Name: _____________________________________________________
Date: _____________________________
Period: ___________
Living Environment
Living Environment Unit 4 Genetics Study Guide
Due Date: __________
Test Date: __________
Unit 5 Important Topics:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
Aim # 20 DNA Structure and Function
Aim # 21 DNA Replication
Aim # 22 Transcription
Aim # 23 Translation
Aim # 24 Mutations
Aim # 25 Karyotypes and Gel Electrophoresis
Aim # 26 Genetic Disorders
Aim # 27 Gene Expression
Aim # 28 Selective Breeding
Aim # 29 Genetic Engineering
Directions: Use Aim # 20-29 (Unit 4) to complete this study guide.
I.
Topic One: (DNA Structure and Function) Use Aim # 20 Notes
1) Define Genetics:
2) Define Heredity:
3) Identify the molecule that holds your genetic code. _________Where is this molecule found in the cell? __________________________
4) Place the following words in order from largest to smallest:
nucleus, gene, DNA, chromosome, cell
_______________________- ____________________________________- _________________________________ 
_________________________  ___________________________________________________
5) Describe the appearance of a DNA molecule. (What does it look like?) ___________________________________________________
6)
DNA is a nucleic acid (one of the four types of organic macromolecules). What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
_______________________________________________
7) A DNA nucleotide is made up of three components. Identify the three components.
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
8) How many different bases are found on DNA? _______Name all of the bases below.
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
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9) The bases ______________________________ and ________________________________ always bond to each other
and ___________________________________ and ________________________________ always bond to each other.
10) Write in the complementary base pairs for the following example.
DNA:
ATG
CGC
AGA
CTC
GTA
GAT
TTA
CTA
GTA
DNA : __________________________________________________________________________________________
11) If there are 20 Cytosine on a DNA molecule, how many Guanine are there? _________________
12) If a DNA molecule consists of 41% Adenine, how much percentage is Cytosine? ______________
13) Which type of bonds hold together the paired bases? _______________________________________________________
14) Are these bonds weak or strong? ________________________________________________________________
15) Does every cell in your body have the same set of DNA or different sets of DNA?__________________________________________
16) What does the sequence of bases determine about an individual?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
17) Why do you look different from the person next to you? (Include how the structure of your DNA causes these differences)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
II.
Topic Two: (DNA Replication) Use Aim # 21 Notes
18) What is DNA replication? ____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
19) Why does DNA replication occur? _____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20) Where does DNA replication occur? _____________________________________________________________________________
21) What does DNA replication produce or create? _____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
22) Describe the three steps of DNA replication (shorten the responses from your notes).

Step 1: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Step 2: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Step 3: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
23) Why is it important that the nitrogenous bases (A, T, G and C) are weakly bonded together by hydrogen bonds?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
III. Topic Three: (Transcription) Use Aim # 22 Notes
24) What is the “Central Dogma” of Biology?
____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
25) How is RNA different than DNA?
Fill out the following Venn-Diagram by answering the following questions.
a) Name of each molecule
b) How many strands are found in each molecule?
c) What is the sugar in the nucleotide of each molecule?
d) Where is the molecule found?
e) What are the bases in each molecule?
f) Similarities between the two molecules
26) Why can’t DNA leave the nucleus to bring the instructions for making proteins to the ribosomes?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
27) According to your answer above, why is RNA made?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
28) What is transcription?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
29) Where does transcription occur? _________________________________________________________________________________
30) Once RNA is made, where does it go? Explain why it goes there. _______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
31) Transcribe the following to DNA molecule to make a new RNA molecule:
DNA: A T G
CGC
AGA
CTC
RNA: __________________________________
IV. Topic Four: (Translation) Use Aim # 23 Notes
32) What is translation? ____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
33) Where does translation occur? _____________________________________________________________________________________
34) Translate the following RNA molecule, using your codon CHART, to determine the amino acid chain
RNA : U G G
ACG
GCG
UAU
AA:
___________________________________
35) Amino acids bonded together in a long chain creates a _________________________________________.
36) The order of the amino acids determines the ______________________________________ of the protein and the shape of the protein
determines the _________________________________________ of the protein.
37) What do many proteins become? Name at least three.
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38) Complete the following DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Use your codon chart!
DNA
T A C
C G C
T C C
G C C
G T C
G A C
DNA
______________________________________________________________________________
mRNA
______________________________________________________________________________
AA
______________________________________________________________________________
39) The sequence of amino acids that makes up a protein molecule is determined by the sequence of
(1) bases in DNA
(2) glucose in DNA
(3) ribosomes in the cytoplasm
(4) chloroplasts in the vacuoles
40) Explain the process of making proteins. Include the following points.
