Is it far-fetched to think that the presence
of noble women and the references to having children help Odysseus to redirect his attention homewards?
The Men:
Agamemnon: Son of Atreus and brother of Menelaus. When his brother’s wife, Helen, was abducted
to Troy (Ilium) by Paris, son of the king, Priam, Agamemnon assembled an army to
take Troy. In order to make the winds veer to a favourable direction to get to Troy, he
had to sacrifice his daughter, Iphigeneia, on the altar. He finally, took Troy with the
trick of the “wooden horse”. On his return to his native Argos, he was murdered by his
wife, Clytemnestra, who was incensed at his earlier human sacrifice of their daughter.
Note that in Homer she is simply the assistant of her lover, Aegisthus, who carries out
the deed. Agamemnon had a further daughter, Electra, and a son, Orestes, who
eventually gained revenge for his father’s death by killing his own mother.
Clytemnestra provides a contrast with Penelope and serves as a warning to Odysseus
not to trust his wife automatically on his return to Ithaca.
Patroclus:
The best friend of Achilles at Troy. It upset him that Achilles had withdrawn from the
fight in a fit of temper and that many Greeks were dying as a result. He put on
Achilles’ armour, went into battle and was killed by Hector, the greatest of the Trojan
warriors. This brought Achilles back into the fighting. There is no reference to the
drinking of blood and he does not speak.
Antilochus:
son of king Nestor of Pylos. There is no reference to the drinking of blood and he does
not speak.
Achilles:
The greatest of the Greek warriors at Troy, he was the son of Peleus and the nymph
Thetis. He had the choice of a long but uneventful life or a of short but glorious one:
he chose the latter after the death of his best friend, Patroclus. There is no reference to
the drinking of blood before Achilles speaks. Achilles asks of his son and his aged
father.
continued
25
Ajax:
Minos:
Orion:
Tityus:
Tantalus:
Sisyphus:
Heracles:
The son of Telamon. Achilles owned weapons made by the god Hephaestus, and, when
he was killed, the Greek commanders decided to award them to the most deserving of
the Greeks. They selected Odysseus and by-passed Ajax, who was so angry that he
tried to kill the Greek commanders. However, the goddess Athene deluded Ajax into
mistaking sheep and cattle for the officers. When Ajax realised that he had butchered
animals, he fell on his sword (cf. Sophocles’ Ajax). There is no reference here to the
drinking of blood and he does not speak.
Son of Zeus and Hera, and, as king in Knossos, Crete, he gave his name to the Minoan
civilisation. His wife had given birth to the half-bull monster, the Minotaur. In the
underworld he was one of those who judged the dead.
A giant who was a hunter. Artemis killed him and he was placed in the northern sky as
a splendid constellation.
A giant who was killed for an attempted assault on Leto
He invited the gods to eat, and, discovering that he had too little food, chopped up his
son Pelops to eke out the dish that he had made. Zeus sensed the crime, reconstituted
the boy and punished Tantalus by confining him to an underworld lake with beautiful
fruit overhead. When Tantalus tried to drink, the water receded, and when he tried to
eat, the fruit moved away: hence he was permanently “tantalised”.
A son of Aeolus, who was a king of Corinth. He twice deceived death, and his general
wickedness, deceitfulness and greed caused him to be punished in the underworld by
being made to continually roll uphill a stone which was always fated to roll down
again.
Son of Zeus and Alcmene. Hera drove him mad at one point and he killed his own
children. As part of the purification for this he had to do whatever he was told to do by
Eurystheus, the king of Tiryns. The subsequent 12 Labours are part of later writings:
Homer mentions only his descent to Hades to bring back the dog, Cerberus.
In brief:
Odysseus is updated on what happened to various persons after Troy. He gives information to some about
members of their families. Good advice is gained from Teiresias, Agamemnon and Achilles regarding his
return home. Generally his attention is redirected from his adventures to his home and family. Lines 568627 have been considered spurious because:
 the activities of Minos, Orion, Heracles contrast greatly with the ineffectiveness of the
other ghosts
 up to now Odysseus has been sitting by the shore, but suddenly he is viewing the inner
regions
 nowhere else does Homer suggest a belief in punishment after death
26
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 12:
SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
Which similes help the audience imagine events beyond their normal experience?
What is interesting about the instructions given to Odysseus by Circe? (see Jones on book 11 for ideas)
Odysseus meets several dangers:
The Sirens:
They lure Odysseus by appealing to a quality that makes him different from
others -- his intellectual curiosity and zest for knowledge.

