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Table of Contents
Welcome to CMU Career Services
2
3
4
5
6
A Partnership for Public Service
About Us
Career Exploration
Internships / Pre-Professional Experiences
Graduate School Considerations
Graduate School References
30
31
Five Steps to a Federal Job
KSAs
The Digital World
33
34
35
The Necessary Pre-Work
7
8
9
Know Yourself
Know Your Path
Four Year Action Plan
Email Communication
Your Online Presence
Online Applications
Interviewing
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Getting Started
10
11
Research
Networking
The Résumé
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Tips
Power Words
Curriculum Vitae vs. Résumé
Chronological Format
Functional Format
Scannable Format
Samples
Final Thoughts
44
48
49
Ethics and Etiquette
Negotiating a Package
Your New Job
Pursuing your career plan is a process which requires
Other Documents
24
25
26
27
28
29
Professional Dress
Interview Types
Before the Interview
Typical Interview Questions
Day of the Interview
After the Interview
Students with Disabilities
International Students
full commitment. You have invested thousands of
Cover Letter Guidelines
Cover Letter Sample
Reference Page
Written Correspondence
Thank You Guidelines
Thank you Sample
hours to earn your degree. Taking “short-cuts” and
using a “hit or miss” approach to the job search
process will only diminish your chances of getting the
job you really want! Organizing an effective job
search will assist you in achieving your career goals.
1
About Us
Advising and Assessments
A professional staff member is available to advise students
in all fields. Students may take advantage of a variety of
on-line assessments to expand their knowledge of self and
the world of work. An appointment may be scheduled with
an advisor to discuss a number of subjects relating to job
opportunities for specific majors, industry trends, available
resources, preparations for the internship or job search and
salary trends. Students are encouraged to communicate
with their advisor throughout their college career. Frequent
advisor contact will enhance the quality of job search
preparation by increasing knowledge of resources and job
market trends.
Career Events
Throughout the academic year, students can network
with more than 425 employers who attend Career
Services annual career fairs and events.
eRecruiting and Web Registration
eRecruiting is an internship/job search engine and
management tool available to undergraduates, graduate
students, and alumni. All individuals pursuing internships
and professional employment are strongly encouraged
to register for additional services on-line through
eRecruiting Web Registration to formalize their plans.
Registrants are able to search for upcoming events
hosted by CMU Career Services; search postings for
internships and career positions; submit on-line
applications for on-campus interviews, and obtain
employer contact information for valuable networking
activities.
Résumé and Cover Letter Critiques
Clear, concise résumés and cover letters are essential
tools in the job search campaign. Career Services offers
individual assistance in the development of these tools and/
or students may utilize OptimalResumeTM, a
comprehensive web-based tool to create, present, and
manage their résumés and cover letters. To have a
résumé and/or cover letter critiqued, email a copy to
[email protected] or drop off a typed copy to Career
Services. Critiqued items will be returned by email or can
be picked-up. If necessary, schedule a follow-up
appointment to discuss the critique.
Additional Online Resources
OptimalAssessment™
An online self-assessment tool that helps students
evaluate their skills and experiences in order to make
important career decisions and execute their best
resume, cover letter, or interview.
Mock Interviews
Mock interviews provide students with an opportunity to
practice communication skills and personal selling
techniques prior to actual interviews with employers. The
practice interview is a video taped session with an intern
who is trained to provide feedback about verbal and nonverbal interviewing techniques. Contact Career Services to
arrange an appointment and to drop off a resume. Dress
professionally for the mock interview and plan
approximately 45 minutes for the whole process.
OptimalResume™
A comprehensive, web-based application for students to
create, present, and manage resumes. Resumes are
automatically generated in several formats, including
Rich Text, Plain Text, PDF, and HTML, and students
can edit, download, rename, clone, or delete resumes at
any time.
OptimalLetter™
The next generation online letter builder that makes it
easy for students and alumni to create almost any kind
of letter with custom instructions and examples
Internships
Internships are designed to enrich the academic
experience of our undergraduate and graduate students
through a structured work-learning program. These preprofessional experiences involve a partnership between
faculty, staff, and employers/organizations to provide the
student intern with the optimal experience. Contact Career
Services to discuss details of the internship process.
OptimalVideoResume™
Cutting-edge technology that makes it easy for students
and alumni to create high-impact video résumés.
OptimalInterview™
Lets students and alumni practice interviewing skills with
real-to-life, multi-media interview scenarios that were
developed by seasoned employment professionals to
prepare them for even the toughest of interviews.
Graduate School and Pre-Professional Resources
Resources are available for students considering postbaccalaureate studies in graduate school, medicine, and
law. Printed materials for researching appropriate
programs, admissions preparation, and essay construction
can be found in Career Services. Practice manuals and
tests for several grad school admission tests are also
available in Career Services.
OptimalEfolio™
Helps students and alumni stand out in a competitive
marketplace with an attractive online portfolio that
demonstrates their unique skills and competencies to
employers.
2
Career Exploration
How Do I Choose a Major?
The best way to begin to figure out what to major in is by
getting to know yourself. What are your interests? Abilities?
Skills? Values? Do you like to work with numbers, people,
animals, computers? What would you like to major in?
What is your ideal career? If you hesitate to answer any of
these questions, take the following steps to develop your
self awareness. Structured assessments, practical
experience, personal reflection, and discussions with
trusted individuals will help you complete this step.
Consider Taking CED 101: Career and SelfExploration
This 8-week (1 credit) class offers students the
opportunity to develop self-awareness, career
awareness, and academic awareness leading to a
comprehensive career plan.
Get Involved
Employers and graduate schools will make judgments
on your applications based on your out-of-classroom
involvements or lack thereof! CMU offers so many
opportunities to build your professional development
through academics (research with a professor),
volunteerism, student organizations (honoraries, Greek
Life, intramural and club sports), cultural enrichments,
diversity programming, and so much more!
Complete a Career Assessment Exercise
(Career "Test")
Try the free FOCUS assessment tool to help clarify your
interests, values, skills, personality, education preferences
and leisure time interests. Use this information as a basis
for further discussions about your choice of major and
future with an advisor, friends, and family members.
Additionally, this tool can be used to research job titles that
fit your personal profile. Also available through Career
Services are the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) for
$10 and the Strong Interest Inventory for $15. You must
make an appointment with a career advisor to receive and
discuss your results.
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
Get in Touch With your Hopes, Dreams and Goals
Take time to dream and write a list of things you hope to
accomplish in life. Talk to an advisor, family, and friends
about what is important to you. Brainstorm possible
careers that may allow you to fulfill those goals.
Meet with an advisor
Discuss your plans, academic interests and non-academic
interests with an advisor from Career Services to identify
majors and minors that relate to them. CMU also has
advisors in academic departments in addition to advisors
who can assist with course scheduling.
Explore the Bulletin
You know the one; the big book that all students received
at Orientation! Look through the various majors, minors,
programs, and courses offered in each of CMU’s six
academic colleges. Read the course descriptions for the
areas that interest you. Follow up by visiting the
departments you are interested in and make an
appointment to speak with an advisor. Upper level students
can provide valuable information also. Finally, sampling
courses in those departments will give you more insight as
well as filling the University Program requirements.
3
Internships / Pre-Professional Experiences
Definition and Goal of an Internship
Central Michigan University and Career Services strongly
encourage students to become involved in pre-professional
experiences, such as internships. Internships are designed
to be hands-on, well-structured, pre-professional work
experiences with an organization related to the student’s
academic program or career field of interest. Each
undergraduate and graduate student has a unique situation
regarding his or her desires and ambitions; fortunately,
internships are offered in a variety of shapes and sizes to
accommodate these personalized needs and expectations.
The goal of an internship program is to provide a learning
experience and facilitate a successful partnership that is
mutually beneficial to the student, faculty advisor, and
sponsoring organization.
Credit vs. Non-Credit
It is highly recommended that you receive University
recognition for your internship experience. By seeking
credit, you maximize the opportunity for a well-structured
outline of responsibilities and goals, and offer a more
credible experience to potential future employers. In
order to receive credit, you must have signed approval
from your academic department; they will assist you with
application eligibility, number of credit hours, and
grading requirements. Career Services is not authorized
to approve or grant internship credit; however, we can
assist in determining and contacting the appropriate
faculty member from your academic department.
Paid vs. Non-Paid
Employers have several options when deciding how to
compensate a student intern for their contributions to the
organization. These options include: hourly wage,
salary pay, internship stipend, scholarship rewards,
credit-hour reimbursement, and/or housing allowance.
Students must remember and keep in mind that the true
value of an internship is not measured through monetary
aspects; the knowledge, skills, abilities, and contacts
obtained during an internship are priceless and worth far
more than the dollar.
Academic Departments
Career Services is the front-door entrance, for employers,
to Central Michigan University. Through our office, you
have access to a variety of employer networking events,
available internships, and other pre-professional
opportunities. Once an employer has contacted our office,
we publicize the information to the appropriate academic
departments. Unfortunately, we are not authorized to
approve or grant credit for any internship. For credit,
students must work with their academic department prior to
starting an internship. Please contact Career Services if
you need assistance locating your department’s internship
faculty representative.
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
Each department has different requirements and approval
processes for credit-bearing internships. A meeting with
the departmental internship coordinator is mandatory for
credit-bearing internship experiences. It is highly
recommended that you pursue academic credit; this will
make the internship more credible to future employers and
will help guard against the stereotypical "busywork"
internship.
Benefits to the Student
Internships provide students the opportunity to:
▪ Translate classroom knowledge into the professional
work environment
▪ Gain professional experience and receive academic
credit
▪ Sample various careers before making a long-term
commitment
▪ Enhance independence and self-confidence
▪ Strengthen verbal and written communication skills
▪ Interact and collaborate with a developed professional
network, and learn from a seasoned professional in your
field of interest
▪ More times than not, interns will be offered a full-time
position upon completion of the internship
4
Graduate School Considerations
1. Is Graduate School Right For You?
At some point in your college career, you must decide what
you would like to do after graduation – and that includes
whether or not to attend graduate school. If you’re trying to
determine whether graduate school is right for you, here
are some pointers to help you make an enlightened
decision.
5. How will I pay for tuition, books, fees and living?
Family: You’ve likely borrowed from them in the past;
maybe this is still be a viable option.
Student Loans: Even in you’ve taken out loans in the
past, another $50,000-$75,000 may be a sound
“investment” for your future.
Fellowships/Scholarships: With these you need a high
GPA, good admission test scores and the commitment
to search other possible fund sources.
Teaching/Research Assistantships: Many
assistantships include tuition waivers plus a monthly
stipend.
Employer Sponsorship: Did you know that some
companies actually pay for you to continue your
education? The catch is they usually expect you to
continue working for them after you complete your
degree so they can recoup their investment.
2. Should I consider going to graduate school?
Graduate school might be a good idea if you…
want to be a professor, lawyer, doctor, investment banker
or work in any profession that requires post-secondary
education.
wish to develop additional expertise in a particular subject
or field to maximize your future earning potential and
opportunities for career advancement.
are deeply interest in a particular subject and wish to
study it in depth – AND have the time and financial
resources to devote to further education.
6. What are the pros and cons of going to graduate
school full-time vs. part-time?
3. Graduate school might NOT be a good idea if you…
are trying to delay your entry into the “real world” with real
responsibilities and real bills.
are clueless about your career goals.
aren’t prepared to devote the time and hard work needed
to succeed.
want to stay in school longer to avoid a poor job market.
Benefits of attending graduate school full-time:
you’ll be able to complete your degree sooner.
you can totally commit your intellectual, physical and
emotional energy to your education.
ideal if you want to make a dramatic career change.
Benefits of attending graduate school part-time:
work income helps pay for your education.
you can take a very manageable course load.
you can juggle family and school responsibilities.
allows you to work in the function/industry/career of
your choice while continuing your education.
employer will often pay for part (or all) of your
graduate degree.
4. Is it better to work first or attend graduate school
immediately after I complete my undergraduate
degree?
Work first if…
you would like to get some real-world work experience
before investing thousands of dollars in a graduate
degree.
the graduate school of your choice prefers work
experience (most MBA and some Ph.D. programs require
this).
you cannot afford to go to graduate school now, and you
haven’t applied for any scholarships, grants, fellowships
and assistantships, which could pay for a great deal of
your education.
7. Assuming I want to go to graduate school in the
near future, what should I do now?
Identify your true strengths, interests and values to
help you discover what is right for YOU.
Keep your grades up and sign up (and prepare) to
take the required standardized tests.
Talk to faculty, friends and family who have gone to
graduate school to get their perspective about the
differences between undergrad and grad school.
Investigate creative ways to finance your education.
Research graduate schools to help find a good match.
Investigate the admissions process and the current
student body profile of your targeted schools to
evaluate your probability for admissions.
Apply to schools of interest.
Go to graduate school now if…
you want to be a college professor, doctor, lawyer, etc.,
and need a graduate degree to pursue your dream job.
you have been awarded grants, fellowships, scholarships
or assistantships that will help pay for your education.
your study habits and mental abilities are at their peak,
and you worry whether you’ll have the discipline to write
papers and study for exams in a few years.
Source: Roslyn J. Bradford
5
Graduate School References
An employer will interview you and then contact your
references to determine consistency in your answers.
You should not inflate what you are able to do or what
you may have completed in work or school assignments.
A reference is looked upon as someone who can
confirm your skill and ability level. Any inconsistencies
between what you said in your interview and a
reference’s response could eliminate you from further
consideration. The key is to keep your references
informed of what you are going to be discussing with
employers so there is a clear understanding of what is
valued by the employer.
Selecting People to Serve as References
Select individuals whom you feel are knowledgeable of
your skills, work ethic, talents and future capacity. The
selection of your references is critical, as a reference that is
ill-informed could sabotage all the great work you have
done in a matter of minutes. Choose people who have
known you for a minimum of six months. The longer they
have known you the better, but they must have had regular
contact with you to observe your growth and development.
If you must choose between several people, select those
who know you the best but also hold a higher rank in their
profession. A department head is a better candidate then a
graduate assistant or an instructor. Never choose someone
on status alone, continue to choose people based on how
well they know you and how much they want to assist you
in your job search. Do not choose people who are not
committed to you or who are not very familiar with your
background.
What’s the Magic Number?
