FINAL
CRIMINAL JUSTICE (TERRORIST OFFENCES) ACT 2005
GUIDANCE ON
THE OFFENCE OF FINANCING OF TERRORISM
AND
THE FINANCIAL SANCTIONS REGIME
FOR BODIES DESIGNATED
UNDER SECTION 32 OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT, 1994
Issued with the approval of:
The Money Laundering
Steering Committee
March 2005
The Criminal Justice (Terrorist Offences) Act 2005 was signed into law on the 8th
March 2005. Its provisions have immediate effect with the exception of those set
out in Section 32 which require designated bodies to have procedures (including
staff training) in place to facilitate the detection of Terrorist Funding. The
provisions of Section 32 come into force on 8th July 2005.
These Guidance Notes are subject to review in the light of experience of the
operation of Terrorist Funding Legislation in Ireland and internationally.
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INDEX
______________________________________________
1. Introduction
2. Financing of Terrorism
2.1. The offence of Financing of Terrorism
2.2. Recognising Financing of Terrorism
2.3. Reporting
2.4. Freezing of Terrorist Funds
2.5. Training
3. Financial Sanctions
3.1. The Financial Sanctions Regime
3.2. Reporting under the Financial Sanctions Regime
3.3 Exceptions to Freezing funds under EU Regulations
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1.
INTRODUCTION
This Guidance Note applies to bodies designated under Section 32 of the Criminal
Justice Act 1994. It is issued with the approval of the Money Laundering Steering
Committee, which was established under the aegis of the Department of Finance to
oversee the issue of guidelines to facilitate the implementation of the anti money
laundering provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 1994 (as amended).
This Supplementary Guidance is a recommendation as to good practice but does not
constitute a legal interpretation of the legislation. It may be adapted as necessary to
meet the requirements of individual sectors affected by the legislation.
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2.
FINANCING TERRORISM
2.1
THE OFFENCE OF FINANCING OF TERRORISM
The Criminal Justice Act, 1994 provides inter alia for the offence in Irish law of
money laundering and includes measures to counteract money laundering in line with:
(i)
the EU Council Directive (91/308/EEC) on prevention of the use of the financial
system for the purpose of money laundering as amended by Council Directive (01/
97/EC) ; and
(ii)
the Forty Recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force on Money
Laundering (FATF), the main international anti-money laundering organisation.
The Criminal Justice (Terrorist Offences) Act, 2005 gives effect to the 1999 United
Nations Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. It creates a new
offence of financing terrorism and inserts a scheme for freezing and confiscating funds used
or allocated for use in connection with such an offence of financing terrorism or funds that are
the proceeds of such an offence.
The following provisions are relevant to designated bodies and their employees:
(a)
Section 13 provides for an offence of financing of terrorism, based on the definition in
the UN Convention. A person is guilty of an offence of financing terrorism if they, in or
outside the state, directly or indirectly, unlawfully and wilfully, provide, collect or
receive funds intending that they be used or knowing that they will be used to carry out
an act
• that is an offence under Irish law,
• that is within the scope of and defined in any treaty listed in the annex to
the Terrorist Financing Convention
or any other act
• that is intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to a civilian or other
person not taking part in an armed conflict, the purpose of which is to
intimidate a population or to compel a government or an international
organisation to do or abstain from doing any act, or if they attempt to
commit the offence.
It is also an offence if the person directly or indirectly, unlawfully and wilfully provides,
collects or receives funds intending that they be used or knowing that they will be used
for the benefit or purposes of a terrorist group.
(b)
Section 32 of the Act amends Section 32 (9A) of the 1994 Act so that a designated body
is also obliged to adopt measures to prevent and detect the commission of an offence of
financing terrorism. Section 32 also amends Section 32 (9B) of the 1994 Act to impose
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a similar obligation in relation to the training of directors, other officers and employees
of designated bodies for the purpose of enabling them to identify transactions which
may relate to the commission of an offence of financing terrorism. (see Section 2.5)
(c)
Section 36 of the 2005 Act amends Section 57 of the 1994 Act by extending the
obligations on designated bodies and their employees to report to the Garda Síochána
and the Revenue Commissioners suspicions that an offence under Section 31or Section
32 of the 1994 Act has been, or is being committed to include the offence of financing
of terrorism. The obligation to report is also extended to the person charged in law with
the supervision of the designated body. Any such report will not be treated as a breach
of customer confidentiality as long as it is made in good faith.
(d)
The 1994 Act envisages that guidance on its application may be given by supervisory,
regulatory or representative bodies and it is for this purpose that the Money Laundering
Guidance Notes have been drawn up.
(e)
The Steering Committee which approved those Guidance Notes has agreed that
additional Guidance is required in relation to the offence of financing of terrorism,
which this Supplementary Guidance Note provides. These Guidance Notes are subject
to review in the light of experience of the operation of Terrorist Funding Legislation in
Ireland and internationally.
Section 57(6) of the 1994 Act provides that, in the event of a prosecution, in
determining whether a designated body or a member of its staff has failed to make a
report to the Gardaí as required by the Act, a court may take account of such Guidance.
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2.2
RECOGNISING FINANCING OF TERRORISM
The challenge of countering terrorism is faced by law enforcement agencies the world
over and has been brought sharply into focus by the events of September 11th 2001.
Terrorist Offences are similar to Money Laundering Offences in that they respect no
frontiers. A terrorist group may concentrate its illicit operations on the Government of a
particular country but maintain its monies in financial institutions in a different country,
thereby not attracting any adverse attention in the latter country. It follows that the
response to terrorist activity demands the highest level of international cooperation
between designated bodies, regulatory authorities and Law Enforcement bodies. The
following guidance, drawn from the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering
(FATF) “Guidance for Financial Institutions in Detecting Terrorist Financing” (April
2002)1, is endorsed by the Law Enforcement bodies in Ireland and in their view
represents the best current available advice on the financing of terrorism.
(i)
Possible sources of terrorist funds
State-sponsored terrorism – Financial support provided by states or organisations with
large enough infrastructures to collect and make the funds available to the terrorist
organisations. This is considered to have declined as a source of terrorist funding in
recent years.
As with criminal organisations, a terrorist group’s income may be derived from crime or
other unlawful activities, such as kidnapping, extortion, protection money, smuggling,
fraud, thefts and robbery and narcotics trafficking.
Funding for terrorist groups, unlike, that for criminal organisations, may also include
income derived from legitimate sources or from a combination of lawful and unlawful
sources.
Fundraising activities may be carried out in the name of organisations having the status
of charitable or relief organisations. In many cases the charities to which donations are
given are in fact legitimate in that they do engage in some of the work they purport to
carry out. Some of the specific fundraising methods might include: collection of
membership subscriptions, sale of publications, speaking tours, cultural and social
events door to door solicitation within the community, appeals to wealthy members of
the community and donations of a portion of their personal earnings.
(ii)
1
Characteristics of financial transactions that may be a cause for further scrutiny
[The examples given here are primarily taken from the financial sector. Examples from
other sectors may be added as they become available.]
Terrorists and their support organisations generally use the same methods as criminal
groups to launder funds. While the characteristics indicated in this document may apply
specifically to terrorist financing, most of them may also apply in identifying suspicious
The FATF Document “Guidance for Financial Institutions in Detecting Terrorist Financing” is available on the FATF
website at www.fatf-gafi.org
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transactions generally. It should be acknowledged that designated bodies will probably
find it difficult to detect terrorist financing as such. Indeed, the only time that
designated bodies might clearly identify terrorist financing as distinct from other
criminal misuse of the financial system is when a known terrorist or terrorist
organisation has opened an account.
The funding needed to mount a terrorist attack does not always call for large sums of
money, and the associated transactions are usually not complex.
With the advent of the obligation to report suspicions of terrorist financing, an emphasis
on high value transactions will be misleading. Funding of terrorist groups may often
involve small money. The funds that are channelled to such groups are often donated by
persons sympathetic to the group’s objectives. Unlike traditional/typical money
laundering, which involves laundering of proceeds of criminal conduct, the funds may
not originate from criminal conduct, thus giving rise to the concept of “the laundering of
clean money”. Non-profit organisations/charities are often abused by terrorist
organisations as a means of moving or diverting terrorist funds to its centres of
operation or to provide financial assistance to the families of imprisoned terrorists. It is
acknowledged that such organisations may become unwittingly involved in this activity.
As a normal part of carrying out their work, designated bodies should be aware of
elements of individual transactions that could indicate funds involved in terrorist
financing. The following list of potentially suspicious or unusual activities is meant to
show types of transactions that could be a cause for additional scrutiny. This list is not
exhaustive, nor does it take the place of any legal obligations related to the reporting of
suspicious or unusual transactions that may be imposed by individual national
authorities.
Therefore, this list of characteristics should be taken into account by designated bodies
in combination with lists of suspected terrorists, terrorist groups, and associated
individuals and entities issued by the United Nations or appropriate national authorities,
and which may not necessarily be subject to EU Regulations. The nature of the
transaction itself, the parties involved in the transaction, as well as any other guidance
that may be provided by national anti-money laundering authorities may also be
relevant. The existence of one or more of the factors described in this list may warrant
some form of increased scrutiny of the transaction. However, the existence of one of
these factors by itself does not necessarily mean that a transaction is suspicious or
unusual.
A. Accounts
(1) Accounts that receive relevant periodical deposits and are dormant at other periods.
These accounts are then used in creating a legitimate appearing financial background
through which additional fraudulent activities may be carried out.
(2) A dormant account containing a minimal sum suddenly receives a deposit or series
of deposits followed by daily cash withdrawals that continue until the transferred sum
has been removed.
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(3) When opening an account, the customer refuses to provide information required by
the financial institution, attempts to reduce the level of information provided to the
minimum or provides information that is misleading or difficult to verify.
(4) An account for which several persons have signature authority, yet these persons
appear to have no relation among each other (either family ties or business relationship).
(5) An account opened by a legal entity or an organisation that has the same address as
other legal entities or organisations but for which the same person or persons have
signature authority, when there is no apparent economic or legal reason for such an
arrangement (for example, individuals serving as company directors for multiple
companies headquartered at the same location, etc.).
(6) An account opened in the name of a recently formed legal entity and in which a
higher than expected level of deposits are made in comparison with the income of the
founders of the entity.
(7) The opening by the same person of multiple accounts into which numerous small
deposits are made that in aggregate are not commensurate with the expected income of
the customer.
(8) An account opened in the name of a legal entity that is involved in the activities of
an association or foundation whose aims are related to the claims or demands of a
terrorist organisation.
(9) An account opened in the name of a legal entity, a foundation or an association,
which may be linked to a terrorist organisation and that shows movements of funds
above the expected level of income.
B. Deposits and Withdrawals
(1) Deposits for a business entity in combinations of monetary instruments that are
atypical of the activity normally associated with such a business (for example, deposits
that include a mix of business, payroll and social security cheques).
(2) Large cash withdrawals made from a business account not normally associated with
cash transactions.
(3) Large cash deposits made to the account of an individual or legal entity when the
apparent business activity of the individual or entity would normally be conducted in
cheques or other payment instruments.
(4) Mixing of cash deposits and monetary instruments in an account in which such
transactions do not appear to have any relation to the normal use of the account.
(5) Multiple transactions carried out on the same day at the same branch of a financial
institution but with an apparent attempt to use different tellers.
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(6) The structuring of deposits into one account through multiple branches of the same
financial institution or by groups of individuals who enter a single branch at the same
time.
(7) The deposit or withdrawal of cash in amounts which fall consistently just below
identification or reporting thresholds.
(8) The presentation of uncounted funds for a transaction. Upon counting, the
transaction is reduced to an amount just below that which would trigger identification
requirements.
(9) The deposit or withdrawal of multiple monetary instruments at amounts which fall
consistently just below identification thresholds, particularly if the instruments are
sequentially numbered.
(10) Large deposits of loan cheques (particularly for a re-mortgage), drafts, personal
cheques, etc where a subsequent request is received to transfer large amounts abroad,
particularly to “high risk” or volatile jurisdictions.
(11) An account receives the proceeds of a loan provided by the institutions but the
funds are not used for the purpose for which the loan was obtained, e.g. proceeds of a
car loan provided by a financial institution are transferred abroad after drawdown.
C. Wire Transfers
(1) Wire transfers ordered in small amounts in an apparent effort to avoid triggering
identification requirements.
(2) Wire transfers to or for an individual where information on the originator, or the
person on whose behalf the transaction is conducted, is not provided with the wire
transfer, when the inclusion of such information would be expected.
(3) Use of multiple personal and business accounts or the accounts of non-profit
organisations or charities to collect and then funnel funds immediately or after a short
time to a small number of foreign beneficiaries.
(4) Foreign exchange transactions that are performed on behalf of a customer by a third
party followed by wire transfers of the funds to locations having no apparent business
connection with the customer or to countries of specific concern.
D. Characteristics of the customer or their business activity
(1) Funds generated by a business owned by individuals of the same origin or
involvement of multiple individuals of the same origin from countries of specific
concern acting on behalf of similar business types.
(2) Shared address for individuals involved in cash transactions, particularly when the
address is also a business location and/or does not seem to correspond to the stated
occupation (for example student, unemployed, self-employed, etc.).
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(3) Stated occupation of the transactor is not commensurate with the level or type of
activity (for example, a student or an unemployed individual who receives or sends
large numbers of wire transfers, or who makes daily maximum cash withdrawals at
multiple locations over a wide geographic area).
(4) Regarding non-profit or charitable organisations, financial transactions for which
there appears to be no logical economic purpose or in which there appears to be no link
between the stated activity of the organisation and the other parties in the transaction.
(5) A safe deposit box is opened on behalf of a commercial entity when the business
activity of the customer is unknown or such activity does not appear to justify the use of
a safe deposit box.
(6) Unexplained inconsistencies arising from the process of identifying or verifying the
customer (for example, regarding previous or current country of residence, country of
issue of the passport, countries visited according to the passport, and documents
furnished to confirm name, address and date of birth).
E. Short Selling
Suspicious transactions involving
(a) short selling of, or
(b) purchases of put options on
securities of companies whose security prices could have been expected to decline as a
result of a terrorist attack. Any such suspicion would not be expected to arise until after
a terrorist attack when the identity of the securities affected by the attack would become
known.
Short selling is a strategy which benefits from a decline in the price of a security by an
investor borrowing a security from a broker, selling it and then at a later stage,
repurchasing the security at a lower price and then returning the shares to the broker.
The intention is to make a profit on the difference.
The purchase of a put option is the purchase of an investment that profits if the
underlying security price falls as the purchaser will have the option to sell the security at
a specific price (the strike price). If the market price of the security falls below the
strike price the holder will profit as he/she can buy the securities at a lower price on the
open market thus making a profit.
F. Transactions linked to locations of concern
(1) Transactions involving foreign currency exchanges that are followed within a short
time by wire transfers to locations of specific concern (for example, countries
designated by national authorities, FATF non-cooperative countries and territories, etc.).
(2) Deposits are followed within a short time by wire transfers of funds, particularly to
or through a location of specific concern (for example, countries designated by national
authorities, FATF non-cooperative countries and territories, etc.).
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(3) A business account through which a large number of incoming or outgoing wire
transfers take place and for which there appears to be no logical business or other
economic purpose, particularly when this activity is to, through or from locations of
specific concern.
(4) The use of multiple accounts to collect and then funnel funds to a small number of
foreign beneficiaries, both individuals and businesses, particularly when these are in
locations of specific concern.
(5) A customer obtains a credit instrument or engages in commercial financial
transactions involving movement of funds to or from locations of specific concern when
there appears to be no logical business reasons for dealing with those locations.
(6) The opening of accounts of financial institutions in locations of specific concern.
(7) Sending or receiving funds by international transfers from and/or to locations of
specific concern.
Special attention should be paid to countries considered friendly to terrorist groups.
Remember the transactions may not be that large and may be made on the instructions
or to the order of a non-profit organisation.
Substantial cash withdrawals that are made from the accounts in this jurisdiction may be
couriered to other jurisdictions for the benefit of terrorist groups. A key feature in this
scheme, are the several small lodgements, the Build-up, that are made by different
individuals before the substantial withdrawal. The courier is used to break the audit trail
that otherwise would be present if the funds were moved electronically.
Terrorist organisations in Ireland raise funds in many diverse ways, such as armed
robberies of financial institutions/business premises, protection rackets, fraud related
offences and cross-border smuggling. The armed robbery vehicle has diminished but
the other forms of finance remain and are often disguised under the cover of a limited
company. For instance, those organisations that engage in cigarette smuggling will
invariably hide behind the screen of a business trading in produce other than tobacco.
The payments for this “product” are invariably sent to jurisdictions synonymous with
counterfeit tobacco products.
Financial investigations by An Garda Siochana have revealed that terrorist organisations
actively seek out a financial institution or a branch thereof, that may not apply the
Criminal Justice Act, 1994 rigorously and take full advantage of the standard
compliance measures not being applied.
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(iii) Examples of possible terrorist financing activities:
FATF Examples
Example 1: Front for individual with suspected terrorist links revealed by suspicious
transaction report
The financial intelligence unit (FIU) in Country D received a suspicious transaction
report from a domestic financial institution regarding an account held by an individual
residing in a neighbouring country. The individual managed European-based companies
and had filed two loan applications on their behalf with the reporting institution. These
loan applications amounted to several million US dollars and were ostensibly intended
for the purchase of luxury hotels in Country D. The bank did not grant any of the loans.
The analysis by the FIU revealed that the funds for the purchase of the hotels were to be
channelled through the accounts of the companies represented by the individual. One of
the companies making the purchase of these hotels would then have been taken over by
an individual from another country. This second person represented a group of
companies whose activities focused on hotel and leisure sectors, and he appeared to be
the ultimate buyer of the real estate. On the basis of the analysis within the FIU, it
appeared that the subject of the suspicious transaction report was acting as a front for
the second person. The latter as well as his family are suspected of being linked to
terrorism.
Example 2: Individual’s account activity and inclusion on UN list show possible link
to terrorist activity
An individual resided in a neighbouring country but had a demand deposit account and a
savings account in Country N. The bank that maintained the accounts noticed the
gradual withdrawal of funds from the accounts from the end of April 2001 onwards and
decided to monitor the accounts more closely. The suspicions of the bank were
subsequently reinforced when a name very similar to the account holder’s appeared in
the consolidated list of persons and/of entities issued by a United Nations Security
Council Resolution. The bank immediately made a report to the financial intelligence
unit (FIU).
The FIU analysed the financial movements relating to the individual’s accounts using
records requested from the bank. It appeared that both of the accounts had been opened
by the individual in 1990 and had been fed mostly by cash deposits. In March 2000 the
individual made a sizeable transfer from his savings account to his checking account.
These funds were used to pay for a single premium life insurance policy and to purchase
certificates of deposit.
From the middle of April 2001 the individual made several large transfers from his
savings account to his demand deposit account. These funds were transferred abroad to
persons and companies located in neighbouring countries and in other regions.
In May and June 2001, the individual sold the certificates of deposit he had purchased,
and he then transferred the profits to the accounts of companies based in Asia and to that
of a company established in his country of origin. The individual also cashed in his life
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insurance policy before the maturity date and transferred its value to an account at a
bank in his country of origin. The last transaction was carried out on 30 August 2001,
that is, shortly before the September 11th attacks in the United States.
Finally, the anti-money laundering unit in the individual’s county of origin
communicated information related to suspicious operations carried out by him and by
the companies that received the transfers. Many of these names also appeared in the files
of the FIU. This case is currently under investigation.
Example 3: Diamond trading company possibly linked to terrorist funding operation
The financial intelligence unit (FIU) in Country C received several suspicious
transaction reports from different banks concerning two persons and a diamond trading
company. The individuals and the company in question were account holders at the
various banks. In the space of a few months, a large number of fund transfers to and
from overseas were made from the accounts of the two individuals. Moreover, soon
after the account was opened, one of the individuals received several USD cheques for
large amounts.
According to information obtained by the FIU, one of the accounts held by the company
appeared to have received large US dollar deposit originating from companies active in
the diamond industry. One of the directors of the company, a citizen of Country C but
residing in Africa, maintained an account at another bank in Country C. Several
transfers had been carried out to and from overseas using this account. The transfers
from foreign countries were mainly in US dollars. They were converted into the local
currency and were then transferred to foreign countries and to accounts in the Country C
belonging to one of the two subjects of the suspicious transaction report.
Police information obtained by the FIU revealed that an investigation had already been
initiated relating to these individuals and the trafficking of diamonds originating from
Africa. The large funds transfers by the diamond trading company were mainly sent to
the same person residing in another region. Police sources revealed that this person and
the individual that had cashed the cheques were suspected of buying diamonds from the
rebel army of an African country and then smuggling them into Country C on behalf of
a terrorist organisation. Further research by the FIU also revealed links between the
subjects of the suspicious transaction report and individuals and companies already tied
to the laundering of funds for organised crime. This case is currently under
investigation.
Example 4: Cash deposits to accounts of non-profit organisation allegedly finance
terrorist group
The financial intelligence unit (FIU) in Country L received a suspicious transaction
report from a bank regarding an account held by an offshore investment company. The
bank’s suspicions arose after the company’s manager made several large cash deposits
in different foreign currencies. According to the customer, these funds were intended to
finance companies in the media sector. The FIU requested information from several
financial institutions. Through these enquiries, it learned that the managers of the
offshore investment company were residing in Country L and a bordering country. They
had opened accounts at various banks in Country L under the names of media
companies and a non-profit organisation involved in the promotion of cultural activities.
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According to the analysis by the FIU, the managers of the offshore investment company
and several other clients had made cash deposits to the accounts. These funds were
ostensibly intended for the financing of media based projects. The analysis further
revealed that the account held by the non-profit organisation was receiving almost daily
deposits in small amounts by third parties. The manager of this organisation stated that
the money deposited in this account was coming from its members for the funding of
cultural activities.
Police information obtained by the FIU revealed that the managers of the offshore
investment company were known to have been involved in money laundering and that
an investigation was already underway into their activities. The managers appeared to be
members of a terrorist group, which was financed by extortion and narcotics trafficking.
Funds were collected through the non-profit organisation from the different suspects
involved in this case. This case is currently under investigation.
Example 5: High account turnover indicates fraud allegedly used to finance terrorist
organisation
An investigation in Country B arose as a consequence of a suspicious transaction report.
A financial institution reported that an individual who allegedly earned a salary of just
over USD 17,000 per annum had a turnover in his account of nearly USD 356,000.
Investigators subsequently learned that this individual did not exist and that the account
had been fraudulently obtained. Further investigation revealed that the account was
linked to a foreign charity and was used to facilitate funds collection for a terrorist
organisation through a fraud scheme. In Country B, the government provides matching
funds to charities in an amount equivalent to 42 percent of donations received.
Donations to this charity were being paid into to the account under investigation, and
the government matching funds were being claimed by the charity. The original
donations were then returned to the donors so that effectively no donation had been
given to the charity. The charity retained the matching funds. This fraud resulted in over
USD 1.14 million being fraudulently obtained. This case is currently under
investigation.
Example 6: Lack of clear business relationship appears to point terrorist connection
The manager of a chocolate factory (CHOCCo) introduced the manager of his bank
accounts to two individuals, both company managers, who were interested in opening
commercial bank accounts. The two companies were established within a few days of
each other, however in different countries. The first company (TEXTCo) was involved
in the textile trade while the second one was a real estate (REALCo) non-trading
company. The companies had different managers and their activities were not
connected.
The bank manager opened the accounts for the two companies, which thereafter
remained dormant. After several years, the manager of the chocolate factory announced
the arrival of a credit transfer issued by the REALCo to the account of the TEXTCo.
This transfer was ostensibly an advance on an order of tablecloths. No invoice was
shown. However, once the account of TEXTCo received the funds, its manager asked
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for them to be made available in cash at a bank branch near the border. There,
accompanied by the manager of CHOCCo, the TEXTCo manager withdrew the cash.
The bank reported this information to the financial intelligence unit (FIU). The FIU’s
research showed that the two men crossed the border with the money after making the
cash withdrawal. The border region is one in which terrorist activity occurs, and further
information from the intelligence services indicated links between the managers of
TEXTCo and REALCo and terrorist organisations active in that region.
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National Examples
The following are examples of methods used by Terrorist Groups to launder their funds.
This includes both domestic and international groupings.
1.
Suspects resident in Country M gather funds through donations. Rather than send these
funds to country N, through the banking system and risking detection due to recent
heightened awareness, they carried the funds concealed on their persons through an
airport in order to catch a flight to Country N. This sort of activity has been detected on
two occasions.
2.
An individual in Country A sets up what is essentially a cash driven commercial
enterprise. At the same time he also sets up a number of banks accounts in county B, a
short distance across the border from his business premises. He then runs cash from his
business through the accounts in the neighbouring country. These funds are
subsequently withdrawn in cash and disappear. It is suspected that these funds are for
use by a terrorist organisation.
3.
A quasi-political group would also be in receipt of donations from supporters and
followers, which would be used exclusively by the terrorist side. It should be noted that
these funds would normally be from legitimate sources and thus would be considered
clean money. It is only when used by the terrorists that this money becomes tainted.
4.
Individual A went into his bank and lodged two cheques to his account. He then returned to
the bank to make arrangements to have the funds transferred to an account in the name of
individual B in another country. This country was situated in an area of political unrest.
Individual A further contacted his bank informing it that he wished this transfer of funds to be
carried out as soon as possible as these funds were required to pay part of a ransom to the
kidnappers of his brothers daughter.
Upon hearing this, contact was made with the authorities by way of a suspicious transaction
report. Investigations into this report revealed that the payment of funds into the account of
individual A came from the Client Account of a representative of a body designated under the
terms of the CJA 94. Further enquiries revealed that these funds originated with an associate
of Individual A namely individual C. It was discovered that C had raised these funds by way
of a mortgage citing the need to pay the hospital bills of an injured relative as an excuse for
obtaining the mortgage. Enquiries into Individual B were to show that he was an fact an
associate of a suspected leader of a terrorist grouping. With the assistance of another State
these funds were frozen when transferred and did not reach their intended destination.
It should be noted that prior to this transaction being carried out individuals A and C had
never come to the attention of the authorities in an adverse manner. The motivation behind
their involvement in this scheme is at present unknown.
5.
In this case a signatory on a joint account which had lain dormant for a number of years
holding a large balance approached the financial institution holding the account looking to
withdrawn some of the funds in cash. Over a number of days this individual withdrew the
bulk of the funds in cash from the institution. Enquiries carried out into this individual
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revealed that he was an associate of a number of known terrorist suspects. Further
investigation revealed that he did not lodge any of the cash into his own account which was
held with another financial institution. The current whereabouts of these funds are unknown.
6.
This case concerns the account of a Non Governmental Organisation. In this instance the
NGO whose parent group was located in another jurisdiction had, a number of years ago
opened an account with a financial institution in this country. The account was active for a
number of years then went dormant. It remained this way for almost three years, until a
request from the parent group seeking the transfer of these funds was received by the financial
institution. On receipt of the instruction the transfer was carried out and the funds moved to
the bank account of the parent group. While the motives behind this action are suspect it has
not yet to date been possible to link this transaction to terrorist activity.
Possible indicators which may indicate the misuse of funds within an NGO
•
An NGO whose remit includes afilliation to another NGO (Charity) whose aims are at
variance with the stated goals of the first NGO
•
In relation to the use of Banks when an NGO holds an account with a particular bank the
NGO’s executive/officials open a second/tandem accounts in their own names.
•
Movement of funds on the accounts: Monies being transferred by EFT within five days of
deposits arriving into an account. If the funds when deposited are moved out of the account
within 30 days by way of a series of transfers.
•
Where the registered address of the charity is the same as the addresses of its officials
•
If an NGO appears to be acting as a travel agent at certain times of the year – providing
offers of travel to its donors.
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2.3
REPORTING OF FINANCING OF TERRORISM
Designated Bodies and their staff have responsibilities under the Criminal Justice
(Terrorist Offences) Act 2005, in relation to reporting of suspicions of financing of
terrorism. In effect, the mechanisms in place to make suspicious transaction reports for
Money Laundering should be used to make reports of suspicions of terrorist funding.
Reports submitted to the Garda Bureau of Fraud Investigation (GBFI) and the Revenue
Commissioners can indicate that they relate to Money Laundering or Financing of
Terrorism. However, under the law designated bodies are not required to specify which
of the two offences are suspected.
2.4
FREEZING OF TERRORIST FUNDS
Where there is reason to believe that funds could be used to finance terrorism, the
following legal provisions are in place:
Section 14 and 15 of the Criminal Justice (Terrorist Offences) Act 2005, empowers the
Garda Siochana to apply to the High Court for interim and interlocutory orders freezing
funds intended for use in committing or facilitating the commission of, a terrorist
offence or an offence of financing terrorism.
This could result from a Financial
Institution or other designated body having made a report to the Garda Siochana and the
Revenue Commissioners. Following an investigation, the Gardaí could apply to the
High Court to have the funds of terrorist entities / persons frozen, subject to
requirements of the Act, particularly in relation to the furnishing of appropriate
evidence.
Moreover, in the case of unlawful organisations the Minister for Justice, Equality and
Law Reform can, in accordance with section 2 of the Offences against the State
Amendment Act, 1985 require a bank to pay moneys of such an organisation into the
High Court. An unlawful organisation as defined in section 5 of the Criminal Justice
(Terrorist Offences) Act, 2005 includes a terrorist group that engages in, promotes,
encourages or advocates the commission in or outside the State of a terrorist activity.
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2.5
TRAINING
The 2005 Act (Section 32) extends the existing obligation on designated bodies to adopt
measures to prevent and detect money laundering to include financing of terrorism.
These measures include:
(a)
the establishment of procedures to be followed by employees in the conduct of the
business,
(b)
the training of employees for the purpose of enabling them to identify transactions
which may be related to financing of terrorism and the procedures to be followed in
such cases.
The arrangements in place in relation to Money Laundering should be adapted to
comply with this requirement.
The partnership approach between designated bodies and the Garda Siochana has
worked well over the past number of years and led to some notable success, both in
money laundering prosecutions and confiscation of assets by the Criminal Assets
Bureau. A similar approach to the crime of financing of terrorism will yield similar
success.
Staff should be reminded of this fact and urged to apply the same consideration to
suspected terrorist financing transactions, as they already do in relation to all other
suspicious transactions. The proper identification of customers at the outset of the
business relationship is as important in this area as with other types of crime. The new
2005 Act recognises this fundamental principle as it seeks to amend all the preventative
measures contained in the Criminal Justice Act, 1994. The Know your Customer
(KYC) rules are vital to the success of this new initiative. If there is doubt, the matter
should be reported to the Money Laundering Reporting Officer (MLRO).
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3.
FINANCIAL SANCTIONS
3.1
THE FINANCIAL SANCTIONS REGIME
A. Financial Sanctions contained in EU Regulations2
Financial Sanctions are contained in EU Regulations on the freezing of funds and financial
resources which have direct effect in Ireland and, therefore, the force of law. Designated
bodies are required to freeze the assets of any entities, groups or persons named in such EU
Regulations and report to the Central Bank, the competent authority in Ireland, which in turn
reports to the European Commission.
(i) EU Regulations containing financial sanctions for the purpose of combating
terrorism
The EU Regulations currently in force for the purpose of combating terrorism contain
details of the specific restrictive measures to be directed against the named persons and
entities that are listed in the Regulations. These measures include the freezing of funds,
financial assets and other economic resources
Section 42 of the Criminal Justice (Terrorist Offences) Act, 2005 empowers the
Minister for Finance to make regulations in respect of EU Regulations which are for the
purpose of, or will contribute to combating terrorism. It provides that a person (an
expression that includes a body corporate) which breaches the regulations is guilty of an
offence and, if found liable can:
ƒ on summary conviction, be subject to either or both a fine not exceeding €3000 and
imprisonment for a period up to 12 months
ƒ on conviction on indictment, be subject to either or both a fine not exceeding
€10,000,000 or twice the value of the assets in respect of which the offence was
committed and imprisonment for a period up to 20 years.
(ii) Other EU Regulations containing financial sanctions
There are also EU Regulations in force, which impose financial sanctions for reasons
other than combating terrorism. These include Regulations requiring the freezing of
funds and assets of named persons and entities in or from specific non-EU countries.
Statutory Instruments restricting financial transfers and imposing penalties for breach of
these EU Regulations are made under the Financial Transfers Act, 1992 and the
European Communities Act, 1972. New legislation providing for more proportionate,
dissuasive and effective penalties is due to be introduced in the near future.
2
The Department of Finance website http://www.finance.gov.ie/publications/legi/sanctions.htm lists the EU
Regulations containing financial sanctions currently in force, together with the relevant Statutory Instruments
containing penalties for the breach of such regulations. The Commission website
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/index.com contains all EU Regulations and composite list
of persons and organisations to which they apply. Copies of Statutory Instruments may be obtained from the
Government Publications Office.
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B. Other financial sanctions
(i) Financial sanctions contained in UN Resolutions
While the financial sanctions are applied autonomously by the EU, the relevant EU
Regulations also implement the United Nations Security Council Resolutions as regards
such sanctions. The entities and persons included in UN lists are often included in
subsequent EU Regulations. There can, however, be a time lapse between the making
of UN resolutions and the adoption of EU regulations.
These Resolutions are
internationally binding and it may on occasion be necessary to take action on foot of a
UN list, where a name is included in UN list but not in an EU Regulation or where there
is a time lapse between the issuing of the UN list and the making of the EU Regulation.
(ii) Other international and unilateral financial sanctions
Other countries update Ireland on designated terrorist-linked groups and individuals
whose assets are being frozen in those countries. It may be necessary for Ireland to be
in a position to take action in these cases or, indeed, to take unilateral action to freeze
the funds of natural or legal persons, groups or entities where there is reason to believe
that such funds could be used to finance terrorism.
3.2 REPORTING UNDER THE FINANCIAL SANCTIONS REGIME
A. EU Regulations
Each individual Council Regulation sets out in detail the specific restrictions being imposed
including the definition of funds, other financial assets and economic resources to be frozen.
Therefore, any action to be taken should have regard to the provisions of each individual
Regulation and the Statutory Instruments setting out the penalties for breach of the
Regulations. The following general points may, however, be of assistance in identifying the
appropriate course of action:
(i) Where the details of the account holder held by the financial institution precisely match
the details of a named individual or entity as identified in an EU list, then such an
account is prima facie required to be frozen and the financial institution must provide
immediately any information which facilitates compliance with the relevant Regulation,
such as accounts and amount frozen in accordance with the Regulation, to the competent
authority i.e. the Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland.
(ii) Where the details of the account holder held by the financial institution precisely match
the details of a named individual or entity as identified in an EU list, but the financial
institution has reason to believe that the account holder is not the individual or entity
referred to in the list, then cognizant that under EU law such an account is prima facie
required to be frozen, the financial institution must follow the procedure as set out at
3.2A(i) above, but, may also seek direction from the Central Bank and Financial
Services Authority of Ireland.
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(iii) Where the details of the account holder held by the financial institution approximate, but
do not accurately match the details of a named individual or entity as identified on an
EU list then there is no freezing obligation. Where a close match comes to the attention
of the financial institution, it should make a suspicious transaction report and seek
direction from the competent authority.
(iv) Where there is inadequate information, either in terms of the information provided on an
EU list or the information held by the financial institution, or in cases of doubt, the
financial institution will seek direction from the competent authority.
B. Other Financial Sanctions lists
(i) Where a Financial Institution identifies that the details of an account holder held by the
financial institution match or approximate the details of a named individual or entity as
identified on other financial sanctions lists, such as the UN lists and lists provided by
other governments, the mechanisms in place to make suspicious transaction reports
(STRs) for Money Laundering and financing of terrorism should be used to make a
suspicious transaction report.
(ii) In the case of UN and other international lists, Sections 14 and 15 of the Criminal
Justice (Terrorist Offences) Act 2005 empowers the Garda Siochana to apply to the
High Court for interim and interlocutory orders freezing funds. This could result from a
Financial Institution having made an STR to the Garda Siochana.
(iii) The Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform can, in accordance with section 2 of
the Offences against the State Amendment Act, 1985 require a bank to pay moneys of
an unlawful organisation into the High Court. An unlawful organisation as defined in
section 5 of the Criminal Justice (Terrorist Offences) Act, 2005 includes a terrorist
group that engages in, promotes, encourages or advocates the commission in or outside
the State of a terrorist activity.
C. EU and other financial sanctions lists
Whether or not a freezing obligation arises, the existence of a match may also give rise to a
suspicion that an offence under Section 31 or 32 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1994 has been
or is being committed and therefore the need for a report under Section 57 of the Act will
need to be considered.
3.3 EXCEPTIONS TO FREEZING FUNDS UNDER EU REGULATIONS
Each EU Regulation provides for exemptions to the requirement to freeze funds on specific
or exceptional grounds. The precise bases for granting such exemptions vary, but, in general
are for humanitarian purposes. Such exemptions can only be applied on foot of a specific
authorisation from the competent authority i.e. The Central Bank and Financial Services
Authority of Ireland and in the absence of such an authorisation the funds etc must remain
frozen. It should also be noted that normally the addition to frozen accounts of interest due
is allowed. However, such interest must also be frozen.
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