How is his approach to them different from that towards Polyphemus
Odysseus and a Siren
Scylla and Charybdis:

How well does Homer describe these monsters?
Scylla
Charybdis
There are two points where Odysseus deliberately fails to follow the instructions given by Circe
about dealing with Scylla and Charybdis – can you identify them?
27
There is one thing he seems to forget about – what is that?
What does Odysseus’ decision to restrict what he tells his men about Scylla indicate?
Cattle/Sheep of Hyperion:
 A test of self-restraint. Odysseus has learned from his recent experience with Polyphemus. Can
the same be said of his men?
28
Homer’s style
Odysseus’ narrative comes to an end and brings us to the point where he lands on Ogygia. This illustrates
one way in which epic has to be broken up and given variety of treatment. This point marks the end of a
flashback episode.
Odysseus’ character
What can be learned of Odysseus’ character from these episodes?
Consider, for example, his skills as a commander
29
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 13:
ODYSSEUS LANDS IN ITHACA
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.

How does Homer emphasise Odysseus’ keenness to leave the earthly paradise of Phaeacia?

Why is it important that the Phaeacian boat and crew were turned to stone?
Odysseus has arrived in Ithaca, but must now be disguised until the time is right. Note that Homer
manages a number of recognition scenes during the next few books.

What examples of irony can you find in the account of Odysseus’ first waking moments in Ithaca.
(187-286)?

What do you detect about the relationship between Odysseus and Athene?
Note Odysseus’ “Cretan lie” (256-286). This story, with variations, often serves as Odysseus’ “cover”
when he is in difficulties. Note later instances of it, especially book 14 lines 199ff when questioned by
Eumaeus.
After the tension and swift action of the books treating Odysseus’ wanderings, the pace of the story now
slows down. Why do you think this is so?
30
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 14:
IN EUMAEUS’ HUT
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
Eumaeus:
The character of the swineherd is one of the most
sympathetic and attractive in the Odyssey. Build up
your opinion of him by considering the following
points from this Book:

His DIY skills
Eumaeus, Odysseus & Telemachus

His attitude to the stranger/beggar

His view of his absent master

His view of what is right

His wisdom (e.g. 121-133; 373-389)

His concern for the rest of the family (165-184)
31

How does he pass the test of the cloak? (457-521)
Homer’s style:
Odysseus is disguised as a beggar and Eumaeus does not recognise him: continue to note the theme of
disguise and the dramatic irony that it produces:

Personal address to Eumaeus. Make a brief note of your own from the footnote on line 55.
Odysseus’ “Cretan lie” (199-359): he uses variants of it on several occasions.
Useless information:
Eumaeus was looking after 600 brood sows and 360 fatted hogs (11-22)
Odysseus had 12 herds of cattle, 12 herds of sheep, 11 herds of goats (97-108)
32
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 15:
TELEMACHUS RETURNS
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
Telemachus returns from his travels: the main plot (the Odysseus thread) and sub-plot (the Telemachus
thread)are coming together.