Each situation will dictate the appropriate number of
references that will be required, with the average being
three to five. Generally, references are people whom
you have known professionally; they should not be
family or friends. When selecting people as references,
choose people who know you well and can speak to
your abilities. One person may be very appropriate for
an employment reference, while another would be best
for use in admission to graduate or professional school
to a scholarship application.
Try to Meet Face to Face
Never assume someone will want the responsibility to
serve as your reference. Make an appointment to discuss
your career goals and purpose of the recommendation.
Determine if the person would want the responsibility of
serving as your reference, which involves not only writing a
letter supporting your skills, but also handling any phone
inquiries and responding to other questions which may be
posed by a selection committee. Person who serve as a
reference have responsibilities that go beyond the words
they put on paper. They should feel strongly about your
success and desire to do whatever they can to assist you in
reaching your goals. You have come too far to let someone
jeopardize your future.
Encourage your reference to use strong, descriptive
words that provide the evidence of your interpersonal
skills initiative, leadership, flexibility, conflict resolution,
decision-making, judgment, oral and written
communication skills, and grasp of your field of study.
Maintain Professional Courtesy
Give your references ample time to complete their
letters, and provide a self-addressed stamped envelope.
Make it as easy for them as possible so they don’t have
to spend valuable time searching for the proper return
address and stamp. Follow up with your letter writers
and let them know the status of your plans and search.
They will want to know how you are doing and whether
there is anything else they may do to increase you
candidacy. You never know when you will need their
assistance again, and it is just good manners to keep
those who care about you informed of your progress.
Finally, many times when two or more candidates are
considered equally qualified, a strong letter of reference
can play an important role in determining who is
selected for the position.
A personal meeting is always best because you can
observe your potential reference’s body language to see
how interested he or she is in assisting you. A slow
response to a question or a neutral facial expression may
be this person’s way of trying to show you that he/she does
not feel comfortable serving as your reference. You are not
required to inform them of your decision. Always thank the
person and end the meeting professionally.
Help Them Help You
You must assist your reference-givers so they can do the
best job possible. Provide them with a copy of your current
resume, transcripts, job descriptions for the type of
employment you desire or other detailed information.
Provide a one-page summary of any achievements or skills
exhibited with the reference. They may not remember
everything you did under their supervision or time spent
with you. Finally, provide them with a statement of future
goals outlining what you want to accomplish in the future.
Source: Roseanne R. Bensely
6
Know Yourself
Self Evaluation Worksheet
Self-evaluation can help you to determine what you are
looking for in a career and what you have to offer. The
following questions were developed by executive recruiters
to help you know yourself and your career aspirations
better. Review these questions often; they will help you
keep an inventory of your career assets and liabilities.
Choosing Majors and Careers
Regarding Interests
What gives you energy?
What do you avoid?
What reading or activities are you attracted to when
there are no requirements?
What books are difficult for you to finish?
1. Would I work best in a large or small organization?
Regarding Abilities
What comes naturally to you?
What talents have you not had enough opportunity to
test or develop?
In what areas do you excel?
2. How important is geographic location to me?
3. Do I work better individually or in a team?
4. Am I more comfortable following rather than leading?
5. Do I analyze better than I execute?
Regarding Personality
What characteristics make you unique?
What majors, careers, or work environments would
support your characteristics?
In what situations have you felt a good “fit?”
What were the times in which you felt like you thought
much differently than others around you, or like a “fish
out of water?”
6. Do I prefer to work with people or things?
7. Do I work more successfully under pressure?
8. Am I a planner or idea person?
9. Am I a good listener?
Regarding Values and Environment
What is most important to you in an academic
environment: support, competitive challenges,
reputation, flexibility?
What is most important to you in a work environment:
creativity, security, independence, helping others, job
outlook?
What role do you want work to play in life?
10. Do I think well on my feet; make decisions well?
11. Do I express myself well orally? In writing?
12. What characteristics do I admire in others?
13. Which job function do I perform most effectively?
14. Which job function do I perform least effectively?
Regarding Academic Information
Do you know the complete range of majors, minors
and concentrations available to you, even relevant
ones in other academic colleges?
Are there particular courses or experiences that would
be most useful in testing your skills and interest?
Have you discussed your interests and options with an
academic advisor?
Have you sought information from a variety of upperlevel students?
What are the ranges of career options that are open to
your particular academic path or other options you are
considering?
15. What do I enjoy doing most?
16. What accomplishments have satisfied me most?
17. What have I done to correct my shortcomings?
18. Where do I want to be with my career in 5 years?
19. What should I be earning then?
20. What skills do I need to achieve my career goals?
7
Know Your Path
Decision Making Strategies
There are a number of strategies that you can employ to
improve your decision making.
Use A Step-By-Step
Decision Making Process
Step 1:
Clarify the decision. What needs to be decided?
Clarify decision difficulties. List the things that make your
decision a difficult one. Once you clearly define the
problems, the solutions are often easier to see.
Step 2:
Identify your options. Narrow down your list of options to
those you consider most viable.
List how you can obtain support. Don’t underestimate
the help available from friends, relatives, advisors,
counselors, and others. Although the decision must
ultimately be yours, you don’t have to go through the
decision making process alone.
Step 3:
Consider pros and cons. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of each option?
Consider whether a deeper issue may be complicating
things. For example, parental pressure, lack of
confidence, or motivational problems that may be clouding
your decision.
Step 4:
Choose among the options. This is the point in the
process where you must assume the most responsibility;
a choice must be made and you are the only one who
can make it.
Consider a full range of alternatives. There could be
alternatives that you may not see at first glance. Talking to
others is one of the best methods to explore such
alternatives.
Step 5:
Take some action. How are you going to implement the
decision?
Spend time clarifying your goals. Decisions should be
put within a larger context. If you do not have clear goals,
you will find it difficult to make wise choices. Once your
goals are clear, the best choice between alternatives often
becomes more evident.
Step 6:
Review your decision. Continue to gather information
after a decision is made and revise your decision as
necessary.
Make sure that you have a realistic view of the
consequences. It is common to overestimate the negative
consequences of a decision. Keep things in perspective.
Adapted from Gary Lynn Harr’s book, Career Guide:
Road Maps to Meaning in the World of Work, 1995
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Seek additional help. If you typically have difficulty making
any decision of importance, schedule an appointment with
a career advisor to explore your decision-making style.
Notes:
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
8
Four Year Action Plan
Freshman Year (0 - 25 Credit Hours)
Demonstrate excellent academic performance; make the
best grades you can every semester.
Junior Year (56 - 85 Credit Hours)
Obtain work experience in your field through reality
testing.
Strengthen your written communication skills in English
classes and writing labs.
Find part-time employment, an internship, practicum,
field work or volunteer experiences.
Discover CMU resources provided by Career Services!
Seek leadership positions in co-curricular activities
(committee chairs and elected positions).
Explore majors and careers at Career Services:
Join career-related student professional associations.
- Explore the web page,
- Take an assessment test, and/or
- Enroll in Career and Self-Exploration (CED 101)
or First Year Experience (FYE 101).
Begin to plan for job search or graduate school. Set
deadlines for required steps.
Update resume in Career Services.
Talk with a Career Advisor.
Attend career fairs sponsored by Career Services.
Participate in campus co-curricular activities.
Register and become familiar with eRecruiting.
Sophomore Year (26 - 55 Credit Hours)
Talk to professionals in career fields you are considering.
Senior Year (86 - 124 Credit Hours)
Utilize eRecruiting.
Get to know faculty in a major of interest. They can talk
about career options and provide a letter of reference
when you apply for a job or to graduate school.
Register for on-campus interviewing through Career
Services.
Participate in Career Services’ job fairs.
Start identifying part-time and summer employment,
volunteer work or internships in your area(s) of interest.
Attend Career Services’ workshops.
Develop a professional quality cover letter resume by
utilizing help from a career advisor through Career
Services.
Research graduate schools or employers of interest.
Meet required deadlines for graduate school or job
search.
Enhance your computer skills. Take courses offered by
the Computer Science Department such as Computers
and Society (CPS 100) or Principles of Computer
Programming (CPS 180).
Conduct a thorough job search campaign in addition
to on-campus interviews.
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
Notes:
9
Getting Started - Research
Why Should I Conduct Research?
To help gain some idea of the career potential that exists
with a particular employer.
To locate employers that I might not have been aware of
that are in my targeted career field(s).
To help prepare for an interview with an employer.
5. Directories
These resources may provide information about an
organization’s products or services, number of
employees, principal executives, history, etc. You
should be able to locate the directories listed below in
the reference section of a public library.
Dun & Bradstreet Business Information Reports
Moody’s Manual
Standard & Poor’s
Million Dollar Directory
MacRae’s State Industrial Directory
Consultants and Consulting Organizations Directory
Directory of Corporate Affiliations
What Should I Know?
At a minimum, make sure that you are familiar with the
following aspects of an employer.
Name, age, and location(s) of the organization
Product lines and/or services
Parent company and/or subsidiaries
Financial picture of organization, assets, stock picture,
recent mergers, etc.
Major competitors
Growth history and potential
Career opportunities
Deadline for application
Future goals and industry trends
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
Where Do I Find Employer Information?
1. Newspapers
The business section of most newspapers contains
numerous articles about local companies and their
executives. The public library is a good place to find
current newspapers and indexes of newspapers.
2. Magazines
Numerous magazines exist for all industries and areas of
specialty. They provide insight to the latest trends of the job
market and specific organizations. Check with Career
Services for a listing and/or samples of leading magazines.
3.Trade Associations
These organizations produce membership directories,
journals, and information briefs. Find associations that
match your career interest and then review their website for
a membership list, industry news, job listings, a résumé
database system, and information on membership. Almost
all fields or industries belong to an association.
4. CMU Career Services’ eRecruiting
Students and alumni must request access through the
Career Services department and then have the opportunity
to use eRecruiting free of charge. Through this online
system, students can search the employer database to
obtain website and contact information, details for
upcoming networking events, and view available internship
and career opportunities for employers that recruit at CMU.
10
Getting Started - Networking
Looking for a job? Many of all available jobs are never
advertised in any print media. So how can you learn about
these “hidden” jobs? The answer is networking…
Return the Favor
Also remember that networking is a two-way street. You
are developing a network of people to help you, and you
should expect to return the favor. You might do the
following:
Send an article on a topic of mutual interest
Offer to treat them to lunch
Send a simple thank you note to individuals who have
been particularly helpful
What is Networking?
Networking accounts for a substantial amount of all career
placements. It means using personal and professional
contacts to help you become aware of positions that may
be open within a variety of organizations.
The Purpose of Networking
Through the process of networking, you can let people
know the following:
You are actively looking for a job
Your skills
What type of career you are seeking
When your job search is concluded, let them know that
you have obtained a position and thank them once
again. Then, keep in touch with them periodically. They
can be vital to your future professional development.
The people in your network may be able to refer you to
organizations that are currently hiring or even help you to
get interviews or actual job offers.
Notes:
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Who’s in Your Network?
As a college student, you may not think that you have
contacts that can help, but everyone you know has the
potential to be a useful contact in your job search. Be
inclusive when you decide who is a member of your
network! Consider starting with:
Relatives
Friends & acquaintances
Classmates, team-mates, & co-workers
Supervisors
Colleagues from professional organizations groups
Former teachers and faculty
Let these people know your needs, then listen to their ideas
and suggestions. Ask them for names of others who might
be helpful in your search.
Develop a Tracking System
Develop a record keeping or business card file for keeping
track of each phone call, letter, interview, follow-up, and
promise with an employer. Without this, you may soon
become quite confused.
Be Professional
Effective networking can be a tremendous boost to a job
search, but employing inappropriate techniques can cause
you to lose valuable opportunities. As long as you
approach people to whom you are referred in a
professional and courteous manner, most people will be
willing to share information because they like to help others
and/or they want to stay “well-connected”. When speaking
to a contact to whom you have been referred, mention the
name of the person who referred you early in the
conversation.
11
The Résumé - Tips
In addition, keep your subject-verb tenses in agreement.
If you are currently working at a particular job, make
sure your action verbs are in the present tense (i.e.,
manage, coordinate, assist). If you are no longer
working at a particular job, make sure your action verbs
are in the past tense (i.e., managed, coordinated,
assisted).
Parts of a Résumé
The résumé is typically organized into sections arranged
from most important to least important. The following is a
description of the parts of a résumé. Please note: your
résumé is only 90% completed until you tailor it to
compliment the position you are applying for.
Contact Information
Your name should appear first. You may wish to
emphasize your name by using a larger, bold font. This
section may also include your present and permanent
addresses, telephone numbers including area codes, and
professional email address.
Descriptions should be specific including responsibilities,
skills used and end results.
Involvements / Honors
Involvements include clubs, organizations, volunteer
activities, international experiences, fraternities/
sororities, and civic organizations; consider all social,
professional, and academic groups. (It is recommended
that religious and/or political organizations be omitted.)
Honors may include: Dean’s/President’s List, awards,
scholarships, and honorary societies. If you have limited
activities and honors, consider combining these
sections. One again, high school information is
irrelevant.
Objective
The objective is a brief statement (usually one or two
sentences) used to inform the employer of the position you
are seeking. If using an objective, your statement should
include three basic components:
1) Type of position (Internship vs. Full Time Interest)
2) Position title or department of interest
3) Employer name
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Typically this is not a full sentence; a résumé consists of
short powerful statements, not full sentences. Therefore
periods should not be used at the end of the phrase.
Notes:
Education
List all earned degrees in reverse chronological order, most
recent first. Be sure to include:
1) College/University, city, state
2) Title of degree (Bachelor of Science), date(s)
3) Major(s), minor(s), and/or certifications
4) Grade Point Average (if 3.00/4.00 or higher)
Consider including the percentage of college expenses
financed through work and scholarship. This section is for
college-related information only; high school information is
no longer relevant.
Experience
This section may have several titles. Some of the more
popular titles include: Internship, Professional
Development, Related Experience, etc. Regardless of the
title(s), there are several pieces of information to include in
reverse chronological order:
1) Name of employer, city, state
2) Position title, month, year of employment
3) Brief description of your duties (bullet format is
preferred)
Start each bullet with an action verb. Action verbs such as
manage, coordinate, supervise, assist, and aid grab the
employer’s attention. Your bullet points should not be full
sentences. Also, avoid the use of personal pronouns like
12
The Résumé - Power Words
Accomplishments
achieved
attained
convinced
expanded
expedited
founded
improved
increased
initiated
introduced
invented
originated
overhauled
pioneered
reduced (losses)
resolved (problems)
restored
revitalized
spearheaded
strengthened
transformed
upgraded
Communication
addressed
advertised
arbitrated
arranged
authored
clarified
collaborated
communicated
composed
condensed
corresponded
developed
directed
drafted
edited
enlisted
formulated
influenced
interpreted
lectured
mediated
moderated
negotiated
persuaded
promoted
publicized
reconciled
recruited
translated
wrote
Creative
created
customized
designed
developed
directed
established
fashioned
illustrated
integrated
performed
planned
Helping
adapted
aided
assessed
assisted
clarified
coached
counseled
demonstrated
diagnosed
educated
encouraged
facilitated
guided
motivated
prevented
referred
rehabilitated
represented
Detail
approved
arranged
catalogued
classified
collected
compiled
executed
generated
implemented
inspected
monitored
operated
organized
prepared
processed
purchased
recorded
retrieved
screened
specified
systematized
tabulated
validated
Management
administered
analyzed
assigned
chaired
consolidated
contracted
coordinated
delegated
developed
directed
evaluated
executed
organized
oversaw
planned
prioritized
Financial
administered
adjusted
allocated
analyzed
appraised
audited
balanced
budgeted
calculated
computed
corrected
developed
managed
planned
projected
researched
Research
clarified
collected
critiqued
diagnosed
evaluated
examined
extracted
identified
inspected
interpreted
interviewed
investigated
organized
reviewed
summarized
surveyed
13
Training/Instructing
adapted
advised
clarified
coached
communicated
coordinated
developed
enabled
encouraged
evaluated
explained
facilitated
focused
guided
informed
instilled
instructed
persuaded
simulated
stimulated
taught
tested
trained
tutored
Technical
adapted
applied
assembled
built
calculated
computed
configured
constructed
debugged
designed
devised
determined
engineered
fabricated
fortified
installed
maintained
operated
overhauled
programmed
regulated
remodeled
repaired
replaced
reported
retrieved
solved
standardized
Curriculum Vitae vs. Résumé
What is it?
Curriculum Vitae: An academic version of a résumé.
Degrees, teaching, research experience, honors,
publications, presentations, professional service, related
activities, and academic interests are included. A full list of
your professional and educational history. Usually each
experience with detail is included.
10 Key Elements in Writing a Curriculum Vitae
1. Choose an easy to read font and do not include
graphics.
2. Select appropriate category headings; omit personal
information.
3. Prioritize information; if degree is recent, place near
the top and include dissertation topic or title; name
advisor if recognized authority.
Résumé: A summary of your experience and skills that is
most pertinent.
A résumé is selective about what is highlighted about your
background and experience depending upon the position
being targeted.
4. Do not include job objective statements or graduate/
undergraduate grade point average.
5. Use reverse chronology for all entries.
How long is it?
Curriculum Vitae: Usually several pages.
6. Use action words and phrases instead of complete
sentences.
Résumé: Usually one page; sometimes two pages with
extensive experience.
7. List all publications, presentations, poster sessions,
abstracts, and works-in-progress according to
prescribed discipline standards.
8. Accuracy is critical; edit carefully, proof-read, and
get a second opinion.
When do you use it?
Curriculum Vitae: Used for academic positions and
research positions.
9. Design your own; commercial services are not
equipped to handle academic terms and appropriate
language for professional positions.
Résumé: Used for every other type of job outside of
academia and research science.
10. These are life-long documents; you will be adding to
it continuously.
Do you include your publications?
Curriculum Vitae: Yes.
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Résumé: No, unless position is research in industry or
similar type of position.
Notes:
How important is style and layout?
Curriculum Vitae: Although content is most important, and
some say that style is not as important, style does matter.
Résumé: Style and content are important.
Other information to include:
Curriculum Vitae: Include title of your dissertation, overview
of your dissertation, titles and description of courses you
have taught, all of your awards, your advisor and
committee members' names, your references, conferences
attended and publications.
Résumé: Do not include any of the above, except some of
your most noteworthy awards, and in some cases your
thesis title.
Source: web.princeton.edu
14
Chronological Format
Yule B. Sharpe
[email protected] ▪ 555 East Main Street ▪ Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 ▪ (810) 555-1212
EDUCATION
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Bachelor of Science, May 2009 (Expected)
Major: Human Resource Management
Minor: Psychology
GPA: 3.56/4.00 (major) 3.27/4.00 (overall)
▪ Financed 90% of my educational expenses through work
HONORS
Michigan Competitive Scholarship, Fall 2005 - Present
Psi Chi (National Honor Society in Psychology), Fall 2006 - Present
▪ Vice President, Spring 2006
Dean’s List, Fall 2005 and Spring 2006
COMPUTER SKILLS
Operating Systems: Windows, Linux, and Macintosh
Web Design/Multimedia: Front Page, Macromedia Studio, and Java
Software: Microsoft Office, WordPerfect Office, CorelDRAW, and SPSS
SAP Modules: Controlling and Human Resources
INTERNSHIP
Rensol Corporation, Farwell, Michigan
Human Resource Intern, January 2008 - August 2008
▪ Assisted with the recruitment and selection process of potential employees
▪ Designed and managed methods used to track and report employee information for management decision
making
▪ Conducted training and development sessions for newly hired employees
▪ Updated departmental website and created web-based employee satisfaction survey
WORK EXPERIENCE
Carson City Builders, Carson City, Michigan
Project Manager, Summers of 2005 and 2007
▪ Complete estimate proposals for customers and interpreted blueprints for accurate construction
▪ Participate in all phases of construction and remodeling projects
▪ Serve as liaison among customers, sub-contractors, and the company, by answering questions and brainstorming ideas
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Multicultural Advisor, Office of Residence Life, August 2006 - Present
▪ Create educational and social programs that focus on diversity themes, for resident hall of 300 students
▪ Counsel residents and serve as a campus resource
▪ Assist with training entire residence life student staff and making them aware of cultural sensitivity issues
Blackstone Bar and Grill, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Bartender, May 2006 - August 2006
▪ Enforced both state and establishment regulations
▪ Trained new wait staff and bartenders
▪ Served food and beverages to customers
INVOLVEMENTS
Program Board, Fall 2005 – Present
Academic Senate Student Representative, Spring 2006
15
Functional Format
SHERRIE E. VALENCIA
378 Cornell Street, Apartment 409 ▪ Troy, Michigan 48307 ▪ (313) 231-9876 ▪ [email protected]
OBJECTIVE
To obtain the XYZ Position with XYZ Organization
SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS
Marketing Skills
• Planned and executed successful strategies to target and develop new accounts, including: web-based
market research; community need-based assessments and; professional membership networking
• Consistently expanded customer base by at least 50% and increased revenues from current clients by 25 percent
• Presented informational sessions to upper management to seven Fortune 500 companies
• Created and implemented a national marketing plan for a Fortune 500 company’s new product line
Organization Skills
• Oversaw the seamless transition from a paper to PDA-based inventory and order management system
• Developed and revised daily, weekly and monthly sales strategies for sales representatives and managers
• Reorganized Northern Michigan sales territory, consisting of 47 sales representatives, to maximize efficiency
of calling pattern
• Revised and rewrote content for the sales division of a Fortune 500 company’s North American website
Communication Skills
• Familiar with a variety of software packages, including: Microsoft and WordPerfect Office; FrontPage; Publisher and; Macromedia Studio
• Wrote timely reports and forecasts to management on past and projected sales volume
• Developed lesson plans, related to a variety of subjects, for an after school program
• Composed product information letters and quotations for clients
• Restored and maintained good working relations with clients; including, daily telephone contact with current
accounts; field visits, researching problem areas and providing detailed information and; quick and thorough
follow-up
EXPERIENCE
CTC Trucking Company, Warren, Michigan
District Sales Manager, March 2005 - Present
Airborne Express, Allen Park, Michigan
Account Executive, January 2002 - March 2005
Motor Freight, Detroit, Michigan
Account Executive, January 2000 - December 2001
American Industries, Detroit, Michigan
Sales Representative, May 1999 - December 2000
Jewish Community Center, Southfield, Michigan
Teacher, February 1993 - May 1996
EDUCATION
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Bachelor of Science, May 1999
• Majors: English and Journalism
16
Scannable Format
In addition to developing a traditional résumé, today’s job
seekers should prepare a scannable résumé. Many
medium and large sized employers require applicants to
apply online by submitting a scannable résumé through
their website. When job vacancies occur, the employer can
do a database search for qualified candidates by using key
words to look at résumés of applicants with specific skills,
experience, and education. Scannable résumés have a
plain format and emphasize key words.
Tips for preparing scannable résumés:
Use key words to identify your specific skills in the
language of your profession. Review job descriptions to
determine key words and the specific skills employers
seek.
BENJAMIN FINE
[email protected], 989-555-3333
Current Address: 1820 South Crawford, Mount
Pleasant, Michigan 48858 (Until May 7, 2009)
Permanent Address: 12225 Ashley Lane, Clinton
Township, Michigan 48038
EDUCATION
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, May
2006 (expected)
- Major: Marketing, Minor: Spanish
- Grade Point Average: 3.10/4.00 Overall
RELEVANT COURSEWORK
International Marketing, Marketing Research, Marketing
Analysis, Buyer Behavior, Service Marketing
Use sans serif fonts (Arial or Helvetica) in size 10 – 14.
Avoid italics, underlining, small print, script, condensed
type, bullets, brackets, borders, shading, columns,
vertical or horizontal lines, and other graphics.
INTERNSHIP
Thyssen Steel Group, Detroit, Michigan
Intern, Customer Service Development, May 2008 –
August 2008
- Placed international calls, translated faxes and
correspondence
- Provided product information to customers by
addressing questions and concerns
- Gained experience in import – export operations
- Worked with distribution department to expedite orders
Mail your original résumé and cover letter in a 9” x 12”
envelope (do not fold, staple, or fax). Photocopies and
faxes degrade the quality of the original. Only fax a
résumé due to a deadline; use the super fine mode to
fax, and then mail a clean paper copy for scanning.
Many organizations now require all applicants to submit
résumés online at their company’s website. The
scannable résumé is best and is easy to copy and paste
into their system.
EXPERIENCE
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Office Assistant, Alumni & Development Office,
September 2005 – Present
- Provide clerical assistance throughout the school year
- Enter computer data and prepare mailings to promote
CMU activities
- Participate in annual phone-a-thon fundraisers to
generate revenue for programs
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
JC Penney, Mount Clemens, Michigan
Sales Associate, May 2004 – August 2005
- Developed a thorough product knowledge base, as
well as “plus sold” items relative to customer’s needs
- Handled money and operated computerized cash
register in an immediate and efficient manner
- Honored as “Associate of the Month” for July 2005
- Provided excellent customer service by greeting all
guests, as they entered, with a warm smile
INVOLVEMENTS
- American Marketing Association, Fall 2005 – Fall 2008
- Campus Ambassador, Admissions Office, Fall 2007
- Michigan Special Olympics Volunteer, Summer 2007
- Sweeney Residence Hall Council Member, Fall 2006
- Students Against Drunk Driving – President, Fall 2006
17
Résumé Sample
GRETA STIEN
1234 Main Street Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 (989) 555 – 2121 [email protected]
EDUCATION
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Bachelor of Science, May 2008
Major: Physics
RESEARCH
IR Camera for SOAR telescope
Member of research team building the IR Camera
Designed and tested various components to be fitted into the instrument
Finished instrument was delivered to the SOAR telescope in Cerro Pachon, Chile
Variable Star Research
Conducted research on visible variable stars with astronomy faculty member
Quantitatively examined photographic plates as well as CCD images of variable stars
Information concerning period, intensity, and location was published
Carbon-Rich Stars in the Galactic Halo
Worked closely with visiting astronomy faculty from Brazil in research on carbon-rich stars in galactic halo
Cross-referenced data on approximately 800 stars to determine age, composition, location
Information concerning star formation in the early-life stage of our galaxy was presented at conference
EXPERIENCE
Central Michigan University, Physics Department, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Teaching Assistant
Taught introductory undergraduate astronomy lab class
Physics/Mathematics Tutor
Tutored undergraduate students
Wrigley Technologies, Midland, Michigan
Unigraphics Operator
Performed drafting projects using AutoCAD
TECHNICAL SKILLS
Unigraphics
AutoCAD
HTML
BASIC
AFFILIATIONS
MENSA member
Sigma Pi Sigma Physics Honorary Society
LICENSES/CERTIFICATIONS
SSI Certified Recreational Scuba Diver
Private Pilot License
American Red Cross Certified Lifeguard
WORK HISTORY
UniWell, Inc., Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Technical Sales Consultant, August 2004 - Present
18
Résumé Sample
JOHN MOTLEY CREW
Current Address: 3100 E. Deerfield, Apt. 1234 ♦ Mount Pleasant, MI 48858 ♦ 586-555-1212 (Cell)
Permanent Address: 12000 Terra Verde ♦ Clinton Township, MI 48038 ♦ 586-555-2121 (Home)
OBJECTIVE
To contribute strong customer-service experience to a position with your organization
QUALIFICATIONS Communication Skills
● Effective communication skills gained through courses in speech, business, and experience
● Six years of customer service experience gained through working with diverse clientele
Team Skills
● Ability to understand, communicate, and work well with others
● Knowledge of team situations gained through years in highly social work atmospheres
● Leadership skills obtained through coaching personal success tactics with employees
Salesmanship Qualities
● Innate competitive personality - driven to be the best and most profitable among work peers
● Developed strategies for approaching customers in ways most inviting and comfortable
EDUCATION
CENTRAL MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Bachelor of Science, May 2008
● Major: Political Science
● Minors: Business Administration and History
PROJECTS
Business Communications Group Project
● Required to work as a unit, and prepare a detailed and comprehensive speech on team work
● Performed research on an individual basis followed by re-grouping and compiling components
● Gained greater understanding individual roles and team dynamics within a team
Extensive Research Paper - “Political and Economic Standing of Costa Rica”
● Detailed analysis of Costa Rica’s economic and political standings
● Compiled and analyzed information from many sources
● Completed detailed report gaining greater understanding of economics on a global scale
BUSINESS
COURSEWORK
Introduction to Marketing
Business Communication
Legal Environment of Business
Principles of Accounting I & II
Computers in Business
Principles of Macroeconomics
Website Development
Managerial Finance
Introduction to Management
COMPUTER
SKILLS
Microsoft Word
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Power Point
Microsoft Access
Internet Capabilities
Computer Repair
WORK HISTORY
Bennigan’s, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Sales Associate (Server), September 2003- May 2008
● Top salesperson on consistent basis
● Use proper sales tactics to up-sell and increase profitability
● Trained new employees
● Established excellent rapport with guests, co-workers and management
Tiramisu, Clinton Township, Michigan
Sales Associate (Server), January 2001- May 2008 (Seasonal)
● Top in sales on consistent basis
● Trained new employees with tools for success
● Provided new guests with positive experience and knowledge of menu
● Provided excellent customer service by greeting all guests with a warm smile
19
Résumé Sample
ELMER WEST
[email protected]
Permanent Address: 1212 Plymouth Road Livonia, Michigan 48105 Cell: (989) 555-1212
School Address: 9876 Main Street Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858
EDUCATION
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Master of Science in Information Systems, Expected Graduation Date: December 2010
Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
Bachelor of Science, May 2008
Major: Computer Science
RELEVANT
COURSES
Database
Data Mining
Computer Graphics
Object Models
Object Oriented Programming
Analysis, Algorithms, and Design
Cryptography and Network Security
Distributed Software Development
Operating Systems
Software Engineering
Compiler Construction
COMPUTER
SKILLS
Programming Languages:
C, C++, ASP, Java, VB6, Perl, CGI, XML and familiarity with VB.NET
Databases:
MS Access, SQL Server, Oracle and MySQL
Operating Systems:
Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 95/98, UNIX, RedHat LINUX, AIX and MS-DOS
Software Development Methodology:
Structured Programming, Object Oriented Programming and familiarity with Extreme Programming
PROJECTS
Worked on developing an OS for Sierra (a computer simulated machine) in C & UNIX
Created a compiler using Lex & Yacc
Designed a movie reservation system project in ASP
Simulated an ATM project in C++
Built a hotel reservation system project in VB5 and MS-Access
Develop student database system for Computer Science department using VB5 and Oracle
Worked on a project to develop Tiny Encryption Algorithm in Java
Implemented Certified Public Key distribution using Java
Designed and implemented secured Java application for exchange of Information between two
nodes using Java Certificate, Java Cryptography Extension, and Java Secure Socket Extension
EXPERIENCE Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Lab Consultant, August 2008 - Present
IT Troubleshooting
Install and upgrade software
Maintain systems and printers
University of Michigan Health Care Options, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Programmer, Summers 2005, 2006, 2007
Developed project in Visual Basic 6.0 and Microsoft Excel for Build the Brand that assists the
Marketing department in conducting promotional analysis
20
Résumé Sample
CAROLE KING
School Address: 1234 Broomfield Road ♦ Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 ♦ (248) 555-1212 ♦ [email protected]
Permanent Address: 12345 Ashley Lane ♦ Clinton Township, Michigan 48038
SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS
♦ Proficient with Microsoft Word, Excel, Access
♦ Extensive experience in understanding and helping students with special education needs
♦ Extensive experience operating Quinton Stress equipment
EDUCATION
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Bachelor of Science, May 2008
♦ Major: Health Fitness in Preventive and Rehabilitative Programs
♦ Minor: Gerontology
♦ Overall Grade Point Average: 3.50/4.00
Relevant Coursework:
Human Anatomy
Human Physiology
Basics in Health Fitness
Stress Testing Interpretation
Health Implications of Obesity
Health Risk Identification & Management
ECG Assessment
Pathophysiology
Stress Test Administration
INTERNSHIP
Beaumont Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
Exercise Specialist Intern, Summer 2007
♦ Gained experience in working with both Phase II and Phase III patients
♦ Conducted over 120 metabolic stress tests
♦ Designed and ran the Phase III resistance training program at St. Joseph’s Cardiac Rehab site
♦ Assisted with research in metabolic equivalent study by developing subject information data base
♦ Observations: Left Ventricular Assisting Device placement, Electro Physiology Lab, Catheter Lab, gastric
bypass surgery, nuclear stress testing, echo stress testing
LEADERSHIP
Central Michigan University Volleyball Team Player, 2005 - 2008
♦ Adapted to a new style of play
♦ Elected captain by teammates, 2007 to 2008
♦ Selected for Mid West Collegiate All Star Team, Summer 2007
Central Michigan University Basketball Team Player, 2004 - 2005
♦ Raised physical and mental strength to higher level
♦ Learned proper techniques of weight training and nutrition
♦ Developed skills to be successful in competitive environments
ACTIVITIES
Eta Alpha Epsilon – Member
Pre - Physical Therapy Club – Member
Red Cross Blood Drive – Volunteer
CMU Health Expo – Organizer and Volunteer
ADDITIONAL EXPERIENCE
Palace of Auburn Hills, Auburn Hills, Michigan
Customer Service, Summer 2005
♦ Gained self-confidence in resolving customer complaints
♦ Enhanced communication skills through interactions with entertainers, sports figures, and patrons
21
Résumé Sample
IMA TEACHER
12225 Ashley Lane
Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858
810-555-1212
[email protected]
OBJECTIVE
To obtain a challenging position as an elementary teacher at Vowles Elementary School where I
can motivate students to become concerned, ethical, and productive members of society
EDUCATION
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Bachelor of Science in Education, Elementary Emphasis, expected May 2006
Certification: Elementary Education, K-5
Major: Language Arts (BX), 6-8
Minor: Biology (DA), 6-8
Overall Grade Point Average: 3.4/4.0
COMPUTER SKILLS
Microsoft Office
SPSS
TEACHING
EXPERIENCE
Pullen Elementary School, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Fourth Grade English & Reading Teacher, August 2008 - Present
▪ Develop and implement a reading curriculum using trade books
▪ Serve on Language Arts Curriculum Committee
▪ Develop a course outline that includes state and local outcomes for both English and
Reading classes
▪ Incorporate a newspaper unit into curriculum
▪ Coordinate fund-raising projects for a fourth grade trip to Hartley Nature Center
▪ Develop and implement a parent newsletter to encourage collaborative relationship
between school and family
Microsoft Works
Geometer’s Sketchpad
Apple Works
WordPerfect
Sherwood Elementary School, Saginaw, Michigan
Student Teacher, January - June 2007
▪ Taught first and fourth grade students, including after-school tutoring programs
▪ Developed hands-on daily and unit lesson plans including two sub-plans
▪ Created interactive and exciting bulletin boards designed to stimulate student learning
▪ Corrected all assignments and tests, as well as kept accurate grade record book
▪ Counseled students, one-on-one, during daily reading and writing workshop time
▪ Established, designed and implemented a weekly parent newsletter designed to facilitate
positive parental rapport
▪ Attended parent/teacher conferences
▪ Volunteered and participated in various before and after-school activities
First Presbyterian Church, Clinton Township, Michigan
Sunday School Teacher, August - May, 2005 and 2006
▪ Taught Confirmation classes for middle school students
▪ Assisted teacher with first and second grade classrooms during Wednesday night programs
22
Résumé Sample
IMA TEACHER
Page Two
COACHING
EXPERIENCE
Mount Pleasant High School, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Assistant Varsity Soccer Coach, August 2007 - Present
▪ Coordinate transportation and develop season schedule for a team of 20 athletes
▪ Assist with team selection and develop all conditioning exercises and drills for goal keepers
Clinton Township Parks and Recreation, Clinton Township, Michigan
Soccer Coach, August 2004 - September 2005
▪ Demonstrated basic techniques and encouraged teamwork for first and second year players
▪ Organized parent volunteers and coordinated end of season picnic for entire league
OTHER
EXPERIENCE
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Lifeguard, Student Activity Center, August - December 2007
Office Assistant, Minority Student Services, August - May 2006
Campus Ambassador, Admissions Office, August - May 2006
Student Mentor, Orientation Office, August - May 2005
Bob’s Country Restaurant, Clinton Township, Michigan
Waitress/Hostess, January 1998 - May 2001
PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
Red Cross First Aid, CPR and AED Certified, expires June 2009
Red Cross Water Life-guarding and Aquatic Safety Certified, expires June 2009
Michigan Reading Association Conference, Grand Rapids, Michigan, March 2006
Writing with the MEAP in Mind, Flint, Michigan, January 2005
Reading and Writing Workshop, Gratiot/Isabella ISD, August 2004
HONORS
Michigan Competitive Scholarship, Fall 2002 - Spring 2007
Central Michigan University Board of Trustees Scholarship, Fall 2002 - Spring 2007
Dean’s List, Fall 2002 - Spring 2007
Alpha Delta Kappa, Education Fraternity Scholarship, Fall 2002 - Spring 2005
National Residence Hall Honorary, Inducted Spring 2002
INVOLVEMENTS
Alpha Delta Kappa, Fall 2004 - Spring 2007
▪ President, Fall 2006
▪ Social Committee Chairperson, Spring 2005
Sigma Kappa Chi Sorority, Inducted Fall 2003
▪ Vice President of Recruitment, Fall 2004
Leadership Safari Guide, Summer 2003 and 2004
23
Cover Letter Guidelines
Yule B. Sharpe
[email protected] ▪ 555 East Main Street ▪ Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 ▪ (810) 555-1212
Date
Mr. First I. Last
Position Title
Employer Name
Address
City, State Zip Code
Dear Mr. Last:
First Paragraph: In your initial paragraph, reveal the purpose of your letter, identify the position you are interested in,
and explain your source of information. Use this paragraph to thank the person for giving you company, position, or
contact information.
Second Paragraph: Indicate why you are interested in the position, the company, its products or services. Outline your
strongest qualifications (education, experience, interests, responsibilities, etc.) that match the position requirements or
the work environment. As much as possible, provide evidence of your related experiences and accomplishments. Use
this section to elaborate on information found on the resume or to comment on additional experiences.
Third Paragraph: Sell yourself by convincing the employer that you have the personal qualities and motivation to perform well in the position and fully contribute to the organization. Make reference to your enclosed resume but try not to
repeat the same information found there.
Final Paragraph: In the closing paragraph, suggest an action plan. Request an interview, and indicate that you will call
during a specific time period to discuss interview possibilities. Express appreciation to the reader for his or her time and
consideration. Let the employer know how to obtain any additional information he or she may need prior to that time. Be
sure to tell them when you are available for hire. Include your phone number and email address again, here.
Sincerely,
Your signed name or cursive font
(Sign your name in black ink)
Yule B. Sharpe
Enclosure or Attachment (Depending on your method of delivery)
24
Cover Letter Sample
Yule B. Sharpe
[email protected] ▪ 555 East Main Street ▪ Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 ▪ (810) 555-1212
September 1, 2005
Mr. John P. Johnson
Vice President
Ajax Accounting Company
555 Tamarack Drive
Billings, MT 59101
Dear Mr. Johnson:
I am applying for the staff accountant position that was advertised with Central Michigan University Career Services.
The position coincides with my education, experience, and career interests.
Your position requires skills in various accounting functions, including general ledger reconciliations, analysis, and reporting; ensuring the completeness, accuracy, and timeliness of the general ledger and internal monthly and quarterly
statements and ensuring the accuracy and timeliness of various reconciliations. In my experience as a junior accountant, accounting intern, and billing coordinator, I handled monthly journal entries, analyzed expenses, reviewed and corrected accounting entries, and generated reports. Accounting corrections I made as an intern revealed nearly $50,000
in unpaid bills and mislaid funds. My enclosed resume provides more details on my qualifications.
My background and career goals match your job requirements well; I am confident that I can perform the job effectively.
Furthermore, I am genuinely interested in the position and in working for Ajax Accounting Company. Your firm has an
excellent reputation and comes highly recommended to me.
Please consider my request for a personal interview to further discuss my qualifications and to learn more about this
opportunity. I will call you next week to see if a meeting can be arranged. In the meantime, if you need to call me, my
phone number is 989-555-1234 and my e-mail address is [email protected]. I look forward to talking with you.
Sincerely,
Yule B. Sharpe
Yule B. Sharpe
Attachment
25
Reference Page
Yule B. Sharpe
[email protected] ▪ 555 East Main Street ▪ Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 ▪ (810) 555-1212
REFERENCES
Mr. Benjamin I. Fine
Vice President
Alpha Company, Incorporated
23446 Auto Alley
Livonia, MI 48154
Phone: 222-333-4444
Fax: 333-444-5555
Dr. Donna W. Leeson
Industrial Psychologist & Professor
Department of Management
Central Michigan University
Mount Pleasant, MI 48859
Phone: 989-777-8888
Email: [email protected]
Ms. Carol M. Doston
Faculty
Department of Sports Management
Central Michigan University
Mount Pleasant, MI 48859
Email: [email protected]
Mr. George H. Smith
Human Resource Specialist
Omega Services, Incorporated
2349 Greek Avenue
Troy, MI 48576
Phone: 342-342-3424
Fax: 341-341-3414
General Guidelines:
Do not use relatives
Treat your reference as you would an interviewer
Ask permission before using them as a reference
Only include the contact information that they provide you with
Make sure that you illustrate their title and contact information correctly
Provide them with a copy of your resume and inform them of the position beforehand
Follow-up with them regularly, and thank them for allowing you to list them as a reference
26
Written Correspondence
Notes:
During the job search process, there are many times when
it is appropriate to write a letter to an employer. When
writing a letter, be sure to carefully proofread for
grammatical and typographical errors. The following are
the basic types of letters that you will be sending to
employers.
Cover Letter
A cover letter (or letter of application) accompanies your
résumé. It should market your qualifications and
communicate your skills, accomplishments, and potential to
the employer. It should also highlight experiences most
relevant to the job/employer.
Thank You Letter
A thank you letter should be sent to an employer
immediately after an interview. Make sure you thank the
employer for taking the time to interview you and reinforce
your interest in the employer and in the position. Also,
mention some key point that was mentioned during the
interview. If you forgot to mention something important
about yourself at the interview, you can mention it in the
thank you letter.
Application Status Check Letter
If an appropriate amount of time has passed after you have
interviewed with an employer, you may send a letter to the
employer inquiring about the status of your application.