 Identify the molecule that holds the original recipe for making proteins?
 What is transcription and where does it occur?
 What is translation and where does it occur?
 What are the building blocks called that make up proteins?
 Why is the order of the building blocks so important?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
V.
41)
Topic Five: (Mutations) Use Aim # 24 Notes
Define Mutation:
42) When do mutations occur? _________________________________________________________________________________________
There are four different types of mutations. Describe what has happened to the bases for each type.
a. Deletion: _____________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Insertion: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Substitution: ___________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Inversion: _____________________________________________________________________________________________
43) Indicate which type of mutation is shown below:
Original (Normal DNA) A T G C G C T A G
Mutated DNA # 1 :
ATG CCG TAG
Type of Mutation= ____________________________________________
Mutated DNA # 2
ATG CGC AG
Type of Mutation= ___________________________________________
Mutated DNA # 3
ATG CCG C TA G
Type of Mutation= ___________________________________________
44) What are the names of the substances that increase the mutation rate of DNA? _________________________________________
Give 3 examples: _____________________, _________________________ and ________________________________
45) In which cells does a mutation have to occur in order for the mutated form of DNA to be passed onto your offspring?
46) State one reason why a mutation would be considered “good” ____________________________________________________________
47) Explain why a mutation doesn’t ALWAYS change the shape and function of a protein
VI. Topic Six: (Karyotypes and Gel Electrophoresis) Use Aim # 25 Notes
48) Describe Karyotype: _____________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
49) Analyze the karyotype below and answer the following questions.
a. Is this individual a male or female? ________________________________
b. Support your answer. ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
c. Does this individual have a disorder? Y or N ________________________________.
d. If so, which disorder? __________________________________________________________
e. Support your answer. _________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
50) Describe gel electrophoresis:____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
51) Which substance is used to cut DNA fragments prior to gel electrophoresis?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
52) After electricity is flows through the gel, which size fragments of DNA travel the farthest and fastest? Small or Large?
_______________________________________________________________________
53) After electricity is flows through the gel, which size fragments of DNA travel the shortest distance and the slowest? Small or Large?
_____________________________________________________________
54) Why do scientists perform (or use) gel electrophoresis? Name three reasons.
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55) Analyze the gel electrophoresis samples below and on the next page:
a. Which suspect committed this crime? ____________________
Support you answer.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
b. Which male is the father of the child?
Support you answer.
_______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
VII. Topic Seven: (Genetic Disorders) Use Aim # 26 Notes
56) Describe the effects of sickle cell anemia. ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
57) What is the cause of sickle cell anemia? _______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
58) Is sickle cell anemia a positive mutation or negative mutation? _________________________________________
59) Describe the effects of PKU.________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
60) What is the cause of PKU? _________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
61) Is PKU a positive mutation or negative mutation? ________________________________________
62) Can a protein always do the job it was meant to do if the amino acids are in the wrong order? Support your answer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
VIII. Topic Eight: (Gene Expression) Use Aim # 27 Notes
63) Describe what scientists are arguing about when they disagree between nature and nurture.
_____________________
64) If all of your cells have the same DNA, how can your nerve cells, liver cells and muscle cells all perform different jobs?
65) Explain why the bunny has black fur after the ice pack was placed on his back for a long period of time.
66)
67.
IX. Topic Nine: (Selective Breeding) Use Aim # 28 Notes
68) What is selective breeding? _____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
69) What is selective breeding also known as? ___________________________________________________________________
70) Describe the process (procedure) of selective breeding. __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
71) Does selective breeding involve altering the DNA? _______________
72) Describe three examples of selective breeding. ________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
73) What are the cons of selective breeding? ________________________________________________________-_____________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
X.
Topic Ten: (Genetic Engineering) Use Aim # 29 Notes
74) What is genetic engineering? ____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
75) Why is genetic engineering done? _______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
76) What is recombinant DNA? ____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
77) What is a transgenetic organism? ________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
78) Describe each step (in your own words) of genetic engineering using bacterial cells.
a. Step 1: _______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Step 2: _______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Step 3: _______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Step 4: _______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
e. Step 5: _______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
79) Why are bacterial cells often used for genetic engineering? ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
80) Compare and contrast genetic engineering and selective breeding. Include two differences and one similarity.
81) Describe three examples of genetic engineering.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
82) What the concerns of genetic engineering? _______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE