Quiz - Introduction to Oceanography Section N01 Fall Semester 2013 CO...
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Note: It is recommended that you save your response as you complete each question.
Question 1 (1 point)
The largest component by volume of dry air is oxygen.
true
false
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Question 2 (1 point)
If water absorbed all light and did not scatter or reflect it, what color would the the ocean appear when viewed from above?
blue
black
white
red
yellow
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Question 3 (1 point)
If a sound pulse is sent vertically downward into the sea and its reflected echo from the seafloor returns 6 seconds later, the depth of the
water is _______ meters.
9,000
12,000
3,000
6,600
4,500
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Question 4 (1 point)
What property of water allows you to place a volume of water in a glass that is greater than the volume of the glass?
compressibility
surface tension
heat capacity
density
viscosity
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Question 5 (1 point)
Imagine an experiment where we uniformly heat three containers, one with water, one with dry sand, one with damp sand. Which one would
experience the greatest increase in temperature?
dry sand
it is impossible to tell with the information given
they would all heat up the same amount
damp sand
water
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Question 6 (1 point)
How many calories are required to convert 2 grams of ice at 0 degrees C to water vapor at 100 degrees C?
670
1440
160
2768
1180
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Question 7 (1 point)
Forchhammer's principle states that the _____________ of dissolved salts per unit volume of ocean water is nearly constant, even though
the ________________ may change.
amount, proportion
density, salinity
proportion, amount
quantity, equilibrium
equilibrium, quantity
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Question 8 (1 point)
Approximately what percentage of seawater is dissolved solids?
86
2.5
3.5
none of the above
35
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Question 9 (1 point)
When warm, moist air passes over cold water or a cold earth surface, _____ fog is formed, and heat is transferred from __________. (Hint:
don't panic, combine what you learned about fog with latent heat.)
radiative; water vapor to the surrounding air
radiative; the surrounding air to water vapor
advective; water vapor to the surrounding air
advective; the surrounding air to water vapor
sea smoke; water vapor to the surrounding air
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Question 10 (1 point)
Which of the following is NOT necessary for radiation fog to occur?
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no sunshine
little or no cloud cover
light or no surface breeze
cold, wet ground
moisture at ground level
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Question 11 (1 point)
If all the world's sea ice melted, sea level would
rise
fall
remain the same
you can't tell from the given information
it depends on the season
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Question 12 (1 point)
If the world's sea ice melted, sea level would rise.
true
false
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Question 13 (1 point)
A local coastal wind controlled only by daily temperature variation between land and water will blow ______________ during the day.
45 degrees to the right
onshore
45 degrees to the left
offshore
parallel to the shore
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Question 14 (1 point)
What physical property is the driving force of convection cell circulation?
density
energy
calories
heat
viscosity
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Question 15 (1 point)
The amount of energy from the sun entering the earth's atmosphere
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cannot be measured
is the same across the tropics
does not vary with latitude
is always highest at the equator on the equinoxes
is the same at the Earth's surface as the top of the atmosphere
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Question 16 (1 point)
Atlantic basin hurricanes move from east to west mainly because of
convection
Coriolis effect
the northeast trade winds
the westerly trade winds
Earth's rotation
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Question 17 (1 point)
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is the meeting place of what two wind belts?
southeast trades and northeast trades
doldrums and northeast trades
doldrums and southeast trades
polar easterilies and southwest trades
southwest trades and southeast trades
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Question 18 (1 point)
The average location of the meteorological equator is
23.5 degrees south latitude
coincident with the geographic equator
5 degrees north latitude
23.5 degrees north latitude
5 degrees south latitude
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Question 19 (1 point)
The location labeled "A" most likely experiences
winter dry monsoons
dry, rainshadow effects
orographic rainfall
summer wet monsoons
landbreezes
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Question 20 (1 point)
Daily summer solar radiation levels at polar latitudes are caused by the high intensity of radiation per unit surface area rather than by long
periods of daylight.
true
false
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Question 21 (1 point)
Why is more heat energy absorbed from the sun in the tropics than at the poles?
land masses are larger in the tropics
there is more water in the tropics
there is a higher angle of incidence of solar rays in the tropics
there is a lower angle of incidence of solar rays in the tropics
there is more cloud cover at the poles
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Question 22 (1 point)
The tropics are warmer than the poles because there is more incoming solar radiation at low latitudes than at high latitudes.
true
false
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Question 23 (1 point)
The weather systems across the United States move from west to east mainly because of
the northeast trade winds
Earth's rotation
convection
Coriolis effect
the westerly trade winds
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Question 24 (1 point)
A wind blowing from Miami to New York would be called a ____________ wind.
west
east
hurricane
north
south
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Question 25 (1 point)
The accompanying diagram shows the conditions during what phenomenon and what season?
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La Niña summer
Normal or neutral conditions
El Niño summer
El Niño winter
La Niña winter
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Question 26 (1 point)
The cause of the decrease in primary productivity during El Niño is
Carbon dioxide levels too high
Major upwelling of nutrients
Decreased upwelling of nutrients
Increased oxygenation of surface water
Decreased downwelling of nutrients
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Question 27 (1 point)
The accompanying diagram shows the conditions during what phenomenon and what season?
La Niña winter
La Niña summer
El Niño winter
El Niño summer
Normal or neutral conditions
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Question 28 (1 point)
During La Niña, sea level in the western Pacific is __________ than during El Niño.
higher
lower
variable
the same as
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Question 29 (1 point)
The Southern Oscillation Index
is essentially a mirror image of sea surface temperature
shows the trend of atmospheric pressure differences between Tahiti and Darwin, Australia
shows the "SO" in "ENSO"
is one measure of the large-scale fluctuations in air pressure occurring between the western and eastern tropical Pacific
each of the choices is correct
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Question 30 (1 point)
The atmospheric convection cell associated with the El Niño phenomenon is
Southern Oscillation
Walker Circulation
Doldrums
Jet Stream
Hadley Cell
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Question 31 (1 point)
The feature labeled "F" is _________ _____________ during an El Niño.
an ocean current. It moves to the east
the thermocline. It occurs deeper in the eastern Pacific Ocean
convection. It forms further east
upwelling. It may get "shut off" by the layer of warm water above it
normal circulation. The surface winds (trade winds) may reverse
the warm pool. It starts to spread eastward when the trade winds slacken
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Question 32 (1 point)
The "barometric effect" accounts for about _______ increase in storm surge level for every 1 millibar drop in air pressure associated with a
hurricane.
1 inch
1 foot
1 centimeter
1 meter
10 meters
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Question 33 (1 point)
You are watching the evening news with your family and hear reports of a tropical cyclone hitting Australia. You can confidently tell your
family that the winds in the storm are rotating __________.
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to the left
to the right
clockwise
counterclockwise
forward
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Question 34 (1 point)
Maximum wind speed in a hurricane occurs
at sea level
in the right, front quadrant
in the Caribbean
in the eye wall
in the eye
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Question 35 (1 point)
The areas in red are common zones of hurricane formation. There no (or very few) hurricanes formed in the area labeled "A." Why?
coriolis effect moves hurricanes away from "A"
downwelling makes the water warm
monsoons interfere with hurricane formation there
upwelling usually makes the surface water too cold for hurricanes to form
the trade winds knock the tops off hurricanes there
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Question 36 (1 point)
Storm surges
result from the very high atmospheric pressures associated with hurricanes
only form at high tides
only form at low tides
occurs on the back side of hurricanes
may be amplified by concave shorelines and broad shallow continental shelves
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Question 37 (1 point)
Storm surge is a theoretical still-water level. Storm waves are in addition to the storm surge.
true
false
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Question 38 (1 point)
As the hurricane approaches land, which directions are the winds at City B?
alongshore
down
offshore
up
onshore
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Question 39 (1 point)
Of these properties, which is the most important in controlling the density of water?
none of these is more important than the others
heat capacity
temperature
salinity
pressure
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Question 40 (1 point)
What drives the ocean conveyor system?
density
salinity
pressure
temperature
upwelling
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Question 41 (1 point)
Which of the following processes can cause surface seawater to increase in density?
sea ice formation
sea ice melting
surface water evaporation
both sea ice formation and surface water evaporation
both sea ice melting and surface water evaporation
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Question 42 (1 point)
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Using the labeled latitudes A-E, where would you likely find higher than average sea surface salinity?
A only
C only
E only
C and E
D only
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Question 43 (1 point)
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Using the labeled latitudes A-E, where is air sinking on a global atmospheric scale?
D only
C only
A, C, and E
A only
C and E
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Question 44 (1 point)
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Using the labeled latitudes A-E, where would you likely find lower than average sea surface salinity?
A only
B only
B and D
C and E
D only
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Question 45 (1 point)
The water mass having both high salinity and warm temperature and found at about 1,000 meters water depth in the central north Atlantic
has been formed
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in equatorial regions
in the Red Sea
in the Mediterranean Sea
near Greenland
in the Caribbean Sea
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Question 46 (1 point)
The water layer region between 100-1,000 meters where temperature changes rapidly with depth is known as a(n)
halocline
thermocline
pycnocline
thermohaline
isopycnal
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Question 47 (1 point)
The temperature plot labeled "A" is characteristic of ocean temperature in what area?
r
temperate latitudes
the south pole
tropical latitudes
high latitudes
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Question 48 (1 point)
Which term does not belong when describing major upweling off of the western coast of South America?
convection
surface divergence
La Nina
wind
continuity
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Question 49 (1 point)
On this representation of the waters adjacent to the east coast of the United States, the letter "C" indicates
warm core ring(s)
cold core ring(s)
color for cold water
the Gulf Stream
color for warm water
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Question 50 (1 point)
Ekman transport associated with the doldrums creates the
intermediate water
subtropical divergence
Sargasso convergence
tropical divergence
dispersion
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Question 51 (1 point)
Which of the following describes the pattern of the North Atlantic gyre.
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it circulates counterclockwise
at latitude 10-15 degrees it is driven westward by the northeast trade winds
it is centered over the equator
at latitude 10-15 degrees it is driven westward by the prevailing westerlies
it stops circulating at night
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Question 52 (1 point)
Circulation of both the atmosphere and the oceans is driven by what type of currents?
parallel
surface
convection
downwelled
divergent
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Question 53 (1 point)
The energy for driving ocean surface currents is ultimately derived from
plate tectonics
gravity
the sun
radioactive decay
density
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Question 54 (1 point)
Large scale ocean surface currents
are put into motion by the rotation of the earth
are deflected by the same coriolis effect as the atmosphere
change rapidly with daily weather changes
move at the same velocity as the winds that drive them
do not exist
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Question 55 (1 point)
The only ocean surface current to completely encircle the globe is the
West Wind Drift
Gulf Stream
Canary Current
Equatorial Countercurrent
North Atlantic Drift
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Question 56 (1 point)
Another name for wind-driven circulation is _______________________
density-driven circulation
gyres
Coriolis effect
friction-driven circulation
thermohaline circulation
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Question 57 (1 point)
When waves arrive at monitoring stations set up long distances from a storm center, which waves arrive first?
long wavelength waves
short wavelength waves
steeper waves
internal waves
capillary waves
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Question 58 (1 point)
How does wave group speed compare to celerity?
group speed is twice that of celerity
they are not related
group speed is one-half of celerity
celerity is one-half of group speed
they are equal
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Question 59 (1 point)
When a wave trough is passing by a given point, water particles are moving
forward
backward
up
down
sideways
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Question 60 (1 point)
Which type of breaking waves are the best to surf on?
pushing breakers
surging breakers
spilling breakers
collapsing breakers
plunging breakers
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Question 61 (1 point)
The photo shows channels running from shore seaward cutting across the surf zone. These are probably formed by
shallow water waves
reflected waves
refracted waves
rip currents
internal waves
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Question 62 (1 point)
What, ultimatley, is the source of all wind waves on earth?
wind
currents
gravity
the sun
the moon
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Question 63 (1 point)
The orbital motion of a shallow water wave extends to a water depth equal to
twice the wavelength
one-half the vavelength
one-half the wave height
the water depth
the wave's height
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Question 64 (1 point)
At the coast, wave refraction results in wave energy being concentrated _______ and dispersed ________.
in deep water; behind breakwaters
on headlands; in bays
in shallow water; in deep water
in bays; on headlands
in deep water; in shallow water
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Question 65 (1 point)
Energy moving through water along a pycnocline would best be described as
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a boundary wave
a counter current
a convection current
an internal wave
a rip current
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Question 66 (1 point)
The arrows labeled "A" point to ___________ of a standing wave.
the length
the troughs
the nodes
the crests
the antinodes
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Question 67 (1 point)
Which of the following is not a generating force of tsunamis?
submarine landslide
tides
submarine volcano
wind
earthquake
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Question 68 (1 point)
The dashed lines labeled "B" on the accompanying figure are known as
precession lines
cotidal lines
declination lines
corange lines
Coriolis lines
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Question 69 (1 point)
Diurnal tides complete how many tidal cycle(s) per day?
one
two
three
one, but only at low latitudes
none, it takes a month to complete a tidal cycle
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Question 70 (1 point)
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The island at position "C" is experiencing what kind of tide?
higher low tide
lower low tide
higher high tide
lower high tide
low tide, but you can't tell if it's lower or higher
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Question 71 (1 point)
The tidal bulge at "A" is created by
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both centrifugal force and gravitational attraction
gravitational attraction
centrifugal force
Earth's rotation
the sun
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Question 72 (1 point)
If the high tide of a diurnal tide occurs at 10:00 AM one day, approximately when will the next high tide occur?
10:25 PM the same day
10:50 AM the next day
10:00 AM the next day
10:00 PM the same day
10:25 AM the next day
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Question 73 (1 point)
If a high tide of a semidiurnal tide occurs at 10:00 AM, approximately when will the next high tide occur?
10:25 PM the same day
10:50 AM the next day
10:00 AM the next day
10:00 PM the same day
10:25 AM the next day
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Question 74 (1 point)
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The accompanying diagram shows shoreline features characteristic of erosional coasts. Letter "C" indicates what feature?
headland
sandy beaches
sea cave
blowhole
sea stack
sea arch
marine terrace
wave-cut platform
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Question 75 (1 point)
The zone from outer limit of wave action to landward limit of wave influence is ___?
the beach
shore
coastal zone
tide area
coastal region
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Question 76 (1 point)
Sections of the coast delineated by input of sediment from a river on one end and loss of sediment down a submarine canyon on the other
end, are known as ____________. They are common in California.
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active margins
compartments
fairweather beaches
high tide shorelines
passive margins
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Question 77 (1 point)
Coastal sediment cells on active continental margins often terminate at
submarine canyons
turbidity currents
the high tide line
the low tide line
at the winter berm
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Question 78 (1 point)
Which of the following is not a feature of an erosional coast?
wave-cut platform
sea arch
sea cliff
sea stack
spit
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Question 79 (1 point)
The net flow of sand along the east coast of the United States is mainly
east to west
west to east
north to south
south to north
offshore
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Question 80 (1 point)
The shallow water area from the breaker zone to the edge of the continental shelf is referred to as the:
backshore
foreshore
offshore
berm
backwash
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Question 81 (1 point)
Sea stacks, barrier islands, and reefs are three examples of:
primary coasts
marine processes
dunes
secondary coasts
erosional coasts
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Question 82 (1 point)
Which of the following offers evidence of barrier island migration?
salt marsh mud found on the beach
oyster shells on the beach on the front of islands
trees on the island
each of the choices is correct
both salt marsh mud found on the beach and oyster shells on the beach on the front of islands
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Question 83 (1 point)
What are two key characteristics fundamental to understanding barrier islands?
Sea Walls and Groins
Slope and Ebb Tide
Coastal Zone and Sea Stack
Tidal inlets and Sediment
Movement and Change
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Question 84 (1 point)
The net flow of sand moves in a certain direction. What is the direction in which the net flow of sand moves along Georgia's coast?
Closest towards the Equator
Northwest to Southeast
South to North
West to East
North to South
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Question 85 (1 point)
Today, the shells of sound welling oysters are found on the beach due to the fact that the _________ use to be there.
Sediment
Crabs
Sound
Sun
Waves
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Question 86 (1 point)
Ordinarily, people would build their houses around the island. Although, they did place their houses on the back side of the island so ______
would protect them from winds and floods.
The forest
The high valley
The low part of the valley
The shallow creeks that ran behind
The shelters they were required to build behind their homes
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Question 87 (1 point)
Which is not a good way to try to preserve a beach? (Hint: Has lead to turmoil for New Jersey).
Developing Dunes
Relocation
Soft Stabilization
Hard Stabilization
Formation of spits
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Question 88 (1 point)
Fan-shaped sediment deposits on both the oceanside and back side of tidal inlets are called
submarine fans
jetties
sand bars
tidal deltas
turbidity currents
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Question 89 (1 point)
We remember the work of Charles Darwin in oceanography primarily because of his study of
marine reptiles
surface currents
evolution
finches
coral reefs
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Question 90 (1 point)
Who was the Naval officer who organized worldwide data on currents, water depths, ocean temperatures, and so forth, and wrote The
Physical Geography of the Sea, the first significant book of oceanography?
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Matthew Maury
Charles Darwin
Wyville Thomson
Timothy Folger
Prince Henry
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Question 91 (1 point)
The individual most responsible for the great age of European discovery beginning early in the 15th century was
Christopher Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan
Sir Martin Frobisher
Amerigo Vespucci
Prince Henry the Navigator
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Question 92 (1 point)
The Vikings were responsible for
colonization of Iceland and Greenland
superior ship building skills
each of the choices is correct
increased knowledge of navigation
longer voyages
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Question 93 (1 point)
The average depth of the oceans is about
11,000 meters
120 meters
3,800 meters
3,800 kilometers
3,800 miles
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Question 94 (1 point)
One degree of longitude is equal to approximately how much time?
four hours
four minutes
one minute
15 hours
one hour
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Question 95 (1 point)
One degree of longitude is equal to approximately how much time?
one minute
one hour
four hours
four minutes
15 hours
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Question 96 (1 point)
Let's say you set your chonometer to Greenwich time and leave jolly old England on holiday. You notice on your travels one day that when
the sun is directly overhead (your local noon), that your chonometer reads exactly 2 PM. What is your exact longitude?
0 degrees
15 degrees west
15 degrees east
30 degrees west
30 degrees east
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Question 97 (1 point)
What type of map is this?
physiographic
it's a nautical chart, not a map
topographic
bathymetric
contour
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Question 98 (1 point)
The average depth of the ocean on Earth is
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840 meters
1122
2646
2404
3729
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Question 99 (1 point)
Where plates are pushing toward each other (converging), which features may be formed?
oceanic trench and continent
ocean and continent
ridge and oceanic trench
mountain chain and oceanic trench
continent and mountain chain
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Question 100 (1 point)
Mt. St. Helens volcanism is associated with
an ocean-ocean convergence plate boundary
an continent-continent convergence plate boundary
an ocean-continent convergence plate boundary
a divergent plate boundary
a transform plate boundary
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Question 101 (1 point)
Name one place where the mid-ocean ridge comes up on land.
the San Andreas Fault
the Andes Mountains
the Aleutian Island arc
Iceland
the Himalaya Mountains
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Question 102 (1 point)
During subduction, oceanic plates under continents can partially melt and mix with contiental crust to form volcanoes made up of an
intermediate rock type called
magma
lithosphere
andesite
basalt
granite
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Question 103 (1 point)
What is the name given to a seamount that is eroded flat in shallow water and then moved into deep water by sea floor spreading?
guyot
atoll
rift
ridge
trench
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Question 104 (1 point)
What do the location and orientation of the Hawaiian Island and Emperor Seamount chains tell us about the history of motion of the Pacific
Plate?
that it has moved southeast for over 70 million years
that it has moved to the northwest for over 100 million years
that it has been fixed in place for over 200 million years
that it has moved almost due north for over 70 million years
that around 40 million years ago it changed from almost northward to northwestward motion
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Question 105 (1 point)
The oldest oceanic crust is approximately __________ years old.
4.6 billion
15 billion
1 thousand
50 million
250 million
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Question 106 (1 point)
Continental shelves on trailing margins of continents are
broad
all of the choices are correct
gently sloping
often have large rivers
none of the choices are correct
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Question 107 (1 point)
Changes in sea level alternately flood and expose the edges of continents. What is the primary control on sea-level changes?
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changes in ocean salinity
changes in depth of the continental margins
changes in height of the continental margins
changes in ice sheet volume
mountain building
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Question 108 (1 point)
On average, the continental margin is about ________ miles wide and ________ meters deep.
100, 400
400, 100
40, 120
120, 40
1000, 1000
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Question 109 (1 point)
Continental shelves on trailing (passive) continental margins are:
often have large rivers
broad
each of the choices is correct
gently sloping
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Question 110 (1 point)
The general name for the deepest portion of any basin is
a sounding
a seamount
a deep
a profundity
a trench
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Question 111 (1 point)
We know that 71% of Earth's surface is covered by ocean, but what percent of Earth's crust is oceanic?
29
71
34
98
66
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Question 112 (1 point)
The widest continental shelves in the world are located in:
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Australia in the South Pacific Ocean
India the Indian Ocean
Brazil in the South Atlantic Ocean
Siberia in the Arctic Ocean
Japan in the North Pacific Ocean
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Question 113 (1 point)
In the accompanying photomicrograph, letter "D" indicates which type of calcareous marine microorganism?
coccolithophore (single)
coccoliths (individual plates)
coccolithophores (multiple)
foraminifers
diatom (siliceous)
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Question 114 (1 point)
Which of the following are calcareous plants?
diatoms
ooids
foraminifera
radiolaria
coccoliths
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Question 115 (1 point)
Poorly sorted sediment deposits containing rock fragments in a fine-grained matrix that might conjure images of Alfred Wegener are called
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lutites
stalactites
breccias
melanges
diamictites
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Question 116 (1 point)
Where on the ocean floor would you be most likely to find sediment dominated by foraminifera?
below the CCD
in the deepest parts of ocean basins
beneath warm waters
in shallower portions of ocean basins
beneath cold waters
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Question 117 (1 point)
Sediments found on continental shelves, are derived from land and ocean sources, and which may accumulate very rapidly are classified as
________ sediments.
pelagic
cosmogenous
lithogenous
neritic
hydrogenous
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Question 118 (1 point)
What is the name of the type of fine-grained biogenous sediment consisting primarily of dead single-celled marine organisms that have
settled to the bottom the ocean.
turbidites
ooids
lithogenous
manganese nodules
ooze
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Question 119 (1 point)
In the accompanying photomicrograph, the organisms labeled E fit all of the following descriptions except ___.
foraminifers
coccoliths (individual plates)
coccolithophores (multiple)
diatom (siliceous)
coccolithophore (single)
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Question 120 (1 point)
On the bar graph in the accompanying diagram, bar "C" corresponds to which type of sediment?
abyssal clay
ooliths
siliceous ooze
manganese nodules
calcareous ooze
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