Reiterate your interest in the position and in the
organization; remind the employer of your qualifications
and recap the history of your personal contact with the
employer. Be sure to thank the employer for their
cooperation.
Acceptance Letter
If an employer offers you a position and you accept it, send
a letter of acceptance expressing your appreciation of
joining the organization. Confirm your date of hire. Also, if
you received an offer letter from the employer, you may
briefly confirm the terms of employment.
Rejection Letter
If you are not planning on accepting an offer of
employment, you should send the employer a letter letting
them know that you are declining their offer. Express your
appreciation for the offer, and above all, do not burn any
bridges.
Letters of Recommendation
Candidates for employment, graduate schools,
scholarships or any activity for which others will evaluate
their talents and abilities will need to request letters of
recommendation. The content and quality of these letters,
as well as the caliber of the people who write them, are
critical to the selection process.
27
Thank You Letter Guidelines
Yule B. Sharpe
[email protected] ▪ 555 East Main Street ▪ Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 ▪ (810) 555-1212
Date
Mr. First I. Last
Position Title
Employer Name
Address
City, State Zip Code
Dear Mr. Last:
First Paragraph: In your initial paragraph, state when and where you had your interview and thank the interviewer
for his or her time. Reaffirm your interest in the organization.
Second Paragraph: Mention something that particularly appeals to you about working for them, and reinforce a
point or two in support of your application.
Third Paragraph: If after the interview you thought of something you wish you had said, the third paragraph of the
letter is a good place to bring that up. You can also restate you understanding of the next steps in the hiring process.
Final Paragraph: In the last paragraph, thank the employer for considering your application and ask for further
communication.
Sincerely,
Your signed name or cursive font
Yule B. Sharpe
Enclosure or Attachment (Depending on your method of delivery)
28
Thank You Letter Sample
Yule B. Sharpe
[email protected] ▪ 555 East Main Street ▪ Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 ▪ (810) 555-1212
September 1, 2005
Mr. John P. Johnson
Vice President
Modern Advertising, Inc.
555 Tamarack Drive
Billings, MT 59101
Dear Mr. Johnson:
Thank you for meeting with me last Thursday, August 8, to discuss the position of copywriter at Modern Advertising,
Inc. I was quite impressed with the enthusiasm you displayed for your company’s future and the helpfulness of your
office personnel. Learning about Modern’s present media campaign for the Pennsylvania Sausage Company was
exciting and demonstrated your creative approach to advertising. Modern Advertising is a company with which I
want to be associated.
Your description of the special qualifications needed for this position was especially interesting. My ability to work
under pressure and meet tight deadlines has already been proven in the advertising position I held with the Red
Rock Rocket. As I stated at our meeting, I enjoyed the challenge of a competitive environment in which success is
based on achievement.
I would also like to mention that since our meeting, I have received the College Reporter’s Award for an article of
mine published in the Rocket. This is my first national award, and I am very encouraged by this approval of my
work.
Again, thank you for considering me for the position of copywriter. I look forward to hearing back from you soon.
Sincerely,
Yule B. Sharpe
Yule B. Sharpe
Attachment
29
Five Steps to a Federal Job
Tips: Match your experience to the duties and
qualifications listed in the job announcement.
Use key words from the vacancy announcement, where
possible. Include relevant volunteer work.
1) Find job openings
Search for job openings in the Federal Government by
visiting www.usajobs.opm.gov or by calling (703) 7241850. Then, call specific agencies to learn about special
hiring programs. Watch for job fairs and newspaper ads,
too. Some agencies supplement their recruiting efforts
with these traditional methods.
4) Develop other required materials
Some agencies ask for written statements about
qualifications. Others require the completion of a
questionnaire. A few request copies of college
transcripts or other materials.
Tips: Look beyond job titles; Government
titles may be different from those in the private
sector. Search by location, keyword, and broad
occupational group.
Tips: When writing about your qualifications,
be specific and show your expertise. Follow instructions
about length, format, and content.
2) Decode vacancy announcements
Scan the announcement for its most important
parts: Closing date, job description, qualifications,
and application instructions.
5) Interview and accept a job offer
Most, but not all, managers in the Federal Government
conduct interviews before selecting a candidate. These
interviews are like those in private industry. If you are
selected for a job, a human resources specialist will
telephone you with an offer.
Tips: If you miss a closing date, check to
see if the application period has been extended.
Carefully check the required qualifications before
applying.
3) Submit a résumé
If the agency offers an online resume form, fill
that out. If the agency accepts paper resumes,
fill out the OF-612 application, use the USAJOBS
online resume builder, or create a paper resume
that lists the following:
Your name, address, telephone number, Social Security
number, and country of citizenship and the vacancy
announcement number
Any college degrees earned or in progress with the month
and date of graduation, name and address of the school,
type of degree and major, and number of credits earned
High school diploma or equivalency exam, month and
year conferred, and name and address of school
Any specific courses required for or related to the job
Employment history - a chronological list of jobs, including
job titles; descriptions of duties and accomplishments;
names and addresses of employers, months and years of
employment; earnings; supervisors’ names, addresses,
and telephone numbers; and a statement indicating
whether your current supervisor may be contacted
Dates, titles, and grade levels of previous Federal
Government jobs
A statement saying if you are a military veteran who
qualifies for preference
30
Tips: Prepare for an interview by researching
the agency to which you are applying. Bring
picture identification to pass security screening.
Source: makingthedifference.org
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
KSAs
KSAs = Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities
KSAs are a set of questions to help determine if you are a
good fit for a job, based on your combined set of job-related
knowledge, skills, and abilities.
Vacancy announcements list the specific KSAs an agency
wants to see in a candidate. In your application you need to
describe in writing how your experiences match the desired
KSA factors. KSAs are very important to federal employers;
how far you get in the application process will likely be
determined by your ability to convincingly address these
factors. Be sure to include as much information as you can
that responds to each KSA factor, even if that information is
already included on your résumé.
Link all these different examples explicitly to the KSA
questions. Whether you’ve worked as a waitress or
cashier, served as a student club officer, or
volunteered at a nursing home, the key is to tie these
experiences back to the KSAs in a way that illustrates
you as the best candidate for the job being advertised.
Write your KSAs in first person, and use concrete
examples to illustrate your skills. This is your
opportunity to more fully elaborate on skills and
responsibilities outlined in your résumé, and examples
are much more compelling than simple assertions.
Be sure to include examples that demonstrate your
ability to take initiative.
Focus on any outcomes to which you directly
contributed, citing quantitative data where possible.
For example, use data that measures how much (like
how much money or time you generated or saved), or
how many (like how many people attended, how many
units you produced), and point to positive change
(percentage growth or savings) wherever possible.
Isn’t my résumé enough?
No, a résumé is an important component of the job
application process, but addressing the KSAs listed in a
federal job opening gives you an extra chance to draw
attention to your strengths and expand upon the specific
factors the agency is looking for. Don’t exclude anything
from your KSA responses just because it is on the résumé.
Decoding KSAs
Think of KSAs as a set of interview questions. This way,
you can look at the KSAs as an opportunity to use real-life
examples to sell the experiences, education, and activities
listed on your résumé. Page 32 provides a sample of real
job openings and their associated KSAs from
USAJobs.gov, plus a question that an interviewer might ask
to get at the same information.
KSA Tips
Read the job announcement carefully and highlight key
words or phrases describing the position responsibilities;
then address those points in your KSA responses.
Make sure your answers reflect your level of
responsibility. Similarly, identify who you interacted
with and how (e.g., providing key information to a
manager, working with a group of peers, or
supervising a team).
Tailor each KSA answer to read between half a page
and a page in length. Remember that a busy person
will be reading through your application, so it is
important to find the right balance between providing
compelling information and information overload.
Review your answers to ensure they are easy to read.
Always use plain language and don’t use acronyms.
Focus on content, and don’t forget to proofread.
Ask a friend who knows you well to read over your
finished answers. Your reader should make sure that
you have included all of your relevant experiences,
that your responses flow well, and that the answers
don’t contain any typos or grammatical errors.
Go back to your résumé and outline a list of experiences
you’ve had that address each KSA. Review each list and
select the items that best illustrate a link between your
experience and each KSA as you compose your
responses.
Source: makingthedifference.org
Add information relevant to each KSA that may not be
included in your résumé, such as any specialized
training, publications, leadership roles, student activities,
and awards. Make sure you take credit for your entire
range of experiences including volunteer work,
internships, school projects, and extracurricular activities.
31
KSAs
A Job Announcement For
Investigative Assistant
GS 5/6
Accountant
GS 5-12
Park Ranger
GS 7
Microbiologist
GS 7-9
Intelligence Specialist
GS-9
…Includes a KSA That Reads
…Which is Like an
viewer Asking
Inter-
Ability to gather facts and communicate findings clearly, both orally and in
writing.
“Tell me about a project you worked
on in school or in a previous job in
which you had to write a report and
present the findings to an audience.”
Professional knowledge of accounting
methods, principles and procedures in
order to evaluate, design, implement
and modify systems for adequacy and
accuracy of accounting information.
“What accounting methods and principles have you learned that will enable
you to evaluate or modify accounting
systems? Also, can you tell me about
any internships or school projects in
which you utilized accounting methods and principles, and how you used
them?”
Knowledge of recreation site operation and maintenance techniques and
ability to apply them to work.
“I see you volunteered regularly at the
regional nature center during your
four years in college, and that you
worked as a life guard for a few summers. What did you learn in those experiences and how would you apply it
to this job?”
Knowledge of safety procedures and
safe handling of hazardous biological
agents.
“What experience do you have working in a lab with hazardous biological
agents? If somebody in your lab accidentally knocked over a hazardous
sample, what procedures would you
follow?”
Skill at making presentations in front
of a group.
“Tell me about a time when you had
to make a persuasive argument, perhaps for a class project or internship.
Tell me about another time when you
had to make a presentation for a large
audience and the tools and techniques you used.”
Source: makingthedifference.org
32
Email Communication
Email Communication
Instant messaging and cell phone text messaging has
caused us to become lazy with the way we write and
communicate, especially when sending emails.
Professional communication becomes extremely important
in the job search because any communication (oral, written
and non-verbal) can be a first impression with a prospective
employer. All business correspondence, including email,
should be formal in tone.
Email as a First Contact
Email employers initially only when an employer
specifically invites or instructs you to do so. Look for
specific instructions for application or contact on an
employer's web site, a job posting or a specific
conversation. Otherwise, you may be safer sending a
résumé and cover letter via hard copy.
Don't ever send an email without first doing online
research. If you ask a question easily answered on the
organization's web site, you'll create the impression that
you are lazy or unintelligent, or both.
Don't send an email randomly to someone saying "I'm not
sure if you're the correct person, but I figured you could
forward this...." If you write to the wrong person, he/she
has no reason to respond or forward. Do your research,
and say WHY you're writing to the person.
Don’t write like the script of a phone call. "Hi, I'm suchand-such. How are you today?...."
Proper use of grammar and punctuation. Using all
caps is usually interpreted as shouting in an e-mail
message. Don’t forget to use proper rules of
capitalization just like you would when writing a paper
for a class.
Error-free spelling. Spell check doesn’t know the
difference between there, their and they’re for
example. Don’t rely only on the spell check button for
accuracy.
Name your attachments appropriately. If, for example,
you are attaching a résumé entitle the file correctly;
something like: yourname_resume along with the
appropriate file extension.
Other Things to Consider
Be clear and concise with your message.
Copy back important information points when replying
to a previous message. With people receiving many
emails, phone calls and text messages it is hard to
keep information and conversations straight.
Realize that once your message is sent, there’s no
getting it back.
Email can be forwarded very easily.
Cute or funny e-mail addresses. Use your cmich
global id or create a more professional e-mail address.
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
Email is Not Text Messaging or IMing
Professional communication should not include any of the
following.
Characters and emoticons. Leave the ☻, ☼ and ♥ off
your professional messages!
IM or text message abbreviations. Do not include: CYA,
LOL, BFF, b/c, BTW and the like in your e-mails!
What to Include in Every Email
A detailed subject line. Employers aren’t going respond,
much less read, an e-mail from someone they might not
even know without a subject.
Salutation or greeting.
Signature block. Include, at least: your name, your e-mail
address and other contact information at the close of
each correspondence. You could also consider including
academic information and an address to a web-based
portfolio. Don’t attach a signature file or pictures,
sometimes they aren’t automatically downloaded by the
receiver’s email program.
33
Your Online Presence
Digital Dirt and the Job Search
Digital dirt is the information about you (your hobbies, your
photos, your rants and raves) that is available on the
Internet through personal Web sites, profiles on popular
social-networking sites, and comments on blogs. Many
students and emerging professionals think that social
networking sites are private communities for just students;
this is not true.
Positive Spin on Sites
Since there are indeed great advantages to online
networks, including promoting your professional
strengths and personal interests, consider:
starting clubs related to your job search, desired work/
life area, particular major or company/department
networking with others that share similar interests and
goals
contacting alumni that work in specific areas or with
specific companies/schools that you are targeting
"There is a growing trend in the number of employers who
are Googling candidates to research for additional
information," said Brian Krueger, President of
CollegeGrad.com. "This trend has now spilled over to the
use of Internet social networking sites, such as MySpace
and Facebook, for screening potential candidates."
Private vs. Reality
Lance Choy, director of Career Development at Stanford
University, told The Stanford Daily that employers use
Facebook to check up on job candidates for several
reasons:
Employers might be able to confirm background
information.
Students write about their interests; employers might want
to check on whether this supports their job application.
Employers might try to learn something about the
student's personality and whether it would be appropriate
for the job.
Professional Networking Sites
Create a free account on a site like LinkedIn. This
service, which has 5 million registered users, focuses
much more on the professional than the personal. You
could also:
contact your school’s alumni office to see if they have
a networking site for alumni
create a Listserve for current students in your club,
major or department and invite faculty and recent
graduates to join it for networking purposes
“Narcisurfing”
A term related to Internet searches that we conduct on
ourselves. Consider using www.dogpile.com to search
on yourself. Dogpile retrieves information from multiple
search engines and provides a more complete search.
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
The reality is that prospective employers, current faculty/
staff, and admission representatives from potential
graduate/professional schools can use social networking
sites and search engines to find out information about
candidates. If you have an online profile on any social
networks, carefully review the contents to see if there is
information that would make an employer wince. If there is
information on your personal Web page that you would not
want your current or future boss to see, change it. If
objectionable information about you is on another site,
contact the webmaster to have it removed. If that is not
possible, you'll have to be ready to explain it if asked.
Notes:
More than 33 percent of employers have eliminated a
candidate after digging up "digital dirt," according to
ExecuNet.
77 percent of respondents said they use search engines
to learn more about prospective employees.
A study showed that 82 percent of executives expect
companies and recruiters to enter their name into a
search engine during the course of their next job search,
yet only 33 percent have ever actually conducted an
Internet search on themselves.
34
Online Applications
Online vs. Hard Copy Applications
Many believe that it is better to send a paper résumé and
cover letter rather than to apply online or via email. The
logic is that your application materials will make a better
impression if they actually arrive on a person's desk, rather
than ending up in a computer database somewhere online.
However, due to federal regulations and applicant tracking
systems, many companies no longer accept paper
résumés. This has become an issue at in-person
networking events, such as career fairs and informational
sessions. When instructed to go online and apply, students
feel as though the employer is not interested in them as a
candidate.
Tip: Apply online prior to meeting a representative from the
organization you wish to intern/work at. This will better
prepare you to talk with the representative, make you look
more organized and determined, and speed-up the
application/recruitment process.
What You Need to Apply Online
Online applications ask for your contact information,
educational background, and employment history. Be
prepared to list your previous jobs, and wages. You
may also be asked what days and hours you are
available to work. Search for sample job applications
online and complete them before starting any online
applications.
Before You Apply
Renowned career author and columnist, Joyce Lain
Kennedy, says "It's important to note that the use of
online screening before reviewing your résumé, is
growing. Applicants are flooding mail boxes whether or
not their résumé bears any resemblance to the job's
requirements, so, companies are increasingly using
automated systems to screen résumés prior to sending
them to recruiter and hiring managers."
Source: About.com
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Applying Online
In some cases, job seekers are required to first register
online and build an employment profile. Once the profile is
complete, job seekers can apply online and set up search
agents to notify them when new internships/jobs are added
to the system.
Notes:
Other companies give you an option and will accept either
an online employment application, an online résumé, or a
faxed résumé. Online applicants sometimes have the
option to utilize a résumé builder that walks you through the
process of résumé writing. Furthermore, some
organizations allow you to copy/paste an existing résumé
into the résumé builder.
Small companies, are often more flexible because they are
not managing a large number of résumés or hiring as many
employees as a large corporation. Before you spend time
sending a paper résumé and cover letter, review the job
posting for application instructions and/or check with the
company web site. Internship / Career information is
usually listed in the "About Us" section. Review how the
company wants you to apply and follow the directions
explicitly. If you do not, your application may not be
considered.
Apply Online via Company Web Sites
If you are interested in working for a particular company,
visit their web site directly. Career information is usually
listed in the "About Us" section of the site. Follow the
instructions for searching for and applying for jobs online.
35
Professional Dress
For Men
For Women
Overdressed vs. Underdressed. You can gain points by
being overdressed for an interview but you will lose
points for being underdressed. Once in the job, you can
dress how their “corporate culture” dictates.
Club vs. Work Environment. If you would wear it to a
club, you probably shouldn't wear it in a business
environment. Also be aware of underwear selections
as showing undergarments is not acceptable.
Suit. A two piece matching suit is an excellent choice for
business/professional interviews because it makes it
easy for the interviewers to visualize you in a professional
position. If you don’t or can’t wear a suit at least wear a
jacket to the interview.
Suit. Wear a two-piece matched suit. Pants suits can
be an excellent choice for site visits, particularly if the
visit involves getting in and out of vehicles and/or the
site is a manufacturing/industrial facility. A skirt suit
may set you apart because it is not as commonly
worn; you will have a better chance of being noticed
and remembered.
Suit Colors. Navy and dark gray are safe and are the
most conservative for men. Black for men was once
considered severe or overly formal, and may still be
considered so in very conservative industries, although it
is commonly worn by many. Choose a solid or from
subtle weave pattern or plaid (the kind that look solid
across a room). Wool, wool blends, or very high quality
blends with natural fiber, are the only acceptable fabrics
for a conservative men's suit.
Skirts. Skirts should cover thighs when seated. A
skirt that ends at the knee when you're standing looks
chic and professional. Longer skirts are professional
too; just make sure they are narrow enough not to be
billowing, but not so narrow that you can't climb stairs
comfortably. High slits in skirts are not appropriate.
Colors and fabric. Navy, dark gray, brown and black
are safe. Other color trends may come and go; avoid
the extremes. Women generally have more options
with suit color than men; remember conservative is
key. Choose a solid or very subtle weave pattern or
plaid. Wool, wool blends, and high quality blends and
synthetics are appropriate for women's suiting.
Tie or no tie? Unless the job interview is for a very
creative field or computing/IT, it is always recommended
to wear a tie. Select a good quality silk tie and avoid
character or logo ties in the interview. Notice what men
in your industry wear on the job, at career fairs, at
information sessions, when they meet with clients. The
tie should end at or near your belt line.
Shirt and sweaters. Underneath the suit jacket, wear
a tailored blouse in a color or small print that
coordinates nicely with your suit. Don't show cleavage.
Shirts. Long-sleeved shirts, even in summer! Choose
white or light blue solid, or conservative stripes.
Socks, belt and shoes. Socks should be a finer gauge,
not athletic and definitely not white. Your socks should tie
in with color or tone with either your pants or your shoes,
and should be mid-calf length so no skin is visible when
you sit down.
Jewelry and accessories. Wear a conservative watch.
Jewelry and scarf styles come and go. Keep your
choices simple and avoid extremes of style and color.
Facial hair. If worn, should be well-groomed. Remember
to observe men in your industry if you are unsure what's
appropriate or are considering changing your look.
Cosmetics. Keep natural-looking makeup
conservative, because a little is usually better than
none for a polished look. Nails should be clean and
well groomed. Avoid extremes of nail length and
polish color, especially in conservative industries.
Jewelry. Less is more, but you can wear a conservative
watch. If you choose to wear other jewelry, be
conservative. Removing earrings is the safest bet.
Shoes. Should be leather or fabric micro fiber.
Choose closed-toe pumps. Regardless of what is in
style, avoid extremes; no stilettos or chunky platforms.
Tattoos. You may be limiting your chances of success
with a more conservative organization if you show up for
the interview with any facial piercing and visible tattoos.
Hosiery. Should be plainly styled (no patterns), sheer
(not opaque), and in neutral colors complementing
your suit. Avoid high contrast between your suit and
hosiery color.
Details. Everything should be clean and well pressed.
Suits typically have tacking stitches to hold vents-on the
jacket back and on sleeves-in place before the garment is
purchased; cut them off. And that tag stitched on the
outside of your sleeve is not meant to stay there like a
Tommy Hilfiger label; cut it off.
36
Purse and/or bag. If you carry a purse, keep it small
and simple, especially if you also carry a portfolio.
Purse color should coordinate with your shoes. You
may choose to carry a small briefcase or business-like
tote bag in place of a purse.
Interview Types
When preparing for the interview make sure to investigate
what kind of interview situation you will find yourself in.
Most good employers will tell you what to expect, but if they
don’t, ASK.
Over the last decade, behavioral interviews have become
increasingly popular. This is because traditional
interviewing has been shown to be very poor at predicting
success on the job. There is however some correlation
between the results reached in identifying the best
candidate through behavioral questioning. The type of
interview you might face is also dependent on the kind of
job you are seeking. Different types of jobs call for different
types of interviews.
The Group Interview
Group interviews frequently function like miniassessment centers. They involve being assessed along
with other potential candidates for the job and commonly
by more than one person. At its simplest level a group
interview might entail asking questions of all the
participants and evaluating the responses, but it often
also involves interaction between the candidates in a
manner that enables interviewers to observe who stands
out and how they interact with others, their ability to deal
with this kind of pressure, leadership and teambuilding.
Structured Questions which are based on real on-thejob experiences. Generally, there are specific responses
they’re looking for – ones that have been identified as a
best fit for the role and for the company’s culture.
The Behavioral Interview
This type of interview is based on the premise that past
activities are the best indicators of future performance.
Questions are developed by analyzing the vital factors for
success in the job, and then framed in a manner that asks
for specific examples from your experience such as “Tell
me about a time when” …or “Give me an example of a
situation where…” (As discussed in the response to the
previous question, you must be well prepared for
behavioral questions).
Situational Questions are set up like mini case studies.
They’re designed to gauge how well you synthesize
information and your ability to think on your feet.
Panel Interviews which were previously the domain of
government, are now commonly used by all types of
employers partly for their expediency but also because
they provide the opportunity for key stakeholders to
judiciously compare the responses given to questions
asked.
The Case-Style or Technical Interview
In the consulting sector, case-style interviews are very
common. This style of interview focuses not on the answer
but on the process used to get there. It can also be used to
delve into technical competencies by means of technical
interview given by a qualified technical expert.
Telephone Interviews have become one of the most
popular ways to conduct a one-on-one meeting when
geography presents a challenge. Essentially, a
telephone interview is simply a situation in which a
telephone call is used to create the foundation for an
interactive meeting in which one party is conducting an
interview with a second party. There are a few
applications that are normally associated with a
telephone interview that make this form of interaction
both time and cost efficient.
There are a number of revamped and new interview
practices now being employed. Some of the most common
ones are assessment centers, group interviews, and the
increasingly popular panel interviews.
The Assessment Center Interview
The assessment center methodology was extremely
popular in the ‘80s but was ultimately seen to be too costly
for all but the most senior employees. Now the companies
are savvier about the costs of a bad hire, they are more
willing to use some of these techniques, particularly for jobs
that require a large upfront investment in the individual.
Assessment centers can involve a variety of activities
including making presentations, sorting through ‘in
baskets,’ role playing, etc. They can last from a few hours
to several days away with other job candidates and the
major decision-makers.
37
Source: Job Postings, Eckler and Kofman
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
Before the Interview
For most fields, without an interview you will not get a job.
Therefore, effective interviewing skills are a must! Others
will be competing with you to obtain the same position.
Thus, it is critical not only to convince an employer that you
can do the job, but that you can do the job better than the
other candidates who are also competing for the position.
The following will explain the steps you can take BEFORE,
DURING, and AFTER an interview that will help place you
ahead of the competition and ease your tension about
interviewing.
Formulate Questions to Ask the Interviewer
1. Please describe a typical day on the job.
2. What do you see as the greatest challenge in this
position?
3. What personal qualities, skills, or experience would
help someone do well in this position?
4. What are the company’s plans for future growth?
Before the Interview
The time that you spend preparing prior to the interview will
be time well spent in your job search process. The
following are some tips on what you can do to prepare
yourself for an interview.
Knowledge of Employer:
Are you knowledgeable about the employer and the
industry?
5. How do you view this organization as a place to
work?
6. What are the typical career paths? What are
realistic time frames for advancement?
7. How are employees evaluated and promoted?
8. How much contact and exposure to management
would I have?
9. What type of training program(s) do you have for
new employees?
Self Confidence/Verbal Communication Skills:
Do you have the ability to listen effectively, verbalize your
thoughts clearly, and express yourself confidently?
10. How much freedom and responsibility is given to
new employees?
11. Can you explain the performance review process?
12. What is the retention rate of people in this position?
Goals/Motivation:
Do you demonstrate an interest in the employer and a
desire to work hard and succeed?
Do you have the ability to identify and work toward
specific goals?
13. What opportunities exist for professional growth and
development?
14. What makes your organization different from your
competitors?
Qualifications:
Can you relate your academic program, skills and /or
prior work, or internship experience to the needs of an
employer?
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
General Personality:
Do you exhibit enthusiasm? Ambition?
Work Ethic:
Are you someone who is willing to accept responsibility
and keep commitments?
Practice Makes Perfect:
Contact Career Services to sign up for a Mock Interview
and to take advantage of online practice interviews
through OptimalResume
Research the Employer:
It is important that you research an employer so you can
relate your knowledge, skills, and abilities to the needs of
the employer. Also, by having “done your homework,” it
will show an employer that you are interested in the
employer and the position.
38
Typical Interview Questions
Anticipate Answers to Questions an Interviewer May
Ask You
Example Behavioral Questions
1. How have you demonstrated initiative?
1. Tell me about yourself.
2. How have you motivated yourself to complete an
assignment or task that you did not want to do?
2. Why did you choose Central Michigan University?
3. Why did you choose your area of study?
3. Think about a difficult boss, professor, or other
person. What made him or her difficult? How did
you successfully interact with this person?
4. Is your grade point average an accurate depiction of
your capabilities?
5. Which classes have you enjoyed most? Least? Why?
6. In what extra-curricular activities have you participated?
Which did you enjoy most and why?
7. How would you define leadership?
4. Think about a complex project or assignment you
have been given. What approach did you take to
complete it?
5. Tell me about the riskiest decision you have made.
6. Can you tell me about an occasion where you
needed to work with a group to get a job done?
8. What are your short-term and long-term career goals,
and how do you plan to achieve them?
7. Describe when you or a group you were part of were
in danger of missing a deadline. What did you do?
9. What are the most important rewards you expect in
your career?
8. Tell me about a time when you worked with a
person who did things very differently from you.
How did you get the job done?
10. What do you consider to be your greatest strengths?
Weaknesses?
9. Describe your three greatest accomplishments.
11. How has your college experience prepared you for a
career?
12. What motivates you to put forth your greatest effort?
10. Tell me about a situation when you had to learn
something new in a short time.
13. In what ways do you think you can make a contribution
to our organization?
11. Can you tell me about a complex problem that you
solved? Describe the process you utilized.
14. Why are you interested in our organization?
12. Tell me about a challenge you successfully met.
15. Why did you choose to prepare for this type of career?
13. Walk me through a situation where you had to do
research and analyze the results for one of your
classes.
16. Why should I hire you?
17. Why do you want this job?
14. What leadership positions have you held? Describe
your leadership style.
18. What do you think it takes to be successful in an
organization like ours?
19. How would you define the word “success”?
15. Have you generated any new ideas or suggestions
while at school or at work?
20. What qualities do you think a successful manager
would possess?
16. Tell me when you successfully persuaded others to
do something or see your point of view.
21. What two or three accomplishments have given you the
greatest satisfaction?