What help does Athene give to Telemachus at the start of this Book (up
to line 42)? (Athene’s night visit is perhaps like the personification of
Telemachus’) own thoughts?
Athene, the warrior
“A guest remembers the host who has treated him kindly.” (55). There is constant emphasis in Homer on
getting gifts -- a mark of status. It may seem rude or materialistic to us, but it was normal at the time
Telemachus:
 In what ways has Telemachus become more independent and assertive? Use the following
references: 64-66; 88-92; 154-159; 195-202

The episode with Theoclymenus tells us something about Telemachus. What does it say about him
that he took this man on board his ship?
Theoclymenus forms something of a loose end in the story. He is just there to interpret the omen at line
525, give a prophecy at 16.151 and make a warning prophecy at 20.345 as part of the sombre build-up to the
climax.
Note how in Homer murder is still regarded as a private matter to be punished by kinsmen...so
Telemachus has no scruples in helping this fugitive.
33
Eumaeus:

How hospitable is Eumaeus? How does he show concern for his
guest?

What affection does Eumaeus show for the family of Odysseus? (351379)
The faithful swineherd

Give four things that make the story of Eumaeus’ background an interesting one (389-492)
Homer:
Note that Homer changes the scene from Sparta to Pylos to Ithaca (Eumaeus’ hut) to Telemachus’ arrival
in Ithaca. It helps to introduce variety in a long epic.

Briefly say how well Homer contrives to get Odysseus and his son to meet?
34
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 16:
ODYSSEUS MEETS HIS SON
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.

Disguise and recognition [recognition = anagnorisis] are major themes from now on in the story.
Why might this make an exciting build-up to the climax of the story?

Compare the dogs’ behaviour here (line 4) with that at
14.29 and contrast this with their reception of the stranger
at 162.

How self-controlled do you think Odysseus is at the point when his son returns to the hut? Give
evidence for your view.
Note Odysseus’ expertise at acting a part...his question about “brothers” (97) which he knows do not exist.

How does Homer arrange for the absence of Eumaeus so that father and son may be alone for the
recognition [anagnorisis]?
35
Recognition scene:
 Is Telemachus hard to convince? What proof does Odysseus give of his identity?

What do you think of the divine intervention here (156 -185)? Is it necessary?

The reader’s interest is subtly directed to the problem to be faced. List the odds against
Odysseus and Telemachus (245).

Is the bird simile (215-220) a good one? Explain your view fully.
Eagle and …
Vulture
36
Telemachus

Telemachus shows:- his sense of authority in dealing with Eumaeus (147-153). What does he tell him?
- his independence by coming out with a criticism of his father’s plan (309). What does he say?
Odysseus’ plan
 Be clear about the arrangements they make. Summarise them as bullet points. Note, later, whether
they carry them out as planned.

Read the account (364-408) of the reaction of suitors to the failure of their plan to kill
Telemachus. What is the effect for the reader of their discussion?

How well has Homer characterised
and
(a) Penelope in 409-433?
(b) Eurymachus in his reply?
37
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 17:
ODYSSEUS GOES TO THE TOWN
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.

What characteristics of father and son are shown at 1-56? Include
the changed relationship of Telemachus towards his mother.
Beggar, by Gougassian
Penelope
Penelope: “...as lovely as Artemis or golden Aphrodite...” Artemis was the
model of chaste beauty whilst Aphrodite was more sensuous. Homer gives
Penelope qualities of both goddesses at the same time.

Comment on the pathos of Penelope’s speech at 97-106.

How does she treat Theoclymenus? (162-165)

At 505 Penelope wishes to interview the Beggar. What reasons does she have for wanting to do
this? And for what reasons do you think Odysseus postpones this meeting until the evening?
Penelope, the Vatican
38
Argus

Argus, the dog: a justly famous recognition scene.
From what points of view do you think it is a
successful episode? (Refer to irony and pathos in
your answer).
Odysseus and Argus
The Suitors with the Beggar
 Odysseus plays his beggar role well and has to suffer many indignities at the hands of the Suitors.
Generally, how does this add to the plot?

Why does Athene put it into Odysseus’ head go round the suitors begging for scraps? (360)

Antinous is the ringleader (and perhaps the most obnoxious) of the Suitors. What impression do
we form of him from:
his attack on Eumaeus (374)
his retort to Telemachus (405-411)
his comments to Odysseus (445-455 and 459-464 and 477-481)
his reaction to other Suitors’ comments (482-487)
39
We get another of Odysseus’ fictitious hard-luck stories at 415-444 – his “Cretan tale. There are 5
instances in all...the 2nd, 3rd and 4th vary only in detail. They are at 13.256; 14.199; 17.419; 19.172 and
24.303.
 On this occasion what lesson should Antinous pick up from what is said at 419-426?
Contrast the behaviour role the faithful servant Eumaeus in this Book as a whole with that of the
unfaithful servant Melanthius.
Goatherd, by Rackham
40
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 18:
THE BAGGAR IN THE PALACE
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.

Write a brief character sketch of Irus.
Odysseus and Irus, by Chagall

In what ways is this episode with Arnaeus / Irus an interesting one? (Include the Suitors’ attitudes
to the fight, whether there is any symbolism or humour in the story and how well the piece is
written).
Does he nearly give himself away when he begins to speak to Amphinomus? (126 and footnote). Perhaps
the episode of Irus tempts him to show his true strength (see line 72), just as the Argus episode almost
gave his identity away. Odysseus must maintain excellent self-control throughout to have the element of
surprise later on against the Suitors.

Examine Odysseus’ speech to Amphinomus (124-151). What hidden message is there here for
Amphinomus and the other Suitors?
41

Amphinomus is the only suitor shown in a favourable light. Make brief comments from 16.394;
16.400 and 18.412.
Penelope

In what ways does Athene
enhance Penelope’s
appearance and for what
specific purpose, and what
was the effect? (158-215)
Penelope & the Suitors, by
Waterhouse

There is a moving realism in her description of her husband’s leave-taking at 250-280. Odysseus
had realised the courage of the Trojan enemy the possibility of death. What had he said to her and
what instructions had he given her before departing?
42
Homer’s style

Homer adds a colourful scene (313-345) with Melantho, the sister of the goatherd Melanthius.
What aspects of her behaviour here do you expect her to be punished for?
To what extent do you think that Homer is setting up his victims in this Book as a whole. Briefly quote
evidence from the text.
43
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 19:
EURYCLEIA RECOGNISES ODYSSEUS
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
The scenes and conversations in this Book are of an intimate nature: between Eurycleia and Odysseus as
well as between Odysseus and Penelope.
Plan for the removal of weapons:
The original instructions given by Odysseus are at Book 16.282. Compare these with those given here
(19.3):
In Book 16 the plan is to remove weapons when Odysseus gives the nod, but 2 sets are to be left for
themselves. An excuse is to be prepared, should the suitors think it odd that these items are being
removed..
In Book 19 it stipulates the removal of all weapons and armour. There is to be the same excuse to the
suitors. In fact, the Suitors have gone to bed, thus leaving Odysseus and Telemachus (Book 19) to remove
weapons in peace.
 Check what they do remove (30)What do they forget to do? [332, 330]
Why do they
make an excuse to the suitors?What does the exchange with Melantho add to the portrayal of her
character? (75-89) In what way does she get a warning from Odysseus about how her luck may change?
Penelope and the Beggar:
 How does Homer enhance Penelope on her entrance into the hall? (53-58)

In lines 124-165 what evidence is there of Penelope’s faithfulness to her husband?
44
Homer’s technique
Look for features of Homer’s technique that are included in this conversation between Odysseus and
Penelope (106-317).
 Why does Penelope recount the story of the weaving? We have already heard it!

Why the reference to her parents? [290, 292]

Odysseus’ Cretan tale again: why might Penelope be convinced by it?

What testing takes place here? (215)

Why does Homer make Penelope ask the Beggar’s advice over re-marriage? (519-539)
The contest of the bow creates urgency in that Penelope is about to decide whom to marry. Odysseus has
returned home just in time, but will he deal with the 108 Suitors before it’s too late?
Eurycleia:

Why does Odysseus stipulate a condition for having his
feet washed?

What makes the foot-washing episode dramatic?
45
Eurycleia is the faithful female slave to match the faithful male Eumaeus. Write a character sketch of her
as she appears in Book 19.
Odysseus keeps Eurycleia from talking!
46
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 20:
PRELUDE TO THE CRISIS
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
The slow build-up to the fate of the Suitors continues. Note throughout the sense of unease and the
surrealistic dream-like quality. Homer confirms the presence of the gods in order to justify the revenge
that is about to take place and he continues to emphasise the crimes of the Suitors.

Odysseus is angry and he twists and turns in trying to find the best way for revenge. How useful
are the two similes (at 13 and 25) in emphasising these feelings?

Apart from killing the Suitors, what other problem does Odysseus realise that he will have? (41)
Sleep and dreams: It is an effective touch that, as Odysseus goes to sleep, Penelope wakes up.
She has dreamed that she has seen Odysseus. Odysseus then wakes up, hears her weeping and
goes on to imagine her face when she eventually recognises him. He seems to see her beside him as
she has seemed to see him. It’s a premonition and anticipation of reality.
People assemble
The day is a public holiday in honour of Apollo, the god of archery.
The maids prepare for the celebration, the suitors come early and the
herdsmen arrive with the animals for the day’s feast. Eumaeus is
sensitive and considerate (162), as usual, but we now meet the
cowherd, Philoetius.
Apollo, the god of archery
47

How does Philoetius impress the reader, in contrast with Melanthius? (172-239). Write a few
bullet points.
Telemachus
At the start of the Odyssey Athene had said to Telemachus: “ You are no longer a child; you must put
childish thoughts away” (1.297). Telemachus now says (20.310) “…my childhood is a thing of the past”. He
is now grown up and has become a man.
 How does he impress the Suitors? (268)

How does he speak to Ctesippus? (303)

How is his response to Agelaus a clever one? (338)
Homer’s skill
 “blood was spattered...” How effective do you think this piece of writing is? (345-372). Include a
mention of Theoclymenus’ vision adding to the air of strangeness.
48
What roles does the divine have in this Book? (Include Athene, Zeus, omens, the episode of the female
slave at 105, Odysseus’ oath at 230, the omen at 240)
Athene
Zeus
49
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 21:
THE GREAT BOW
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
The provenance of the bow is explained in great detail, as
some special antique might be nowadays, and a reason is
given for Odysseus’ having left it behind when he went to
Troy. There are other examples of digressions in the Odyssey.
The bow deserves some attention, as it is about to prove
crucial in this Book.
It is poignant that the sight of Odysseus’ bow moves Penelope
to tears, as it does Eumaeus and Philoetius later. The bow is a
reminder of Odysseus and their weeping symbolises their
loyalty to their master. Antinous’ sneering at this (85) is to be
expected.
How the 12 axes were set up so that an archer could shoot
through them has been the subject of much controversy. Most
scholars think that they were set with the blades in the earth
and that Odysseus shot the arrow through the rings that were
attached to the end of the shafts. However it was achieved, it
was a feat that was virtually impossible.
Odysseus shoots the arrow,
by Elisabeth Frink

Penelope says: “Whoever strings the bow most easily … with that man will I go.” Do you think
she now expects to remarry? --or not?

What is the significance of Telemachus’ attempt to string the bow? (124)
Leodes: “… this bow will break the heart and spirit of many a champion here.” (153) The words have a
double meaning [“double entendre”]
Anagnorisis (Recognition)
Odysseus now reveals his identity to Eumaeus and Philoetius -- a major recognition scene in the Odyssey.
 How does Odysseus check the loyalty of Philoetius?

How does Odysseus prove his identity to them both?
50
Odysseus shoots the arrow through the axes, by Thulden
Stringing the bow
Note how Homer skilfully gives an idea of the different personalities of the suitors.
 Leodes is the first named Suitor to try to string the bow and Eurymachus is next. What excuse
does Antinous find to postpone his attempt?

Is there any unconscious irony in Antinous’ telling the story of Eurytion the Centaur? (Consider
the behaviour of the man who is telling the story). A clever technique of Homer’s!

Look at lines 320-329 to find out what objection the Suitors had to the Beggar trying to string the
bow. Record the reason here.
Homer
Homer cleverly uses irony in what Penelope says (314): “Do you imagine that … he going to carry me
home with him and make me his wife?”
51
What “delaying tactics” does Homer use in this Book in order to create suspense and tension in the
narrative?
52
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 22:
THE BATTLE IN THE HALL
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
Arguably the climax of the book:
Dramatic technique
the suitors’ recognition of Odysseus [anagnorisis]
the reversal of their fortunes [peripeteia]

“Homer, like Odysseus, takes his time and holds the
dramatic moment”. What evidence can you see for
this view in lines 1-107? (Consider that victory is far
from a foregone conclusion. Who has what
advantage? How does Homer still maintain the
suspense so that events still hang in the balance?)
Odysseus begins to get revenge

How does Eurymachus’ character show itself at this point? (42-79)

Melanthius again: How does his role here (126-203) add to the tension of the story? List several
different points.
Note that Eumaeus jeers at Melanthius at line194 – maybe the only weakness shown in his character?
Eurycleia is told off by Odysseus at line 411 for gloating at the deaths of the Suitors.
53
Odysseus shoots the suitors (from a Greek vase painting)
Athene
Athene arrives at line 207, disguised as Mentor, to help Odysseus’ side.
 What irony is there in what Agelaus says to Mentor at 212-223?

How does she spur Odysseus on from 225?

What practical help does she give in the battle? Check lines 255-309.

Does her help take credit away from Odysseus?
Odysseus slays the Suitors,
by Marc Chagall
54

How effective do you consider these three similes that occur at this point in the battle and just
afterwards:
a herd of cattle (300)
vultures (303)
fish (384)
Telemachus
Briefly summarise his role from the lines referred and say how this reflects his character. Look up lines
91-115; 153-159; 277-297; 355-371 and 460-479.
Athene’s aegis (298) is shown on many statues: it is a shawl, or
breastplate, with a fringe of snakes and a Gorgon’s head in the centre.
The effect of its being shaken was always to cause panic. Athene and
Zeus are the only two gods to wear this.
Athene’s triple crested helmet
Aegis with …
… snakes and
… the head of the Gorgon, Medusa
Roman copy of a Greek original
55
Do you think the Suitors and the servants deserve the fates that they received?
Remember to judge things by the attitudes of the day.
You must, at least, include Melanthius, Melantho and the three who begged for mercy.
56
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 23:
ODYSSEUS AND PENELOPE
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
Penelope:
 Notice the fluctuations in Penelope’s feelings:
initially (10-39)]
then (59-68)

Eurycleia and Telemachus later (98-104) blame Penelope for her slowness, but, after 20 years of
waiting, can we blame her? Is her diffidence dramatically effective?
“It was bliss like that to see her husband again.” How well does Homer portray Penelope’s feelings at this
point? Does this episode add weight to the theory that the author of the Odyssey was a woman?
Recognition:
 Is it significant that Odysseus has already been identified to Telemachus, Eurycleia, Eumaeus,
Philoetius and the Suitors, and that Penelope is the last to know?

What cunning ploy does Penelope use to convince herself of Odysseus’ identity? (110 and 173181)

How had others in the Odyssey been assured of his identity? Refer to Telemachus, Eurycleia,
Eumaeus, Philoetius and the Suitors.

Two ancient critics believed that the Odyssey ended at 23.296.
Do you think that this reunion of Odysseus and Penelope
should be the climax of the story?
Odysseus & Penelope reunited
57

Briefly summarise how Homer, in Book 23, holds up the final revelation (i.e. what delaying
tactics does he use?)
Practicalities:
 What problem does Odysseus have as a result of his revenge on the Suitors? What is his plan to
deal with the immediate crisis? (129f.)

How will Odysseus make amends to Poseidon? (263-284) Can you explain why this particular
method was prescribed by Teiresias in Book 11?
Similes:
There are three together (hyacinth, silverware and a god) on Odysseus’appearance (157-165): do they add
anything to the picture? Give your assessment.
Structure of the Odyssey:
Why has Homer included the catalogue of Penelope’s experiences and Odysseus’ adventures? Such
repetitions are untypical of epic. Admittedly, they each don’t know what the other has done for the last 20
years, but do we, the readers, need to have it repeated? [Compare the repeat account in Book 5 of the
Council of the Gods in Book 1]. No notes to make on this point.
58
What feelings are shown by Penelope in Book 23 and how well do you think Homer portrays them?
Include the fluctuations in her feelings, her hesitation, her testing of Odysseus’ identity, her final
acceptance and her feelings after that point.
Odysseus returns to his Penelope
59
HOMER, ODYSSEY BOOK 24:
THE FEUD IS ENDED
Numbers in brackets are those of the line(s) referred to.
The Underworld:
Hermes was the messenger god and the god of wayfarers,
including those on their last journey down to the underworld.
He marshalled the dead with a wand called a caduceus (seen
here).

The exchange between Achilles and Agamemnon does
not seem very relevant to the arrival of the Suitors’
souls in Hades, unless there is meant to be a contrast
between the characters of the Suitors and those o the
heroes. What contrasts can you see? Does the
description of Achilles’ funeral add anything to this?
(15-98)
Hermes with boots, hat, cloak & wand

Amphimedon’s account (98-190): this is virtually a summary of events about which we have read.
Is it dramatically necessary? If not, why might the episode be included?

What contrast is made between Penelope and Clytemnestra? (186-202) Have you seen this
anywhere earlier in the Odyssey?
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Meanwhile, back on earth...
Laertes:
“Meanwhile I shall test my father, to find out whether he knows me
when he sees me, or fail to recognise me after so long an absence.”
(216). Why is it necessary for Odysseus to test his father? Is this
episode included so as to arrange another recognition scene -Odysseus
with his father? Is it then just to round off the story in a tidy way? (No
written answer expected here).
Odysseus approaches Laërtes

In what ways does Homer use pathos in his description of Laërtes? (228-259, 280-296 and 315320)

Is Odysseus cruel in his treatment of his father? Include his “lie” at 303f.

What proofs does Odysseus give his father of his identity?
The Families of the Suitors
They need to get revenge for the deaths of their sons, but they also need to preserve their honour. See line
432.
 Note that Eupeithes takes control of the forces of the Suitors’ families. Who is he?

Why does Halitherses tell the Suitors’ fathers not to make a move? (462). What is their reaction?
Meanwhile on Olympus...
Do you think Zeus [or Athene] acts like a deus ex machina?
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Note Athene’s practical help to Odysseus’ side. She
encourages Laërtes to fight and he kills Eupeithes …and
yet, Zeus had already decided on peace. She then tells
them to stop the fight, but Odysseus continues and Zeus
warns Athene with a thunderbolt that she should finally
stop the fighting. Is this designed to create a sense of
chaos or is it just inconsistent writing?
Odysseus embraces Laërtes by van Thulden
To summarise...
If the Odyssey originally ended at 23.296, in what ways does the rest of Book 23 and the whole of Book 24
round off the poem? Could it be considered an extrapolation (i.e. later addition)?
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