Mineral
Rock
Minerals
Rocks
What is a mineral?
A NATURALLY OCCURRING INORGANIC CRYSTALLINE SOLID SUBSTANCE WITH A DEFINABLE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND SPECIFIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CRYSTALLINE SOLID
THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST
by
by
weight volume
oxygen (O)
silicon (Si)
27.7 % 0.86%
aluminum (Al)
8.1%
0.47%
iron (Fe) 5.0%
0.42%
calcium (Ca)
3.6%
1.03%
sodium (Na)
2.8%
1.32%
potassium (K)
2.6%
1.83%
magnesium (Mg) 2.1%
0.29%
titanium (Ti)
0.4%
0.03%
hydrogen (H)
0.1%
0.16%
THE NUMBER ONE ATOM IN THE CRUST
THE NUMBER TWO ATOM IN THE CRUST
46.6%
93.6%
THE NUMBER THREE ATOM IN THE CRUST THE NUMBER FOUR ATOM IN THE CRUST THE NUMBER FIVE ATOM IN THE CRUST THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST Silicate mineral
-2
O +4
Si silica
tetrahedron
composed of silicon and oxygen
Silica tetrahedron
-2
O -4
SiO4
+4
Si Each oxygen can bond to another atom
island silicate: all O’s bond to other atoms
Each oxygen bonds to a magnesium atom
olivine
chain silicates
Si tetrahedra link to form chains
bridging oxygen
link Si tetrahedra
apical oxygen
bonds to other elements
island silicate
all oxygens are apical oxygens
chain silicates apical oxygens link chains
to other elements
pyroxene
amphibole
sheet silicates
Si tetrahedra link to form sheets
apical oxygen
bridging oxygen
sheet silicates apical oxygens link sheets to
other elements
mica
clay
framework
silicates
Si tetrahedra link
to form 3d
framework
all oxygens are
bridging oxygens
quartz
feldspar
Igneous rocks form from
the crystallization of
magma:
on the surface as lava flows or beneath the earth in
magma chambers
Igneous rocks are composed of interlocking mineral grains
igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks form from sediment weathered from pre-existing rocks
Sedimentary rocks are well layered
Flow and
recrystallization in the
solid state
Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing igneous or sedimentary
rocks