17. Give an example of when your persistence had the
biggest payoff.
22. What have you learned from your mistakes?
18. Describe a situation where class assignments and
work or personal activities conflicted. How did you
prioritize? How did you manage your time?
23. In what type of work environment are you most
comfortable?
19. How have you most constructively dealt with
disappointment and turned it into a learning
experience?
24. How would your previous employers describe you?
25. Do you have a geographical preference?
26. Are you willing to relocate? Travel?
27. What criteria are you using to evaluate the company for
which you hope to work?
39
20. Describe a situation in which you effectively
developed a solution to a problem by combining
different perspectives or approaches.
Day of the Interview
Dress Appropriately
The way you dress has an effect on the interviewer’s initial
impression of you (see specific instructions for male and
female professional dress on page 36). Keep in mind that
you should make the statement, not your clothes. When in
doubt, be conservative.
DO
Give the interviewer a firm handshake
Be enthusiastic, confident, courteous, and honest
Be aware of your non-verbal behavior
Convey interest and knowledge in the position and
company
Have Your Documents Handy
You may wish to carry a professional looking notebook or
portfolio with your questions written in advance. It is a
good idea to include additional copies of your résumé,
references, letters of recommendation, a good-quality pen,
and a notepad.
Stress willingness, ability, and compatibility
Avoid the use of umm, like, uh, ya know, well, and
yeah
Always present the best of your background or
qualifications
Arrive At Least 10-15 Minutes Early
It is critical that you arrive on time to an interview. Arriving
late to an interview not only wastes the interviewer’s time,
but also sends the message that you are not serious about
your job search or about keeping commitments.
Listen to the questions carefully and give clear,
concise, and thoughtful answers
During the Interview
It is your job to convince the interviewer that you are the
most qualified applicant for the position. Remember, you
only have one chance to make a good first impression!
The following are some tips on what you should do and not
do during an interview.
First Impressions Matter
In the first five minutes or less, an employer notices your:
Appearance
Grooming
Personal presence
Eye contact
Articulation
Personality
At the close of the interview, establish a date for your
next communication
Always remember to thank the interviewer for his/her
time
DON’T
Don’t address the interviewer by his/her first name
unless invited to do so
Don’t let the employer’s casual approach fool you;
maintain a professional image
Don’t dominate the interview or appear arrogant
Don’t criticize yourself or discuss your personal
problems
Don’t speak or act in a nervous manner
Important Nonverbals
Eye contact
Facial expressions
Posture and gestures
Space and proximity
Don’t ask questions that the interviewer has already
answered
Don’t interrupt when the interviewer is talking
Don’t bring up negative information about past jobs,
co-workers or former employers
Don’t smoke or chew gum
40
After the Interview
affect the interviewer. For this reason, it is also helpful to
comment on something specific that you appreciated
about the interviewer or what he/she said. (Note: be
sure that your comments are appropriate and
professional.)
After the Interview
It is a good policy to send the interviewer a thank-you letter
as soon as possible after the interview via snail-mail or email (see sample thank-you letter on page 29). Be sure to
reiterate your interest in the position and the organization.
If you get no response from a thank-you letter, or if a date
has passed when an employer was to contact you, don’t
hesitate to phone the organization. Above all, let them
know of your continuing interest in them!
Listed below are factors you will want to consider when
determining whether or not you will accept a position.
While salary is an important factor, be sure you weigh your
starting salary against the salary potential of the position
and against the cost of living of the geographic areas where
you plan to live. Also consider these factors:
Job/Employer Related Factors
Potential for career advancement
Work schedule (traditional “9:00-5:00” or flexible hours)
Work environment/attire (formal vs. informal)
Bonus or commission plans
Benefits such as profit sharing, 401K plan, insurance, etc.
Travel
Reputation and stability of employer
Size of employer
Ability to gain a mentor
Type of industry
If there is something important that you forgot to mention
during the interview, if you think there might have been a
point of miscommunication, or if the interviewer
indicated concern over some aspect of your
qualifications, address this in the thank you note. When
doing so, be certain that your tone is positive, forthright,
and confident.
Send thank you within 24 hours of interview if snail
mail and within 48 hours if e-mail
Send one note to each person who interviewed you.
The interviewers will likely compare your notes
Make the note personal, but professional
Keep the tone positive and confident
Keep the note brief; use your words economically
Refer to specific things that the interviewer said during
the interview
Reaffirm how you can add value to company
Be certain that there are no grammatical or spelling
errors in the note
Follow up the thank you letter with a phone call a
week later, if you have not heard from the employer
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Geographic/Lifestyle Factors
Geographic location and climate
Social life for singles, couples, or family
Commute to work
Availability of suitable housing
Size and type of community (suburban, rural)
Notes:
Thank You
In addition to showing appreciation for the time of the
interviewer and establishing another point of contact, your
thank you letter should include a reaffirmation of your
particular value to the company now that you have more
information about the internship/job. Use the note to market
yourself. By referencing specific concerns and needs of the
company as expressed by the interviewer, you show the
interviewer again that you paid close attention to what he/
she said. By citing particular ways in which you can
address those needs and concerns, you do the work of
connecting the job requirements with your job skills. Making
connections between yourself and the job not only fortifies
your aptness for the position, but it also tangibly
demonstrates your interest in the position. The greater care
you take to customize the note, the more personally it will
41
Students with Disabilities
Students with Disabilities: Acing the Interview
The traditional face-to-face interview can be particularly
stressful when you have a disability, especially a visible
disability. Hiring mangers and employers may have had
little prior experience with persons with disabilities and may
react with discomfort or even shock to the appearance of a
wheelchair, cane or an unusual physical trait. When this
happens, the interviewer is often so uncomfortable that he
or she just wants to “get it over with” and conducts the
interview in a hurried manner. But this scenario robs you of
the opportunity to present your credentials and could
prevent the employer from identifying a suitable, qualified
candidate for employment.
It is essential that you understand that interviewing is not a
passive process where the interviewer asks all the
questions and you simply provide the answers. You, even
more than applicants without disabilities, must be skilled in
handling each interview in order to put the employer
representative at ease. You must also be able to
demonstrate your ability to manage your disability and be
prepared to provide relevant information about your skills,
experiences and educational background. In addition, you
may have to inform the employer of the equipment, tools
and related resources that you will need to perform the job.
To Disclose of Not to Disclose
To disclose or not to disclose, and when and how to
disclose, are decisions that persons with disabilities must
make for themselves during the job search process.
Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), you are
not legally obligated to disclose your disability unless it is
likely to directly affect your job performance. On the other
hand, if your disability is visible, it will be evident at the time
of your interview so it may be more prudent to acknowledge
your disability during the application process to avoid
catching the employer representative off guard.
Reasons for Disclosing
You take a risk when you decide to disclose your disability.
Some employers may reject your application based on
negative, preconceived ideas about persons with
disabilities. In addition, you may feel that the issue is too
personal to be publicized among strangers. On the other
hand, if you provide false answers about your health or
disability on an application and the truth is uncovered later,
you risk losing your job. You may even be held legally
responsible if you failed to inform your employer and an
accident occurs that is related to your disability.
Timing the Disclosure
The employer’s first contact with you will typically be
through your cover letter and résumé, especially if you
initially contacted the organization. There are many
differing opinions on whether one should mention the
disability on the résumé or in the cover letter. If you are
comfortable revealing your disability early in the
process, then give careful consideration to where the
information is placed and how it is stated. The cover
letter and résumé should primarily outline relevant skills,
experiences and education for the position for which you
are applying. The reader should have a clear
understanding of your suitability for the position.
Therefore, if you choose to disclose your disability, the
disclosure should be brief and placed near the end of
the cover letter and résumé. It should never be the first
piece of information that the employer sees. The
information should also reveal your ability to manage
your disability while performing required job functions.
When You Get the Interview
As stated earlier, it may not be wise to hide the disability
(especially a visible disability) until the time of the
interview. The employer representative may be
surprised, uncomfortable, or assume that you
intentionally hid critical information. As a result, more
time may be spent asking irrelevant and trivial questions
because of nervousness, rather than focusing on your
suitability for the position. Get assistance from contacts
in human resources and/or your career center about the
different ways to prepare the interviewer for your arrival.
Take the time to rehearse what you will say before
making the initial contact. If oral communication is
difficult for you, have a career services professional
place the call for you and explain how you plan to
handle the interview. If you require support for your
interview, contact human resources in advance to
arrange for this assistance. Advance preparation shows
that you can manage your affairs.
Source: “Students with Disabilities” by Rosita Smith
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
42
International Students
Are you accessible to employers? If not, develop a plan
to make sure your credentials are widely circulated.
Notify as many people as possible in your field about
your job skills.
International Students and the Job Search
Looking for a job is seldom easy for any student. For you,
the international student, the job search process can be
especially confusing. You may lack an understanding of
U.S. employment regulations, or perhaps you are unaware
of the impact your career choice has on your job search.
You may also be unsure about your role as the job-seeker
and the resources used by American employers to find
candidates.
Strong Communication Skills
You can help the employer make an informed hiring
decision if you:
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
Regulations
As an international student, you should only obtain
employment-related information from an experience
immigration attorney or your campus USCIS
representative. Advice from any other resource may be
inaccurate. Once you have decided to remain in the United
States to work, contact the Office of International Education
(OIE) and make an appointment with your OIE
representative. In addition to helping you fill out necessary
forms, the OIE representative will inform you of the costs
associated with working in the United States.
Importance of Skills and Career Field
Find out if your degree and skills-set are currently in
demand in the U.S. job market. An advanced degree,
highly marketable skills or extensive experience will all
make your job search easier. Find out what region of the
United States holds the majority of the jobs in your field;
you may need to relocate in order to find the job you want.
Learn all about your targeted career field by talking to
professors, reading industry publications, attending
workshops and regional conferences, and meeting with
your Career Advisor.
Role of Employers
It is the employer’s responsibility to find the right people for
his / her company; not to help you find a job. The interview
is successful when both of you see a match between the
employer’s needs and your interest and ability to do the job.
The employer (through hiring managers, human resources
staff or employment agencies) will most likely use several
resources to find workers including:
College recruiting
Campus or community job fairs
Posting jobs on the company web site
Posting jobs in major newspapers or trade publications
Posting jobs with professional associations
Résumé searches via national online services
Employee referrals
Regional and national conferences
Employment agencies
Provide a well-prepared résumé that includes
desirable skills and relevant employment experience
Clearly convey your interest and ability to do the job in
an interview
Understand English when spoken to you and can
effectively express your thoughts in English
It’s important to be able to positively promote yourself
and talk with confidence about your education, relevant
skills and related experiences. Self-promotion is rarely
easy for anyone. But, it can be especially difficult for
individuals from cultures where talking about yourself is
considered inappropriate. When interviewing in the
United States, however, you are expected to be able to
explain your credentials and why you are suitable for the
position.
Be sensitive to the interviewer’s verbal and nonverbal
cues. Some international students may not realize when
their accent is causing them to be misunderstood.
Interviewers are sometimes too embarrassed or
impatient to ask for clarification, so be on the lookout for
nonverbal clues, such as follow-up questions that don’t
match your responses or sudden disinterest on the part
of the interviewer. Also, make sure you express proper
nonverbal communication; always look directly at the
employer in order to portray confidence and honesty.
Source: Rosita Smith, edited by Carol Young
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
43
Ethics and Etiquette
Etiquette is a generally accepted mode of conduct. Job
search etiquette enables people who are essentially
strangers to explore the possibility of entering into a
mutually beneficial business relationship. A violation of
etiquette could strain feelings and raise questions about
behavior that interfere with examining the overall fit
between the job applicant and the job. Ethics is a search
for the good or right way to do things.
Thank you: It is appropriate to send a thank you letter
after your meeting. So is keeping the person you met
with informed about your job search if he/she has
expressed an interest in it.
Informational Meetings Ethics
Representing others: If you have arranged the meeting
with the help of friends, relatives, or your college, how
well you present yourself is a partial reflection on them.
Your conduct should not make them look like poor
judges of character.
Résumé Ethics
Absolute honesty on your resume is an ethical imperative.
Don't overstate topics, such as your grade point average
and the titles for positions you have obtained. Also, don't
mislead the employer by understating your
accomplishments. An ethical presentation is one that alerts
an employer to your critical skills and characteristics. Your
chances of getting an interview could be in jeopardy if your
résumé is overlooked because you understated you
qualifications.
Misrepresenting yourself: You requested the meeting
to request information. Do not ask the other person for a
job unless that would be clearly acceptable to the other
person's agenda.
References Etiquette
At some point in the interview process, you may be asked
to provide a prospective employer with a list of several
references. These are people who know you from an
employment or other non-family context and who will speak
well of you.
References are generally not contacted unless the
company is preparing to extend a job offer. At that point, it
is cost effective to check your references for two reasons:
1. to uncover reasons why the offer should be withheld
2. to fulfill "due diligence" requirements.
However, you may need to list some references when you
apply for a job. Therefore it makes good sense to contact
each prospective reference early in the process. Request
permission to use a person as a reference. Be prepared to
explain what your job search plans are. Also, provide the
potential reference with examples of qualities you possess
and ask the reference if he/she would like a copy of your
resume for his/her convenience.
Applying for a Job Etiquette
Compose all correspondence in a professional manner.
Your cover letter should be personally addressed. Your
resume should be professional in appearance and
informative in content. Unless you have an existing
relationship with the addressee, use "Ms." or "Mr." rather
than "Carol" or "Charles."
Applying for a Job Ethics
Apply for a job only if you have some realistic level of
interest. You would be wasting a company's time if you
apply for a job in a state where you would not live.
Electronic recruiting through the Internet has made this
an especially serious problem. It is now possible to go
"click crazy" and apply for a multitude of jobs with little
expenditure of thought, time, or effort. Spurious job
applications clog a company's candidate search system
and result in a significant loss of time.
Initial Interview Etiquette
Arrive early: Plan to arrive 10-15 minutes early.
Lateness says that your time is more important than the
other person's. Arrival to the interview in the nick of time
doesn't show time management skills.
Forms of address: It may be unclear how to address
your interviewer. If a representative of a company with
an informal culture invites you to call him/her by first
name, it's fine to do so. When in doubt:
Informational Meetings Etiquette
Professional demeanor: You are not a student going to
class. Consider yourself a professional trying to make a
positive impression.
Time and timeliness: Be a bit early; 10-15 minutes is
normally accepted. Also, be mindful of the other person's
time. In addition to helping you, he/she has a job to do.
Coming in with some prepared questions and knowledge of
his/her business will help you use, rather than abuse, his/
her time.
Ask: "How would you like to be addressed?" is a
perfectly reasonable question.
Be on the safe side: Few people are offended
by the title, "Mr." or "Ms."
Continued on next page
44
Ethics and Etiquette
Follow your culture: Some people have been raised to
address anyone who is older by "Mr." or "Ms." There is no
need to make yourself uncomfortable by violating that
norm. On the other hand, if the interviewer says, "Just call
me Chuck," it is best to accede to that request.
Your questions: In most interviews, you will be invited
to ask questions of the interviewer. Take the time to
research the organization online and through hard-copy
print. Cultivate intelligent questions that will not offend,
but rather complement the research that you have
conducted and the knowledge you have gained on the
hiring organization.
Courtesy: Be courteous to everyone you meet, including
secretaries and other individuals interviewing for a job.
Other students: What if the interviewer initiates topics
that are ethically questionable. You may be asked to say
something about another student or another applicant.
While you have every right to build yourself up you have
no right to undermine someone else.
Thank you: A brief thank you note to your interviewer(s) is
a professional courtesy.
Initiating a discussion on compensation: It is poor form
to initiate questions about compensation at an initial
interview. However, it is appropriate to respond if the
interviewer raises the subject. In most cases, the response
should be nondescript. Indicate an interest in the job and a
sense that the interviewing company is probably
competitive with the market. Be prepared for a more
substantive discussion of compensation if the subject is
raised by your interviewer(s).
Initial Interview Ethics
Being there: Once you have arranged an interview time, it
is your ethical obligation to be there, prepared, and on time.
The main reason is that the number of interview slots
allocated for a specific college recruiting day or a specific
job is limited. An unused interview time costs someone else
a chance at that job. There are two other reasons. The
interviewer's time is one of his most important resources.
Wasting that time is like burning someone else's money.
Further, if the interview was scheduled on campus, your
college's reputation will suffer as a result of no-shows.
Canceling an interview at the last minute is little different
than not showing up at all. If you come down with an
illness that prohibits you from keeping the appointment or
a family emergency calls you away, missing your
interview is not unethical. However, to lessen the
disruption to the interviewer's day, let him know you are
unable to make the interview as soon as you can.
Everything you say must be true: Every answer should
be straightforward and thoroughly honest. Do not shade the
truth, let alone lie. Anticipate that any statement you make
about your past performance will be probed by follow up
questions to ascertain details. If you can't back it up, don't
say it.
Other job search activities: It is not unethical for an
employer to ask you about other interviews, job offers,
and salary offers you have had. Their purpose may be to
see if you are seriously interested in the position they
are seeking to fill. However, you are under no ethical
obligation to give a direct answer. All you need to say is,
"Yes, I am pursuing a number of job opportunities [add
'in this field' if appropriate] but I prefer to limit my
comments to my interest in your company." Remember,
if they discover that other employers are interested in
hiring you, it can work to your advantage.
Follow-up Interviews Etiquette
Confirm your interview arrangements: Two or three
days prior to your on-site interview, call the person who
invited you. Confirm the details of your visit, including
date, location, time, and any transportation or lodging
arrangements made by the company. It is a good idea to
ask about the day's schedule, including how long you
will be expected to stay and the number of people with
whom you will interview.
Meals: In many cases you will be invited to a meal,
perhaps lunch, as a guest of the company. If dining in a
restaurant, avoid ordering foods that are messy or
difficult to eat and keep the cost of your order within a
moderate price range. Engage in table conversation,
remembering that the meal is part of a professional
interview process and not a chance to blow off steam or
pig out.
Thank you: At the least, a thank you note to the person
who arranged your on-site interview is in order. A note to
each person who interviewed you is also recommended.
But you don't need to say everything: There is no ethical
requirement to volunteer information that may be
destructive to your chances of being offered the job. Ethics
is not self abnegation.
Continued on next page
45
Ethics and Etiquette
Follow-up Interviews Ethics
Deciding whether to accept: On-site interviews are very
costly to companies in terms of staff time and financial
costs, such as travel. Only a limited number of people can
be interviewed. Do not accept an on-site invitation unless
you have some degree of interest in the job. Accepting the
interview just for practice, the plane trip, or a stay in an
elegant hotel asks the company to incur an unnecessary
expense. In addition, a frivolous acceptance may come at
the expense of another person who is actually interested in
the job but didn't quite meet the cut for on-site interviews.
Sample excuses that students and alumni offer in
defense of their unethical behavior:
Not enough time to decide: Unfortunately, it is true
that some companies do press students for an
immediate response to a job offer. That is poor business
judgment on the company's part, but it does not excuse
poor ethics on yours. You have three choices:
You could say "yes" and mean it.
You could say, "I simply can't respond in the
time frame you have given me."
On the other hand, protecting your legitimate interests is
also an ethical concern. Don't reject an on-site invitation
simply because you are not sure that you want the job.
Guidelines for deciding whether to decline an on-site
interview invitation are as follows:
You could try to juggle decision dates.
It won't matter to the company: This is the "no harmno foul" theory. However, the company does suffer
harm. Thinking that a position is now filled, the
company's search to find a candidate for the position
ends and other candidates will receive a polite letter
letting them know they are no longer in the running. The
reputation of your college may also suffer.
"No Way?" "Really?": If you are 100 percent sure,
positively and absolutely, that there is no way you would
accept a job from that firm if offered, then don't go. If there
is even some possibility that you might want the job, then
go to the on-site interview.
Don't count birds in the bushes: Do not turn down the
visit on the assumption that one of the other firms will make
an offer. There is no job offer until the firm has explicitly
made it to you. Praise for your character, capabilities, and
potential with the firm is not a substitute for a firm offer.
The interviewer is not the firm: Don't reject an on-site
interview because you didn't like your initial interviewer. A
half-hour experience with a single individual is no basis for
closing out a potential career opportunity.
It's really best for the company: Some people
rationalize this way: "I wouldn't be happy with the job, so
it's really in the best interest of the company for me to
withdraw my acceptance. They will have an "unhappy
camper" and lose their training investment for me
sooner or later anyhow." The issue is that when you
accept a job offer, you must mean it. Consider your
happiness with the job before, not after you accept it.
I need to protect myself: The feeling is
understandable. However, no one has the right to
maximize his or her own self interest while disregarding
the rights of others.
It would be fun, good interview practice, etc.: Accepting
an on-site interview simply for fun or practice is unethical
because it is an abuse of the employer.
People do it all the time: Some people do, but ethics is
not a pursuit of the lowest possible standard of behavior.
Job Offers Ethics and Etiquette
Probably the most sensitive issue in the entire job search
process is the ethics involved in handling job offers. At this
point, both the prospective employer and prospective
employee have something at stake. Here are some basic
guidelines:
Employed at will: The company may have stated in its
offer letter that your employment is "at will" and that the
offer does not constitute an employment contract. You
could be fired for any reason or no reason at all. You
may think that employment "at will" allows quitting even
before you start, but it doesn't. Ethically speaking,
accepting a job offer means accepting it under the terms
offered.
It is ethical to receive more than one job offer.
It is ethical to negotiate in good faith for better
terms.
It is not ethical to accept a job offer while
continuing your search for another job or waiting for
another company to offer you a better position.
Continued on next page
46
Ethics and Etiquette
Notes:
Rejecting a Job Offer Etiquette
You should convey your decision to reject a job offer orally
and in writing. The considerations here are speed and
certainty of delivery.
Call the person who signed your offer letter: Explain
that it was a difficult decision, but you have decided not to
accept the company's offer. You may wish to contact other
people in the company who interviewed you as well. Leave
a brief message on voice mail if necessary.
Write a brief letter: Thank the person for the offer and
politely decline it. Send a hard copy through regular mail.
Send the same text by e-mail if you didn't speak with a
person when you made your phone call.
Rejecting a Job Offer Ethics
Timely Notification: Once you have made your decision,
you are ethically bound to notify the rejected company
promptly. The company needs to move forward with its
staffing plans and the next candidate in line may be looking
forward to receiving the offer.
Closing the Loops
Many people have helped you with your job search. It is
good etiquette to contact each of them. Express (again)
your thanks for their interest and let them know how happy
you are to have accepted a new job.
Source: Mr. Richard I. Fein, Director of Career
Management, Isenberg School of Management, University
of Massachusetts-Amherst
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
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Negotiating a Package
When the job offer is on the table, the time has come to
negotiate a compensation package. The company is
emotionally invested in you, believing that you will benefit
their team; securing you as an employee becomes their
goal. All this means that the employer is willing to spend
more on you than he/she would have spent at the end of
the first interview.
Here are just some of the items you can negotiate. Note
the ones that are important to you and consider any
others that would be desirable:
The prospect of negotiating the terms of employment
surges through some like adrenaline and others like an
imminent fainting spell. If you do not tend to get the results
you want from negotiations, or the mere prospect of
discussing money makes you squirm, consider these
guidelines for more effective negotiation.
Know what you are worth. You can almost guarantee that
the person negotiating the terms of employment on behalf
of the company knows your value. When you begin
negotiations, you should also know how much your work is
worth. Using internet resources, do research on the salary
and compensation ranges for comparable jobs in the area.
Be sure to use sources that account for differences in cost
of living between cities. Glean information during interviews
and from your network of sources that indicates the relative
value of the position in the company.
Set a clear goal. Studies on negotiation consistently show
that people who set clear and aggressive goals achieve
more favorable settlements than those who aim low or do
not set goals at all. If you want a salary of 50 grand and a
total package worth 75 grand, shoot for it by throwing out
an anchor worth more than 75 grand.
Base Salary
Guaranteed Salary Increases
Healthcare Benefits and Insurance
Vacation
Training and Professional Development
Health Club Options
Commission, Incentive Pay Overtime
Vehicle, Parking
Signing Bonuses, Annual Bonuses
Profit-Sharing, Stock Options
Retirement Package
Relocation Expenses
Tuition Assistance
Technology at Work/Home
Performance, Salary Review Dates
Travel Rewards
Flex Time
Leaves of Absence
Source: JobPostings
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes:
Set a walk-away price. You know your own financial
goals, responsibilities and liabilities. If you cannot take
anything under 70 grand and still make sense of accepting
the position, do not pretend that you can. Your walk-away
price depends not only on your financial needs, but also on
the attractiveness of your alternatives to accepting the
offered position. If you are currently making 60 grand and
there are no other offers finding you, settling at 68 grand
might not be a bad idea. If, on the other hand, you have
been offered a position for 75 grand and a generous benefit
package, 68 grand seems less reasonable.
Use fairness as your standard. The idea of fairness
strikes a cord in most everybody, even though people have
differing perceptions of what that means. Obtaining a
compensation package that both you and the employer
consider fair is particularly important since you are entering
into an ongoing relationship. If you discover four months
into the job that you are making 20 percent less than your
counterparts, your enthusiasm for your new job can sour. If
your employer feels like you bullied him into a costlier
package than the company authorized him to offer, he
could easily become resentful toward you.
Source: ResumeEdge.com
48
Your New Job
Whether it’s your first professional job as a new graduate or
a part-time, on-campus job while you’re still in school, it is
critical to your success to get started on the right foot. The
following tips can help you excel and avoid some of the
common pitfalls of being the “new kid on the block.”
Make the most of your new job
Plan to work hard and do more than is expected.
Avoid “it’s not my job” thinking. Take the initiative and
ask for additional assignments once you’ve completed
yours.
Establish mutually agreed upon goals with your
supervisor. Determine what is expected of you from the
very beginning. This includes developing clear deadlines
for your projects.
Keep your supervisor informed of your progress and
ask for regular feedback on your performance. If any
assignments are unclear, ask for clarification instead of
proceeding in the wrong direction because you are fearful
of looking foolish.
Learn the “corporate culture” of your organization
and be willing to adapt to it. Organizations expect their
employees to “fit in” and accept the corporate culture. If
you don’t understand it, you are more likely to make
errors in political etiquette that can hurt your progress.
For example, even though your supervisor told you the
official starting time is 8:00 a.m., when do most of the
staff arrive and begin working? How do you learn what
the culture is? Observe co-workers’ behaviors and when
in doubt, ask questions.
Develop and utilize strong interpersonal
communication skills, including both oral and written
communication. Every job, including technical ones, will
require some degree of personal interaction. You can
demonstrate your people skills in a number of ways.
Look for opportunities to make oral presentations and
written reports and do them conscientiously and carefully,
soliciting advice and help from others. Learn to listen
carefully to be sure you fully understand instructions or
requests. Demonstrate patience and sensitivity with
others, avoiding public confrontations or complaining.
Learn the art of tact when working in a team. This
includes being receptive to others’ input and knowing
when to compromise. With written work, be sure you
proofread it carefully for content, spelling, and grammar
before submitting it.
49
Another aspect of good communication skills is
developing relationships with your co-workers.
Get to know and be known by others in your work
environment…your professional growth depends on it.
Get out of your office and network with key people. A
friendly attitude can also help you tap into your
organization’s “grapevine.” Of course, this
relationship building does not mean socializing the
hours away at the expense of job duties.
Speaking of duties, master your job tasks. If you’re
going to move up, you have to prove you understand
and can accomplish the basic requirements of your
job first.
Be assertive, self-confident, and visible.
Remember the three “E’s”—enthusiasm, energy, and
excellence. These qualities make a positive
impression with employers and co-workers and will
serve you well in the future.
As with your organization’s culture, be aware of its
politics and who has the power (both officially and
unofficially) to make things happen. As a newcomer, try to avoid “playing politics” before you know
the ropes. Also, maintain confidentiality and avoid
gossip—it can be destructive and puts you in a bad
light.
Be a dependable employee! Dependability can be
demonstrated in many ways. For example, don’t
forget to call if you’re sick or going to arrive late. This
lets your supervisor know that your job is important to
you.
Finally, the key to a successful transition into your new
job is to take the initiative and do the best you can,
regardless of whether it is a temporary position or a
professional job in your chosen field. It is your chance
to learn, contribute, and develop skills and behaviors
you’ll use throughout your career.
▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Notes: