Slide 1
Presentation 4
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Slide 2
Reading
Assignment
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Notes:
Welcome to Presentation Four in the Reviewing Science course. During
this presentation we will explore the structure and function of earth
systems, cycles in earth systems, energy in weather and climate, and the
solar system and the universe.
Notes:
Before you begin viewing the presentation, it is important that you
complete the reading assignment. The reading assignments are listed on
the course checklist available on the Blackboard course documents page.
The presentation expands on information from the reading and in some
cases additional information is shared to best meet the state standards.
The assessment at the end of the presentation will include information
from the readings as well as the presentations.
Slide 3
Presentation 4
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Slide 4
Structure of the
Earth quiz
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Notes:
In this section we will explore the Structure and Function of Earth
Systems. To meet the objectives, the teacher must understand the
structure and function of earth systems. This foundational knowledge will
help prepare teachers to guide EC-6 students in their study of the earth
and space sciences.
Along with the assigned readings, please view the videos for additional
information and support.
Notes:
Complete the quiz after reading about the structure of the Earth.
Click on the layer of the Earth that is liquid. Click on the SUBMIT button
once you have selected your answer.
Click on the layer of the Earth that is solid but flows like a liquid, allowing
the plates to move.
Click on the layer of the Earth that is solid and broken into pieces called
plates.
Click on the layer of the Earth that is solid composed mainly of nickel and
iron.
Slide 5
Earth's History
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Notes:
Earth’s History
In 1912, German scientist Alfred Wegener hypothesized that at one time,
all of Earth's landmasses were joined together. This supercontinent was
named Pangaea, which means "all lands."
Wegener's theory, called continental drift, was not well received by other
scientists at the time, but laid the foundation for today's understanding of
our planet's geophysics.
Pangaea
The supercontinent Wegener proposed is called Pangaea. Scientists think
Pangaea occurred about 225 million years ago.
After Pangaea
Earth's plates have been moving slowly and continuously because of
convection currents in the mantle.
Continued Movement
Continued movement of the plates in various directions changes the size
and shape of the landmasses.
Recent
Earth's plates slowly moved to their current locations and created the
continental shapes we see today. Wegener based his theory on five major
pieces of evidence, including that
• the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw
puzzle;
• matching fossils of both plants and animals have been found on
different continents;
• matching folded mountain belts exist on different continents;
• ancient climates indicate continents were once located on other
parts of the planet; and
• collected data about the longitudinal location of Greenland has
changed over time.
Slide 6
Convection
Currents
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Slide 7
Constructive
Processes
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Notes:
Convection Currents
As discussed in Presentation 2 - Physical Science, convection is the
transfer of heat by flowing movement within a liquid or gas. As the water
molecules warm, they become less dense and rise to the surface. At the
surface, the water molecules cool, increase in density, and begin to sink
back to the bottom. The cycle continues as long as there is a source of
heat.
In the Earth
Convection currents occur in the mantle. Remember, the mantle is a solid
that is able to flow like a liquid. The outer core provides the heat for the
mantle. As you can see in the diagram, there are many convection
currents that occur in the mantle, allowing the plates on the surface to
move in different directions.
In the Atmosphere
Convection currents also occur in the atmosphere. The Sun heats the
surface of the Earth, which warms the air molecules. As the molecules
rise, they become less dense. The molecules cool, and the dense air sinks
back to the surface of the Earth.
Notes:
As we just saw, convection currents allow the plates to move, changing
the surface of the Earth.
Constructive Processes
Constructive processes take place on Earth, building land features such as
mountains and volcanoes by plate movement and deltas and sand dunes
by deposition.
Mountains
The Himalayan Range includes some of the highest mountains in the
world. The range was formed when two tectonic plates collided, pushing
up the crust to form folded mountains.
Volcanoes
Mount St. Helens in Washington is a volcanic mountain that is the result
of a tectonic plate subducting, or going under, another as the plates
collide.
Deltas
Deposition plays an important role in building land features such as deltas
and sand dunes.
Deltas form where fast-moving water reaches a body of water, such as an
ocean, and the sediment is deposited as the water slows. The picture
shows two different deltas, the Mekong delta (left) in Southeast Asia and
the Mississippi delta (right) in Louisiana. In both cases, sediment has been
deposited, building new land features.
Sand Dunes
Sand dunes are formed as the speed of the wind slows and the energy
available to transport the sediment decreases. Sand will accumulate
where the movement of air is obstructed.
Slide 8
Destructive
Processes
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Destructive Processes
Destructive processes are those that break down the surface of the Earth.
These processes include weathering and erosion.
Weathering
Weathering is the breaking down and changing of rocks. Agents of
weathering include air, ice, water, chemicals, and living organisms. The
two types of weathering include chemical weathering and mechanical
weathering. As discussed earlier in the Physical Science section,
mechanical weathering is a physical change, and chemical weathering is a
chemical change.
Erosion
After weathering breaks down rocks into small sediments, agents of
erosion move the sediments. In this picture, flowing water carries the
sediments down stream. Faster moving water has more kinetic energy and
carries more sediments and sediments of larger size. Slower moving water
does not have as much kinetic energy and does not carry as much
sediment.
Glaciers
Glaciers are a large mass of ice, formed by the compaction of snow, which
is flowing slowly downhill under the force of gravity. As glaciers move, they
erode the surfaces over which they move by abrasion. Abrasion occurs as
the rock fragments frozen in the ice at the bottom of the glacier rub and
scrape against the underlying bedrock.
Slide 9
Types of
Boundaries
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Slide 10
Presentation 4
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Types of Boundaries
Click on the shape that represents a convection current. Click SUBMIT to
check your answer.
Click on the shape that represents the location of a convergent boundary,
where volcanic mountains may form, between oceanic and continental
crust.
Click on the shape that represents the location of a divergent boundary
where a mid-ocean ridge would form.
Notes:
To meet the objectives of this section, the teacher must understand the
cycles in Earth systems. This foundational knowledge will help prepare
teachers to guide EC-6 students in their study of the earth and space
sciences.
Slide 11
Cycles
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Life on Earth relies on the various cycles.
Rock Cycle
The rock cycle is a continuous process that takes place above and below
the surface of the Earth. There are three major types of rocks that are part
of the rock cycle: sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, and metamorphic
rocks. Rocks are used to build buildings, make kitchens counters, and in a
variety of other applications.
Water Cycle
The water cycle is essential to life on Earth. Plants need water for the
process of photosynthesis to make their own food. Humans and other
organisms need water for survival. The water cycle recycles water for
organisms to use.
Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle is often paired with the oxygen cycle because carbon is
an essential element in carbon dioxide used in the processes of
photosynthesis and respiration. Living organisms contain carbon, and
when they die, the carbon is returned to the environment through
decomposition. Plants take the carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and
release oxygen.
Oxygen Cycle
The oxygen cycle is often paired with the carbon cycle. Oxygen is
essential for animals to survive. During respiration, animals get energy by
combining oxygen from the atmosphere with food during cellular
respiration. Carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere as a
waste product.
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen is an element necessary to build proteins that are considered the
building blocks of living things. A majority of the atmosphere, about 78%,
is nitrogen. Organisms cannot use the nitrogen available in the
atmosphere without the help of other organisms and processes in the
nitrogen cycle.
Slide 12
Water Cycle
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Slide 13
Oxygen-Carbon
Cycle
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Notes:
The water cycle plays an important role for life to exist on Earth. Advance
to the next slide.
Notes:
Pause the presentation to access a NASA video about the carbon cycle at
the website listed below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqqWlwZL_fE
Slide 14
Nitrogen Cycle
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Slide 15
Rock Cycle
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Notes:
Lightning helps release nitrogen from the atmosphere into a useable form
for organisms. Advance to the next slide.
Notes:
Read and complete Process Skill 1 on pages 252-253 in the resource.
As you saw previously, the rock cycle is a continuous process. Planet
Earth has many interacting parts, including the rock cycle. The rock cycle
involves both constructive and destructive processes that take place below
and on the surface of the Earth.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks form as a result of weathering, erosion, deposition,
compaction and cementation. All types of rocks are broken down by
weathering, carried away by erosion, deposited in a new location, and
pressed and cemented together forming a sedimentary rock. Some
sedimentary rocks contain fossils.
Igneous Rocks
"Ignis" means fire. Igneous rocks form as a result of cooling magma or
lava. Magma, molten rock, cools very slowly deep under the surface of the
Earth, creating crystals of varying sizes. Lava solidifies quickly above the
surface of the Earth, often after a volcanic eruption.
Metamorphic Rocks
"Meta" means changed or altered. Metamorphic rocks are formed from all
types of rocks buried under extreme heat and pressure.
Slide 16
Minerals
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Minerals
Most rocks are composed of one or more substances called minerals.
Minerals are naturally formed, solid nonliving substances that form within
the Earth. Each mineral has physical properties that make it unique,
including color, luster, hardness, crystal shape, density, cleavage, and
fracture.
Color
A mineral may appear to have a variety of colors, so color cannot be the
only property used to identify a mineral. For example, diamonds are
generally clear, but there are also yellow diamonds.
Luster
Luster is the property that describes how light is reflected off the surface of
the mineral. Terms like shiny, metallic, nonmetallic, glassy, dull, or waxy
often are used to describe minerals. The mineral galena has a metallic
luster.
Hardness
Hardness refers to a mineral's resistance to being scratched. Scientist
Friedrich Mohs developed a scale to compare the hardness of various
minerals. Soft minerals, like talc, are scratched by all other minerals.
Diamonds, on the other hand, are the hardest and cannot be scratched by
other minerals.
Crystal Shape
As magma cools, minerals' atoms cool and form distinctive patterns. The
crystal structure or shape may not be visible at all times. Quartz often is
used to make watch faces because of its crystal structure.
Cleavage and Fracture
Cleavage and fracture describe how a mineral breaks and depend on the
arrangement of atoms. Galena shows how cleavage usually breaks along
a flat surface. The piece of obsidian shown is an example of how fracture
does not result in a flat surface.
Slide 17
Soil
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Slide 18
Surface Water and
Groundwater
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Notes:
Soil
Soil is a mixture of rock, mineral particles, and organic matter. Soil plays
an important role in sustaining plant life.
Bedrock
Bedrock is the solid rock part of the crust that is generally below the
surface but sometimes visible at the surface. With the help of mechanical
and chemical weathering over a long period of time, the bedrock breaks
down into rock fragments.
Subsoil
Over time, the rock fragments become smaller and smaller. The subsoil is
rich in minerals that are washed down from the upper layers by rainwater.
Topsoil
Topsoil is rich in minerals and organic matter from decaying organisms.
The topsoil provides the nutrients and material for plants to grow. Plants'
roots grow into the soil, holding it in place. Other living organisms make
their home in soil and contribute additional organic matter.
Notes:
Surface Water Wand Groundwater
Surface water and groundwater play an important role in the water cycle.
Precipitation that lands on the surface soaks into the ground or flows along
the surface to low-lying areas such as lakes and rivers. Surface water can
evaporate and return to the water cycle. Farmers rely on water for their
crops. In some cases, farmers use groundwater for irrigating their crops.
Wells are drilled to reach water stored below the water table in the
saturated zone. Aquifers store water in rock layers below the surface.
Surface Runoff
Surface runoff plays an important role in the water cycle of the recycling
process. When precipitation reaches the surface of Earth, it will soak into
the ground or flow along the surface. As the water moves across the
surface, it erodes the landscape and transports the particles to new
locations. Surface runoff also carries contaminants from their point source
to the surface water locations.
Surface Water
Surface water includes freshwater sources such as lakes, rivers, ponds,
streams, and reservoirs. This water is used for various activities, including
irrigation, public supply, and recreation.
Groundwater
Groundwater is water found underground and stored in the cracks and
fractures of rock layers. There are many areas of rock formations called
aquifers that store the water. In Texas, the Ogallala, Gulf Coast, and
Edwards Aquifers are three of the largest. These aquifers provide water for
irrigation and public use. Water wells are drilled deep to reach the
saturated layer under the water table.
The unsaturated layer is porous and permeable, allowing water to seep
through the cracks and spaces between particles.
Slide 19
Water Cycle
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Notes:
Click on the yellow object where evaporation occurs. Press SUBMIT.
Click on the yellow object where precipitation occurs. Press SUBMIT.
Click on the yellow object where condensation occurs. Press SUBMIT.
Click on the yellow object where runoff occurs. Press SUBMIT.
Slide 20
Nutrient Cycle
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Slide 21
Nutrient Cycles
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Notes:
The Sun provides producers with energy to undergo photosynthesis to
produce the proteins and nutrients used by consumers. The nutrients are
used by consumers to grow and survive. Once dead, decomposers break
down the dead organisms to return nutrients to the ground to be used by
producers. The cycling of nutrient continues.
Question – How are the water cycle and the nutrient cycle similar? Well,
both are cycles representing the changes in matter and show how matter
is recycled.
Notes:
Plants use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and release oxygen,
leaving the carbon in the plant as part of its food. True or false?
Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the atmosphere and one of the
key elements in protein humans need. True or false?
Carbon is cycled through the water cycle. True or false?
Plants take in carbon dioxide and release nitrogen during photosynthesis.
True or false?
Nitrogen is found in fertilizers, which help plants grow. True or false?
Slide 22
Presentation 4
Duration: 00:00:19
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Slide 23
Atmosphere
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Notes:
To meet the objectives in this section, the teacher must understand the
role of energy in weather and climate. This foundational knowledge will
help prepare teachers to guide EC-6 students in their study of the earth
and space sciences.
Notes:
The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surround the Earth. Check your
understanding of the layers of the atmosphere after reading pages 296297.
Match the description of the components of the atmosphere with the
correct component. Drag and drop the right column to match the left
column.
Which layer of the atmosphere is the warmest? Click on the name of the
layer and press SUBMIT.
Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone that protects us from
ultraviolet light? Click on the name of the layer and press SUBMIT.
Which layer of the atmosphere does a majority of our weather occur? Click
on the name of the layer and press SUBMIT.
Slide 24
Factors Affecting
Weather and
Climate
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Factors Affecting Weather and Climate
Weather is what is happening in the atmosphere in an area at a certain
time. Information about the weather, such as temperature, wind, and
precipitation, are used to help determine the climate of an area over a long
period of time. Climate is the average weather conditions in a particular
area over time. There are many factors that affect the weather and climate
of an area.
Tilt of the Earth
Although the Earth rotates as it revolves around the Sun, the tilt of the
Earth allows different amounts of energy from the Sun. Areas tilted toward
the Sun get more direct light, allowing warmer temperatures. Areas tilted
away from the Sun get indirect light, allowing cooler temperatures. The tilt
of the Earth causes different seasons.
Latitude
A location's latitude, or distance north or south of the equator, affects its
temperature. Generally, locations located in the tropics are closer to the
equator and are warmer. As the latitude increases going away from the
equator toward the poles, the temperature decreases and gets colder.
Elevation
Elevation is the distance above sea level. The temperature generally
decreases as the elevation increases. This means mountains are
generally cooler than coastal areas near sea level.
Bodies of Water
Large bodies of water, such as oceans, heat up and cool down much
slower than land. Areas near the Gulf of Mexico have mild winters
compared to the central plains because the ocean cools more slowly than
the land and provides heat to coastal areas.
Global Winds
Global wind patterns blow in specific directions and can affect the
temperature and moisture an area receives. For example, winds from
Canada bring cool, dry air down to the United States. Winds from the Gulf
of Mexico bring warm, moist air over the land.
Ocean Currents
Ocean currents also affect the temperatures on land. Water originating
near the equator carries warm water to land nearby. Water originating near
the poles brings cool water to land nearby. For example, cool ocean
currents carry cool water to land near San Francisco. Winds from the cool
ocean blow over the land, providing cool breezes on land.
Slide 25
Weather vs Climate
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Slide 26
Weather
Instruments
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Notes:
Read each statement and decide if it is related to weather or climate. Drag
and drop the statement into the appropriate space.
Remember, weather is what we watch on the news each day to help us
decide what to wear. Meteorologists use weather maps to help
communicate current and predicted weather.
Climate is what scientists study over long periods of time. Climate helps
describe the average weather over a large area.
Notes:
Remember, weather changes day to day. Various tools are used to collect
the information to describe and predict weather.
In the next slide, match the name of the tools to its function by dragging
the tool and dropping it on top of its function.
Slide 27
Weather Map
Tutorial
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Slide 28
Predicting Weather
Changes practice
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Notes:
Introduction to Weather Maps
A meteorologist is a scientist who studies gathered data to make
predictions about the weather. Weather maps are used to communicate
conditions and predict weather. The weather map shows a high and low
pressure systems as well as cold and warm fronts.
Low Pressure System
Low pressure systems have winds moving in a counterclockwise direction
in the Northern Hemisphere. Cloudy, wet weather is often associated with
low pressure systems. Hurricanes form under low pressure systems over
the warm, moist air of the ocean.
High Pressure System
High pressure systems are associated with clear, dry weather. Air sinks as
it moves in a clockwise direction.
Cold Front
Cold fronts are associated with stormy weather and cooler temperatures.
The triangle-like symbol indicates the direction of movement.
Warm Front
Warm fronts often bring light rain and warmer temperatures.The semicircle
symbol indicates the direction of movement.
Notes:
Let's practice analyzing weather data and making weather predictions.
Read pages 315-316 in the assigned reading.
Use the information provided on the following slides and the information on
page 316 to make your predictions.
Good luck!
The local weather station records the following data for a nearby city. What
is the forecast for the near future?
Check your answer on the next slide.
If you said there will be rain in the next 24 hours, you are correct.
Congratulations!
Let's try another prediction.
Use the information on page 316 to answer the following question.
Based on the information provided, what is the forecast?
Slide 29
Presentation 4
Duration: 00:00:16
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Slide 30
Slide 30
Duration: 00:00:18
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Notes:
In this section, the teacher must understand the characteristics of the solar
system and the universe. This foundational knowledge will help prepare
teachers to guide EC-6 students in their study of the earth and space
sciences.
Notes:
There are a number of components that make up the solar system,
including the planets. Access the NASA Solar System Exploration website
below to read more about the components and their characteristics. You
will have a chance to check your understanding next.
Web link http://solarsystem.nasa.gov
Slide 31
Solar System Quiz
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Slide 32
Objects in the Sky
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Notes:
Correctly match the properties to the planets.
Notes:
Objects in the Sky
When we look in the sky, there are millions and millions of objects. They
vary in composition, size, temperature, and color, among other properties.
Sun
The Sun is the center of our solar system. This ball of gas provides Earth
with the energy for life to exist. Plants are autotrophs and use light energy
from the Sun to produce their food during photosynthesis.
Planets
The eight planets orbit the Sun with varying distances and speeds. The
four inner planets are small and dense while the outer four planets are
large and gaseous.
Moon
The Moon is a solid object that rotates on its axis as it revolves around the
Earth. Light from the Sun is seen on Earth as it is reflected off the Moon's
surface.
Asteroids
An asteroid is a piece of rock that revolves around the Sun. The asteroid
belt is located between the inner and outer planets.
Comets
Comets are objects composed of rock, ice, and dust. They have an
elliptical orbit around the Sun, with the tail always pointing away from the
Sun.
Meteoroids
Meteoroids are the billions of small rocks and solid particles that move
through space in the solar system. Most meteoroids are smaller than a
grain of sand. When a meteoroid enters Earth’s atmosphere, it rubs
against the particles of air. The resulting friction heats up the meteoroid
until it glows with light. The burning meteoroid is called a meteor.
Slide 33
Earth-Moon-Sun
System
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Earth-Moon-Sun System
How do the Earth, Moon, and Sun interact?
Day and Night
As the Earth rotates on its axis every 24 hours, the Earth experiences day
and night. The half of the Earth that faces the Sun receives sunlight and
experiences daytime. The other half of the Earth experiences night, as it is
not receiving light.
Seasons
As the Earth revolves around the Sun every 365 days, the more direct
sunlight an area of the Earth receives, the warmer that area becomes. In
the model to the right, area b is experiencing summer because the light is
more direct and intense. Area a is experiencing winter because the
sunlight is indirect and spread out.
Moon Phases
We see the Moon from Earth because the Moon reflects sunlight off its
surface. As the Moon revolves around Earth each month, its positions in
respect to Earth and the Sun constantly change.
Eclipses
The arrangement of the Earth, Sun, and Moon determine the type of
eclipse. Notice during a solar eclipse, the Moon is located between the
Sun and Earth. In a lunar eclipse, the Earth is located between the Moon
and Sun.
Slide 34
Phases of the Moon
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Notes:
Phases of the Moon
The Moon takes approximately 29.5 days to revolve around the Earth,
going through one entire cycle. As the Moon revolves around the Earth, it
also rotates on its axis. Test yourself by clicking on the various buttons.
Sun
We see the Moon from Earth because the Moon reflects sunlight off its
surface. As the Moon revolves around Earth each month, its positions in
respect to Earth and the Sun constantly change. The half of the Moon’s
surface that faces toward the Sun is illuminated. The other half that faces
away from the Sun is in darkness. While the amount of the Moon that is
illuminated is constant, we cannot see the entire illuminated portion at all
times. Depending upon the positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth,
different amounts of reflected light are able to reach Earth. The only way
we can see the Moon is if the reflected light reaches our eyes.
New Moon
During the new moon, the illuminated half of the Moon is not visible from
Earth. The side of the Moon that is in darkness is facing Earth. Therefore,
no reflected light reaches the observer on Earth.
Waxing Crescent
Between the new moon and the full moon phases, the amount of the
Moon’s surface that can be seen from Earth increases. The term waxing
means to become gradually larger. A crescent moon is a phase in which
we see less than half of the Moon’s face.
First Quarter Moon
As the Moon continues revolve around the Earth, the first quarter moon
occurs approximately seven days after the new moon phase. In a quarter
moon we see one half of the Moon’s face.
Waxing Gibbous
In a gibbous moon we see more than half of the Moon’s face. The phases
between first quarter and the full moon are called waxing gibbous.
Full Moon
During the full moon phase, the entire illuminated half of the Moon faces
and reflects light to Earth. Therefore, the observer on Earth sees the entire
face of the Moon.
Waning Gibbous
Waning means to become gradually smaller and is used to describe the
Moon’s appearance during the phases between the full moon and new
moon. In a gibbous moon we see more than half of the Moon’s face.
Third Quarter Moon
The third quarter moon appears as a half moon, with the illuminated side
on the left. In about a week, the cycle will be complete and another new
moon occurs.
Waning Crescent
The waning crescent moon occurs between the third quarter moon and the
new moon phase.
Slide 35
Moon Phase
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Notes:
The Moon does not create or give off its own light. The Moon is illuminated
when light from the Sun reflects off the Moon’s surface. The calendar
shows how the shape of the Moon appears to change. Remember, the
Moon rotates on its axis as it revolves around the Earth.
Slide 36
Seasons
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Slide 37
Presentation 4
Summary
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Notes:
Let's check your understanding of seasons. Answer the following
questions after reading pages 333-338.
Which location represents Earth's location in its orbit during winter in the
northern hemisphere? Click on the correct location.
Which location represents Earth's location in its orbit during summer in the
northern hemisphere? Click on the correct location.
The Earth is closer to the Sun during summer in the northern hemisphere.
True or false?
Which location represents Earth's location in its orbit during spring in the
northern hemisphere? Click on the correct location.
Which location represents Earth's location in its orbit during fall in the
northern hemisphere? Click on the correct location.
Seasons are the result of the Earth's rotation.
True or false?
Notes:
In summary, this section contains information about Earth and Space
Science concepts. The Earth, the third planet from the Sun, is a complex
set of systems, cycles, and processes that are continually changing the
planet. The Earth’s surface is constantly changing due to constructive and
destructive processes. In addition to these processes, human activity and
natural processes can alter Earths systems. Rock cycle, water cycle,
carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, nutrient cycle are just some of the cycles that
take place on Earth and assist in maintaining it a habitable planet. Without
the Sun, many of these cycles would not be able to continue. The Sun is
also the source of energy that drives the weather, provides light energy for
the moon phases and seasons. Remember, models are important in
helping us understand the structure of the Earth, cycles in Earth’s
systems, and the solar system.